M.ARCH DESIGN RESEARCH REPORT AIMEE KRUGER KRGAIM001 STUDIO ADAPT 2017 UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN | APG
INVERTING & RESURFACING THE BURIED RUIN WITHIN THE SCARRED LANDSCAPE
RUIN(ED) EDGE(INESS) RUINED LANDSCAPE
RUIN[ED] EDGE[INESS]_RUINED LANDSCAPE Inverting and resurfacing the buried ruin with the scarred landscape This dissertation is presented as part fulfillment of the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional) in the School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics University of Cape Town, 2017
Aimee Leah Kruger
Supervisors: Stella Papanicolaou Mike Louw Assisted by: Mike Scurr Clair Abrahamse
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This dissertation is presented as part fulfillment of the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional) in the School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics, University of Cape Town 2017 “I hereby: a. grant the University free license to reproduce the above dissertation in whole or in part, for the purpose of research. b. Declare that: (i) The above dissertation is my own unaided work, both in conception and execution, and that apart from the normal guidance of my supervisors, I have received no assistance apart from that stated below. (ii) Except as stated below, neither the substance or any part of the dissertation has been submitted for a degree in the University or any other university. (iii) I am now presenting the dissertation for examination for the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional)” Plagiarism Declaration: 1. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and pretend that it is one’s own. 2. I have used the Harvard convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution to, and quotation in, this report from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. 3. This report is my own work. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. Signature ______________________________
abstract This dissertation focuses on
a pedestrian orientated, contrasting
of the existing ruined landscape and
the Voortrekker road strip between
intervention, that inverts the existing
protect the site. The social user then
Salt River Circle and the Black river.
ruin, creating a series of relief spaces
inhabits this structure and controls or
It is bounded by the railway lines on
within this harsh environment. The
changes their own space to suit their
the western side, and the Black River
architectural intervention would
needs within this new vertical spatial
and M5 elevated freeway bridge on
address each ruin by inverting them
framework.
the eastern side of the strip. The
into public space with individual
Voortrekker road bridge over the railway
responses and programs, incorporating
line creates a blatant disconnected
predominantly a mixed use transport
neighbourly association. The area is
orientated development with housing
currently in a state of decay, plagued by
and rentable spaces above and retail/
abandoned buildings and crime. Within
market on ground floor. All the sites
this focus area I have highlighted 3 key
will use the same technological and
sites of interest, both for their location
structural approach of a light adaptive
adjacent to defining natural and man
socially performing structural frame
made boundary elements, as well as
that connects this disconnected,
their state of neglect and ruin or being
scarred context. The buried, dark and
underutilized.
grungy social & material context is thus
The urban strategy of this project
resurfaced through this light, uplifting,
will attempt to uplift and transform
vertical transition. This architectural
this abandoned area by stitching
transition also carefully uses structure
together the two edges of the strip with
and tactility, with walls that grow out
From left to right, Figure a - A Conceptual poster of the existing site character and the character of the new intervention [Author; 2017]. Figure b, c & d: Sites 1, 2 & 3 - The existing buildings highlighted [Author; 2017].
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preface Left: Figure e- Allied concrete abandoned site highlighted, situated on edge of natural river boundary; although the river has now been canalized , and railway lines to the south [Author;2017]
My personal interests have always
a result, architecture’s relationship to
do we begin to subvert the “fence”
infrastructure and services, a possible
been in the public domain and the
the body and its movements is that of
constructed by old governmental
set of public spaces at the urban or
creation of all inclusive space. I have
a cruel exclusionary nature. Thus the
policies, and where do we begin to
city scale, together with the tools that
always been fascinated by the need
fascination with what these bounding,
reshape the landscape in order to
allow us to design this complexity?
for transitional spaces and the urban/
segregating elements are, and how
utilize, maximise and enhance the
Investigating the contemporary
private thresholds or doorways into
one can begin to define and ultimately
public realm to aid all users.
meaning and how thresholds, limits
spaces on a city scale and a private
subvert or invert them.
scale. I believe that space should be a
My childhood context being that
When we speak about our city and
and boundaries should be designed in
its relative district areas we often use
our current context and do we still have
right to all citizens, and architecture
of a removed city experience, and
the metaphor ‘fragmented’, referring to
to face the ritual of entering a space, or
should not be seen as a means of
daughter of removed “unauthorised
the idea of a broken city, a relationship
can it be considered a bridge between
keeping un-authorised people out, but
city dweller”, as a result of the
between the city and its landscape or
architecture and urban design, giving
rather enabling all people to create
apartheid group areas act; my social
outlying areas which has been lost.
character to the city.
their own defensible space within the
context was and is an average of 30-40
Subsequently, it asks the question;
city and close to essential services.
min drive into/out of the CBD, beaches,
how can we deal with these thresholds,
or our place of work, without traffic.
limits and boundaries in order to
being a segregated country and city has
When I look at this problem of a
define a place with a fluid structure?
undeniably left scars in the landscape.
disconnected city , I begin to imagine
Can architecture aid in it becoming
The architectural and urban design
what the possibilities are that allow
more than a left over forgotten space,
strategies that were used to separate,
the subversion of the edge and to
but rather a space of connection and
segregate and remove, the socially
redefine existing barriers, to improve
relations? Should architecture frame
deemed “un-authorised” users at the
the public’s physical connections and
these connections and the open spaces
time has left a lasting impression. As
social collision. The question is, how
between, in order for it to become public
Our social South African history of
contents section 1 The Found Ruin as Landscape
Abstract
The Found Landscape
Preface
Introduction to Contextual Analysis
Table of figures
pg. 10
Introduction Summary of Architectural Position
pg. 12
pg. 16 The Found Ruin Documented found Salt river market, hall and abandoned Transnet dwelling analysis
Salt River Contextual history Existing building conditions and history
Documented found abandoned Metrorail office dwelling analysis
Site Orientation and analysis
Documented found abandoned allied concrete structure analysis
Site area movement diagram Zoning constraints and bulk study allowance Economic context and building uses Natural system conditions and influences Area frameworks of Salt River and Maitland_ filling the gap Urban grain and street conditions
The Found Bodies Ownership, use and observed users Interviews with users
pg. 58
pg. 60
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section 2 The Adapted Ruin strategies Strategy 1 : The active street edge pedestrian setback Pedestrian street precedents and methods The applied methods within the 3 sites
section 3 The Future Ruin as mutated landscape The evolution of the ruin Strategy 3: Inverting the ruin by pg. 70 activating awkward spaces pg. 82 The building’s life cycle -
to the body
Catalytic Urban framework Precedent and methods
Applied inversion Methods on adapted sites 1, 2 and 3 and process work
The weathering of the new adapted form pg. 90
The Family of structural elements
The Modular unit technology
Applied methods of urban transitional spaces / gateways for the bodily experience
Strategy 5: The active protection & Environmental Walls
Series of relief spaces and process work
The protection and environmental wall compositional elements The applied protection walls within the 3 sites
pg. 106
Appendixes
pg. 109
Bibliography
pg. 112
Ethics clearance
pg. 114
transformation from found ruin to adapted form and ultimately the future ruin
Methods of inversion and precedent
Inverted external ruin wall detailing Strategy 2 : The mutating pedestrian route as a catalyst pg. 64 Strategy 4: Resurfacing the Architecture as a medium or backdrop buried ruin
pg. 100 Conclusion
pg. 94
Material degradation (T&T integration and process work)
pg. 104
table of figures
