Building Electrification & Moving Towards Energy Decarbonization

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BUILDING ELECTRIFICATION & MOVING TOWARDS ENERGY DECARBONIZATION

by Rick Alfandre, AIA, LEED AP BD+C

Building electrification refers to using electric technologies instead of combustion-fueled technologies to supply the comforts of a modern building. An electrified building typically uses electric heat pumps for space heating, cooling, and domestic hot water, as well as electric or induction stoves for cooking. Every major end use for fossil fuels in buildings is ready to be electrified with currently available technologies.

New Paltz Police Department and Court Offices. Completed in November 2021.

The New Paltz Police and Court Municipal building that was recently completed for the Town of New Paltz is fully electric, employing no fossil fuels in the design. Electrification supports the long-term goal of building decarbonization. That is because the electricity grid is getting greener and cleaner. By designing and constructing buildings to harmonize with the grid we will reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions. Heat pump technologies use energy in highly efficient ways and, therefore, save building owners money. Heat pumps — whether ground-source or air-source — are basically air conditioners that can be run in reverse to provide heating as well as cooling. Air conditioners (and refrigerators) make a space cooler by extracting heat from it and releasing the heat in a warmer place. The key to this magic is the refrigerant, a fluid that changes from a liquid to a gas at ambient temperatures. After absorbing heat, the gas moves through a mechanical compressor that squeezes the heat back out.

Electric resistance heat is 100% efficient at converting electricity into heat, a heat pump provides, at least, two to three units of energy for every one unit of energy consumed. Efficiency is often measured as the annual “coefficient of performance” or COP. The COP of a system is the relative measure of how much energy is delivered compared to how much energy is used. Most air source heat pump systems have an average annual COP of over 2.5. This means that the system is 250% efficient. Fossil fuel heating systems range from 80-95% percent efficient, at best. Heat pumps systems include: Ground source heat pumps (GSHP), which extract energy from the ground by tapping the relative constant temperature of the earth from about 5 feet, or more, below the surface. Groundsource heat pumps have some great environmental advantages over other heating and cooling systems. Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) use the consistent temperatures within the Earth as a heat sink to provide energy-efficient heating in the winter and cooling in the summer.

In commercial applications most GSHP systems rely on a field of drilled wells fitted with a closed loop set of tubing through which fluid flows. By releasing building heat to the cool earth, rather than into hot outdoor air, GSHPs cool more efficiently than air conditioners or air-source heat pumps. They provide heat by using the same principle in reverse—drawing heat from the relatively warm earth, rather than from cold outdoor air. Most GSHP systems have a COP of over 3.5. Two buildings heated and cooled with ground source heat pumps: GSHPs should not be confused with true geothermal heat, which is usually miles below the surface, where the earth’s crust gives way to a layer of molten rock. This geothermal energy occasionally explodes to the surface as a volcano, creates natural geysers and hot springs, and, in places like Iceland, it is tapped to produce electricity. Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHP) extract heat (energy) from the outside air when heating is needed and discharge heat to the outside air when cooling is needed. Air Source Heat Pump systems are available in many sizes and form factors, including small and large ducted systems as well as small ductless “mini splits” systems. In all cases the compressor system is located outside the building.

Our Net-Positive-Energy office building is served by two Carrier Green Speed ducted systems. The compressors are located outside the building and the air handlers are located inside. Carrier claims that the green speed system has a COP of over 3.5.

Left: M&T Bank in Balmville, NY and Right: New Friary at Graymoor, Garrison, New York Alfandre Architecture’s Net Positive Energy Building in New Paltz, New York

Top Left: Carrier Green Speed Air Handler; Top Right: Carrier Green Speed Outdoor Compressor and Bottom: Mini Split Wall Unit

In cold climates, a GSHP has a higher efficiency than an airsource heat pump, because the temperature underground is considerably warmer in the winter than the outside air. The initial GSHP systems cost is higher than an air sources system. However, system efficiencies are higher, and the equipment lasts longer. Further, there are significant utility incentives in NYS as well as a federal investment tax credit for private development projects that use ground source heat pump systems. The U.S. is now adding renewable energy generation faster than any other source, which is putting us on a path to rapidly decarbonize the electric grid. In some parts of the U.S., the grid is already relatively clean. And President Biden’s Clean Electricity Standard, proposed through his Infrastructure Plan, would set the United States on a path toward 80% clean energy on the grid by 2030.

U.S. Electricity Generation Projections To 2050 Renewable electricity generation has more than doubled from 2020 to 2018 and that trend is accelerating. According to the US Energy Information Agency ninety percent of that increase came from wind and solar generation. Costs have also declined rapidly. Solar and wind generation is the cheapest option for new or replacement electricity generation capacity. This capacity also includes electric energy storage assets owned by utilities (“utility scale”) and smaller distributed energy resources. Electricity generation from wind and solar is poised to surpass fossil fuel generation in the next 25 years, if not sooner.

We can easily future proof the buildings we design, and build, today to save money and carbon, now and in the future. Using all electric space conditioning systems is the best way to make our buildings energy and cost efficient. l

U.S. Annual Renewable Generation By Fuel Type

This article by architect Rick Alfandre originally appeared on page 4243 of the Summer 2021 issue of On The Level, the publication of the Construction Contractors’ Association.

Rick Alfandre, AIA, LEED AP BD+C is a prolific architect who, over the past 30 years, has designed and built hundreds of projects ranging from multi-million-dollar hotels and resorts to solar residences. Recently completed projects include office buildings, churches and synagogues, retail buildings and spaces, multiple dwellings, restaurants, hotels, manufacturing facilities, and custom residences. The founder and President of Alfandre Architecture, he is an expert in the design of maximally energy-efficient, climactically responsive buildings that are solar-ready, and state-of-the-art construction systems that minimize energy requirements and create healthy indoor environments. A leader in the green building movement in upstate New York, Mr. Alfandre has worked closely with the US Green Building Council (USGBC) to grow the USGBC New York Upstate region as well as the Hudson Valley Branch's regional programs. Alfandre is devoted to creating spaces and places of lasting beauty, working closely with clients to plan for efficient, resilient and cost-effective projects. Alfandre’s offices are located in their LEED Platinum, Net Zero Energy office building situated on Main Street, New Paltz, NY in the heart of the beautiful Hudson Valley. Alfandre is the recent past Chair of the US Green Building Council NY Upstate Chapter, is a past member of the SUNY New Paltz School of Business Advisory Council and is a 2013 Business School Hall of Fame Inductee. Mr. Alfandre is National Council of Architectural Registrations Boards (NCARB) certified, a member of the Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (NESEA), and the Construction Contractors Association of the Hudson Valley (CCAHV). He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications from SUNY New Paltz in 1980 and a Master of Architecture degree in 1987 from the School of Architecture at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Licensed to practice architecture in the states of New York, Connecticut and New Jersey, Rick Alfandre has formed solid working relationships with area building and planning officials and has collaborated with many regional professionals to create a unique team approach to projects.