How to Conduct Research
©Universidad Ana G. Méndez
06/11/2019
Objectives Define research and what is the purpose?
Know, understand and value the logic and procedures involved in the research.
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Research  The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which means "to go about seeking", the term itself being derived from the Old French term "recerchier" a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher", meaning 'search’.  The most elementary use of the term in the sense of "finding out or describing something".
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An investigation is characterized by the process • Systematic: based on the formulation of a hypothesis or work objective, data is collected according to a pre-established plan that once analyzed and interpreted, will modify or add new knowledge to existing knowledge, thus beginning a new research cycle. The technique used in an investigation is called the scientific method .
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An investigation is characterized by the process ď‚Ą Organized: all members of a research
team should know what they should do throughout the study, applying the same definitions and criteria to all participants and acting identically when in doubt. To achieve this, it is essential to write a research protocol specifying all the details related to the study. 5
An investigation is characterized by the process Objective: The conclusions obtained from the study are not based on subjective impressions, but on facts that have been observed and measured, and that in their interpretation any prejudice that those responsible for the study may have is avoided.
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Documentary research ď‚Ą Allows the collection of information to state the theories that support the study of phenomena and processes. ď‚Ą It includes the use of instruments defined according to the documentary source to which they refer.
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Field Research
It allows observation in direct contact with the object of study, and the collection of testimonies that allow confronting theory with practice in the search for objective truth.
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The Process Delimit the meaning of the terms Revise Concepts Key Vocabulary Thesaurus
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Problem The problem must be clearly formulated Clearly define why you consider it a problem and for whom
Express the problem and its relationship with one or more variables Express the possibilities of conducting empirical tests Point out the observable and measurable aspects 10
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06/11/2019
Elaboration of Questions • The questions do not always communicate the problem in its entirety, since each problem requires specific analysis. • Questions should not be too general • Questions should not use ambiguous or abstract terms
• Avoid questions that generate a lot of doubts • Questions must be accurate
• The questions must establish the temporal and spatial limits of the study to be carried out. 11
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Theory Explain why, how, who, when, where a phenomenon occurs Explains different manifestations of the phenomenon Describe how the phenomenon originates, evolves and affects Systematizes isolated and diffuse knowledge Makes predictions about the future of the problem Explain the relationships with different variables 12
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Hypotheses Hypotheses are tentative propositions about the relationships between two or more variables, they are based on organized and systematized knowledge The hypotheses contain variables Hypotheses typically arise from problem statement, literature review, and sometimes theory They can refer to a real situation 13
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06/11/2019
Review of the Literature The purpose of the literature review: It is to obtain information about the research questions and hypotheses that may be supported by some theory or part of one, or if several theories are applied to the research problem. Detect and consult bibliographic sources to collect relevant and necessary information related to the variables under investigation. (expand and / or develop the theoretical framework) Determine and consult what other studies and research have been done on the research problem or issue. 14
©Universidad Ana G. Méndez
06/11/2019
Purpose of the Literature Review To demonstrate your student capacity, to identify relevant information and existing knowledge.
To identify research gaps that your study is trying to treat, placing your work in the context of the investigation above and creating a "research space" for your work. To evaluate and synthesize the information according to the concepts that you have set yourself for the investigation. To produce a reasoned analysis or justification for your study. Identify new ways to identify a topic. Develop questions for future research. 15
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Questions to answer
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Important Data in the Review Complete bibliographic reference Problem or purpose
Subjects Type of study
Methodology
Instruments Date Findings
Conclusion Recommendations
Theories 17
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Research techniques The Interview It is a technique to obtain data that consists of a dialogue between two people: the "investigator" interviewer and the interviewee; It is carried out in order to obtain information from the latter, who is generally a person who is knowledgeable in the subject matter of the investigation.
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Investigation Techniques The Survey Technique designed to obtain data from various people whose impersonal opinions interest the researcher.
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Investigation Techniques Observation It is a technique that consists of carefully observing the phenomenon, fact or case, taking information and recording it for subsequent analysis.
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Specific Requirements Ava i l a b l e T i m e Extension Options to select the theme
Audience Bibliographic Resources
S ty l e 21
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Research Work Phases Have an idea Initiate an initial investigation Define the problem
Plan the investigation
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Investigation Phase
Data Collection
Conducting a survey Bibliographic consultation
Carrying out experiments
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Post-phase Investigation Organize and transform data
• Table, calculations • Graphics, diagram • irregularities, correlations,
Interpret the results Explain the results
Explain the results
Write the report on the investigation Suggest applications and/or continuation proposals
Plan a public presentation of the results Self evaluate the work done
• laws • Identify possible cause-consequence relationships • Bibliography consulted • Application of theoretical knowledge • Justify the studied program • Described the method followed and the data collected • Argue the conclusions • Collect possible ideas arisen or imagined • Find motivational communication techniques
• Adapt the explanation to the available time • Coordinate with classmates (if in a group) • Agreed evaluation criteria • Assess the formative function of evaluation
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Planning Work scheme Selection of information Reading and organization of information Synthesis and preparation of the first draft
Definitive writing Delivery 25
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Workplan Tasks Select the theme
Jan 2020
Feb 2020
March 2020
Research the information
Collection of the information Develop the work plan Report preparation Final presentation 26
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Steps Identify, define and develop the topic Design the search strategy Locate resources Take notes Prepare a sketch
Synthesize the information Drafting Evaluate the information 27
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Where to find the information Professional magazines – peer-reviewed articles books
Conferences Internet Newspapers Government reports Databases Videos Interviews 28
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Evaluating the Resources • Printed and non-printed resources: • Criteria • Authority • Objectivity • Scope • News 29
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Records ď‚Ą
Another technique that is used in scientific research consists of registering the data that is obtained in the instruments called files and or records.
