HVAC&R Nation May 2017 by AIRAH

Skills

FEATURE

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Box office success

Update on new refrigerants

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A LOOK AT MODERN AUTOMOTIVE CLIMATE CONTROL

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May 2017 / ISSUE 101 / FREE

Twenty Branches by 2020.

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2 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

ISSUE 101

HVAC&R Nation is published by the Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air conditioning and Heating (Inc).

May 2017

AIRAH – National Office James Harrison Centre 3/1 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia. Tel: 03 8623 3000

Road tripping

Fax: 03 9614 8949

www.airah.org.au/nation

Magazine team Editor Boon Mark Souphanh boon@airah.org.au Tel: 03 8623 3011 Contributing writer Sean McGowan

Advertising sales Glenn Douglas glenn@airah.org.au Ph: 03 8623 3018

As we edge closer to winter, the climate control dials in our cars are moving from low temperatures and high fan speeds to something a little warmer. HVAC&R Nation’s Sean McGowan reached out to Ford’s Sandy Fragapane to find out just how different automotive air conditioning is to that in the built environment. For more than 22 years, Fragapane has worked on various automotive platforms across world markets, from design concept to production launch. Here he shares his story with the Nation.

John McGrath john@airah.org.au Ph: 03 8623 3007

ISSN 1834-9522

HVAC&R Nation regulars

HVAC&R Nation is printed on paper sourced from well managed forests and other controlled sources.

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see what’s new in the ‘Shed

HVAC&R Nation is an official publication of the Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating Inc. Statements expressed in HVAC&R Nation do not necessarily reflect the policy or views of AIRAH or its members. No responsibility is accepted by AIRAH, the Editor or HVAC&R Nation’s supply partners for the accuracy of information or for errors or omissions. HVAC&R Nation is distributed without charge to all financial members of AIRAH. The publisher reserves the right to alter or omit any article or advertisement submitted and requires indemnity from advertisers and contributors against damages or liabilities that may arise from material published. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission of the Publisher.

13,948

Refrigerant update on new refrigerants designations and safety classifications.

8 Global Update industry news from around the world

Disclaimer

The Toolshed

Skills Workshop

Fly Guy

Exclusive to May

accessories to keep you fly

24 Around the Nation who’s in the news?

26 AIRAH News keep up to date with the Institute

27 Smoko with . . . Q&A with HVAC&R Nation

Green Wedge fuel your enviro cred

AIRAH and industry classifieds

free listings from around the nation

Lighter Side the shonkier side of the nation

Box office success Reflecting recent trends in the cinema industry, a major redevelopment of Adelaide’s Palace Nova cinema complex has seen four original large cinemas converted into eight smaller cinemas to better meet customer demand. Sean McGowan reports.

Please consider the environment and recycle this magazine if you are not going to keep it.

May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 3

➲ Editorial

THE GLOBAL GAP? The jewel of Melbourne’s Dockland’s precinct, Etihad Stadium is synonymous with all kinds of high-profile international events – everything from Socceroos World Cup qualifiers, to AC/DC concerts, to AIRAH Refrigeration conferences. I may be being slightly facetious with the last mention. But in all seriousness, we’re pretty stoked about our first major event for 2017. Attracting a record-breaking 140-plus delegates across two days, Refrigeration 2017 set out to discuss the state of the industry, how it may respond to the future challenges initiated by COP21 and the global HFC phase-down. Interestingly, however, in a room predominantly filled with engineers and consultants, a recurring talking point throughout the conference was the state of the refrigeration trade sector – more specifically, the need to attract more apprentices. One of the key takeaways was the fact that we aren’t the only ones dealing with the “skills gap” – it is a global issue across HVAC&R sectors worldwide, as confirmed by the swag of international delegates on hand at the event. In the US for example, it is projected that a whopping 115,000 HVAC&R technicians will be needed by 2022 to fill jobs due to anticipated industry growth and retirements. Despite this, only 21,000 students

graduated from post-secondary HVAC&R training programs in 2015. The Social Security Administration estimates 22 per cent of the US workforce will retire during before 2022, and as demand heats up, the supply of skilled HVAC&R up-and-comers is not keeping pace – and may even be shrinking. Ominous stuff to say the least. So, what’s the plan of the attack? The US HVAC&R Workforce Development Foundation has developed a plan to close the skills gap. The strategy focuses on three broad goals for the industry – training the trainers, establishing uniform accreditation and certifications, and attracting a motivated workforce. AIRAH’s PRIME initiative has flagged similar focus areas to address the local concerns. This starts with the creation of a working group to help PRIME engage with education providers to ensure that the training and education resources that support the industry are appropriate and relevant. The implementation of a national licensing scheme is also a high priority, as PRIME works with all industry stakeholders to reach industry agreement/consensus on a model for an occupational licence, before taking the agreed position to government.

It’s always about skills.

You can be assured that AIRAH is not sitting on its hands when it comes to this pressing and divisive issue. Ultimately, there are plenty of HVAC&R career opportunities out there, waiting to be filled – now and in the future. It is everyone’s job to ensure the industry and those who rely on it aren’t left out in the cold. Boon Mark Souphanh Editor

Become a member >> Member benefits:

Member benefits:

■ Industry recognition and career progression by carrying the M.AIRAH post-nominal.

■ Substantial discounts on training, seminars, conferences, industry best-practice guides and site visits plus complimentary monthly technical seminars.

■ A copy of the industry’s foremost technical reference, available exclusively to members – the AIRAH Technical Handbook. ■ A subscription to Ecolibrium – a publication that profiles and champions industry best practice and innovation. ■ Discounts for Design Application manuals, fact sheets and other technical publications. ■ Regular state and national email updates containing important news and details of key industry events. ■ Accessing a variety of educational programs that will give you continuing professional development (CPD) credits to a wide variety of organisations.

■ Regular technical division meetings held by the state sections of AIRAH. ■ Access to the AIRAH HVAC&R industry Professional Diploma of Building Services – HVAC&R. ■ Participation in the AIRAH Awards. ■ Complimentary member webinars and podcasts. ■ Access to ASHRAE member benefits through the ASHRAE Associate Society Alliance (AASA). Membership of AIRAH is tax deductible.

Join online today at www.airah.org.au/join 4 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

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May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 5

➲ Toolshed 01

Amazing AxiBlade

Armacell Australia has launched a fire-resistant system for air conditioning service penetrations.

In the form of the AxiBlade, ebm-papst says it has developed a new generation of axial fans that exploit every last bit of optimisation potential.

The Armaprotect 120 is designed to provide fire resistance for Armaflex FRV Paircoil.

The AxiBlade concept is based on a modular system. Fan housings of varying heights with an aerodynamically optimised inlet ring are accompanied by profiled impeller geometry and winglets. The impellers have been designed for various motor combinations, which are intended to increase efficiency and reduce running noise.

Armaprotect 120 can be installed without the need to cut away pipe insulation.

“Since the new axial fans' footprint corresponds to the current industry standard, virtually no design changes to the end unit are necessary,” says ebm-papst. “Besides the especially energyefficient GreenTech EC motors, the new AxiBlade models are also available with the AC motors that are still widely used.”

For more information, go to www.armacell.com.au n

05 02

BITZER says it has improved the entire series in three ways, starting with new line-start permanent magnet motors (LSPM). Mechanical capacity control for transcritical CO2 applications is also new, while an updated operating concept with intelligent (IQ) modules is also included.

GENIE in a cylinder

BOC has announced its GENIE cylinder in nitrogen, available in 10-litre and 20-litre sizes across Australia.

“For us, environmentally friendly refrigerants, energy efficiency and ease of use have top priority. And the new ECOLINE+ series shows that these are not contradictory,” says BITZER CEO Rainer Große-Kracht. “CO2 is one of the refrigerants of the future – we at BITZER believe that wholeheartedly. With ECOLINE+ we have succeeded in making efficient CO2 technology simpler and easier to understand. This is the only way that we can encourage the increased use of this pioneering refrigerant.”

