SoFo-PIXEL
: Sustainable Timber Prefabricated Architecture Presented by NURULAIN NADHIRAH KAMAL MBE 191020
Supervised by SIR AZARI BIN MAT YASIR FTA Thesis Panels PROF DR SYED AHMAD ISKANDAR B SYED ARIFFIN AR NORSHAHIDA BT AZILI AR CHAN WAI LAI DR LENG PAU CHUNG DR WAN MOHD ZAKRI B WAN ABDULLAH
The role of the urban scale in responding to sustainability challenges is increasingly recognised. The entirety of Sustainable Development Goal 11 is given to making cities “inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” More than ever,cities need to grow in an environmentally sustainable manner and Singapore has set out that goals for 2030.
FROM PUNGGOL CENTRAL ROAD
BUS STATION MRT
Site Selection Lot Number Gross Land Area Land Use Geographical Status Land Authority Plot Ratio Building Setback 3m Road Buffer Green Buffer
PUNGGOL RESIDENCE
WATERWAY POINT
MK21-03124T 1.68 acres / 6798.72sqm RESERVED AREA Flat land Pasir Ris - Punggol Town Council 3.0
5m 3m
Max GFA 3.0 x 6798.719m2 = 20,396.157 m2 Site Proposed
PUNGGOL CENTRAL ROAD, PUNGGOL, SINGAPORE
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2010 Energy consumption
Under new HDB Green Towns programme, a 10-year plan. Punggol is selected to undergo Remaking Our Heartland programme, ROH.
Cooling HDB Town
Recycling Rainwater
Greenery Intensification
The changes to the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark scheme come as Singapore pushes towards its target to become a low-carbon built environment.
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Background Study
HDB’s first Eco-Town in Singapore. Serves as a ‘living laboratory’ for HDB to test new ideas and technologies in sustainable development, and integrate urban solutions to create a green living environment.
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Environmental Social
Economy
To promote sustainable development, Singapore has enacted a number of initiatives and legislation, including the 2008 Sustainable Building Master Plan, the 2012 Singapore Green Plan (also known as SGP 2012), the Green Label Scheme, and the Environmental Management System (EMS) to encourage sustainable construction.
SUSTAINABILITY
The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development (IMCSD) has also established a long-term goal for Singapore's built environment: 3 key outcomes: ‘80-80-80 in 2030’.
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Background Study
The three pillars are related and the model shows how our economy and everything in our society is situated within, and entirely dependent on, our environment. This relationship means that any impact or change to our environment will impact on society and the economy. Sustainable development as a goal is achieved by balancing the three pillars of sustainability
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01
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Treelodge @ Punggol
Punggol Waterway Terraces / G8A Architecture & Urban Planning + Aedas
Singapore's first experimental eco-friendly public-housing project, aims to promote a green and healthy living. It was awarded the Green Mark Platinum Award. introduces environmental features that embrace Singapore’s tropical climatic conditions. It employs both passive design strategies and green building technologies to achieve efficient energy, water and waste management.
Renewable Water Solutions
Passive Design Residential blocks faces north-east and south-west wind direction and strategically orientated to maximize natural cross-ventilation. Windows are designed to maximize natural lighting and minimize solar radiation from the sun into the units from the east-west direction.
Incorporates a rainwater collection system to collect and store rainwater for common corridor washing and irrigation. The system is designed to capitalize on gravitational force for the supply of water, thus negating the need to use energy for any pumping works.
The shape and orientation of the complex, as well as the openings and shading features, exploit the natural air movement and sun path to optimize natural ventilation and lighting while minimizing heat absorption. They were shaded by undulating ribbons of ‘Juliet’ balconies, which perform as decorative sun-shading devices.
Total water savings: 1,387,818 cubic m per year, which is the equivalent of 555 Olympicsized swimming pools
Renewable Energy Solutions Solar panels are installed on the rooftops. The energy generated is almost enough for powering common services such as lift operations and lighting in common areas. Total energy savings: 82.6 GWh/year, which is the equivalent of powering 17,200 four-room flats a year.
Modularity of the dwelling units
All lifts used are Machine-Roomless Lifts (MRL) which use 10% less energy than conventional lifts through incorporation of a highly efficient motor system. These lifts do not require a machine room, thus requiring less construction materials. Regenerative features integrated also help to supply energy back to the power network during the braking phase. This results in lower net electricity usage.
Renewable Resource Solutions
Provides choices of use and modification in relation with the evolution of the family unit. the individual pieces are also shaped to maximize the key views of the site. all the living spaces take advantage views towards the shorefront, the jungle courtyards, or the palm gardens.
To promote recycling, an additional Centralized Refuse Chute dedicated for recyclable wastes is introduced to all residential blocks. The system, with recycling points at every level, provides convenience for residents to dispose recyclables, contributing towards recycling and also enhancing collection efficiency for waste collectors. Amount of recyclables collected: 1,285 tonnes a year, which is the equivalent of 89 double-decker buses.
