International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.1.3.8
[Vol-1, Issue-3, Sep-Oct, 2017] ISSN: 2456-8635
Laboratory Studies on the Effect of Nitrogen gas (N2) on Mortalities of the Cowpea Weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)(Coleoptera : Bruchidae ) in Iraq * Hussam Aldin A. Mohammed1, Maha T. AL-Ani2 Dept.of plant protection , College of Agriculture ,University of Baghdad , Iraq *Part of M. Sc. Dissertation for the second author Abstract— A labrotary studies were conducted at the college of Agriculture , University of Baghdad to investigate the effect of nitrogen gas (N2) at low pressure of 160 and 180 mm mercury and a nitrogen gas (98.5%)on mortality rates of differentdevelopmental stages of the cowpea weevil ,Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) from egg to adult , with different exposure periods of 1,5,6 days. Results indicated that egg , larval, pupal and adult mortalities increasrd with increasing exposure peroids, the complete mortality rates for all stages were achived after 5-6 days. However, these treatment have no significant effect on seed germination , The use of these information in control programs for this pest , also discussed. Keywords— cowpea weevil, callosobruchusmaculatus (F.) , Physical control , Nitrogen gas , Low pressure , Iraq . I. INTRODUCTION Cowpea , Vigna unguiculatis important grain legume grownin many parts of the world. It has a high nutritanol value of protein ranged from 17 – 34 %. As well as fat, carbohydrates and minerals such as iron. calcium and phosphors (Al-qaisi ,2000; shaw ,2007). Cowpea may be infested by different insect Pests causing considerable damage and considered to be one of the limiting factors in cowpea production. The cowpea weevil ,C. maculatusis a key pest of grain legumes in food stores ,it has a wide host range including ,cowpea, chicpeas, lentils, peas and beans(Aslam et al.2002).Infestation began in the field when infested seeds were harvested and stored , the insect continues to feed as a hidden infestation and emerges as an adult causes secondary infestation and a total destruction to seeds and decrease their germination(Bhall et al.,2008). Pesticides and fumigants have been extensively used all over the world to control legume grain infestation. However, chemical methods are being restricted globally www.aipublications.com/ijhaf
because toric residue and their adverse effect on environment and human health (Bhalla et al.2008). Different biological control methods such as,cultural ,Physical and biological were used by varies workers (Van,2011; Ismail,2006;Trioesele et al,2015 and yamane ,2013 ).The use of controlled atmosphere vacum ,heating ,colling and sterilizing , requires relatively advanced techniques (van,2014). This paper was aimed to find an alternative, ecofriendly method to insecticides and fumigants used in the present time by using nitrogen gas for the control of this pest in legume grain stores. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted in the insect research laboratory at Dept., of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture / University of Baghdad. Different stages of Cowpea weevil , Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) were obtained from a laboratory colony rearead on cowpea seeds for this purpose and maintained under control conditions of 26 ±2c˚ and humidity of 70±5% in the incubator . Infested cowpea seeds were prepared by relasing 1-day old adults (10 pairs for100 seeds) for a period of 24 h for oviposition / egg laying in culture jars . Experiment was carried out using cowpea seeds infested with different developmental stages of C.maculatus , As the development occurs inside seeds , These comporised of egg stage 1-day after oviposition , larval -19 days after oviposition, pupal stage -22 days after oviposition and 1day old adults (Bhalla et al.,2008), And 10 seeds of cowpea infested with each of the development of stage of C.maculatusper replicate were spread in the base of petri dishes were exposed to N2 Gas at low pressure levels (150 and 180mm Hg) in the anaerobic bacteria breeding container capacity of (1-2)Kg.All development stages were exposed to N2 gas(98.5%)for different periods of 1,5,6 days then the insect were transferred to petri dishes (9cm)covered with muslin cloth and closed Page | 48
International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.1.3.8 tightly with rubber bullets and then placed in the incubator at a temperature of 26 ±2˚and a relative humidity of 70±5% .The experiment were laid out according to Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and 3 replicates for each treatment . Healthy cowpea seeds were also subjected to these doses treatments as above and to germination test . The effect of cumulative impact of N2 gas on different developmental stages on the percentage of mortality rates of eggs , larva , pupa , and adults were calculated . Data were analayzed using SAS program (2012). All the comparisons was considered significant when P≤ 0.05. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results in Tables 1 revealed that their were a significant differences in the mortalities of egg , larva, pupa and adults in the tretments of N2 gas under low pressure of 150 mm Hg and control treatment . Mortality rates of 90 , 66.66 , 73.33 and 93.33 % respectively were achived after 24 hr from exposure to N2 gas . Its obvious that eggs and adults were more sensitive to this treatment more than larvae and
[Vol-1, Issue-3, Sep-Oct, 2017] ISSN: 2456-8635
pupal stage during the first 24 hr . However , complete mortalities of developmental stages from the egg – adult were reached after 5 – 6 days from exposure . These results agree with that of Ismail (2006) who found that the adult , stage of the cowpea weevil, C. maculatus was the most sensitive followed by the egg stage , larva , then pupa , and complete mortalities of all these stage were obtained after 6 days from exposure to N2 gas and carbon dioxide at low pressure (160 mm Mercury) . This results also conside with Al –Hadidi (2002) that the adults stage of the flower beetles , Tribolium castenum evertsand Trogoderma granariumis the more sensitive to N2 gas under low pressure followed by eggs , larva and pupa respectively .