According to BOC, the GENIE is 30 per cent lighter than an equivalent steel cylinder and holds 39 per cent more nitrogen. 03

“GENIE in nitrogen is an ideal companion for any work project,” says general manager Dr Chris Barnes. “The wide base and easy-grip handles make it easy to transport and also protects the regulator. It has a stable wheel base that can be detached if needed via a patented clip-on system.”

The enhanced line-start permanent magnet motor is designed to increase annual performance by more than 10 per cent. These motors can be directly connected to 50 or 60Hz electrical supplies and, for full and part-load.

Designed to withstand all weather environments, the GENIE comprises of a steel-lined carbon-fibre-wrapped pressure vessel, encased within a high-density polyethylene jacket, which aims to eliminate rust from the cylinder base.

For more information, go to www.bitzer.de n

“Less time is spent reordering and replacing cylinders, as gas is filled at a pressure of 300 bar, allowing an increase in volume compared to equivalent steel cylinders,” Barnes says.

Go to www.boc.com.au n

For more information, go to www.huntingdonfusion.com n 6 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

Terrific transmitter

This Air Velocity Transmitter uses two sensing elements. By measuring the heat loss between them as air flows, it converts this reading into air velocity or volumetric airflow, without the potential for getting clogged like a pitot tube. Available in 3 per cent and 5 per cent accuracy ranges, they also have optional BACnet or MODBUS Communication Protocol, allowing units to be daisy-chained together. This provides access to all of the velocity and volumetric flow data, as well as additional information such as air temperature.

HFT’s Inflatable Stoppers are available in cylindrical and spherical formats. For straight pipes, the cylindrical Stoppers are recommended. For bends, the spherical versions are more appropriate. According to HFT there is a large variety of pipe plugging and blocking requirements throughout a wide range of industries, including repair work, leak testing, weld purging and debris stopping.

The series AVUL Air Velocity Transmitter from Dwyer, is a new duct-mount thermal anemometer designed for measuring air velocity or volumetric airflow in VAV systems or building ducts.

Inflation sensation

The Pipestoppers Division of Huntingdon Fusion Techniques (HFT) now designs and manufactures a range lightweight inflatable stoppers, available for pipes up to 120” diameter to prevent the entry of debris into pipes.

Three-way improvement

BITZER’s new ECOLINE+ 4-cylinder reciprocating compressors for transcritical CO2 applications, are designed for smart and efficient supermarket cooling.

For more information, go to www.ebmpapst.com.au n

“During a fire, the intumescent sheet expands up to 30 times, blocking the passage of fire and providing insulation from heat transfer,” says Armacell. With an AS1530.4 FRL result of -/180/120, Armaprotect 120 is suitable for fire resistance of openings for service installations in “Common Walls” and “Fire Walls” (NCC 2016) – these include all single-storey buildings, multi-residential buildings (Classes 2 and 3) and dwellings in other buildings (Class 4), all Class 9 buildings (incl. aged care), all office buildings (Class 5), and others.

Ebm-papst says exhaust turbulence and the resulting dynamic losses can be minimised with guide vanes. The guard grilles are matched to the various combinations and aerodynamically optimised. This modular concept is designed to allow AxiBlade axial fans to operate in a wide variety of applications with an optimum efficiency of up to 54 per cent.

Sizes 800 and 910 are currently available. An expansion of the series to include sizes 630 and 710 is planned for later this year.

Armacell’s hot addition

All models can be wired for 4 to 20mA, 0 to 5/10 VDC output, or simultaneous current and voltage output, providing a universal connection to PLCs and monitoring equipment.

The optional, integral LCD or A-435-A, portable remote display tool allows users to monitor process values and configure the unit. For more information, go to www.dwyer-inst.com.au n

Toolshed 07

two to five rooms, and the 12.5kW outdoor unit can have up to six indoor units attached.

Chiller gets slimmer

The units feature a new large backlit LCD central controller. The four-way navigation pad controls the indoor units individually or simultaneously. Each unit can be monitored, and features such as economy mode, remote control prohibition or low noise mode settings can be activated from one central point.

Mitsubishi Electric Australia has unveiled a range of advanced, inverter-driven chillers to the Australian market. The e-series modular chiller range is designed to answer the need for controllable, energy-efficient cooling and heating with reduced plant size. Available in heat pump and cooling-only modules, the e-series uses two advanced DC inverter-driven scroll compressors in each 90kW module – taken from the VRF sector. The company says this delivers a capacity range of 8 per cent to 100 per cent.

“Easy and efficient to install, the new Fujitsu multi-system design includes a centralised valve that allows vacuuming to be performed from one location, which reduces installation time on systems previously requiring the evacuation process to be performed up to four-times,” says Fujitsu. “Routing of the pipe work to the outdoor unit is simpler, and a commissioning mode is inbuilt for automatic wiring and piping checks from the outdoor unit.”

The unique shape and modular design of the e-series allows the system to be constructed with up to six individual units connected together, to provide a capacity of between 90kW and 540kW.

For more information, go to www.fujitsugeneral.com.au/promotions n

The company says the use of U-shaped heat exchangers is designed to offer greater surface area and also means that the units are narrower. Each 90kW module can be positioned next to each other in a row, with up to six units using the same inbuilt, internal header. For larger systems, it is also possible to have double rows of the units with a gap of only 900mm service space. “Chillers and chilled-water systems have been used for decades to deliver controlled cooling to buildings”, says national product manager Atesh Mani. “The e-series introduces improvements in energy efficiency, reduced installation footprint, and reduced noise levels.”

The new CPS wireless Smart Tool range is now available from all Heatcraft Australia branches.

For more information, go to www.mitsubishielectric.com.au n

All of the products feature Lepton, FLIR’s thermal microcamera core, and patented multispectral dynamic imaging (MSX) technology, which is designed to improves image quality and readability by dynamically embossing high-fidelity, visible-light details onto the thermal imagery. “These innovative new thermal imaging devices further extend the utility and value of low-cost thermal imaging into consumer and small business applications,” says FLIR president and CEO Andy Teich. “Thermal imaging is more accessible than ever today thanks to our continued effort to make the technology smaller, more powerful and more affordable. We’re excited to provide a thermal imaging ‘sixth sense’ with the third generation FLIR ONE, FLIR Duo for drones, and FLIR C3 camera for professional users.”

Management made easier

Pronto Software has released a new resource management module applicable to HVAC&R, designed to allow the management of resources and work obligations to be centralised. “Pronto Xi software and the new resource management module enables companies… to create efficiencies, increase workforce mobility, and maximise resources, enabling less time spent on administration and more time servicing customers, says chief marketing manager at Pronto Software Paul Goepfert. “HVAC companies are looking to the next generation of ERP and analytics software to gain greater insight into operational efficiency, productivity, and mobile workforce utilisation.”

For more information, go to www.flir.com n

Fast and flexible

Fujitsu General looks to provide a comprehensive multi-system offering with the addition of two new compact outdoor units. Designed to accommodate the diversity of modern home design, the 10kW unit has the capacity recommended to cover

The new ABM-200 series meter is one tool in the Smart Tools range. CPS calls it the “swiss army knife of meters”. It’s an anemometer and an environmental meter combined, measuring temperature, temperature differential, dry bulb, wet bulb, heat index, relative humidity, dew point, barometric pressure, air density, indoor vs outdoor conditions, wind speed and direction, and generates personalised professional reports. For further information, go to www.heatcraft.com.au n

The FLIR ONE Pro features a rugged design and the new “OneFit” adjustable-height connector.

The range of products includes wireless anemometers, environmental meters, static pressure meter/manometer, and data loggers which allows technicians to access system information wirelessly on their phone or tablet to export the data in real time to customers or office. “Technicians today want information fast. For that reason, we were eager to embrace this new Smart Tool range from CPS”, says Heatcraft category manager Melissa Barlow. “It’s a nice synergy with our existing smart@ccess online portal, where customers can readily access technical information on a wide range of CPS product.”

