Modal In The Past ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Should have~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We can use 'should have' to talk about past events that did not happen.
I should have let her know what was happening but I forgot. He should have sent everybody a reminder by email. They should have remembered that their guests don't eat pork.
We can also use 'should have' to speculate about events that may or may not have happened.
She should have got the letter this morning. I expect she'll give us a call about it later. He should have arrived at his office by now. Let's try ringing him. They should have all read that first email by this stage. It's time to send the next one.
We can use ' should not have' to speculate negatively about what may or may not have happened.
She shouldn't have left work yet. I'll call her office. He shouldn't have boarded his plane yet. We can probably still get hold of him. They shouldn't have sent the report off for printing yet. There is still time to make changes.
We can also use 'should not have' to regret past actions.
I shouldn't have shouted at you. I apologise. We shouldn't have left the office so late. We should have anticipated this bad traffic.
They shouldn't have sacked him. He was the most creative person on their team.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Could Have~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We can use 'could have' to talk about something somebody was capable of doing but didn't do.
I could have gone to Oxford University but I preferred Harvard. She could have married him but she didn't want to. They could have bought a house here 20 years ago but chose not to.
Often, there is a sense of criticism.
You could have phoned me to let me know. They could have helped me instead of just sitting there. I could have done more to help you. Sorry.
We can use 'couldn't have' to talk about something we were not capable of doing.
I couldn't have managed without you. I couldn't have got the job. He was always going to appoint his nephew. I couldn't have enjoyed myself more. Thank you for a lovely day.
We can use 'could have' to speculate about what has happened. (We can also use 'may have' or 'might have' in these situations.)
She could have taken the earlier train. Simon could have told her. They could have overheard what we said.
We can also use 'can have' to speculate about what has happened but only in questions and negative sentences and with words such as 'hardly', 'never' and 'only'.
Can she have forgotten about our meeting? He can't have seen us. They can hardly have thought that I was not interested in the job.
We can also use 'could have' to speculate about something that didn't happen.
You could have broken your neck, jumping out the window like that. He could have hurt somebody, throwing a bottle out of the window like that. I could have done well in my exam if I'd worked harder.
You can also use 'could have' to talk about possible present situations that have not happened.
I could have been earning a lot as an accountant but the work was just too boring. He could have been Prime Minister now but he got involved in a big financial scandal. They could have been the market leaders now if they had taken his advice.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Must have~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Must have past participle It expresses a logical conculsion about a past fact Joe was n`t arrived then,He must have been in a traffic jam Must Have Done (V3) Modal "must" has a meaning of necessity, many think that "must have V3" has the same meaning as "should have V3". However; We use must when we talk about a strong possibility based on facts referring to the past. For Example: I saw Cynthia crying a few minutes ago. She must have heard the bad news. I'm quite sure that I put my phone on my desk, now that it's not there somebody must have
taken it. A: Do you know where Martin is? B: I haven't seen him, but I'm sure he must have left the office as it's 5 o'clock already.
Attention! Both "must have" and "should have" are perfect modals and they should be followed by past participle (verb3) They mustn't have arrived (arrive) early, or else they would have called us. He shouldn't have dropped (drop) out of the school. She regrets doing so now.
Would have(But it mainly uses in conditionl ) Would have Plus Past participle Desire to do sth in the past which in fact could n`t be done
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ought to have ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ought to have to express criticism or rgret about an event in the past I ought to have studied harder (fact is I did n`t) Note: We use third form (verb3) of the verb after the modal "Should / Ought to have." (Ought to being a little stronger) They should(Ought to) have listened to me and bought that house last year before the prices increased.
You shouldn't have been watching TV all night yesterday, that’s why you feel so tired now. Attention! In negative form, "Ought to" becomes "Ought not to". Do not contract oughtn't.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Need m`y have past participle~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Need n`t have plus past participle An unnecessary past action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~May and Might Have Past participle~~~~~~~~~~~ May and Might Have Past participle To express a supposition about sth in the past (Supposition means guess) She might have taken the wrong bus They may have lost their watch (Point to remember)
Possibly means maybe not sure There`s a chance perhaps Probably means good chance very likely almost certain Most likely May use to express factual possibility Might express a possibility that`s very unlikely to happen MAY IS STRONGER THAN MIGHT
Now see below Stronger to weaker Must may might could can`t have past participle exrpess deduction or use to express speculation
Could Have/ Might Have + V3 They mean to say that if we had wanted something in the past, we had had the opportunity to do it. - I could have moved out when I was 18, but I didn't want to leave my family. (I chose to stay) - I might have moved out, but I didn't want to leave my family. (I chose to stay) - I could have gone out with my friends but I wanted to watch the soccer game. (I could but I didn't go with them) - I might have gone out with my friends but I wanted to watch the soccer game. In both sentences, either action was possible for me but I stayed home to watch the game, I may be watching the game at the moment while my friends are out or perhaps this was yesterday.
Should Have V3 / Ought to Have V3 It was in the past, and that we didn't do something we were supposed to do. It was a mistake. - You should have checked your answers thoroughly before you handed in your exam. (but you didn't which was a mistake) - You ought to have checked. (Same but stronger than should have)
Didn't Have to / Didn't Need to If we say that somebody didn’t have to or didn’t need to do something, we mean that the action was not necessary and the person did not do it. For Example: It started raining heavily so I didn’t need to water the flowers. (it wasn’t necessary, so I didn’t do that.) It was my day off yesterday, that’s why I didn’t need to get up early.(It was not obligatory for me) Note: We use first form (verb1) of the verb after the modal "didn't have(need) to."
I didn't need to wake up...woke up.
Needn't Have Done If we say that somebody “needn’t have done” something, we mean that he/she did it, but it was unnecessary and even a waste of time. For Example: You needn’t have done the washing up, as I was going to do that tomorrow. When the party was over, I realized that you needn’t have cooked so much food as most of it was untouched. Yesterday my friend had already bought 2 tickets for the concert so you really needn’t have bought another one, it was a waste of money. Sandra worked all the weekend to finish her assignment on time, but actually she needn’t have done so. The bus arrived in time last night, so I didn’t need to take a taxi. Note: In these examples above we see that the actions done by the agents were not necessary and actually the efforts were in vain. Attention: We use third form (verb3) of the verb after the modal "needn't have ." You really needn’t have bought buy another one...