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Case Study
Lifts with Regenerative Features
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Research Structure
Thesis Aim
01
To integrate pixel concept that emphasizes on Sustainable Planning of environmental, social and economy aspects by using Timber Prefabricated Architecture.
Physical & Environmental Changes towards Sustainable Planning.
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02
Insufficient People Oriented Development.
Design Objectives
To integrate sustainable construction of timber prefabrication system into design to reduce waste and benefit environment.
02 To infill with a mixed used development representing a sustainable living for all residents living in the city.
03 To use pixel concept as a repeatable and scalable building system as a recursive principle supporting the sustainable design.
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Architectural Design Solution
01
Pi.xel In digital imaging, a pixel is a physical point in a raster image, or the smallest addressable element represented on the screen. Each pixel is a sample of an original image. Using the concept of pixel the building apply a repeatable and scalable building system like modular building which will create economic and sustainable design-build process.
Source ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel
As modern architecture comes with innovative designs, buildings will not rely on a fixed module. The concept of Pixel System, will give freedom to customize sofo pixel unit to suit a client’s desire and the requirements of the market.
SoFo-UNITS
+ OBJECTIVE 01
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PRE-FABRICATION
52% 35%
Reducing waste construction
This in turn will result in significantly improved energy, cost and time efficiency of construction.
Time savings on site
case study
/ Habitat 67 | Safdie Architects Habitat 67 was constructed from 354 identical and completely prefabricated modules stacked in various combinations and connected by steel cables.
The modular materials of the pixel unit are assembled and flat packed. Then transported to the site.
The sections of the pixel unit are loaded and fastened to each other on site.
Ⓒ Archdaily Originally intended as an experimental solution for high-quality housing in dense urban environments. Ideation for :
Each unit of pixel is lifted by crane and stack interlocking between one another.
1. Possibilities of prefabricated modular units to reduce housing costs. 2. Rethinking apartment-building design in the new paradigm.
Ⓒ owner
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Locating each box a step back from its immediate neighbor. This ingenious method provided each apartment with a roof garden, a constant flow of fresh air and a maximum of natural light.
+ Building Program
Nanyang Technological University (NTU) The Wave, Singapore
3 story non-air-conditioned sports arena with a 9,800 m2 playground. The mechanised seats may be moved out to make room for 13 full-size badminton courts, three basketball or volleyball, and a netball court.
(i) CLT slab (ii) Glulam beams & columns (iii) Parallel glulam arches supported by vertical steel A-frames for Roof
JTC Launchpad @ One-North (Block 81), Singapore
3-story multi-use building with plug-andplay areas to assist the startup environment. For its green building efforts, the project was also awarded the BCA Green Mark Gold PLUS certification.
(i) Precast reinforced concrete (RC) base (ii) Glulam building structure frames and beams, timber slabs used for flooring (iii) CLT ceilings (iv) Steel tension cables and steel purlin
Brock Common-Tallwood House, Canada
18-story, 53-meter-tall of multi-story hybrid timber residential complex.
(i) 5-layer CLT floor panels (ii) Cast-in-place concrete for the foundation, basement floor and cores (iii) Glulam columns (iv) Steel -joints and roof structure
Completed in 2019, the 85.4-meter-high is currently the world’s tallest timber building. The 18-story mixed-use building contains a restaurant, offices, hotel rooms, and 33 apartments ranging from 50 to 180 square meters.
(i) glulam trusses, columns, and beams (ii) CLT was used for stiffening elements, and to build the elevator shafts and the staircases
Structural System
OBJECTIVE 01
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Case Study
Mass Engineered Timber Building material comprising engineered wood products with improved structural integrity includes: ●
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)– Layers of wood are stacked cross-wise and bonded with structural adhesives. It is predominantly used for walls, floors and roofs.
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Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)– Produced in a similar fashion but with the grain aligned in the same direction. It is predominantly used for columns, beams and truss elements.
COMPLIANCE TO REGULATIONS & ACCAPTABLE SOLUTIONS IN SINGAPORE
ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE
THERMAL PERFORMANCE
LIGHT ENVIRONMENT FOOTPRINT Mjøstårnet, Norway
FIRE PROTECTION
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REDUCED WASTE
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
DESIGN VERSATILITY
Source : http://hipcrime.blogspot.ca/2012/06/wood-building.html?m=1 https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/clt-goes-tall-high-rise-buildings-in-cross-laminated-timber/ https://www1.bca.gov.sg/docs/default-source/docs-corp-buildsg/productivity/met_guidebook_2018.pdf?sfvrsn=4376bc48_2
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QUICKER INSTALLATION
OBJECTIVE 01
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Design Framework INTENTION
BUILDING PROGRAM
TARGET USER
CLIENT
STARTER/ SINGLE PERSON YOUNG COUPLE SoFo UNITS
Management
FOUNDING FAMILY
SoFo PIXEL : Sustainable Timber Prefabricated Architecture
LEISURE ACTIVITIES - exercise facility
LOCAL COMMUNITY
Government Organisation TOURIST Responsible for a better and innovative ways to make Singapore a great city to live, work and play.