Innovative imaging

FLIR Systems has announced a number of new thermal imaging cameras, including two new third-generation FLIR ONE thermal camera attachments for smartphones, as well as a compact thermal camera for home and building inspectors.

Heatcraft gets smart

The company says the software empowers teams to plan and manage work requirements across large groups of staff and asset resources in one place. 11

DO YOU HAVE A NEW PRODUCT TO GO IN THE TOOLSHED?

For more information, go to www.pronto.net.au n Email boon@airah.org.au All submissions received will be considered, though publication cannot be guaranteed.

May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 7

➲ Global Update FINLAND

CHINA

USA

SUN-POWERED COOL

SMOG SOLUTIONS

COMPANY FACES FINE

A team from Finnish and German company ZAE Bayern have built an emission-free, solar-powered chiller.

Senior Chinese officials have plans to create what they call a “green necklace” of trees in hopes of clearing the polluted air in the Beijing region.

A fruit juice company that experienced three ammonia refrigeration leaks in the past year faces fines of US$154,000 (AU$201,000) by Washington State’s Department of Labor & Industries (L&I).

The company says the chiller has a potential market world-wide, particularly in warm countries. A pilot system has already been tested in both Finland and Germany. The solar-powered 10kW absorption chiller works in the same way as the gas refrigerators used in Finnish holiday cabins – a solar-thermal collector is used instead of gas. The method requires electricity for the flow pumps only. If necessary, the chiller can also serve as a heat pump. Examples of large, megawatt-class absorption chillers based on district heating can already be found in Helsinki and Turku in Finland. n

SINGAPORE

The pollution from coal-powered factories is responsible for much of the smog in Beijing, a city of more than 22 million. The “green necklace” plan aims to increase forest coverage on the Hebei-Beijing border, in part by tapping into rivers, reservoirs, wetlands, and farmland. The plan also emphasises the need for “ventilation corridors” that would channel wind and air movement to help disperse smog. n

The company has been accused of putting employees at risk through a lack of emergency planning. In one of the incidents, panicked employees ran downwind of the leak into the vapour cloud. Eight employees were exposed; one was sickened and taken to the hospital. Another incident also resulted in the temporary shutdown of a highway as fire crews responded to the leak , which was thought to have involved up to 360kg of ammonia. The L&I has cited the company for two wilful violations and two serious violations.. n

USA

FILTER OF THE FUTURE?

RADIATIVE REVELATION

LEADING THE EU CHARGE

An air filter using nanofibres that is reportedly two-times more effective than conventional commercial air filters has been developed by researchers at the National University of Singapore (NUS).

University of Colorado Boulder engineers have developed a revolutionary material that cools buildings without the use of refrigerants or electricity.

Sweden, Germany and France are the only European countries pursuing environmental policies in line with promises made at the Paris climate conference, according to a new ranking study.

When applied onto non-woven mesh, the nanofibres – which exist in the form of an organic solution – will cling onto the material to create thin, see-through air filters. Unlike an ordinary light-blocking air filter, the NUS air filter allows light to pass through and is designed to provide 2.5-times greater air transmission compared to conventional filters while removing 90 per cent of PM2.5 particles. This makes it suitable for use in windows. n

8 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

The material is described as a glass polymer hybrid, which can cool objects even under direct sunlight. It works by cooling the object underneath by reflecting solar energy back into space. This allows the surface to shed its own heat in the form of infrared thermal radiation (radiative cooling).

The study assesses policy actions taken by EU states to meet Europe’s pledge of a 40 per cent cut in carbon emissions by 2030. The study also states that the EU must shut all coal plants by 2030 to meet Paris climate pledges.

To make it, the researchers embedded infrared-radiant glass microspheres into a polymer film. Then they added a thin silver coating underneath.

The ranking was compiled using ministerial statements and official documents submitted to the European commission, and was then cross-checked with country representatives.

"Just 10 to 20 square metres of this material on the rooftop could nicely cool down a single-family house in summer," says associate professor Gang Tan. n

Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain and Italy are judged to be behind in their efforts, due to support for forestry and carbon accounting dodges, which weaken the greenhouse gas reduction effort. n

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The foremost resource EDITION 05 EDITION 05

N REFRIGERATIO G AUSTRALIAN NDITIONINRCE AND AIR-CO NAL RESOU

AUSTRALIAN REFRIGERATIO N AND AIR-CO NDITIONING NATIO

NATIO

Australian Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Volumes 1 and 2

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AIRAH is delighted to bring one of Australia’s foremost resources for training in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry to the education sector: Australian Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, Volumes 1 and 2, authored by Graham Boyle, M.AIRAH.

The completely revised fifth editions have brought a new dimension to this highly regarded resource, with a new full-colour format, hundreds of updated and upgraded images and improved text, which make for easier reading and understanding.

For more information, go to www.airah.org.au/ARAC

May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 9

➲ Cover feature

Unsurprisingly, automotive HVAC is evolving just as fast as kit in the built environment.

ROAD TRIPPING As we edge closer to win ter, the clima in our cars a te control dia re moving fr ls om low tem fan speeds to peratures an something a d high Sean McGo little warme r. HVAC&R N wan reache ation’s d out to Ford out just how ’s Sandy Frag different auto apane to fin motive air co d in the built e nditioning is nvironment. to that For more tha has worked n 22 years, F on various a ragapane utomotive p markets, from la tf o rm s across worl design conc d ept to produ Here he sha c ti o n launch. res his story with the Nati on. I am the recently appointed Asia-Pacific climate attribute supervisor as part of Ford’s Body Interior team. Our Program Attribute team is responsible for developing climate systems for various vehicles in the Asia-Pacific region, including current and future model Ranger, Everest, China Taurus, China Escort, Figo in Europe and India, to name just a few. Occasionally, we also have opportunities to support our North American operations on future model vehicles such as the Bronco.

The basic components of air conditioning or climate control systems in Australian vehicles are similar, if not the same, to those for the northern hemisphere. Various countries in the Gulf States can experience similar ambient and sun loads to Australia. Where we differ is in calibration to achieve a cooler cabin to other regions. Europeans typically like the cabin to be warmer than in our Asia-Pacific region.

10 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

Vehicles can easily exceed twice the ambient temperature on a hot day, so it’s essential to purge this hot air as quickly as possible with a smooth transition to the customer’s desired set-point temperature.

Also, due to our landscape and hobbies, Australian vehicles not only need to keep occupants cool but also need to tow large loads at the same time. This means they must be robust to various climate conditions and surfaces while under load. This creates a unique challenge for balancing powertrain cooling, while maintaining adequate condensing to keep the air conditioning engaged and keep occupants comfortable.

All Ford motor vehicles are designed to meet strict global specification requirements. Vehicles bound for the Australian market are required to be designed to meet the warm market classification

Cover feature

Ford’s ACART (Advanced Centre for Automotive Research and Testing) facility wind tunnel can simulate any climate condition or location in the world.

requirements, which are more challenging in terms of air conditioning performance than those in a European region, for example. For a vehicle to be sold in Australia, it is required to meet the specification relevant to our market.

The largest environmental wind tunnel in the southern hemisphere is used for a wide range of climatic vehicle testing. The ACART (Advanced Centre for Automotive Research and Testing) facility is used to simulate any condition or location in the world.

It is capable of conducting heater performance testing down to an ambient of -20°C and air conditioning testing in a simulated ambient over 50°C, with high sun load simulation to over 1200W/m² and high humidity. This can represent a hot day in the middle of the desert with a clear sky and full sun load, or a humid day on the coast. In addition to temperature testing, the ACART has a dynamometer that can simulate towing a trailer or driving up and down inclines. This facility is used to optimise our climate heater and air conditioning performance, as well as develop technical solutions and new technology for our vehicles.

FORD’S ENVIRONMENTAL WIND TUNNEL The Advanced Centre for Automotive Research and Testing (ACART) is a collaborative undertaking between the Ford Motor Company of Australia and the University of Melbourne.

Humidity control

The Environmental Wind Tunnel facility provides a controlled and repeatable environment for development of products suitable for global markets. It is certified to ISO 9000 and ISO 14000, and is supported by a team of six technicians and one engineer.