Figure a - A Conceptual poster of the existing site character and the character of the new intervention [Author; 2017]. Figure b, c & d: Sites 1, 2 & 3 - The existing buildings highlighted [Author; 2017]. Figure e- Allied concrete abandoned site highlighted, situated on edge of natural river boundary; although the river has now been canalized , and railway lines to the south [Author;2017]
section 01 Figure 1.1 -The growth of the built urban edge from 1940 to 2000 + [Author;2017]. Figure 1.2 - The apartheid group areas act racial boundaries [Author;2017]. Figure 1.3 - The boundary defining elements within our city [Author;2017]. Figure 1.4 - The resultant area boundaries as a result of past planning, natural and man-made physical boundaries [Author;2017]. Figure 1.5 - Walking and mapping site exploration from Salt River circle to Maitland civic hall [Author;2017]. Figure 1.6 - Collage of imagined future strip development [Author;2017] Figure 1.7 - A picture taken in the 1930’s of Voortrekker rd crossing
the bridge over the railway line at Salt river station [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017] Figure 1.8-Salt river workshops 1979, observed in the photograph; The Voortrekker bridge before expansion with steel girders, on the right the edge of the market buildings and the abandoned site still occupied with buildings. The left and corner below the old station was the Oak Hotel, now the abandoned site 2. [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017] Figure 1.9- Market Hall in 1924 entrance from Voortrekker road, observed before bridge extension and redevelopment [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017] Figure 1.10- Neighboring the market, The old Railway Institute Library and dining room section prior to demolition in 1980. Site now abandoned with only one building remaining [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017] Figure 1.11 - View from Salt river circle, the junction hotel viewed on the right and old steel girder bridge over railway lines, prior to demolition in 1980 [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017] Figure 1.12 - Salt river station and bridge in distance prior to bridge extension development in 1980 [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017] Figure 1.13 - The “Oak” formerly the “British Oak”, now demolished, which was situated on the opposite side of the bridge [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017] Figure 1.14 - A Mapping series
defining the elements, urban edges and man made or natural boundaries in the growth of the Salt River [ Author; 2017] Figure 1.15 - Salt River Workshops and Voortrekker bridge 1979 [Author; 2017] Figure 1.16 - The Salt River Workshops and buildings are demolished and altered through the extension of the Voortrekker bridge and additional railway lines [Author; 2017] Figure 1.17 - The present day existing ruin sites illustrating that the process of ruin creation through edge condition leaves scars in the urban fabric [Author; 2017] Figure 1.18 - The Salt river inbetween strip with highlighted ruined building sites, and highlighted sites 1, 2 and 3 for intervention [Author; 2017] Figure 1.19 - Highlighted existing ruined building sites, 1, 2 and 3 for intervention [Author; 2017] Figure 1.20 - Salt river market site and surrounds urban access Nolli study with degrees of accessibility. Marked in red are the observed social activities. Movement, active edges and informal dwellings [Author; 2017] Figure 1.21 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017] Figure 1.22 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017] Figure 1.23 - Abandoned Metrorail site and surrounds urban access Nolli study with degrees of accessibility. Marked in red are the observed social activities. Movement, active edges and informal dwellings [Author; 2017]
Figure 1.24 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017] Figure 1.25 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017] Figure 1.26 - Abandoned Allied concrete site and surrounds urban access Nolli study with degrees of accessibility. Marked in red are the observed social activities. Movement, active edges and informal dwellings [Author; 2017] Figure 1.28 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017] Figure 1.29 - Site orientation analysis drawing with views observed from the bridge [Author; 2017] Figure 1.30 - Site movement analysis palimpsest [Author; 2017] Figure 1.31 - Zoning Bulk Massing diagram for sites 1, 2 and 3 in existing context [Author; 2017] Figure 1.32- Mapping study of economic context and building uses [Author; 2017] Figure 1.33- Mapping study of natural systems [Author; 2017] Figure 1.34- Mapping study of the urban framework gap [Author; 2017] Figure 1.35- Mapping study of contextual street section conditions [Author; 2017] Figure 1.36- Diagram of existing ownership, use and potential programming additions [Author; 2017] Figure 1.37- Redrawn existing market site plan [Author; 2017] Figure 1.38 The found existing landscape sections [Author; 2017] Figure 1.39 - Original drawings from
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archive, 1939 [Heritage report for Salt river Market; 2005] Figure 1.40- Redrawn existing market site plan [Author; 2017] Figure 1.41 - The found existing landscape sections [Author; 2017] Figure 1.42 - Original drawings of Metrorail office [S.A.R. ; 2017] Figure 1.43- Redrawn existing plan [Author; 2017] Figure 1.44- The found existing landscape sections [Author; 2017] Figure 1.45 - Original site diagram [CoCT Map viewer ; 2017] Figure 1.46 - A series of process diagrams that crystallize the observed site character and potential. My thought process and analysis with potential ideas and strategies [Author; 2017]
section 02 Figure 2.1 - The pedestrian active edge setback grain and setup [Author; 2017] Figure 2.2 - Recycled brick paving images [Google; 2017] Figure 2.3 - Process sketches of building interface with path [ Author; 2017] Figure 2.4 - The pedestrian interface on Voortrekker road [Author; 2017] Figure 2.5 - Detail of path structure and function [ Author; 2017] Figure 2.6 - Process snapshots through path [Author;2017] Figure 2.7 - Path material recycled brick and concrete [Author; 2017]
Figure 2.8 - Diagram illustrating internal path through building [Author;2017] Figure 2.9 - Precedent images of Can Ribas from archdaily; 2017 [ JosĂŠ Hevia; 2011] Figure 2.10 - Diagrams of the living wall, threshold and gateway [Author; 2017] Figure 2.11 - Detail of permeable path through the site [Author; 2017] Figure 2.12 - concept drawings of internal route through site one creating a series of relief spaces [Author;2017] Figure 2.13 - Concept drawings of internal route through site two creating a series of relief spaces [Author; 2017] Figure 2.14 - Concept drawings of internal route through site three creating a series of relief spaces [Author;2017] Figure 2.15 - Diagram of inversion concept [Author; 2017] Figure 2.16 - Conceptual diagrams of inverting the ruin [Author;2017] Figure 2.17 - Inverted ruin wall detailing [Author;2017] Figure 2.18 - Diagram of demolished internal wall square meters [Author; 2017] Figure 2.19 - Precedent images of Architecture Faculty in Tournai,from Architzer 2017 [PHOTOS: Tim Van de Velde;2017] Figure 2.20 - Diagram of sectional programmatic layout [Author; 2017] Figure 2.21 - Sketch design plan of site 1 [Author; 2017] Figure 2.22 - Sketch design perspectives of site 1 [Author; 2017]
Figure 2.23 - Sketch design perspectives of site 2 [Author; 2017] Figure 2.24 - Sketch design plan of site 2 [Author; 2017] Figure 2.25 - Sketch design plan of site 3 [Author; 2017] Figure 2.26 - Sketch design perspectives of site 3 [Author; 2017] Figure 2.27 - Sketch design sectional perspectives through existing ruined building [Author; 2017] Figure 2.28 - Sectional perspective of highlighted space and structure area [Author;2017] Figure 2.29 - Material images from Google [Author;2017] Figure 2.30 - 3D structure of module, with connection detail and diagram of a typical internal corridor housing layout [Author; 2017] Figure 2.31 - Sectional perspective of highlighted space and structure area [Author;2017] Figure 2.32 - Material images [Google, 2017] Figure 2.33 - Precedent images of the Straw Bale house [Architectural Journal; 2015] Figure 2.34 - Diagram of walls configuration [Author;2017] Figure 2.35 - Active Brick Wall detail development [Author, 2017] Figure 2.36 - Detail development of the sandbag wall [Author; 2017]
section 03 Figure 3.1 - Site diagrams of existing built form vs new built form [Author; 2017] Figure 3.2 - Overall strip diagrams of existing built form vs new built form [Author; 2017] Figure 3.3 - Conceptual poster of site material character and the mutating pedestrian route [Author; 2017] Figure 3.4 - Photographs of contextual models [Author; 2017]
introduction summary of architectural position Ruined space, ruined landscape,
Norden 2005:31) A Ruin by the fact of its
the void or ruin as an existing natural
controlled. Therefore one can say that
ruined edge and ruined social
incompleteness, compels the viewer
landscape, to be a place of personal
architecture does not always allow for
connections. The word ruin and
to insert the missing pieces from their
interpretation and social possibilities,
the necessary activities of the body
ruined, can more commonly than
own imagination (Woodward 2012:17).