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COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT -where social and cultural activities can unfold
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SoFo-units Flexibility in terms of how the owner decide to use their space –residential or commercial purposes or both to ensure that unit residential is affordable to meet different needs. Source ; https://www.propertyguru.com.my/property-guides/what-is-soho-sofo-sovo-788
5th-14th floor
01
Solar PV To obtain renewable energy source
OBJECTIVE 02
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Building Program
Gondola Crane To ease assemble and dissemble process Loft C 64m2 /689sqf
Loft A 39m2 /420sqf Pocket Space
Lift/ Staircase Vertical circulation
Loft B 64m2 /689sqf
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Shared Garden Connected Walkway at level 7 & 9 for residents
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Podium Floor Separated the public zoning below with residents facility and units floor above
Service Level On podium level
Leisure Activities Shared exercise facility Eg; gym, dance studio, pilates, courts
Gf -3rd floor
02
Game Room
Dancing Studio
Gymnasium
Pilates / Yoga Studio
Multi-storey Car Park From ground to third floor
Community Engagement
Mini Library
Gf -4th floor
Cafe
Where social and cultural activities can unfold Eg; exhibition space, café, retails, library
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Atelier Office
Multipurpose Hall
Drop-off
Shared Bicycle-Pedestrian Lane
Pedestrian Walkway Connecting public from 2 different side to create a node
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EXPLODED ISOMETRIC NTS
Ground Level reserved for public ground activity enhance social robustness of site
Open Plaza Adjacent to bus stop and mrt reserved for public enhance welcoming sense towards site
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Social Space
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Design Process The intention is to maximize the ground floor serve as a friendlier public space to respond to the site context as the site is adjacent to the public area of mrt station and bus stop.
The building block are oriented to minimize direct sunlight from east-west direction and considering the natural air movement to optimize natural ventilation and lighting.
Building block divided to enhance visibility of the site
Designated with different hierarchy, ascending-descending order so the sun penetration is better into the internal courtyard
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Connecting main plaza with the existing pedestrian linkage
+ OBJECTIVE 02
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Form Morphology By using the concept of pixel the building apply a scalable and repeatable building system. Derivation of Recursive Pattern of 4m x 4m grid of pixel is been used as a guide in further modification and recursion over the volume.
Vertical block is allocated within the building as a structure core. the openings in between the building facilitate cross-ventilation and vertical cooling, instead of blocking the airflow
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Recursive of the pixel repetition takes place
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Waterway Point
+ SINGAPORE
Key Plan Not To Scale
Treasure Trove
PUNGGOL
MRT Future Development
Location Plan Not To Scale Future Development
Punggol Bus Station
Site Plan Scale 1:500
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Punggol Residence
FROM PUNGGOL CENTRAL ROAD
Pedestrian from junction
External Planning Primary access road from Punggol central
5m setback
Egress
01 Ingress
Bus stop
Vehicular circulation
02
5m setback 3m setback
Services circulation
Staircase
03 Open plaza
3m setback Shared pedestrian-bike circulation
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Social space
Ground Plan Scale 1:200
Bike-p
Vehicular
Services
OPEN PLAZA
16 17
13 14
12 Punggol Waterway Terraces / G8A Architecture & Urban Planning + Aedas
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FLOOR - GROUND 08 COMMUNITY 11 10
01 Open Plaza 02 F&B Retails 03 Art & Craft Shop 04 Bike Makerspace 05 Lift Lobby 06 Toilets 06 Courts-Futsal/Basketball
09 02 01 03
MANAGEMENT 08 Reception 09 Security Room 10 Management Office
04 05
11 Car Parking (11 c/p 6 m/p)
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07 07
SERVICES 12 FCC Room 13 Switch Room 14 Genset Room 15 LV Substation 16 Awcs Collection 17 Awcs Mechanical
Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:200
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4
8
12
16
GFL
FROM SOUTH-EAST
FLOOR – GM,01 01 Multi Storey parking
COMMUNITY 02 Multipurpose Hall 03 Gallery 04 Lift Lobby 05 Toilets 06 Surau
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MANAGEMENT
01
07 Staff Room 08 File Room 09 Pantry
02 03 04
05 06
08
07
09
Ground Mezzanine Floor Plan Scale 1:200
(12 c/p)
First Floor Plan Scale 1:200
(26 c/p) FL GM,01
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8
12
16
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4
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12
16
GALLERY
FLOOR – 02,03 01 Multi Storey parking
COMMUNITY
01
02 Mini Library 03 Cafe 04 Lift Lobby 05 Counter Management 06 Game Room 07 Gymnasium 08 Yoga/Pilates 09 Dancing Studio 10 Changing Rooms 11 Toilets
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06 10 05 04
11
04
02 07 08
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Second Floor Plan Scale 1:200
(26 c/p)
Third Floor Plan Scale 1:200
(26 c/p) FL 02,03
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8
12
16
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12