Nozzle sizes

Specifications and capabilities

Top speed Temperature Temperature stability

250km/h -40°C to +55°C ±0.25°C

±2% RH

Humidity stability

4.0 and 2.7m²

SOLAR SIMULATION Operating range

10 to 1200W/m²

Irradiation area

6 x 2.5m

Irradiation uniformity

AIR CONDITIONING

1-95% RH between +15°C and +55°C

±5% within irradiation area

Spectrum Full, with UV-B filters Directionality

Diurnal movement system Source: www.acart.com.au

Like in the built environment, automotive air conditioning systems are witnessing a change in the type of refrigerants being used.

A good automotive air conditioning system has sufficient capacity with appropriately sized heat exchangers, efficient compressor technology, and a superior airflow system to deliver the cold air to the cabin. Vehicles can easily exceed twice the ambient temperature on a hot day, so it’s essential to purge this hot air as quickly as possible, with a smooth transition to the customer’s desired set-point temperature. Optimised airflow volume and vent velocity balanced with NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) are also important factors when providing a comfortable cabin space. Good system stability once the cabin has been purged maintains comfort, and keeps the cabin fresh and glass areas clear.

The air-handling system is critical to achieving cabin comfort, and needs to be versatile enough to satisfy the wide range of customer preferences. May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 11

➲ Cover feature

Optimised airflow volume and vent velocity balanced with NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) are important factors when providing a comfortable cabin space. Credit: Ford Australia.

Airflow volume, air velocity/direction, and air-plume pattern are critical components when attempting to purge a warm cabin. These factors provide cool, relieving air to the occupants without over-chilling them, or disturbing their comfort by delivering too much or too little airflow. The airflow path through the cabin space is also important. Body vents need to be specifically sized to allow adequate cabin purge, maintain a comfortable pressure, and resist external environment elements from entering the cabin. Air from the vent outlets must be able to reach face level on tall occupants, as well as directing air to the waist region of the average-size person. Distribution of the airflow is also important to ensure the correct quantity of airflow reaches the occupants’ feet, face, and vehicle glass areas to keep them clear.

Like in the built environment, today’s automotive climate control systems rely on field data to deliver conditioned airflow to the cabin space. Ambient temperature, humidity, heat load, sunlight, air quality, set-point temperature, and the cabin temperature are all inputs into a climate control system which use this data to define the appropriate course of action.

The inputs need to be calibrated to deliver the best outcome based on what the customer is requesting their climate system to deliver. In vehicles, smart strategies manage these sensor inputs to not only provide a safe and comfortable environment, but also optimise fuel efficiency, reduce heat loads on other vehicle systems, and keep glass areas clear of fog and ice.

Components such as the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or orifice tube device, evaporator, refrigerant, temperature and pressure sensors are all common components to climate control in both vehicles and the built environment. But the above mentioned items are similar in type only and differ considerably in design. A vehicle’s HVAC system must be compact and contain various internal doors and flaps for mixing hot and cold airflow. These doors and flaps also work to change outlet modes to allow air to different outlets in the vehicle, either by request or by a software component. The conditions a vehicle will experience are far more dynamic, diverse, and extreme than in the built environment. Built systems don’t need to react as quickly to dynamic conditions experienced

12 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

in a vehicle, as the environment is more stable and less likely to experience a rapid change in condition.

Like in the built environment, automotive air conditioning systems are witnessing a change in the type of refrigerants being used. R1234yf has been slowly phased in since 2014 to replace R134a, which is being phased out because of its global warming potential (GWP) of 1430. This is important, given it can leak into the atmosphere in the event a vehicle is crashed or is poorly repaired. The European Union (EU) will require a refrigerant with a GWP of less than 150, and will eventually mandate this on all new future vehicle models. R1234yf is being marketed as being a refrigerant with a GWP of 4 or less. Switching to R1234yf industry-wide, including in Australia, is forecast to eliminate millions of cars’ worth of greenhouse gas emissions. The main downside we see is higher cost and some equipment upgrades. CO2-based air conditioning systems have also been developed, and have a GWP of 1. These aren’t as common, as they need to operate at slightly higher pressures to be effective, which means the compressor draws more power, which could affect fuel economy and tailpipe emissions.

Cover feature A vehicle’s HVAC system must be compact and contain various internal doors and flaps for mixing hot and cold airflow.

We can also locate components in new areas previously not possible, by simply running an electric supply to it. Peltier-type devices that produce heat and cold from a voltage source rather than heat exchange are also becoming more common.

With the shift to mobility design in automotive systems, driverless cars and new ways of moving around, we are expecting conventional thinking around how HVAC systems maintain comfort to also evolve. New ways of identifying a person’s state of comfort are surfacing. As a result, how we deliver the environment that provides comfort is also changing.

Ford Australia climate testing in a range of conditions – Mount Hotham (Victoria).

Solar glass, built-in interior blinds, solar-powered air-purge systems and more clever control systems that analyse air quality, quantity and temperature before delivering a solution are just some technologies that will become commonplace.

As with all automotive components, HVAC components are constantly advancing to become smaller, more efficient, lighter, multipurpose and smarter.

Electric vehicles present some new challenges to conventionally designed HVAC, but also present new opportunities to make improvements.

Many HVAC components now have brushless blower motors that use less current and run much quieter. Heat exchangers are constantly shrinking and achieving higher outputs as more modern materials become cheaper to use. Thinner evaporators have fine fin pitch and pass configurations. Water-shedding coatings reduce surface tension in condensate, making components more efficient and eliminating odours by shedding liquid immediately.

Electric compressors are not dependent on engine RPM (revolutions per minute), and hence this provides us with new control opportunities because we can request the compressor speed independent of the engine speed.

Along with these technologies, we will also see improvements in reduced noise during operation. There is no limit to the opportunities for climate technology in the future as new ideas become more affordable. It’s an exciting time to be involved in automotive climate control as the concept of the motor car evolves to the next phase. n

Energy efficiency is always a focus. Technological advances are allowing us to downsize a major component like a compressor by adding technology such as internal heat exchangers that make use of lost heat to improve the quality of refrigerant to the thermal expansion (TX) valve. Any technology than can reduce load, minimise fuel consumption, and reduce tailpipe emissions is always a focus for our team. Smart strategies that also minimise loads, like recirculation mode and engine programs to help warm up coolant faster and improve driveline efficiency, are also widely implemented. As engine capacities reduce to improve fuel consumption, we are constantly challenged to invent new strategies and controls to deliver outcomes with reduced engine torque and capacity. Strategies to open/close windows and turn systems on/off while the vehicle is parked reduce heat load and purge the cabin space in preparation for occupant return – features like this are now being included in most new models.

Ford Australia climate testing in a range of conditions – Coober Pedy (South Australia).

May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 13

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14 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017 HVAC HP Be Impressed 220X150 NoBleed v1.indd 1

19/10/2015 12:23 pm

HVAC&R

MODULE

101

Skills Workshop PROUDLY SPONSORED BY

UPDATE

ON NEW REFRIGERANTS DESIGNATIONS AND SAFETY CLASSIFICATIONS

STANDARD 34 ASHRAE Standard 34, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, establishes a simple means of referring to common refrigerants rather than by their chemical name, formula, or trade name. ASHRAE assigns numbers and safety classification to the refrigerants based on toxicity and flammability data submitted by the refrigerant’s producer.

For flammability, there are three classifications and one subclass. The three main flammability classifications are class 1, for refrigerants that do not propagate a flame when tested as per the standard; class 2, for refrigerants of lower flammability; and class 3, for highly flammable refrigerants such as the hydrocarbons.

HAZARD CLASSIFICATION

Although there are classifications, there are extreme ambient conditions which, coupled with the refrigerant nature, can lead to higher toxicity.

Standard 34 assigns an identifying reference letter and number to each refrigerant to classify it according to the hazard involved in its use.