allowing the natural body to inhabit its
and resultant informal collisions can
not, depict a very negative space or
The ruin also represents a contest
environment based on an instinctive
occur. Although we must acknowledge,
spatial element. A building can be
between people and nature, a battle
adaptive response, whether it be
that architecture can also be seen as
in ruin, abandoned and neglected,
between the vision of the architect and
temporary fleeting moments in time or
being in partnership with the body when
or a built structure can simply in its
the processes of nature (Jorgensen and
a permanent defensible space.
spaces have been designed with the
construction have prevented the growth
Keenan edt. 2012:17). Though ruins are
of its surrounding neighbours. This
often fenced to deter the would-be un-
in its daily life, and architecture
work seamlessly together to support the
resulting in a poor pedestrian urban
authorised user, in most cases these
exists for the living body, sharing a
kinetic body.
context and left over in-between loose
are ignored. In most cases the control
spontaneous relationship with one
spaces with inadequate edge conditions
of human and non-human is missing in
another, constantly facilitating life.
derelict everyday buildings would
for economic growth (Franck, K. and
the now ruined space, and plants and
How the body meets architecture or
normally be demolished to make way
Stevens, Q. 2007). This can be observed
animals move in to colonize a space
how architecture is met by the body,
for new development. In this project
in many areas with bridges and railway
to which they were formally expelled.
can be a soft welcoming embrace or
I have taken the position that the
line crossings.
(Jorgensen and Keenan edt. 2012:66)
a hard threatening edge. As the body
found ruins are an environmental,
The living body uses architecture
bodily movements in mind, and the two
The ruin, in most cases abandoned
Deterioration is an ongoing
In the written language, voids
moves and transitions through the
material and spatial resource of the
process and can be viewed negatively,
between words, lines, paragraphs and
environment, its needs, wants and
existing landscape and beneficial as a
but everything goes through a life
chapters allow the reader to fill in their
actions can also change, although
contextual spatial driver.
cycle and nature inevitably reclaims all
own meaning and realities (Dillon, 2011).
architecture is for the most part
matter and nothing lasts (De Salvo and
Similarly, in architecture I identify
immobile, static, and politically
The social connections of the sites are predominantly lost, although a
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These gateways inject life into the
the body centered approach. Creating a
now reside along some of them and
forgotten ruined space but also allow
passage through the architecture with a
a partially active community market
reflection back to its history as a
carefully orchestrated spatial itinerary
site sees an adequate amount of foot
gateway to the past, and act as a
directed at the experience of the body
traffic from all walks and spheres of
catalyst for future development within
(Rykwert edt. 2002:306 ). Therefore the
life. Therefore this buried social and
the strip.
criteria for testing the strategies would
community of informal dwellings
material context that was uncovered
Thus through this process of
derive from reading the architecture
during the mapping process is
intervention, five design strategies
through the ‘body image’ (Rykwert edt.
resurfaced above their existing site and
were developed and tested across
2002:261). This insures that the imaginal
cultural networks to allow for a more
three sites along the strip. The design
force of human bodies is impressed,
dignified rehousing and development
strategies are as follows; first ,the
received and transmitted into the built
strategy.
provision of new pedestrian movement
environment (Rykwert edt. 2002:261). The
The public ground floor is thus
routes through the site. Second, the
body image is formed in the mind as a
able to treat each ruin as a gateway into
widening of the existing active edge
product of sensation, representation
the site and inverting the space from
setback along Voortreker Rd. Third,
and perception (Rykwert edt. 2002:261).
what was previously restricted space
inverting each current ruined building
In distilling these qualities I have
into freely accessible public space.
into a gateway. Fourth, the insertion
defined the criteria as visual tactility,
These inverted ruins then become the
of the clip on modular structure that
spatially framing the body or allowing
gateways to the public spaces that
resurfaces the buried social context.
for framed discovery, as well as
link this scarred landscape with a
Fifth, is the active protection and
projecting and enhancing the body
pedestrian route, and create relief
environmental wall. The central focus
through scale, sight and memory.
spaces within the harsh environment.
for the resolution of the strategies is
section 1
The Found Ruin as Landscape
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the found landscape introduction to contextual analysis
The initial investigation into the
the contextual analysis, but what was
found context began with the inquiry
revealed and became blatantly obvious
into boundaries. Why are they there?
was the number of abandoned ruins
What defines them? Where do they exist
that are left scattered along these
within our city and what traces of their
boundaries. Most of which can be seen
presence have they left behind?
along train lines and bridge overpasses.
Voortrekker road is of keen development interest to me as it is an untapped economic route linking the northern and southern parts of Cape Town. Therefore this process of boundary discovery led me on a journey to determine what these bounding elements are within the given context of Voortrekker road, focusing on Salt River and Maitland. The resulting studies however shifted my perception and steered me to the effects of boundary edge conditions and what their implications can be within a struggling economic context. The findings will be elaborated later in
From left to right: Figure 1.1 -The growth of the built urban edge from 1940 to 2000 + [Author;2017]. Figure 1.2 - The apartheid group areas act racial boundaries [Author;2017]. Figure 1.3 - The boundary defining elements within our city [Author;2017]. Figure 1.4 - The resultant area boundaries as a result of past planning, natural and man-made physical boundaries [Author;2017].
the found landscape
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the found landscape
From left to right: Figure 1.5 - Walking and mapping site exploration from Salt River circle to Maitland civic hall [Author;2017]. Figure 1.6 - Collage of imagined future strip development [Author;2017]
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Salt River Contextual History
The context of this research project is Salt River, Cape Town. Salt River is named after a river of the same
(Revolvy, L. 2017)(South African History
(South African History Online. 2017). Salt
Online. 2017).
River Station forms an important urban
The railway line reached Salt River
node between Cape Town and the greater
name. The Salt River is formed by the
in 1862 and it then became a major
metropolitan as it is the point where all
confluence of the Liesbeek and Black
railway junction. Salt River was once a
the railway lines merge and flow into
Rivers. The river has been canalised and
booming part of Cape Town due to its
the CBD (Revolvy, L. 2017)(South African
flows into Table Bay between Paarden
proximity and the location of the first
History Online. 2017).
Eiland and Brooklyn (Revolvy, L. 2017)
workshops for the steel and locomotive
(South African History Online. 2017). The
industrial heart in the 1900s. However
exact date when the village of Salt River
due to cheaper imports and the reces-
was established is not known but in
sion, many business have since closed
1665 the settlement is recorded to have
down and employment and crime in-
overlooked a crossing over the river and
creased (Revolvy, L. 2017)(South African
to have consisted of an inn and several
History Online. 2017). Salt River’s rapid
fishermen’s cottages (Revolvy, L. 2017)
development was largely attributed to
(South African History Online. 2017). The
the number of industries moving into
urbanisation of Salt River started in the
the neighboring areas (Revolvy, L. 2017)
1850’s. The land was made fertile and
(South African History Online. 2017). The
small farms and market gardens came
railway workshops in Salt River repre-
about. In 1803 a grain mill was erected
sented the largest single concentration
there; and in 1883 it was joined with
of employment in the Peninsula at the
Woodstock to form one municipality
turn of the century (Revolvy, L. 2017)
Right: Figure 1.7 - A picture taken in the 1930’s of Voortrekker rd crossing the bridge over the railway line at Salt river station [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017]
the found landscape
21
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Above: Figure 1.9- Market Hall in 1924 entrance from Voortrekker road, observed before bridge extension and redevelopment [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017]
Above: Figure 1.8-Salt river workshops 1979, observed in the photograph; The Voortrekker bridge before expansion with steel girders, on the right the edge of the market buildings and the abandoned site still occupied with buildings. The left and corner below the old station was the Oak Hotel, now the abandoned site 2. [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017]
Above: Figure 1.10- Neighboring the market, The old Railway Institute Library and dining room section prior to demolition in 1980. Site now abandoned with only one building remaining [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017]
the found landscape
23
Above: Figure 1.12 - Salt river station and bridge in distance prior to bridge extension development in 1980 [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017]
Above: Figure 1.11 - View from Salt river circle, the junction hotel viewed on the right and old steel girder bridge over railway lines, prior to demolition in 1980 [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017]
Above: Figure 1.13 - The “Oak” formerly the “British Oak”, now demolished, which was situated on the opposite side of the bridge [Transnet Heritage Library; 2017]
24
Salt River Contextual History
The founding roads were Victoria
this reason, the residents of Slat River
decay, lends itself to future potential
[now Main Road] and High Street [now
are second and third generations of
urban revitalisation and densification.