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FLOOR – 04 SoFo FACILITIES 01 Community Lounge 02 Function Rooms 03 Cafe 04 Mini Market 05 Laundry Room 06 Nursery 07 Surau 08 Toilets
03 02
SERVICES 09 Pump Room & Water Tank 10 Fire Pump Room & Hose Reel Tank 12 Mdf Room 12 Vrf Condenser Room
02 01 05 04 04
06 12
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11 08 10
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Fourth Floor Plan Scale 1:200 FL 03,04 0
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12
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CAFE
+ LOFT A LOFT B
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4
8
12
(25 sofo-units)
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Sixth Floor Plan Scale 1:200
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4
8
12
(12 sofo-units)
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Seventh Floor Plan Scale 1:200
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4
8
12
(19 sofo-units)
16
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Fifth Floor Plan Scale 1:200
OBJECTIVE 02
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ROOM A
+ LOFT A LOFT B
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4
8
12
(9 sofo-units)
16
Ninth Floor Plan Scale 1:200
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4
8
12
(19 sofo-units)
16
Tenth Floor Plan Scale 1:200
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4
8
12
(15 sofo-units)
16
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Eighth Floor Plan Scale 1:200
OBJECTIVE 02
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ROOM A
WALKWAY
+ LOFT A LOFT B
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4
8
12
(17 sofo-units)
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Twelfth Floor Plan (15 sofo-units) Scale 1:200
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4
8
12
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Thirteenth Floor Plan Scale 1:200
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4
8
12
(9 sofo-units)
16
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Eleventh Floor Plan Scale 1:200
OBJECTIVE 02
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ROOM A
+ LOFT A LOFT B
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4
8
12
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Fifteen Floor Plan (6 sofo-units) Scale 1:200
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4
8
12
16
Roof Floor Plan Scale 1:200
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4
8
12
16
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Forteen Floor Plan (7 sofo-units) Scale 1:200
OBJECTIVE 02
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ROOM A
WALKWAY
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Punggol Residence
SECTION A-A 1 : 200
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Waterway Terraces
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OBJECTIVE 02
Space Tabulation
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TOTAL NET FLOOR AREA (NFA) = 6,922.0 + 4,256.0 + 1, 166.0 + 1,539.3 +189.0 = 15,108.3 m2
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[iii] Building Efficiency Calculation Space
%
Area
Residential
49
6,922.0 sqm
Residential Facilities
30
4,256.0 sqm
Commercial
20
2,705.3 sqm
Management
1
189.0 sqm
Total NFA
[iv] Identification of User SoFo -Management & Facilities
Leisure Activities
OBJECTIVE 02
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[i] General Development Data
14,072.3 sqm
Services
3
550.9 sqm
Circulation
26
5225.7 sqm
[ii] Height Limit of Building
Total GFA
19,848.9 sqm
Community Engagement TOTAL NUMBER OF USERS
14 + 160 + 451 = 627 PERSONS (not including SoFo-residents)
Building Efficiency
Proposed Building Height
71%
RESIDENTIAL UNIT PROVIDED
Loft A
102
Loft B
25
Proposed Number of Storeys
Loft C
21
= 16 storeys
Total
148 units
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Law Regulation
= 64 m
+ OBJECTIVE 02
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[v] Weekly Schedule
SUMMARY OF CHANGES TO THE CAR PARKING STANDARDS
[vi] Parking Calculation
Number of Car Lot Provided
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142 units
Number of Motorcycle Lot Provided
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4 units
Number of Bicycle Lot Provided
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60 units
2018
FEBRUARY 2019 ONWARDS
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Source: https://www.corenet.gov.sg/media/2268535/cop-on-vehicle-parking-provision-in-development-proposals-2019-edition.pdf
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Air Conditioning System This building use two type of air conditioning system:
Water Distribution System Rainwater tank
The table indicates 24 hours storage requirements related to commonly used fittings :
1. VRF - Public facilities (ground-4th floor)
2. Split Unit - Residential (5th- 15th floor)
Load Station (hoppers)
VRF Condenser Room Domestic Water Tank
Calculation for estimate size of domestic water tank PWCS Collection
99,950 liters / 1000 liters = 100 water tank modules
WATER SYSTEM
AC SYSTEM ACRiser AC Distribution ducting to indoor unit
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
WASTE SYSTEM
Electrical Riser
Soil Pipe
PWCS riser
Water Distribution Ducting
Electrical Distribution Ducting
Sewerage Pipe
Recycling Riser
Mainhole
PWCS Collection
Domestic water Tank
Substation
CIBSE Guide G (2004) Public Health Engineering
Genset
VRF Condenser Room
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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Rainwater harvesting pipe
Rainwater Harvesting Tank
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Services
Water Riser
Underground Pipe Network
22kV / LV SUBSTATION (11270mm x 670mm)
Solar Energy Harvested Calculation
Minimize heat into the building, filter dust and provides better air to user.