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How to collect the information
Record by themes Paraphrase
Quote
Summary
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How to utilize records All those dealing with the same topic (descriptor) should be grouped. Records should be ordered alphabetically by themes. Prepare an outline of what the text is about in a logical order. The text is constructed by inserting the notes with their own contributions (discussion, criticism, analysis and synthesis). 32
©Universidad Ana G. Méndez
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Advantages of Record Keeping They allow to relate to each other the notes that have been obtained from different sources. Easily collate the information obtained. Rearrange information. Facilitate writing. Identify the sources of the data. Locate the sources of information used. 33
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Drafting • • • • • • •
Chronological Descriptive Cause and effect Comparison and contrast Summary Analytics Evaluation
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Drafting Organize notes Check the hypothesis Write the first draft, with citations in the text and works cited Review the first draft Write the final paper
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Final Draft Research title Summary or Abstract Keywords Purpose of investigation Population Research questions
Methodology Theoretical framework Methodological design Materials Sample Measuring instrument Collection techniques Statistic analysis Results References
Design 36
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06/11/2019
Differences between Monograph, Thesis and Theoretical Thesis/ Dissertation
Monograph
Bibliographic review
Thesis
Theoretical Thesis/ Dissertation
Methodological rigor
Analysis of the terms
Use of diverse sources
Comprehensive interpretation of ideological content
It presents the particular approach of who presents it Clearly states the problem, the hypothesis, the proposal and the conclusion It can be individual or by a group (2) Approved by a Committee
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©Universidad Ana G. Méndez
06/11/2019
Tips Work from general to specific. Write down what you found and where you found it. Change your theme to an index or catalog language. Remember to correctly cite all resources using the APA style manual. 38
©Universidad Ana G. Méndez
06/11/2019
Tips Misspellings and grammatical concordance errors (gender, number ...)
Excessive use of abbreviations and acronyms (replace names and phrases with their initials) The inclusion of foreign words, without a clear justification.
Unnecessarily long punctuation-free sentences intermediate (commas, semicolons, parentheses ...)
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©Universidad Ana G. Méndez
06/11/2019
Tips Use capital letters to emphasize or highlight words and phrases (better to use bold or italic formats, other typefaces ...)
Avoid long literal quotes The assumption of important ideas and concepts without argument Use a rich and varied vocabulary (see synonyms) 40
©Universidad Ana G. Méndez
06/11/2019
Tips Facilitate the reading with an appropriately sized letter and leaving a blank line between paragraphs
Adequately reference citations and other bibliographic references
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Recapulate
©Universidad Ana G. Méndez
06/11/2019
References Blaxter, L., Hughes, C., & Tight, M. (2000). Cómo se hace una investigación. Barcelona, España: Editorial Gedisa. Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2007). Fundamentos de metodología de la investigación. Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Menoyo, M. (2009). Iniciar al alumnado en los trabajos de Investigación: Una oportunidad para fomentar la competencia investigativa desde primero de ESO. Aula, 182, 67-73. Tamayo y Tamayo, Mario. (1998). El proceso de lainvestigación científica. (3a ed.) México: Ed. Limusa.
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Analysis of Research Articles
Objective  Understand the scientific method and the research phases applied in scientific articles.
Scientific Articles It is a written and published report that describes the original results of an investigation. □ Purpose □ Communicate the objectives to others in the same field
Evaluation Criteria Formals
Drafting Graphics References Format http://deproyectoenproyecto.blogspot.com/2010/06/laevaluacion-de-proyectos-sociales-y.html
Evaluation Criteria  Content Relationship with other research in the same field Theoretical - methodological relevance Temporal relevance
Contribution to previous studies Analysis and synthesis First-hand information
Factors to consider in the evaluation of studies Does the summary collect the information from each section of the article? Does the title adequately describe the essence of the article? The introduction establishes the importance of the topic.
Is the objective of the study clearly described?
Factors to consider in the evaluation of studies □ The purpose, question, or hypothesis is clearly defined. □ The literature review is well organized. □ Do the authors include previous works published by them that endorse the knowledge of the topic?
Factors to consider in the evaluation of studies
Participants have been protected Properly from possible repercussions.
The procedures described are detailed enough to allow the study to be replicated. Is the statistical method used described? The results are clearly described.
Factors to consider in the evaluation of studies Are the limitations of the study recognized and described? The conclusions are appropriate. Are the references recent? The article is legible and concise.
Examples
To view full analysis of research article click below COMPARISON OF STUDENT EVALUATIONS OF TEACHING
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Comparison of Student Evaluations of Teaching With Online and Paper-Based Administration
Claudia J. Stanny1 and James E. Arruda2 1 Center
for University Teaching, Learning, and Assessment, University of West Florida 2 Department
of Psychology, University of West Florida
Author Note Data collection and preliminary analysis were sponsored by the Office of the Provost and the Student Assessment of Instruction Task Force. Portions of these findings were presented as a poster at the 2016 National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology, St. Pete Beach, Florida, United States. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Claudia J. Stanny, Center for University Teaching, Learning, and Assessment, University of West Florida, Building 53, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514, United States. Email: cstanny@institution.edu
References â–Ą
Lyne, L. S. (2006). A cross section of educational research: Journal articles for discussions and evaluation. (3rd ed.). Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing. https://apastyle.apa.org/search?query=sample+evaluation+of+a+study