Albert road], which connected the area
families who have preferred to stay in
It forms part of the Voortrekker corridor
with Woodstock, Observatory, Mowbray
the suburb, in houses which are over 100
which has been ear-marked for future
and Cape Town CBD (Revolvy, L. 2017)
years old, even if now they can afford
high density development. It has also
(South African History Online. 2017). Salt
to live in wealthier suburbs (Revolvy, L.
been pegged by the city of cape town
River was a self-sufficient community
2017)(South African History Online. 2017).
as part of the Cape Town urban renewal
from the 1960s to 1990s when few people
Today, Salt River is still one of
initiative (Revolvy, L. 2017)(South African
had need for cars because of the close
the oldest working class residential
proximity to Cape Town (Revolvy, L. 2017)
and industrial areas in Cape Town. It
(South African History Online. 2017).
has also managed to sustain some
Pedestrians could walk into town along
of its social and cultural history,
either the Lower Main Road which joined
even though many of the industries
Albert Road at the circle in Salt River
have moved or closed down. Salt River
or along Victoria Road which runs into
still has trace memories, within the
Sir Lowry Road(Revolvy, L. 2017)(South
urban fabric, of the clothing, furniture
African History Online. 2017). Because
manufacturing and food production
of this, residents rarely found the need
it was once renowned for, and slowly
to leave the area, and were almost not
developments are taking place to
affected by the discontented feelings of
reawaken this history (Revolvy, L. 2017)
the Apartheid era (Revolvy, L. 2017)(South
(South African History Online. 2017).
African History Online. 2017). Also for
Although, the current state of urban
History Online. 2017).
Right: Figure 1.14 - A Mapping series defining the elements, urban edges and man made or natural boundaries in the growth of the Salt River [ Author; 2017]
the found landscape
25
26
ruin creation in the Salt River in-between
The process of ruin creation and
represents how weathering has allowed
the extension of the Voortrekker road
the resultant neglected buildings
the adaptation and habitation of the
bridge, as well as additional railway
adjacent to Voortrekker road, suggest
form, be it by the homeless or by nature.
lines were added, therefore the
the opportunity for interpretation and
Thus, in studying the natural ability of
area saw and increase in dead edge
intervention, although they also beg the
materials to deteriorate the built form,
conditions. Thus illustrating the means
question why? Why are they there and
I am able to discern its possibilities of
of spatial ruin creation. The present day
what led up to their demise?
suggesting relationships with space,
existing ruin sites display only partial
investigating the creation of new
memories of what came before.
When analyzing the ruin one can also identify it as a void within
spaces through the natural energies of
the existing natural landscape, with
degradation and informal occupation.
be attributed to the buildings left to
no function or purpose, a place for
Furthermore, because the decaying ruin
decay in order for developers to buy
personal interpretation and social
is a void for interpretation, I view the
or develop at a cheaper rate once the
possibilities, allowing the natural body
process of decay as a spatial driver- a
price of the property has decreased,
to inhabit its environment based on an
catalyst that evokes and allows new
especially in the case of old buildings
instinctive adaptive response.
intervention, and incites thoughts and
and heritage sensitive cases.
It is only through this decay that the ruin becomes a void for interpretation; therefore the process
actions, rather than a fixed symbolic ruin. The Salt River Workshops and
of becoming is an important one in
Voortrekker bridge in 1979 illustrated
the life of the body’s connection to the
the existing buildings before the altered
found ruin, and finding an identifiable
edge conditions. The buildings were
space in which to dwell. This neglect
then demolished and altered through
Another cause of urban ruins can
Right top to bottom: Figure 1.15 - Salt River Workshops and Voortrekker bridge 1979 [Author; 2017] Figure 1.16 - The Salt River Workshops and buildings are demolished and altered through the extension of the Voortrekker bridge and additional railway lines [Author; 2017] Figure 1.17 - The present day existing ruin sites illustrating that the process of ruin creation through edge condition leaves scars in the urban fabric [Author; 2017]
the found landscape
27
28
existing building conditions and history
Due to the large scale of Salt River,
this focus area I have highlighted 3 key
and the city of Cape Town’s Voortrekker
sites of interest, both for their location
Rd urban renewal initiative, it is the fo-
adjacent to defining boundary ele-
cus of this dissertation to concentrate
ments, as well as their state of neglect
on the Voortrekker road strip between
and ruin or being underutilized.
Salt River Circle and the Black river, M5
There are also an additional two
elevated highway. For further reference
highlighted underutilised, abandoned
in this dissertation, I have now dubbed
and dilapidated premises that this
this strip; the Salt River In-between, an
dissertation will acknowledge, although
industrial memory. The Salt River in-be-
it will not focus on. These vacant
tween is bounded by the intersection
buildings are being illegally used by the
of the railway lines and the Voortrekker
homeless and or public transgressors,
raod bridge on the left or western side,
rendering the area harsh, unpleasant
and the Black River and M5 on the right
and unsafe as a pedestrian user.
or eastern side. With the Voortrekker road bridge over the railway creating a disconnected neighbourly connection, which I have deduced, happened when the bridge and railway lines were reconstructed and enlarged. The area is currently in a state of decay, plagued by abandoned buildings and crime. Within
Right : Figure 1.18 - The Salt river in-between strip with highlighted ruined building sites, and highlighted sites 1, 2 and 3 for intervention [Author; 2017]
the found landscape
29
30
the found landscape
Figure 1.19 - Highlighted existing ruined building sites, 1, 2 and 3 for intervention [Author; 2017]
31
32
site 1
Site 1 is located on the western
being in the market function dating
abandoned structure in the awkward
edge of the Salt River In-between. It is
back to 1897. (Townsend, S. 2005 Heritage
wedge between the bridge and the
the Salt River Market and Hall, which
statement for the Salt River Market).
railway lines; site 1a. This structure
has been in existence for over 80 years.
The Salt River Circle and the historical
once formed part of a strip of railway
It has served as a trading post for
Market are cut off from the adjacent
workshops that fronted on Voortrekker
numerous local grocers, paint shops
Salt River station by the previously men-
road and worked hand in hand with
and second hand shops. Although,
tioned large vehicular overpass forming
the market. Since the expansion of the
recently the market’s future has
Voortrekker road, making it difficult for
railway and the bridge, this structure is
become uncertain, the city of Cape
pedestrians to navigate their surround-
the last remaining trace of this history.
Town has placed it under review and is
ings. Rail commuters making use of
looking into redevelopment schemes
the Golden Arrow bus system, located
to uplift, or re-envisage the space.
on the urban threshold of the Market,
Meanwhile, it is running on a month to
need to walk along motorways from the
month basis which makes it unfeasible
station and cross the busy four-lane
for the landlord and tenants to invest
Voortrekker road in order to continue
in the premises and as a result it has
their commute. When looking at the
become neglected and a large portion
station and the surrounding areas, it
has turned into storage space. Market
reveals various large portions of vacant
as a grade 3A heritage site, with a con-
land or in-between underutilised space
siderable local significance with some
as well as abandoned retail premises
architectural significance in the Market
and dilapidated buildings.
Office and Hall. The biggest significance
Site 1 also encompasses an
Right: Figure 1.20 - Salt river market site and surrounds urban access Nolli study with degrees of accessibility. Marked in red are the observed social activities. Movement, active edges and informal dwellings [Author; 2017]
Bromwell
Salt River Market Site
St
ary ound
F r Rd
kke e r t r o
Vo
Albert
Rd
Rd
34
Figure 1.21 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017]
Right: Figure 1.22 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017]
36
site 2
Site 2 is located further along the strip, on the opposite side of the bridge, on another awkward site between the bridge and railway lines. This abandoned structure was previously used as one of the Metrorail offices. A fire has subsequently forced them to relocate, and the building remains abandoned and in ruin.