Table.1: Effects of exposure to N2 gas on the different development stages of cowpwa weevil , C.maculatus under low pressure of (150 mm Mercury) Exposure period (days) Control 1 5 6 L.S.D
%egg mortality 0.00 30000 000000 000000 14.1
Results in Table (2) show a significant differences in the mortalities of all developmemtal stages of the cowpea weevil , C. maculatus from egg to adult in the treatments of N2 gas and low pressure of 180 mm mercury and the control treatments . Mortalities of 93.33 , 76.0 , 93.0 and 96.0 were obtained after 24 hr from the exposure to N2 gas for the eggs , larva , pupa and adults respectively . Mortality rates were increased for all developmental stages by the increasing pressure from 150 mm mercury to 180 mm mercury during the first 24 hr from the treatment . However , Their were no significant effect was .
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%larval mortality 0000 66066 36066 000000 8467
% pupal mortality 0000 39099 000000 000000 54.5
%Adult mortality 0000 39099 000000 000000 54.5
observed from the previous experiment above when exposure poroid increased to 5 and 6 days , as a complete mortalities of all developmental stages were obtained . It seems that amount of pressure is the effecting factor which may speed the rate of mortality than the exposure time which need a further investigation in the future . Mbata (1994) observed the same results that when C.subiunotatus and C.maculatus were exposed to an atomosphere saturated with carbon dioxide and a temperature of 32 C0 and relative humidity of 70 %
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International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.1.3.8
[Vol-1, Issue-3, Sep-Oct, 2017] ISSN: 2456-8635
Table.2: Effects of exposure to N2 gas on different developmental stages of cowpea weevil C .maculatus under low pressure of (180mm mercury) . Exposure period (days) Control 1 5 6 L.S.D
%egg mortality
%larval mortality 0000 36066 000000 000000 54.5
0000 39099 000000 000000 54.5
Results in Table (3) indicated that their were no significant differences in the percentage of cowpea seeds germination between the cowpea seed exposed to N2 gas from (1 – 6 ) days and the control treatment under low pressure of 150 and 180 mm mercury
% pupal mortality 0000 39099 000000 000000 54.5
%adult mortality 0000 36066 000000 000000 54.5
Oyebanji et al., (2015) found that using the atmospheric pressur, Ahigh seed germination rate up to (88.2%) during the storage and noticed that the longer the seed storage period, the lower the germination rate.
Table.3: Effects of N2 gas on the germination of cowpea seeds Tretment (Bar) Control 5
Period (Day) 1-6 0 9 6
L.S.D 11 L.S.D REFERENCES [1] Al- Hadidi , I . K 2002 . The life of beetles Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (Herbst) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleopteran: Dermestidae) in some local wheat products and Its sensitivity to low pressure, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, Master Thesis, College of Education, University of Mosul,Iraq.68pp0 [2] AL –qaisi , M . D . Mahdi damad (2000). Future prospects for legumes production and their role in food security. Journal of Agriculture and Development in the Arab World,3:50-550 [3] Aslam, M. ; K. A. Khan and M. Z. H. Bajwa 2002. Potency of Some Spices Against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). J. Biol. Sci. 2: 449-4520 [4] Bhalla, S.; K.Gupta; B.Lal; M.L. Kapur and R.K. Khetarpal . 2008. Efficacy of various non-chemical methods against pulse, Callosobruchusmaculatus Fab. ENDURE International Conference 2008 Diversifying crop protection, 12-15 October. La Grande-Motte, France – Oral presentations – p. 4
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0 9 6
% of cowpea seed germination 30 39 39 39 8411 39 39 000 84.7
[5] Ismail , A . Y 2006 . Effect of low pressure , Nitrogen an carbon Dioxide Gases on the mortlity of the cowpea Bruchid , Callosobrochus maculatus (F.) (Bruchidae : Coleoptera) . Arab J . of prot . 24 , : 28 – 31 0 [6] Mbata, C., C. Reichnuth and T. Ofuya. 1994. Comporative toxicity of carbon dioxide to two Callosobruchus species Pages 120-22. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop Conference on Stored Product Protection. E. Highley, E.J. Wright, H.J. Banks and B.R. Champ (Editors), Canberra, Australia, 17-23 April , 1994 CAB International, Wallingfored, Oxon0 [7] Oyebanji, A .O; Olagbaju, A.R; Zaka, K.O ; Ilesanmi, F.F and M. F.Olorunfemi .2015. Quality and acceptability of inert-atmosphere-metal-silo stored paddy rice as food and planting material. Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research 3 (1), 11200 [8] Shaw, Monica. (2007).100 Most Protein Rich Vegetarian Foods .SmarterFitter Blog.28 October0
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International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.1.3.8
[Vol-1, Issue-3, Sep-Oct, 2017] ISSN: 2456-8635
[9] Triroesele , B . ; K . Thomas and s. seketeme . 2015 control of cowpea weevil, Callosobruchusmaculatus (F.) (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) , using natural plant products , Insects , 6 : 77 – 840 [10] Van, H . 2011. Biological methods of Bruchid control in Tropics: a review in: curvent topics in Tropical Entomology, 12 (1-2-3): 87 – 1020 [11] Yamane, T. 2013. Biorational control methods for protection of stored grain legumes against Bruchid beetles, Agricultural Sciences, 4 (12) 5 pages. [12] SAS. 2012. Statical Analysis System, User,s Guide . Statistical. Version 9.1th ed . SAS. Inc. Cary. N.C USA.
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