Solar Panels
E= A x r x H x PR E = Energy (kWh) A = Total Solar Panel Area (m2) r = Solar Panel yield or efficiency (%) H = Annual average solar radiation PR = Performance ratio (default value =0.75)
04 Green Wall
01 Renewable Energy Solutions Installed on the rooftops. The energy generated is almost enough for powering common services such as lift operations and lighting in common areas.
Total Solar panel Area * HIT SolarGy Pte Ltd – 1m x 2m Efficiency = 18 to 19.4% Total Nos = 318 nos
Total energy savings: 82.6 GWh per year, equivalent of powering 17,200 four-room flats a year.
Energy Generated = 636 sqm(A) X 18% (r) X 1580 kWh/sqm (H) X 0.75 (PR) = 135,658.8 kWh/year
Lifts with Regenerative Features Machine-Roomless Lifts (MRL) which use 10% less energy than conventional lifts through incorporation of a highly efficient motor systems its inside the shaft, between the guiderail and shaft wall, thus requiring less construction materials.
https://www.hdb.gov.sg/about-us/our-role/smart-and-sustainable-living/hdb-greenprint/waste-management
Regenerative features integrated also help to supply energy back to the power network during the braking phase. This results in lower net electricity usage.
Calculation for estimate Rainwater Harvesting Tanks Roof Area (sqm) x Precipitation Amount (mm) = Amount Collected(liters) Average annual rainfall = 2,200mm Total rain fall Catchment Area = 1,127.6 m2 Total rainwater Collection = 1,127.6 m2 x 2.2m = 2,480.7 m3 per annum
02
Renewable Water Solutions Rainwater Harvesting System For common corridor washing and irrigation. The system is designed to capitalize on gravitational force for the supply of water, thus negating the need to use energy for any pumping works. Total water savings: 1,387,818 cubic m per year, which is the equivalent of 555 Olympic-sized swimming pools
03 Renewable Resource Solution Centralized Recycling Chute Introduced to all residential blocks, to promote recycling, The system, with recycling points at every level, provides convenience for residents to dispose recyclables and also enhancing collection efficiency for waste collectors.
Pneumatic Waste Collection System (PWCS) Vacuum-type underground pipe network to collect household waste, which is then transported through underground pipes to a sealed container. The entire waste collection process is automated, thereby reducing manpower requirements and increasing productivity.
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE NTS
From load station (hopper) at every floor Underground vacuum pipe network To sealed collection container
+ OBJECTIVE 02
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Structural System
Glulam Column Shim Plate
150mm thk 5-Layer CLT Panel
Round HSS 130mm x 5mm thk
600mm x 300mm Glulam Beam
Gondola Crane
High Bolt Tension
300mm x 750mm HSS with Track supported by Roof Beam and Core 600mm x 300mm Glulam Beam
Steel Plate 600mm x 300mm x 30mm thk with 4-16mm Ø Threaded Rods Epoxied into Glulam Column
2 HR Fire Rated RC Wall
Steel Bracket
600mm x 300mm Glulam Column
Detail A
Column- Beam- Slab
Concrete Core Wall
Embedded Steel Plate
Bolted Connection
Steel Drag Strap Fastened to CLT
230mm thk Load Bearing Wall
150mm thk 5-Layer CLT Panel
100mm x 100mm Timber Purlin
Steel Ledger Angle Welded to Steel Plate cast in the Core Wall
Glulam Beam
Core
Glulam Column
Load Bearing Wall
Concrete Column
I-Steel Gondola Track Structure
Detail B
Concrete Core- Slab
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600mm x 300mm RC Column
+ OBJECTIVE 02
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E
Frame connector plate High bolt tension
High Bolt Tension
Slotted-in steel plates Dowels 8mm diameter
Timber structure component Planter pod
Upper Connection Bracket Lower Connection Bracket
Detail C
X- Bracing Component
Waste water pipe Dripping tray
Detail D Detail E
Detail D
Louvres Façade Component
Detail F 150mm thk 5-layer CLT Panel
Plug-in Connector
Mineral wool Insulation Acoustic Insulation
Laminated Timber Fibre Cladding
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F
+ OBJECTIVE 02
+ Mineral wool Insulation Acoustic Insulation Roof Construction Layer Roof Membrane Coverboard 200mm flat roof-grade wood fiber insulation board Weather resistant, vapor control membrane Structural sheating 150mm thk 5-Layer CLT Panel Galvanised steel roof gutter to engr’s detail
Laminated Timber Fibre Cladding
Gondola crane mechanism
300mm x 750mm hollow SS with track supported by roof beam and core
Gondola motor room
Suspended cable Detail C Head Flashing
Gondola platform with control panel
4m x 4mm X-bracing component to manuf’s detail 600mm x 300mm glulam beam to engr’s detail Detail B
150mm thk 5-Layer CLT floor panel to manuf’s detail
600mm x 300mm Glulam column to engr’s detail
2100mm height timber door to manuf’s detail