Right: Figure 1.23 Abandoned Metrorail site and surrounds urban access Nolli study with degrees of accessibility. Marked in red are the observed social activities. Movement, active edges and informal dwellings [Author; 2017]
Metrorail abandoned site
r Rd
kke ortre
Vo
Salt River Station
38
Figure 1.24 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017]
SECTION ?
Figure 1.25 - Site photograph collage [Author & Google Earth; 2017]
39
40
site 3
Site 3 is located adjacent to the Black river, on the opposite edge of the Salt River In-between. This site is an abandoned dilapidated concrete factory which was previously called Allied Concrete. The factory has closed down and the remaining elements are the derelict structures that stand blatantly empty and fenced off next to the waters of the Black River.
Right: Figure 1.26 Abandoned Allied concrete site and surrounds urban access Nolli study with degrees of accessibility. Marked in red are the observed social activities. Movement, active edges and informal dwellings [Author; 2017]
y overpass
Black River Allied concrete site
M5 Highwa
ker Rd
k Voortre
42
Figure 1.27 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017]
SECTION ? Figure 1.28 - Site photograph collage [Author; 2017]
43
44
site orientation and analysis
The Wind has quite an extensive impact on the site strip. The South Easterly wind funnels down adjacent roads and impacts Voortrekker road in this area due to its large width and very little means of protection. This often makes it unpleasant to walk down these roads. The site also holds views of Devil’s Peak, Signal Hill and Table Mountain. From the bridge level one can also see the harbour and bay when looking over the high bridge walls.
Right: Figure 1.29 - Site orientation analysis drawing with views observed from the bridge [Author; 2017]
the found landscape
1 3
2
2 1 3
45
46
site area movement diagram
footnote/caption footnote/caption footnote/ caption footnote/caption footnote/caption footnote/caption footnote/ caption footnote/caption footnote/caption footnote/caption footnote/ caption footnote/caption footnote/caption footnote/caption footnote/ caption footnote/caption
the found landscape
47
Figure 1.30 - Site movement analysis palimpsest [Author; 2017]
48
zoning constraints and bulk study allowances
Sites 1 and 2 are zoned as Transport
underground rights.
trial 2. The primary uses are Industry,
lines street boundary are 5,0 m and
restaurant, service station, motor
common boundaries are 3,0m.
Zone 1 for transport use (TR1), the prima-
A portion of site 1 is also zoned
ry uses are for multiple parking garage,
as Mixed Use 2. The primary uses are
repair garage, funeral parlour, scrap
utility service, warehouse, rooftop
business premises, industry, dwelling
yard, authority use, utility service,
river and open land adjacent which is
base telecommunication station and
house, second dwelling, boarding
crematorium, rooftop base telecom-
zoned as Open space 2. These zoning
container site, although they do also
house, flats, place of instruction, place
munication station, freestanding base
requirements are determined by a site
consent to business premises, flats or
of worship, institution, hospital, place
telecommunication station, transport
development plan. The primary uses are
residential, place of assembly, place of
of assembly, place of entertainment,
use, multiple parking garage, and
public open space and environmental
entertainment and hotel.
hotel, conference facility, authority use,
agricultural industry. The consent uses
conservation use. The consent uses
utility service, and multiple parking
are abattoir, place of worship, institu-
are environmental facilities, tourist
1 is 15392sqm; and site 2 is
garage. The consent uses are adult en-
tion, clinic, place of assembly, adult
facilities, utility service, cemetery, roof-
5143sqm. The allowable Floor Factor
tertainment business, informal trading,
entertainment business, adult services,
top base telecommunication station,
is 2,0 with the coverage of 75%. The
expo centre, scrap yard, freestanding
aqua-culture, informal trading, shop,
freestanding base telecommunication
maximum height above base level is
base telecommunication station, wind
office, sale of alcoholic beverages,
station, wind turbine infrastructure,
15,0 m for stacked shipping containers
turbine infrastructure, helicopter
place of entertainment, helicopter
cultural and social ceremonies, urban
and 18,0 m for any other building. The
landing pad, service station and motor
landing pad, wind turbine infrastruc-
agriculture, informal trading, harvest-
street boundary setback is 0 m and
repair garage. The floor factor is 4,0
ture and container site. The total site
ing of natural resources and air and
3,0 m for the common boundary, while
with 100% coverage. The maximum
area is 4830sqm. The floor factor
underground rights.
there is no street centreline setback.
height above base level is 25,0 m and
is 4,0 with coverage of 75%. The
Other provisions allow for parking and
the building lines are 0,0 m up to 10,0
maximum height above base level is
access, service station and motor repair
m height and 4,5 m above 10,0 m.
18,0 m, but no restriction in respect of
Site 3 is zoned as General Indus-
manufacturing buildings. The building
Total site area for site
garage, Informal trading area and
Site 3 also comprises of the
the found landscape
Right: Figure 1.31 - Zoning Bulk Massing diagram for sites 1, 2 and 3 in existing context [Author; 2017]
49
50
the found landscape
economic context and building uses
The socio-economic profile of the area consists mainly of a low-to middle income community. The area is the centre for the Cut, Make and Trim industry and, although it took a dip in recent years, it is slowly picking up and undergoing recent regeneration schemes to maximise on opportunities. The area’s main economic driver is the industrial sector for which it was founded with many new commercial business seeking the sought after well-connected location.
Right: Figure 1.32Mapping study of economic context and building uses [Author; 2017]
52
the found landscape
natural system conditions and influences
The main water bodies in the area
the neighbouring vegetation being in
consist of the Black river that connects
Salt River area being the Peninsula
to the harbours edge through Paarden
Shale Renosterveld and the Maitland
Island and Ysterplaat. The Black River
area is the Cape Flats Sand Fynbos. With
is a convergence of two main river
this is the Two Rivers Urban Park (TRUP)
branches. The Leisbeek River that runs
which encompasses both the Black river
from Kirstenbosch to Salt River area,
and Liesbeek rivers south of the strip
and the Black river that is fed from
and all of the vegetation and sites are
multiple streams and canals running
considered protected natural sites.
through the southern suburbs. The Salt River in-between also falls within the floodplain areas and the 1 in 50 year flood line extent completely covers the entire strip. The entire strip soil conditions are Soils with a sandy texture, leached and with subsurface accumulation of organic matter, iron and aluminium oxides, either deep or on hard or weathering rock. The Natural vegetation of the area is the Cape Flats Dune Strandveld with
Right: Figure 1.33Mapping study of natural systems [Author; 2017]
54
the found landscape
area framework for Maitland and Salt River - filling the gap
The frameworks for Salt River and
ment to be improved where possible;
considered an integral urban connec-
Maitland within the District A from the
strategic and infill sites to contribute
tion and corridor for revitalisation and
City of Cape Town Spatial Development
to the need for mixed-use development,
development.
Plan & Environmental Management
such as affordable residential land
Framework executive summary key
uses close to economic activity and
issues are as follows: the protection
public amenities; and built form of
of significant environmental and
new and redevelopment to be sensitive
heritage assets; the management of
to existing natural and built context to
development pressure and demand for
create distinctive urban environment.
well-located land and subsequent built
Although, where the gap lies is the
form. Together with an appropriate
area of the Salt River in-between. The
and sustainable development path
area of study and revitalisation focus
that considers the quality of the urban
areas tend to stop at the edges of the
environment, open space systems and
Salt River in-between strip and this area
public space together with a balanced
falls to the wayside. The strip includes
provision of land uses. Some of these
significant environmental assets such
spatial opportunities that will contrib-
as the Black River and heritage assets
ute to addressing the issues include:
such as the market. It also forms part
Amenity value of natural resources to be
of a key link in the urban context, with
increased through improved access and
the Salt River station being a key node
linkages to urban context; interfaces
and public amenity within the public
between the natural and built environ-
realm. Therefore this area should be
Right: Figure 1.34Mapping study of the urban framework gap [Author; 2017]
56
urban grain and street conditions
even a road edge, gutter channel or
station, situated on the same road.
above. The overhangs and verandas
of commercial and industrial
level difference. It is generally a quiet
During peak hours the road is quite
become transitional elements that
developments along the main
street with the occasional passer-by
active, as it is the main feeder route
create semi-public space between the
roads with a fine grain residential
and a number of loiterers, giving it an
between the station and Salt River
building and the street. This space is
development to the back.
uninviting atmosphere.
circle. It also connects the station
then both an extension of the shop and
to the Golden Arrow bus stop on
also a vibrant public space that creates a movement route for passers-by.