ASHRAE Standard 34 R

Examples using the methane series of refrigerants

F = Number Fluorine atoms H+1 = Number of Hydrogen atoms + 1

C-1 = Number of Carbon atoms -1 (omit if zero)

R10

CC = Number of unstaturated Carbon-Carbon bonds (omit if zero)

R11

r in e

r in

o Flu

R20

R30

R21

R12 1

ASHRAE’S NUMBERING SYSTEM

R40

R31

R22

R13 0

R50

R42

R32

R23

R14 0

Isomers (molecule with the same chemical formula as another molecule but with a different chemical structure) are identified with a lower case letter

For example, Standard 34 defines two safety classifications for toxicity. Class A denotes refrigerants of lower toxicity, and class B denotes refrigerants of higher toxicity.

Refrigerants having the form R-4xxx are zeotropic (blends of two or more refrigerants whose liquid phase and vapor phase always have different composition), while those with the form R-5xxx are azeotropes (blends of refrigerants whose liquid phase and vapor phase have the same compositions at a specific pressure).

For pure compounds, the numbers are based on chemical formula. For blends, numbers are assigned sequentially based on the completion of a satisfactory review of data provided by the refrigerant’s producer. Information is available in the current edition, ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 34–2016.

Refrigerants are numbered with an R-, followed by the ASHRAE-assigned number.

The capital letter designates a toxicity class based on allowable exposure. The numeral denotes flammability.

after the number (for example, R-134a). Refrigerant blends having the same pure components but with different compositions are identified with an upper case letter after the number (for example, R-401A and R-401B).

The purpose of this fact sheet is to provide an update on ASHRAE standards for refrigerants and to introduce the new refrigerants that have been awarded an «R» number over the last few years and introduced into the international market.

Ch lo

PULLOUT

Curated by ASHRAE and UN Environment, the purpose of this month’s Skills Workshop is to provide an update on ASHRAE standards for refrigerants. The factsheet introduces the new refrigerants that have entered the international market and been awarded an «R» number over the past few years.

H H C H H Methane R–50 (CH4)

Hydrogen

May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 15

➲ HVAC&R Skills Worskhop ASHRAE recently updated the safety classification matrix to include a new flammability subclass 2L, for flammability class 2 refrigerants that burn very slowly. Some HFOs, which have very low global warming potential, are mildly flammable and are classified as A2L. This indicates that they are of lower toxicity and have low burning velocity

ASHRAE Standard 34

– Basis of standard Safety group classifications Increasing flammability

Safety Group Higher flammability Lower flammability No flame propagation

A2L*

B2L*

Lower toxicity

Higher toxicity

NEW REFRIGERANTS

Increasing Toxicity * A2L and B2L are lower flammability refrigerants with a maximum burning velocity of ≤3.9 in./s (10cms)

STANDARD 15 ASHRAE Standard 15, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems, sets forth requirements to help protect people and property where refrigeration facilities are located. Further information is available in the current edition, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15–2016. Personal injury and property damage can result from a number of origins, such as rupture of a part with flying debris, release of refrigerant from a fracture or fire resulting from or intensified by burning, or deflagration of escaping refrigerant or lubricant. In addition, personal injury can result from the accidental release of refrigerants in inadequately ventilated spaces; narcotic and cardiac sensitisation effects; toxic effects of vapor or the decomposition products due to vapor contact with flames or hot surfaces; corrosive attack on the eyes, skin, or other tissue; or freezing of tissue by contact with liquid.

The following tables list the approved refrigerant numbers from the latest edition of Standard 34 and addenda that were assigned from 2010 onward. Global Warming Potential data listed in the table are taken from Tables 3 and 4 of 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, Chapter 29. Safety Group classifications are taken from Tables 4-1 and 4-2 of Standard 34, and temperature data are taken from Tables D-1 and D2 of Standard 34.

Refrigerants Number

Chemical Name

Safety Groupa

Global Warming Potential (GWP100b)

Normal Boiling Point, °F (°C)a

Unsaturated Organic Compounds 1130(E)

trans-1,2-dichloroethene

N/Ac

117.9 (47.7)

1233zd(E)

trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene

N/Ac

64.6 (18.1)

1234ze(E)

trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene

A2L

-2.2 (-19.0)

1336mzz(Z)

cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexaflouro-2-butene

N/Ac

91.4 (33.4)

Global Warming Potential (GWP100b)

Normal Boiling Point, °F (°C)a

Refrigerant blends Number

Chemical Name

Safety Groupa

Azetropes 511A

R-290/E170 (95.0/5.0)

-43.7 (-42.1)

512A

R-134a/152a (5.0/95.0)

190

-11.2 (-24.0)

513A

R-1234yf/134a (56.0/44.0)

N/Ac

-20.6 (-29.2)

513B

R-1234yf/134a (58.5/41.5)

N/Ac

-20.6 (-29.2)

514A

R-1336mzz(Z)/1130(E) (74.7/25.3)

N/Ac

84.2 (29.0)

515A

R-1234ze(E)/227ea (88.0/12.0)

N/Ac

-2.0 (-18.9)

16 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

HVAC&R Skills Worskhop Refrigerant blends Numbera

Safety Groupa

Chemical Namea

Global Warming Potential (GWP100b)

Bubble Point °F

1800 N/Ac N/Ac 3000 N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac 2000 150 ~20 1900 N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac N/Ac

-51.0 -20.6 -48.5 -48.8 -26.9 -35.3 -43.2 -61.6 -13.9 -43.4 -51.7 -48.6 -29.7 -48.3 -58.5 -56.9 -56.7 -58.2 -50.6 -50.8 -51.0 -48.3 -10.1 -23.4 -23.8 -52.6 -59.8 -53.5 -44.0 -55.1 -59.6 -50.8 -60.9 -22.7 -44.9 -39.6 -58.6 -47.2 -48.3 -49.4

Dew Point °F

Bubble Point °C

Dew Point °C

-39.5 -17.0 -35.7 -42.7 -20.6 -24.7 -33.5 -61.2 -11.7 -4.7 -39.8 -42.2 -11.7 -30.8 -10.3 -47.2 -47.6 -50.8 -39.6 -39.8 -40.4 -36.6 -9.0 -22.9 -23.1 -45.8 -58.5 -47.6 -31.0 -42.9 -58.0 -36.0 -38.4 -14.1 -31.9 -26.3 -55.5 -33.0 -35.0 -34.8

-46.1 -29.2 -44.7 -44.9 -32.7 -37.4 -41.8 -52.0 -25.5 -41.9 -46.5 -44.8 -34.3 -44.6 -50.3 -49.4 -49.3 -50.1 -45.9 -46.0 -46.1 -44.6 -23.4 -30.8 -31.0 -47.0 -51.0 -47.5 -42.2 -48.4 -50.9 -46.0 -51.6 -30.4 -42.7 -39.8 -50.3 -44.0 -44.6 -45.2

-39.7 -27.2 -37.6 -41.5 -29.2 -31.5 -36.4 -51.8 -24.3 -20.4 -39.9 -41.2 -24.3 -34.9 -23.5 -44.0 -44.2 -46.0 -39.8 -39.9 -40.2 -38.1 -22.8 -30.5 -31.0 -43.2 -50.3 -44.2 -35.0 -41.6 -50.0 -37.8 -39.1 -25.6 -35.5 -32.4 -48.6 -36.1 -37.2 -37.1

Zeotropes

PULLOUT

407F 407G 407H 417B 417C 419B 422E 439A 440A 441A 442A 443A 444A 444B 445A 446A 447A 447B 448A 449A 449B 499C 450A 451A 451B 452A 452B 452C 453A 454A 454B 454C 455A 456A 457A 458A 459A 459B 460A 460B