2 HR Fire Rated RC Wall 1000mm tread 170 mm riser spiral staircase to manuf’s detail
CLT façade panel to manuf’s detail Detail A
1500mm tread 150 mm riser RC staircase to engr’s detail 1000mm height ss railing to engr’s detail
150mm thk 5-Layer CLT wall panel to manuf’s detail
Detail D Detail G
Glued-fixed Tiles Waterproof Membrane
Cement Screed
150mm thk 5-Layer CLT floor panel to manuf’s detail
Aluminium Cover
100mm x 100mm Timber Purlin
‘V’ shaped profile Outlet Pipe Connect to RWDP
600mm x 300mm glulam beam to engr’s detail 600mm x 300mm Glulam column to engr’s detail
4m x 4mm X-bracing component to manuf’s detail 1000mm height ss railing to engr’s detail
75mm sheepwool insulation
150mm thk brick wall to engr’s detail
Resilient supports and rails
600mm x 300mm RC column to engr’s detail
RC ground beam to engr’s detail
B-B
RC footing to engr’s detail
Detail G
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Balcony Drainage
+ OBJECTIVE 03
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SoFo-Pixel is a small unit that offers owners greater flexibility in terms of how they decide to use their space – be it for residential or commercial purposes or both to ensure that unit residential is affordable to meet different needs.
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A typical single pixel unit layout is adequate for micro living and enterprise. Every components is designed to be assemble and disassemble easily by using prefabricated system and when the demands shifted it can be relocate easily.
+ OBJECTIVE 03
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02
01
03
Loft A 4m x 8m x 4m Total area 39m2 /420sqf Loft B 8m x 4m x 8m
Loft C 8m x 8m x 4/8m
Total area 64m2 /689sqf
Total area 64m2 /689sqf
Mezz. Floor Plan
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
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Unit Variation
Ground Floor Plan
SoFo-Unit Detail In order to achieve rapid changing of expandable area, every components (walls, floor,facade) is designed to be assemble and dissemble easily using the prefabricated system.
Mineral fiber insulation between intermittent metal clips
Detail 1
Moisture protection
Ceiling Detail
5- layer CLT Roof 75mm sheepwool insulation
CLT Roof Panel Detail 1 Ceiling System
Steel C-channel at 610mm spacing 50 x 35 x 0.5mm thk
+ 45mm services zone, insulated
Detail 3
CLT Wall Panel with wall finishes
Wall to Wall Detail Balcony to Owner’s Preference
5- layer CLT Wall
Detail 3 Wall-Wall Connection
Metal bracket Screws
Prefabricated Kitchen Unit (PKU)
B
Prefabricated Bathroom Unit (PBU)
B
Detail 4
A 5- layer CLT Wall Screws Tight fit dowels or bolts
Detail 5 Floor System
Floor Detail
12mm recycled rubber sound absorption layer 60mm flooring grade rigid wood fibre insulation Breathable floor protection membrane 3- layer CLT Slab
Metal plate
SoFo –Unit Type
Insulation bedding CLT Slab with floor finishes
200mm width Louvres Facade to Owner’s Preference (type A)
4 Panel Eggcrate Facade to Owner’s Preference (type B)
5- layer CLT Slab
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LOFT B 64 m2
Detail 5
7mm laminate flooring
Floor to Wall Detail
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5- layer CLT Wall with wood fibre insulation
Interior finishes of Plaster lining board
Detail 2 Wall System
Detail 4 Wall-Floor Connection
Wall Detail
45 x 45mm counter battens
Resilient supports and rails 30mm fire protection boarding
A
Detail 2
OBJECTIVE 03
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Metal roof panel Treated cross batten vapour permeable
+ OBJECTIVE 03
+
The time taken to assemble and disassemble once planned is just within hours. The building speaks volumes for the speed of construction that pixel concepts provide. The residents also will give freedom to choose their own preference façade following the perimeter façade to achieve comfort level inside the pixel unit.
+
+
Unit Expansion
The pixel unit can expand horizontally and vertically up to 2/3 unit per tenant to control the overall layout of SoFo unit.
+ OBJECTIVE 03
+
Residents can customize the existing ones even further, creating other spaces and configure the layout inside.
+
+
Unit Customization
The idea of pixel façade system will give freedom to customize sofo pixel unit to suit client’s desire and the requirements of the market.
+ OBJECTIVE 03
+
Designing for Visual Comfort Sufficient, uninterrupted supply of daylight and artificial light in all interior areas which are in constant use. Visual comfort forms the basis of general well-being and efficient, productive work. Natural light has a positive effect on the mental and physical health of humans. In addition, efficient use of daylight provides a great deal of potential energy savings in terms of artificial lighting and cooling.