The area mainly consists
Bromwell Street is
Voortrekker road starts at
predominantly a residential street and
Salt River circle and is one of the biggest
Voortrekker road which is used by
a backyard to commercial businesses
connecting corridors for the northern
commuters. Although there are a
that front on Albert Road. The east
and southern suburbs. The urban grain
few small kiosks that exist, the road
end of Bromwell street connects into
changes dramatically as you move
has yet to make use of the countless
Voortrekker road adjacent to the Salt
along the corridor although the use is
commercial opportunities presented
River Market and the west end stretches
predominantly commercial and light
by the presence of the station, which
all the way to Railway street. Most of
industrial with a general average height
is largely due to uninhabited, decaying
the buildings are single storey semi-
of two to three storeys. This stretch of
buildings that are scattered along the
detached or row housing predominantly
Voortrekker road is currently dominated
street.
having parapets, flat roofs and stoeps.
by container storage with a few light
Many of the homes are run down or in
industrial factories. The constant truck
of an active walkable urban edge. It is
need of maintenance and have been
and container movement makes the
very active both with pedestrians and
extended to full capacity. The street is
road and street life hostile and run
vehicles. This bustling and dynamic
quite narrow with a pavement on one
down, in need of constant maintenance.
street is lined with 2-3 storey mixed-use
side only and the buildings built up to
Foundary road links the
buildings with commercial functions on
the road on the other side, leaving not
Voortrekker Road to the Salt River
Albert Road Is a good example
the ground level and private functions
Right: Figure 1.35Mapping study of contextual street section conditions [Author; 2017]
the found landscape
57
the found bodies
58
ownership, uses and observed users
The ownership of all the sites except the Salt River market is the Railway organisation of Transnet and Metrorail. The Salt River Market is a City of Cape Town municipal property with a landlord and various tenants. This site is also the only one with current users and still in use, with the others being derelict besides for the informal dwellings alongside site 1 and 2. The Salt River Market has many longstanding community sellers and users such as the Fish market, fruit sellers and hardware paint suppliers. Although, in the recent years it has seen in addition to this, the growth of well-established stores within the market courtyard.
Figure 1.36- Diagram of existing ownership, use and potential programming additions [Author; 2017]
the found bodies
59
interviews on the ground
Interviewee 2
I live in Salt river ....I work in Camps Bay.... I travel with the bus everyday....I often visit
Buying goods in the market ..... All are
the market.....
catered for in this space..... It is definitely beneficial for the community
Interviewee 3
I work in salt river market..... I travel by car everyday via voortrekker rd.... The market lacks attractive
It needs public toilets
space....
......
I have worked in the market for 20 years..... 9 people are employed
. The company has been at this location for 50+ years
at this establishment....
Interviewee 5
Interviewee 6
I work at salt river market.....
I work and own
The my own business in space needs an the market for 80+ years.... I enjoy the space it is informal flee market activity my livelihood ..... market does lack and in the center.... The need more exposure
I travel by car everyday.....
I’ve worked here for 23 years....
The adjacent stables houses approximately 30 informal dwellings....
....
I have 4 people employed at this business.... I do business with
neighboring companies such as restaurants....
A sample of the interviews conducted on site at the Salt river market. See appendix 2 for full interview questionnaires.
60
the found ruin
documented found Salt River market, hall and abandoned Transnet dwelling analysis
The market and then railway institute hall constructed in 1939, has no official drawings or photographs from 1939 to 1980 that can be found. The masters office below and Salt river Hall is marked a grade 3A heritage site with significance of the market function and community association.
Left: Figure 1.37- Redrawn existing market site plan [Author; 2017] Below: Figure 1.38 The found existing landscape sections [Author; 2017] Center and right: Figure 1.39 - Original drawings from archive, 1939 [Heritage report for Salt river Market; 2005]
61
62
the found ruin
documented found abandoned Metrorail office dwelling analysis
Left: Figure 1.40- Redrawn existing market site plan [Author; 2017] Below: Figure 1.41 - The found existing landscape sections [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 1.42 Original drawings of Metrorail office [S.A.R. ; 2017]
64
the found ruin
documented found abandoned Allied concrete structure analysis
No existing drawings for the Allied concrete building can be found due to lost documentation when land was transfered to Transnet. Building was documented through on site analysis and photographs.
Left: Figure 1.43- Redrawn existing plan [Author; 2017] Below: Figure 1.44- The found existing landscape sections [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 1.45 - Original site diagram [CoCT Map viewer ; 2017]
66
Figure 1.46 - A series of process diagrams that crystallize the observed site character and potential. My thought process and analysis with potential ideas and strategies [Author; 2017]
67
section 2
69
the adapted ruin strategies 1 2 3 4 5
strategy 1
70
the active street edge pedestrian setback
1
The first strategy determines the new structures interface with the Voortrekker road edge and sets a 5 meter public zone within the building envelope to ensure a dignified pedestrian strip during the life of the building as well as for future densification in the area. Thus the walling and structure for this section of the building is permanent brickwork and concrete, creating a fixed structure for the adaptive incremental ‘clip-on’ structure to work with. This public pedestrian zone follows the incline and decline of the bridge and cuts into the new structure across multiple levels allowing for public interaction on different levels. The physical path itself is paved with the recycled brickwork removed from the internal walls of the ruined buildings. This will be defined later.
Right: Figure 2.1 - The pedestrian active edge setback grain and setup [Author; 2017] Below: Figure 2.2 - Recycled brick paving images [Google; 2017] Left: Figure 2.3 - Process sketches of building interface with path [ Author; 2017]
strategy 1
New built form framing the pedestrian path
Retail active edge threshold New pedestrian path on Voortrekker road carved out of new built form
71
72
detailing of path structure and materials
Right: Figure 2.4 - The pedestrian interface on Voortrekker road [Author; 2017] Left: Figure 2.5 Detail of path structure and function [ Author; 2017]
strategy 1
applied method across the 3 sites
73
74
strategy 2
the new pedestrian route through the site
The second strategy is to create
2
defined the criteria as visual tactility,
a slower, public orientated alternative
spatially framing the body or allowing
route or routes on different levels,
for framed discovery, as well as
through the site allowing the public
projecting and enhancing the body
to inhabit the site. The focus of the
through scale, sight and memory.
routes and the building is based on the body centered approach. Creating a passage through the architecture with a carefully orchestrated spatial itinerary directed at the experience of the body (Rykwert edt. 2002:306 ). Therefore through each decision and move, architecture should be read through the ‘body image’ (Rykwert edt. 2002:261). This insures that the imaginal force of human bodies is impressed, received and transmitted into the built environment (Rykwert edt. 2002:261). The body image is formed in the mind as a product of sensation, representation and perception (Rykwert edt. 2002:261). In distilling these qualities I have
Left: Figure 2.6 - Process snapshots through path [Author;2017] Below: Figure 2.7 - Path material recycled brick and concrete [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 2.8 - Diagram illustrating internal path through building [Author;2017]
strategy 2
75
76
catalytic urban framework methods
Architecture as a medium or backdrop to the body
power finds its expression in the range
abandoned city area’s, the activities
approach in bridging the gap (Lefebvre,
of power relations which correspond to
of the homeless, or in the movements
& Stanek, 2014). He writes that ‘this
the placement of “fences, walls, stairs,
of Parkour, street artists, and skate
importance of the threshold, which
and the body have an abusive
ramps, and railings which organize
boarders (Katyal, 2002).