R-32/125/134a (30.0/30.0/40.0) R-32/125/134a (2.5/2.5/95.0) R-32/125/134a (32.5/15.0/52.5) R-125/134a/600 (79.0/18.3/2.7) R-125/134a/600 (19.5/78.8/1.7) R-125/134a/E170 (48.5/48.0/3.5) R-125/134a/600a (58.0/39.3/2.7) R-32/125/600a (50.0/47.0/3.0) R-290/134a/152a (0.6/1.6/97.8) R-170/290/600a/600 (3.1/54.8/6.0/36.1) R-32/125/134a/152a/227ea (31.0/31.0/30.0/3.0/5.0) R-1270/290/600a (55.0/40.0/5.0) R-32/152a/1234ze(E) (12.0/5.0/83.0) R-32/152a/1234ze(E) (41.5/10.0/48.5) R-744/134a/1234ze(E) (6.0/9.0/85.0) R-32/1234ze(E)/600 (68.0/29.0/3.0) R-32/125/1234ze(E) (68.0/3.5/28.5) R-32/125/1234ze(E) (68.0/8.0/24.0) R-32/125/1234yf/134a/1234ze(E) (26.0/26.0/20.0/21.0/7.0) R-32 /125 /1234yf /134a (24.3/24.7/25.3/25.7) R-32/125/1234yf/134a (25.2/24.3/23.2/27.3) R-32/125/1234yf/134a (20.0/20.0/31.0/29.0) R-134a/1234ze(E) (42.0/58.0) R-1234yf/134a (89.8/10.2) R-1234yf/134a (88.8/11.2) R-32/125/1234yf (11.0/59.0/30.0) R-32/125/1234yf (67.0/7.0/26.0) R-32/125/1234yf (12.5/61.0/26.5) R-32/125/134a/227ea/600/601a (20.0/20.0/53.8/5.0/0.6/0.6) R-32/1234yf (35.0/65.0) R-32/1234yf (68.9/31.1) R-32/1234yf (21.5/78.5) R-744/32/1234yf (3.0/21.5/75.5) R-32/134a/1234ze(E) (6.0/45.0/49.0) R-32/1234yf/152a (18.0/70.0/12.0) R-32/125/134a/227ea/236fa (20.5/4.0/61.4/13.5/0.6) R-32/1234yf/1234ze(E) (68.0/26.0/6.0) R-32/1234yf/1234ze(E) (21.0/69.0/10.0) R-32/125/134a/1234ze(E) (12.0/52.0/14.0/22.0) R-32/125/134a/1234ze(E) (28.0/25.0/20.0/27.0)

A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A1 A2 A2 A3 A1 A3 A2L A2L A2L A2L A2L A2L A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2L A2L A1 A2L A1 A1 A2L A2L A2L A2L A1 A2L A1 A2L A2L A1 A1

Source: ASHRAE Standard 34 Source: 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals c “N/A” indicates a refrigerant for which no GWP information is currently available in the ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. Data on some of these refrigerants may be found in reports of the Refrigeration Technical Options Committee, or, for blends, the GWP may be calculated from the GWP of the pure compounds. a

This list is not intended to be complete or definitive. Please refer to the latest edition of ASHRAE Standard 34 and all published addenda for complete information on refrigerant designations and safety classifications.

Red Shaded cells indicate refrigerants added since the previous version of the Factsheet.

ASHRAE AND UN ENVIRONMENT COOPERATION UN Environment, represented by the Economy Division (OzonAction), and ASHRAE have a Memorandum of Understanding to establish technical cooperation and mutual coordination toward providing professional technical services to the refrigeration and airconditioning

PROUDLY SPONSORED BY

MORE INFORMATION

stakeholders (governmental, private, and public). The organizations work to ensure that up- to-date related technical information and standards are properly introduced and promoted. ASHRAE is a worldwide technical society of more than 57,000 individual members.

This month’s Skills Workshop is provided by ASHRAE and UN Environment. For more information, go to www.ashrae.org

Next month: Safety update May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 17

DAIKIN VRV AHU AN INDUSTRY FIRST VRV AHU DESIGNED AND ENGINEERED BY DAIKIN, CREATES NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR APPLYING VRV INTO RETAIL, OFFICES, CINEMAS AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS WITH LARGE OPEN SPACESV IV Heat Pump offers greater design flexibility, improved energy with Variable Refrigerant Temperature -performance Available in two types, Standard Series or Outdoor Air Series - Daikin’s VRV AHU are paired with VRV IV Heat Pump outdoor units for superior EER & COP performance - Harnesses all features of VRV IV Heat Pump including Variable Refrigerant Technology (VRT)*, Daikin’s Inverter Technology and connection to BM systems

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STANDARD SERIES CAPACITY RANGE

AIRFLOW RANGE

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171.4kW 7,800L/S

- Optional EC Plug Fan for improved energy efficiency and precise airflow control

OUTDOOR AIR SERIES

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23.0kW 566L/S

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CAPACITY RANGE

AIRFLOW RANGE

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› Long pipe runs of up to 165m › Custom configurations possible to suit site constraints

Visit commercial.daikin.com.au or call us on 1300 368 300

18 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

*Applies only to Standard Series models

Fly Guy

TONES FROM HOMES Guitar company Paul Reed Smith experiments with “reclaimed” woods for its latest release.

more than 100 years old. PRS Guitars senior wood manager Michael Reid says the materials were chosen for their density, unique aesthetic, and history. “The forest has come full circle, so to speak. I like to think using this wood showcases Brazil’s rich history of music and guitar making,” says Reid. “Reclaiming these timbers also allows me to personally make a contribution to sustaining and celebrating Brazil’s resources.” The company says that Peroba Rosa and Brauna Preto adds a bit of punch to the warm, full sound of the CE24 Semi-Hollow and S2 Vela Semi-Hollow guitars. Also, to add a touch of unique character to each guitar, any holes or signs of wear have been left as is.

Guitars were constructed from wood reclaimed from these old homes.

The back of the CE24's body is natural finish mahogany, while the 24-fret, 25-inch-scale neck is maple. The humbucking pickups are both PRS 85/15s. Other features include a tremolo bridge, nickel hardware, and the iconic "old school" birds inlays on the fretboard.

The Paul Reed Smith “Reclaimed Vintage” CE24 (left) and SE (right) models.

Paul Reed Smith (PRS) Guitars is no stranger to incorporating exotic woods into its fretted creations. However, this new release steps things up a notch, making use of wood from a one-of-a-kind source.

The S2 Vela also has a mahogany back, but features a 22-fret, 25-inch-scale mahogany neck. There's a Starla humbucking pickup at the bridge and a Type-D single coil pickup at the neck.

PRS has unveiled a limited run of its popular CE24 and S2 Vela semi-hollow six-string electrics, made from wood native to Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Interestingly, no trees were chopped down in the creation of these instruments – instead, the wood was reclaimed from old buildings. The “Reclaimed Limited” guitars showcase two exotic wood species – Peroba Rosa and Brauna Preto. Native to the Atlantic Forest, these woods are typically

An exclusive release, PRS is capping production of the Reclaimed Limited series to 600 instruments. The company have slapped a RRP of US$1,599 on the CE24, while S2 Vela comes in at $1,249. Aussie buyers can expect to fork out between AU$2500–3000. For more information, go to www.prsguitars.com n

May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 19

➲ Feature

The rooftop plant at the Rundle Street Palace Nova Cinema in Adelaide plays a key role cooling eight cinemas.

BOX OFFICE SUCCESS A major rede velopment o f Adelaide’s P complex inc alace Nova c ludes an inn inema ovative HVAC reduced the system desig load on the n that has mechanical from 250 am s e rv ic es switchboa ps to just 84 rd . Sean McGo wan reports . Located in Rundle Street in the heart of Adelaide’s CBD, the Palace Nova Eastend Cinema complex was originally constructed in 1996 and featured four large cinemas, three of which accommodated around 160 seats each. But over the past 18 years of its operation, the cinema industry gradually changed. Higher rent together with changes in cinema patronage habits, the move to digital projectors and a higher volume of movies on offer from around the world resulted in Palace Nova deciding to redevelop the facility in 2013. ITN Architects was charged with the task of converting the four large cinemas into eight new smaller cinemas with smaller capacities. And having been involved with Palace Nova cinema for over 20 years, Meinhardt Consulting Engineers was engaged to provide the mechanical services design.