Sun Orientation
Recommended illumination levels in Residential Building Area
Recommended Lux
Living Room
200
Dining Room
250
Kitchen
250
June Solstice
March/ September Equinox
Bedroom
180
Bathroom
150
December Solstice
Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) Another approach which draws on a range of useful level. It is defined as the annual occurrence of illuminances across the work plane which integrates the evaluation of the daylight levels and the glare, setting as an acceptable range the values that move between 100 - 2000 lux. UDI aims to determine when daylight levels are ‘useful’ for the occupant.
● ●
●
Level of light on a surface, measured in lux (lx). Illuminance also correlates with how human perceive the brightness of an illuminated area. 1 lux = 1 lumen per square meter (lm/m2)
●
● ●
Corresponds to the different luminous intensities per unit area, emitted or reflected by the light sources and the surfaces that surround us. Expressed in candela per square meter (cd/m2), Can identify the contrasts of light and glare, and understand if the light is evenly distributed or if it comes from a specific source.
Source :Archdaily https://www.archdaily.com/911210/let-there-be-light-key-indicators-to-describe-and-design-visual-comfort
+
Description
Lux
Within the range defined as useful
100-2000
Below the useful range
< 200
Luminance
The sun path throughout a single year at Punggol varies slightly. ● ●
Exceed the useful range
> 2000
For residential buildings, the lower limit may not be applicable but the upper limit should be considered. Illuminances above 2 000 lux will cause glare, visual and thermal discomfort. Unlike in office or commercial buildings where lighting for productivity is of paramount importance, the minimum illuminance requirements are not as critical in residential buildings. Source :MS 2680:2017
● ●
20 March 2021 - Equinox 21 June 2021 - Solstice 23 September 2021 - Equinox 21 December 2021 - Solstice
South and North experience the same sun angles at different times of the year.
Source :http://sun-direction.com/city/54050,singapore/ : https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/seasons.html?year=&n=236
+
Illuminance
+ Solar Photovoltaic
OBJECTIVE 03
+
1 Moveable
ANALYSIS (NORTH / WEST) From the sun radiation analysis, there are positive results gained by the configuration on the building. Each pixel represents each unit SoFo will get advantage from another pixel unit. Solar radiation at roof is more than 80.50 kWh/m indicated in red is the highest. By inserting solar pv the building will receive the optimum amount of solar energy. West facade is in between 46.30-72.45 kWh/m which need a treatment/shading so that the space inside is at comfort level.
Annual Sun Path
For North facade the reading is between 8.05-24.15 kWh/m. Less sun radiation to this side hence it’s more flexible with exposed facade.
3
Vertical green wall planted trees which filter dust, noise and sun protection.
ANALYSIS (SOUTH / EAST) West
East facade is in between 16.10-32.20 kWh/m at 1.00 pm. However during morning this side need to be treated so that the distribution light intensity inside of the building can be controlled. East
On the South facade the reading is between 8.05-24.15 kWh/m. Same as North facade, less sun radiation to this side hence it’s more flexible with exposed facade, however privacy aspect need to be consider since the block is adjacent to MRT station. South The internal pixel unit also almost to flexible since it is naturally shaded by the tower block. North
+
+
RADIATION ANALYSIS 1 SEPT 1.00 PM
+ OBJECTIVE 03
+
FACADE PERIMETER EXPERIMENT
EGGCRATE A combination of vertical and horizontal shading elements commonly used in hot high shading efficiency. Horizontal elements control ground glare from reflected solar rays.
VERTICAL LOUVRES WITH TOP OVERHANG vertical shading protect from sun at sides of the elevation such as east and west side. Top overhang protect sun at high angles.
Area
Recommended Lux
Living Room
200
Dining Room
250
Kitchen
250
Bedroom
180
Bathroom
150
Room Area
32.0 sqm
Location
Singapore, latitude 1.1 N, longitude 103.6 E
Time
March 21/3 9.00am, 12.00am, 3.00pm
Tested Façade Orientation
North-East, NorthWest, South-East, South-West
Glass Transmittance
65 %
+
+
Indoor Space Parameter
+ (on facade facing North-East)
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
- 4 panel egg crate with 450mm deep is the most ideal compared to the others.
- Vertical louvres of 250mm distance with horizontal overhang is the most preferable.
- The first option of 4 panel egg crate with 250mm deep is higher in lluminance reading showing more space inside has been exposed to sun radiation.
- The first and third option reading for illuminance still within 200 lux but at the edge of facade are higher.
- Option third and fourth of 9 panel egg crate is too low in reading of illuminance level, might be too dim for morning and evening.
- Option second might be too dim for morning and evening.
- So, vertical louvres of 250mm distance with horizontal overhang has been chosen for the facade treatment facing North-East.
+
+
- So, 4 panel egg crate with 450mm deep has been chosen for the facade treatment facing North-East.
OBJECTIVE 03
+
SIMULATION COMPARISON STUDY
+ (on facade facing North-West)
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
- 9 panel egg crate with 250mm deep is the most desirable.