had become and abyss, a break, the
relationship with one another, and the
flows of people”. This promotes their
built environment has been planned
conformity to socio-political categories
remove or begin to translate the misuse
something else appeared, ‘the harsh
or ordered intentionally with the
of public order and “normal” behaviour
and necessary uses of the built form
reality of domination’ (Lefebvre,
knowledge that strategically designed
(Bavinton 2007: 396).
that we find ourselves surrounded by
& Stanek, 2014). He states that one
When using city space, most
through the daily activities of our lives.
should ‘value multi-functional and
people’ (Shah and Kesan 2007:353)
people tend to stumble on the side of
If the misuse of architecture is present,
trans-functional, rather than merely
(Katyal, 2002). Michel Foucault (1980),
conformity. Although, the way that
repetitive and acknowledged by those
functional (Lefebvre, & Stanek, 2014).
states that late modern societies are
individuals are interpreting their
who recognize its presence, surely it
The architect should substitute that
infused with disciplinary and behavioral
lived experiences in and around their
then becomes a new use of the found
of perfection, a moment in life, or
altered power that is bound up with
architectural spaces, within the modern
built form. Thus, how can architecture
expectation, and provide it with an
the organization of space. He writes
city, is becoming far more multifaceted
begin to communicate and engage a
expression or the construction of
that these configurations of control
and diverse. The city inhabitants
variety of new uses that the apparent
ambiance instead of complete perfect
purposely persuade certain types of
constantly appropriate the conventional
misuse of architecture now unveils?
snapshots of time (Lefebvre, & Stanek,
behavior (Katyal, 2002). Similarly,
usage of the built environment, through
Lefebvre reveals thoughts on this topic
2014). In addition, he says it is not
Bavinton writes in ‘From Obstacle to
non conventional or subversive urban
in his writings in the book Toward an
through form but through contents
Opportunity’ that the physicality of
practices (Mould 2009: 738). These
Architecture of Enjoyment, that to
that the architect can influence social
power is perhaps most prominent in the
practices can, for example be seen
successfully manage the transition
practice” (Lefebvre, & Stanek, 2014).
architecture of the city. Disciplinary
in the informal habitation of the
from sensory to sensual would be a first
It can be said that architecture
buildings can ‘dominate and control
Consequently, how can design
caesura’, developed, and subsequently
Right: Figure 2.9 Precedent images of Can Ribas from archdaily; 2017 [ José Hevia; 2011] Far Right : Figure 2.10 Diagrams of the living wall, threshold and gateway [Author; 2017]
strategy 2
The Wall
Precedent: Can Ribas; Architects: Jaime J. Ferrer Forés; Location: Passeig de Mallorca, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain; Project Year: 2011 Dedicated to the production of
This strategy enables Pedestrian urban transitional spaces and gateways that aim to enhance the bodily
wool blankets, the Can Ribas factory
experience. Architecture that frames
was built in 1851 in the La Soledat
and guides the body in creating spaces
neighborhood to the east of Palma
for free interpretation.
(Space, P., Forés, J. and Forés, C. 2017). With its organization as an enclosed area, the Can Ribas factory had become a barrier dividing the La Soledat neighborhood in two. The plan to restructure La Soledat seeks to open the industrial area to the neighborhood (Space, P., Forés, J. and Forés, C. 2017).
The threshold & Gateway
77
78
applied method and detailing
Left: Figure 2.11 - Detail of permeable path through the site [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 2.12 - concept drawings of internal route through site one creating a series of relief spaces [Author;2017]
strategy 2
a series of relief spaces
79
80
strategy 2
Left: Figure 2.13 - Concept drawings of internal route through site two creating a series of relief spaces [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 2.14 - Concept drawings of internal route through site three creating a series of relief spaces [Author;2017]
81
82
strategy 3
Inverting the ruin by activating awkward spaces
Strategy three is where the project,
3
public spaces that link this scarred
building and site reprogramming
landscape with a pedestrian route, and
comes to life. The existing buildings are
create relief spaces within the harsh
inverted by removing the internal walls,
environment. These gateways inject
and the external walls then become
life into the forgotten ruined space but
the facades of the new structures. The
also allow reflection back to its history
inversions are then turned into open
as a gateway to the past, and act as a
public space, freely accessible to the
catalyst for future development within
communities that were legally banned
the ‘in-between’.
from entering the site. The public ground floor, with each ruin is then treated as a gateway into the site and inverting the space from what was previously restricted space into freely accessible public space. Together with converting it into and open courtyard, the space also connects the body to its previous use and history by creating open views to the railway lines and workshops, remembering it’s past life. These inverted ruins then become the gateways to the
Below: Figure 2.15 Diagram of inversion concept [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 2.16 Conceptual diagrams of inverting the ruin [Author;2017]
strategy 3
83
84
inverted external ruin wall detailing
Detail of inverted wall
Recycled brick reuse from demolished internal walls
Recycled brick for site 1 is 172sqm and 755sqm for the market buildings
Recycled brick for site 2 equals 479sqm of demolished internal walls
Recycled brick for site 3 is equal to 807sqm of demolished brick and block work
Far left: Figure 2.17 - Inverted ruin wall detailing [Author;2017] Left: Figure 2.18 - Diagram of demolished internal wall square meters [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 2.19 - Precedent images of Architecture Faculty in Tournai,from Architzer 2017 [PHOTOS: Tim Van de Velde;2017] Far right: Figure 2.20 - Diagram of sectional programmatic layout [Author; 2017]
strategy 3
The project is an infill building within a historical city block where buildings from different identities and periods coexist. The new building is positioned in order to bond together each of these structures and to define new external spaces(Architecture, E., Mateus, A. and Mateus, A. 2017). All PRECEDENT Architecture Faculty in Tournai, Location: Tournai, Belgium, FIRM: Aires Mateus, TYPE: Educational › University , STATUS: Built, YEAR: 2017.
the existing buildings are connected vertically and horizontally throughout the block. Inside, public functions are sheltered, like the foyer and auditorium, operating not only as passage spaces and meeting places, but also as a part of a new identity (Architecture, E., Mateus, A. and Mateus, A. 2017).
Programming inversion To create an active inverted public courtyard the functions around the ruin have to be public in nature or promote activity and prolonged stay. Therefore these areas are filled with functions such as additional market spaces, a restaurant, cafe’s and public ablutions.
85
86
applied inversion method across sites 1, 2, & 3
Left: Figure 2.21 - Sketch design plan of site 1 [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 2.22 - Sketch design perspectives of site 1 [Author; 2017]
strategy 3
Left: Figure 2.23 - Sketch design perspectives of site 2 [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 2.24 - Sketch design plan of site 2 [Author; 2017]
87
88
Left: Figure 2.25 - Sketch design plan of site 3 [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 2.26 - Sketch design perspectives of site 3 [Author; 2017]
strategy 3
89
Left: Figure 2.27 - Sketch design sectional perspectives through existing ruined building [Author; 2017]
90
strategy 4
resurfacing the buried ruin
Strategy four speaks to the social context as well as the material one,
on and inserts itself around the
resurfacing the social programs
existing fabric. The social user then
as well as the material elements.
inhabits this structure and controls or
The social connections of the sites
changes their own space to suit their
are predominantly lost, although a
needs within this new vertical spatial
community of informal dwellings
framework.
reside along some of them and a partially active community market site sees an adequate amount of foot traffic. Therefore this buried
4
visual material tactility that clips
social and material context, that was uncovered during the mapping process, is resurfaced above their existing sites and cultural networks to allow for a more dignified rehousing and development strategy. The insertion of a clip on modular structure re-organizes the buried social context through this light, vertical transition. This architectural transition uses an incremental structure with
Right: Figure 2.28 Sectional perspective of highlighted space and structure area [Author;2017] Below: Figure 2.29 - Material images from Google [Author;2017]
strategy 4
91
92
modular unit technology
Left: Figure 2.30 - 3D structure of module, with connection detail and diagram of a typical internal corridor housing layout [Author; 2017] Right: Figure 2.31 Sectional perspective of highlighted space and structure area [Author;2017]
Flat pack module 3D and connection detail
strategy 4
93
94
strategy 5
the active protection and environmental walls
Strategy five deals with the brutal
self. This space within the wall hides an
context and how it can be mitigated
investigate how an edge can become
ambiguous realm within its thickness,
through the construction of strategic
spatial through living walls, creating a
an interstitial area on the brink between
building elements, such as ‘walls’.