“The cinema industry, like many others, is about change – and this project is about that change,” says Bob Ellis, F.AIRAH, general manager of Meinhardt Consulting Engineers. ITN’s design sees a major redevelopment of the 3,000m² complex, with the two largest cinemas – Cinema 9 and Cinema 12 – now seating 102 and 82 patrons, respectively. The remaining six cinemas decrease in size, with the smallest seating just 19 patrons.

FOUR TO EIGHT The original 160-seat cinema was conditioned by twin compressors and a 65kW air conditioning unit complete with return-air fans and economy cycle. However, this plant was determined to not be suitable for the redevelopment and was therefore demolished.

20 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

The final mechanical services design centred on the use of pre-coolers to pre-treat outside air, which in turn would allow the size of the split-ducted air conditioning units serving the cinemas to be reduced in size.

Ellis says the cinema complex required individual air conditioners and controls for each cinema, with the new plant needing to fit within the existing projector room. This space had become available following the introduction of digital projection in lieu of reels. “We re-used the existing Bio-box (projector room), and it was extremely tight to get all of the equipment and ductwork to fit,” he says.

Feature Extensive modelling at the design stage was used to ensure that all equipment fitted within this space.

Palace Nova Cinema, Rundle Street.

Internal and external noise levels were also critical to the mechanical services design given the cinema complex’s proximity to an adjacent multi-storey apartment building. “During the design phase, we concluded that the 45kW (rooftop) air conditioning unit required for the larger cinemas was too noisy for the neighbours,” says Ellis. “This caused a rethink to see how we could use 30kW units, which were much quieter.” In addition, the Meinhardt team was faced with the limitations of the existing mechanical services switchboard, which provided for only 250 amps, and had been known to trip on days of peak demand. Although a design using air-to-air heat exchangers was considered, it was deemed to be more expensive and would add weight to the rooftop structure. Rather, the final mechanical services design centred on the use of pre-coolers to pre-treat outside air, which in turn would allow the size of the split-ducted air conditioning units serving the cinemas to be reduced in size. Meinhardt also engineered new structural steelwork to support the new rooftop plant, as well as access walkways and ladders.

“However, we are significantly increasing our capacity with Air Off at the pre-cooler at 17°C to 19°C,” says Ellis.

PRE-COOLING

Both pre-coolers have been fitted with variable-speed drives (VSDs) to increase or decrease the outside airflow depending on the cinema’s CO2 levels. This reduces fan energy requirements and noise levels.

The final HVAC design sees outside air introduced to the space via two pre-cooling indirect evaporative cooler units. Each supplies 1100 L/s of outside air directly into the return air plenum of the units serving the four largest cinemas. The design was based on providing outside air to the unit at 24°CDB (dry bulb).

Excess conditioned air from the cinemas is used to pre-cool the complex’s entry foyer.

CINEMA CONTROL

The lower airflow through the pre-cooler also leads to lower Air Off temperatures.

A new building management system (BMS) has also been installed.

“On Christmas day, when the ambient temperature was 40°C and low wet bulb, we had an Air Off condition of 14.2°CDB,” Ellis says.

Located in the plantroom, it is connected to the cinema office where time scheduling can be programmed on a weekly basis from the manager’s desktop computer.

In this way, the performance of the pre-coolers has exceeded the design team’s expectations. Pre-cooler.

Palace Nova’s smaller cinemas, which require outside air rates of between 200 to 300 L/s, are served by smaller dedicated reverse-cycle air conditioning units.

Further energy efficiencies have been achieved through the selection of the split-ducted air conditioning units serving the cinemas. These feature capacity control via a variable-capacity compressor, and have been fitted with EC-plug (electronically commutated) supply air fans, variable-speed condenser fan and electronic TX valves.

The cinema manager has been given control of temperature set-points and the on/off schedule. The BMS remains in control of room temperature and CO2 levels in the cinemas. Additionally, the BMS trend logs outside air temperatures and the Air Off temperatures for all air conditioning units and pre-coolers. The pre-cooler drives, compressor running and capacity control is also logged.

Building management system (BMS).

May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 21

➲ Feature BEFORE

The air conditioning redesign has had a positive effect on the cinema and has provided substantial energy benefits.

PROJECT AT A GLANCE THE EQUIPMENT AFTER

BMS: D-Stal/Schneider Fans: Fantech Grilles: Smart Air Pre-coolers: Seeley Climate Wizard Split-ducted units: Temperzone Split A/C units: Mitsubishi Electric

THE PERSONNEL Architect: ITN (Aidan Halloran) Client: Palace Nova Cinemas (Barry Peak) Contractor/builder: Mossop Group (Grant Mossop) Controls: D-Stal (Anton Holmes) Mechanical services consultant: Meinhardt Consulting Engineers (Bob Ellis, F.AIRAH) Mechanical services contractor: Climat Commercial (Dean Murray) From four to eight – the before/after floorplans for the Rundle Street Palace Nova Cinema.

CAPITAL AND ENERGY SAVINGS

smaller duct sizes. Lower internal and external noise also meant that the size of acoustic barriers for the rooftop plant was also reduced.

“Prior to starting on the works, the system was drawing 250 amps. It is now operating on 84 amps,” says Ellis.

Meinhardt’s design has delivered energy savings with no additional capital cost to the project.

Importantly, the need to upgrade the sub-main was also avoided.

Final kW/h savings are yet to be confirmed, but Ellis says they are expected to be significant.

Although additional costs were incurred (the pre-cooler units, rooftop support platform and BMS controls), these have been outweighed by the cost savings associated with the reduction in size of the refrigerated air conditioning units.

Within just a few weeks of operation, the system’s performance had greatly exceeded the design team’s expectations.

“The air conditioning redesign has had a positive effect on the cinema and has provided substantial energy benefits,” he says. n

The smaller units also allowed the equipment to fit within the new plantroom, and resulted in

LESSONS LEARNED “When designing the system in Adelaide, we normally calculate a cooling level so we can be confident that we will have sufficient heating capacity,” says Bob Ellis, F.AIRAH. “With the reduction in unit size due to the pre-cooler, we needed to check the heating load closely.”

22 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

Smaller refrigerated AC units resulted in smaller duct sizes.

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www.blygold.com.au May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 23

➲ Around the nation 1

FAMILIAR FACE PROMOTED AT FUJITSU

AIRAH company member Fujitsu General Australia has announced the appointment of Philip Perham to the position of managing director. Perham steps up from his current position of deputy managing director, where he has played a role in the executive team for eight years. Toru Ishizuka will remain on the executive team in the capacity of chairman, providing counsel to Fujitsu General management. “Philip has been working with Fujitsu General for nearly 18 years and has made invaluable contributions in many areas of the company during this time,” says Ishizuka. “However, more importantly during his eight-year tenure as deputy managing director, he has been at the heart of the executive team with heavy involvement in the planning and implementation of our organisation’s evolution.” n

AC FIRE FORCES DRAMATIC RESCUE

A Melbourne father has been praised by firefighters after rescuing his son in a dramatic house fire caused by an air conditioning unit in the roof. According to MFB North Laverton station officer Rod O'Sullivan, the mother was woken by sounds of the fire. When she investigated the second floor, she found it engulfed in flames. One child woke up and made their way downstairs but when the second child couldn't be stirred, the father went upstairs to rescue him. The man suffered burns to his feet while saving his son, which O'Sullivan hails as a "pretty good effort". According to the officer, most roof fires are caused by air conditioning units.