- Vertical louvres of 150mm distance with horizontal overhang has the best overall reading of illuminance reading.
- The first and second option of 4 panel egg crate is higher in illuminance reading especially at 12 in the evening. - Meanwhile for option fourth, some spaces at corner of the building is not well lit as compared to option third.
OBJECTIVE 03
+
SIMULATION COMPARISON STUDY
- The first, third and fourth option are higher in illuminance reading especially at 12 in the evening. - So, vertical louvres of 150mm distance with horizontal overhang has been chosen for the facade treatment facing North-West.
+
+
- So, 9 panel egg crate with 250mm deep has been chosen for the facade treatment facing North-West.
+ (on facade facing South-East)
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
- 4 panel egg crate with 450mm is preferable facade as same as the north east facade.
- Vertical louvres of 250mm distance with horizontal overhang is preferable facade as same as the north east facade. - High intensity of illuminance reading exceed the range of recommended in Residential Building at 12 in the evening for option one and third.
- Option fourth is still within the range of recommended, 180-250 lux but not better than option 2.
- Option one is too dim for overall space.
- So, 4 panel egg crate with 450mm deep has been chosen for the facade treatment facing South-East.
- So, vertical louvres of 250mm distance with horizontal overhang has been chosen for the facade treatment facing South-East.
+
+
- High intensity of illuminance reading exceed the range of recommended in Residential Building at 12 in the evening for option one and third.
OBJECTIVE 03
+
SIMULATION COMPARISON STUDY
+ (on facade facing South-West)
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
- 9 panel egg crate with 250mm deep is more fitting for facade facing south west.
- Vertical louvres of 150mm distance with horizontal overhang is more fitting for facade facing south west.
- Meanwhile for option fourth, some spaces at corner of the building is not well lit as compared to option third.
+
- So, 9 panel egg crate with 250mm deep has been chosen for the facade treatment facing South-West.
- The first and third option are higher in illuminance reading especially at 12 in the evening. - Option fourth is still within the range of recommended, 180-250 lux but not better than option 2. - So, vertical louvres of 150mm distance with horizontal overhang has been chosen for the facade treatment facing South-West.
+
- The first and second option of 4 panel egg crate is higher in illuminance reading especially at 12 in the evening.
OBJECTIVE 03
+
SIMULATION COMPARISON STUDY
+
Case Study Analysis-on Facade
PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR
404SQM HOUSE, SINGAPORE
INTER CROP OFFICE, BANGKOK
Facade Pattern
Design Principle/ Consideration
●
The egg crate louvers are oriented in the North-west side providing shade against direct solar heat gain and glare into the interior of the centre.
●
Made of black powder-coated aluminium louvres of dimension 300mm x 300mm and 200mm width making them efficient in shading the interior of the building throughout the year.
●
situated at the corner of a junction and close to a school.
●
In order to block out the noise and allow for privacy without cutting out the amount of natural light flowing into the home, the team proposed a façade with a grid-like design.
●
A light and breezy concrete screen at the front encloses an outdoor space with lush planting that feasts on the morning sun.
●
The dimensions of each fins was calibrated to resolve the orientation of the sun’s ray in all directions.
●
More than a shading device, it also acts as a passageway for natural ventilation, and a privacy filter from the neighbouring residences.
●
These vertical slats help to reduce the dependance of air-conditioners by filtering over-exposed light and excess heats from the sun.
+
Case Study
+
OBJECTIVE 03
+
Facade Selection
+ OBJECTIVE 03
+
Punggol Residence
Waterway Point
NORTH-EAST ELEVATION 1 : 200
Punggol Residence
Waterway Terraces
+
+
SOUTH-WEST ELEVATION 1 : 200
+
+
CONCLUSION Singapore is a dense high-rise metropolis with a high standard of living. Despite being in the tropics, it has established one of the highest sustainable housing standards in the world. Mass Engineered Timber (MET) can be a highly sustainable material. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project. Combine with prefabrication, green initiatives and environmental technology introduced in the building as encouraged by Singapore government, a step towards sustainable building can be achieved.
+
+
Three objectives has been explored in the design thesis to achieve the aim of research which is to integrate a pixel concept that emphasizes on sustainable planning by using timber prefabricated architecture.
+
+
Thank you. SoFo-PIXEL: Sustainable Timber Prefabricated Architecture Preapared and presented by NURULAIN NADHIRAH BINTI KAMAL MBE 191020 Head of Panel SIR AZARI BIN MAT YASIR Panel Members AR NORASLINDA BT ABDUL RAHMAN
DR LENG PAU CHUNG FTA Panel Members
+
+
PROF DR SYED AHMAD ISKANDAR B SYED ARIFFIN AR NORSHAHIDA BT AZILI AR CHAN WAI LAI DR LENG PAU CHUNG DR WAN MOHD ZAKRI B WAN ABDULLAH
+
+
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