medium or backdrop for the body and
two conditions, inside and outside
The sites are wedged between the busy,
how a wall condition can contribute to
(Kahn, 1973). To live in the wall, rooms in
truck filled Voortrekker road, and the
the body’s relationship to space and
the walls, and adapting the wall to cre-
noisy railway line, thus noise and
scale within space. As Brian Hatton
ate pockets of life and thresholds that
vibration are key elements to design for
writes, in The Problem of our Walls ,
mediate the public and private life of
including the environmental aspects.
that the violence of the architectural
the street. Kahn makes the wall spatial
On the Voortrekker road active edge,
wall appears in section, where the
by giving it life and thickness.
the building meets the pedestrian
walls divide room from room. To see a
with a sandwiched brick wall system
wall end-on is to straddle a threshold
that grows out of the existing ruined
(Madge; Peckham, 2006).
landscape and encompasses the
5
This strategy has allowed me to
A wall is commonly seen as a
pedestrian route and living areas of
structure that provides security and
the housing. Facing the railway line
sometimes carries the weight of a
the building is protected by a layered
shelter. A wall can divide an interior and
sandbag wall that is separated from the
an exterior space, guide the movements
structure to reduce vibration noise. The
inside a building or materialize a
walls will only differ across sites when
border, physically and symbolically.
the environmental response changes
Although in some cases an enlarged
according to north and south.
enclosure may also host a space in it-
Below: Figure 2.32 - Material images [Google, 2017] Right: Figure 2.33 - Precedent images of the Straw Bale house [Architectural Journal; 2015] Far right: Figure 2.34 - Diagram of walls configuration [Author;2017]
strategy 5
PRECEDENT: Straw Bale House, Architect: Sarah Wigglesworth
(Davey, P. 2017). Another sound-reducing device,
Architects’, Location: North London,
is a silver quilted wall (Davey, P. 2017).
Year: 2000.
Silicone faced fibreglass made by a
The entrance arcade is made up of
sail-maker is buttoned to the inner
piers made of bits of recycled concrete
building with an insulating layer and
made rectangular with gabions. On
inner damp-proof lining (Davey, P. 2017).
top of the gabions are springs that
Most of the domestic part of the house
moderate the vibration set up by
is enclosed in straw bales. Vertical
endless trains, and their effects are
wood ladders take roof and floor
amplified by a sandbag wall, which
loads and the straw bales are stacked
provides acoustic mass (Davey, P. 2017).
between them. A rainscreen is provided
The window openings are framed in
by corrugated galvanized steel, which in
Australian hardwood railway sleepers
one place is replaced by polycarbonate
found on the site (Davey, P. 2017). The
so that you can see the straw in its glory
wall is made with bags full of sand,
(Davey, P. 2017).
cement and lime, and is intended to decay gradually into a rippling surface of concrete left with the rough imprint of cloth, and the beautiful local wild plants like herb-Robert and Welsh poppy which will surely seed there
95
96
design and detail development
Left: Figure 2.35 - Active Brick Wall detail development [Author, 2017] Right: Figure 2.36 - Detail development of the sandbag wall [Author; 2017]
strategy 5
97
section 3
the future ruin as mutated landscape
99
100
the evolution of the ruin
Buildings have a lifespan or
and sometimes sinister presence, and
lifecycle as some like to call it. When
look like the hastily vacated ruin of a
it’s current use, purpose or inhabitants
future cosmic civilisation (Wainwright,
changes or moves on, it no longer
2013). Kahn wrote that the spirit of
serves its purpose and gets re purposed
architecture was only truly discovered
or falls into ruin. One can say that all
in its ruined state, without a function,
buildings evolve over time at least once
a building could then reveal how it was
in their lives. The found ruin has no
made. Kahn described his building sites
purpose and is adapted back into the
as “ruins in reverse”. But these layered
built fabric. Although, years from now
shells were no aesthetic folly for the ar-
when the new adapted building ceases
chaic (Wainwright, 2013). The building’s
to serve is function, it will then once
perforated walls were an important tool,
again become a future ruin for the next
both protecting the interior spaces from
generation to adapt. It could be seen
direct sunlight and allowing passive
that the true architecture is whats left
ventilation; he embedded his buildings
behind at this point , a palimpsest of
in an understanding of the environment
layered ruins for the next generation to
(Wainwright, 2013).
interpret. For Kahn, he created monolithic masonry structures, drawing on primary geometries sliced out of heavy walls. His buildings display a timeless
Right: Figure 3.1 - Site diagrams of existing built form vs new built form [Author; 2017]
SECTION 3
Existing Vs New
101
102
Figure 3.2 - Overall strip diagrams of existing built form vs new built form [Author; 2017]
103
Future Housing
104
weathering the new adapted form
The process of decay and
determinant variables (Heaberlin,
degradation of the ruined building
2004). Others such as rainfall,
can be seen as yet another form of
solar radiation, wind speed and its
its life and a necessary adaption
directional frequency can be more
technique in order to flourish in its
closely defined (Heaberlin, 2004).
new found abandoned natural state.
In his book entitled, Weathering:
However different materials deteriorate
An Introduction to the Scientific
differently over time, and have different
Principles, Will Bland (1999) describes
catalytic agents surrounding their
weathering as the modification by
materiality and found form.
means of chemical, mechanical,
The method of visual and
and biological processes of rocks
compositional deterioration that takes
and minerals, at or near the earth’s
place in the fabric of a building is one
surface, in response to environmental
which, by its very complexity, defies
conditions. Upon reflection on this, the
analysis as a whole. There are many
natural weathering and deterioration
interacting external variables which
of materials can also be viewed as
individually or mutually, significantly
the natural progression from man
affect the rate of deterioration of a
appropriating found materials
material or design element (Heaberlin,
and creating built forms, to nature
2004). The surface form, orientation,
eventually re-appropriating the
detailing, and environmental exposure
materials in an attempt to readapt to its
are a few of the less statistically
current circumstances.
Right: Figure 3.3 Conceptual poster of site material character and the mutating pedestrian route [Author; 2017]
106
conclusion and process observation through the architecture with a
ambitious actions, and how they
out to find a space torn and displaced
carefully orchestrated spatial itinerary,
can help the disenfranchised people
by it’s obtrusive edge conditions,
successfully enabled me to focus and
negotiate with public private authorities
with the intention of testing ways of
direct the experience of the body in
from a position of greater power
injecting life back into the space. What
these design spaces.
(Hamdi, N. 2004).
At the onset of my research I set
this led me to was the observation that
The strategies have also allowed
because of these obtrusive urban edges
me to investigate how an edge can
such as railway lines and bridges,
become spatial through living walls,
designed for our convenience, what is
creating a medium or backdrop for
left in their wake are scattered ruined
the body and how a wall condition can
buildings on these displaced sites.
contribute to the body’s relationship
The five design strategies that
to space and scale within space. This
were developed and tested across the
investigation has also successfully
three sites in the ‘in-between’, has
revealed how an obtrusive boundary can
allowed me to test how activity can be
be inverted, subverted or pierced with
injected back into the ruin. However,
small, minimal adaptation to allow for
the resolution of the strategies require
maximum use.
a greater level of engagement and
As Nambil Hamdi says, while these
detail in order to successfully deal with
small scale interventions are relatively
the sensory and tactility needed for a
incremental, they are crafted with a
phenomenological bodily experience
long term strategic significance of
Although the creation of a passage
how they can help prepare for more
Right: Figure 3.4 Photographs of contextual models [Author; 2017]
109
appendices
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111 111
112 112
113
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114
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118 118
119
120
121
122
123
123
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125
126
127
128
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SECTION ?
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133
134 124
135 125
136
137
Interviews conducted on site with local business owners and employees [Author; 2017]
138
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ethics clearance
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