"It's a lot of factors but being up in the roof, they tend to be a major cause of house fires," says O’Sullivan. "The bearings seize up in them and no one notices because it's out of sight and out of mind, so it's in the middle of the night that these things can happen." n

CALLS FOR APPRENTICE ACTION

The National Electrical and Communications Association (NECA) supports calls from three peak business bodies for decisive government action on Australia’s apprenticeship system. Following the joint release from the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI), Ai Group, and the Business Council of Australia, NECA CEO Suresh Manickam is calling on the government to avert a crisis in the apprenticeship system to ensure that the number of Australians commencing and completing apprenticeships do not continue to decline. “A key challenge for the electrical contracting sector as we move towards the next decade is the critical supply of skilled electrical workers,” says Manickam. “With the retirement of highly skilled and long-term workers, not enough places are being filled by the next generation of up and coming apprentices. NECA has strongly supported reforms made to the Vocational Education and Training (VET) sector by this government, which has started to turn around the mess of the former VET FEE-HELP system, whilst removing rogue training providers that failed the industry.” Manickham also stresses that more needs to be done in order to ensure that pathways can continue to be accessed by potential apprentices, across all age groups. Figures released by the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER) for the September 2016 quarter continue to show a year-on-year decline, with 278,500 apprentices and trainees in-training at September 30, 2016. n

24 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

MOULD CAUSES ICU MELTDOWN

Ipswich Hospital’s intensive care unit was recently forced to shut down after mould was discovered in the air conditioning system. Six patients were transferred out of the ICU, while West Moreton Hospital and Health Service confirmed two patients were relocated to other hospitals while vents, ducts, and ceiling tiles were replaced. Infections specialist Rashmi Dixit says the report showed the mould outbreak had reached a level and concentration that was potentially hazardous to people with weakened immune systems. "That would include patients on chemotherapy for cancer, patients with organ or bone marrow transplants or patients with untreated HIV," says Dixit. "Those patients once in a blue moon enter our intensive care unit. Patients and staff can sometimes have allergic reactions to mould but most of the mould people get infected with is mould that's in their own body when they come into a hospital. Mould is everywhere, it's inside and outside every environment that we're in. Every single day we breathe in amounts of different types of moulds." The AC system was serviced and the unit was thoroughly cleaned before the ICU was cleared to reopen. n

HEAT IS ON IN MELBOURNE

If a heatwave hit Melbourne and caused power blackouts, most apartment buildings would have indoor temperatures exceeding international health standards. The prediction comes according to a new report that calls for Australia to adopt standards to protect occupants against heat stress.

Around the nation 5

For the study, researchers at the University of Melbourne modelled six common apartment designs in the city, and all six failed standards for new buildings set in France, the UK, Germany, and the US. There are no health standards to guard against heat stress in the Building Code of Australia. “The research highlights to the public that heat stress inside apartments is a real issue, and that we need to do more to control for this, not only in new buildings, but also for existing buildings,” says lead researcher Chris Jensen from the Melbourne School of Design. “It isn't a new problem, but climate change science expects more frequent and possibly longer heatwaves, so the health risk is only going to increase. “What we need to be concerned about are existing apartment buildings that lack air conditioning and are susceptible to overheating, but we also need to be concerned about most buildings should a heatwave coincide with a power black-out, which would eliminate all air conditioning.” Jensen says that just as all Australian buildings have energy ratings, the government should introduce “summer comfort” ratings on apartments to reduce heat stress for occupants and incentivise owners to upgrade. France introduced “summer comfort” standards after the 2003 heatwave there is estimated to have caused more than 14,800 deaths, with the elderly particularly vulnerable. n

TASSIE NEEDS MORE TRAINEES

Latest figures show the number of Tasmanians in apprenticeships and traineeships has plummeted Master Builders Tasmania says the industry has the capacity to employ up to 900 more apprentices, provided businesses are able to afford to take them on. Latest figures from the National Centre for Vocational Education and Research show there were 7800 Tasmanians in apprenticeships and traineeships in the September quarter last year, down from 12,200 five years ago. Master Builders estimates the industry can accommodate about 2000 apprentices, or 10 per cent of the total workforce.

Master Builders Tasmania executive director Michael Kerschbaum says several factors are contributing to the decline in apprenticeships, including a 2013 Fair Work Australia decision to raise apprentice pay rates.

“In a nutshell, it’s an affordability issue as far as the Tasmanian building and construction sector is concerned,” says Master Builders executive director Michael Kerschbaum. “What we are probably seeing for the first time in our sector is a pick-up in employment numbers not being associated with a pick-up in apprenticeship numbers. We are seeing more workers from interstate, unskilled labourers and people are working longer hours.” n

SAFETY MENTORING KICKS OFF

SafeWork NSW has launched its 2017 Mentor Program, with 80 NSW businesses committing to improving safety in their workplaces. The Mentor Program is free and involves an experienced business pairing with a small business to find new ways to improve work health and safety, workers compensation and injury management. SafeWork NSW acting deputy executive director Jodie Deakes says the program not only helps businesses improve safety, but also their competitiveness and productivity.

A warehouse fire at an air conditioning factory in Rowville, Victoria, has resulted in millions of dollars worth of damage. The Environment Protection Authority also issued a warning for the nearby Dandenong Creek after it was contaminated by water from the fire. Rowville Fire Brigade senior station officer Tim Van Den Driest says the warehouse was fully alight with flames coming out of the roof when they arrived at the scene. “It was significant – a large building with a lot of product inside and it’s a total loss,” says Van Den Driest. With support from neighbouring brigades, the fire was brought under control in three hours. Van Den Driest estimates the damage bill to reach $3–4 million. The warehouse also contained hazardous material including gas cylinders, some of which exploded during the fire, but no firefighters were injured. n

“The Mentor Program brings big and small businesses together to create new ways of tackling safety in the workplace,” says Deakes. “Mentors are some of the country's leading health and safety professionals and they understand the work health and safety challenges mentees face on a daily basis. They can suggest innovative solutions to common safety, injury management and workers compensation issues.” The SafeWork Mentor Program runs for three to six months and involves a series of site visits, advisory sessions, and workshops.

BLAZE RESULTS IN HUGE DAMAGE BILL

NEW ADDITIONS AT COOLCHAIN

HVAC&R wholesalers Coolchain has welcomed three new members to its group. Joining the group are Mike Barnett and his team from Davis and Spence add three branches in Newcastle/Hunter region; Brad Jones from Refrigeration Supplies Australia Pty Ltd in Geelong, Victoria; and Paul Stevenson of Northern Airconditioning Pty Ltd located in Townsville, Queensland. Coolchain says all members bring a wide variety of experience and product range to the group, spanning back to the 1950s.

SafeWork NSW also conducts free advisory and educational sessions across a variety of safety and injury management topics. For further information on the SafeWork NSW Mentor Program, go to www.safework.nsw.gov.au n

Coolchain now have 16 branches and plan to expand to 20 by the year 2020. For more information, go to www.coolchain.net.au n

May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 25

➲ AIRAH News

REFRIGERATION RECORD-BREAKER

Keynote speaker Bruce Nelson, M.AIRAH, with AIRAH CEO Tony Gleeson, M.AIRAH.

Taking place at Melbourne’s Etihad Stadium, AIRAH held its first major event for the year – the Refrigeration 2017 Conference. Headlined by a brace of international keynotes speakers, the two-day conference attracted a record-breaking number of delegates.

Refrigeration 2017 Conference

Now established as the leading gathering place for the Australian refrigeration industry’s leading minds and trendsetters, the Refrigeration 2017 Conference looked at the state of the industry, how it may respond to the challenges initiated by COP 21 and the global HFC phase-down, and how this will impact upon educators, legislators, regulators, end users, engineers, consultants and technicians. Melbourne’s Etihad Stadium provided an eye-catching the backdrop for the two-day event, which attracted a record 150-plus delegates. Labelling the event a bona-fide success, AIRAH CEO Tony Gleeson, M.AIRAH, says Refrigeration 2017 highlights AIRAH’s commitment to help shape an efficient, productive and resilient industry. “Although we didn’t quite reach Etihad Stadium’s 50,000 capacity, we’re still extremely pleased with the turnout and reception from all delegates at Refrigeration 2017,” Gleeson says. “At a key juncture for the refrigeration industry, the conference rganising committee led by Stefan Jensen, F.AIRAH, was committed to curating a program that addressed the most critical issues from both an Australian and international perspective. “Those in attendance have the capability to shape the refrigeration space for years to come. So to have these influencers gathered in the one space, and to witness so much robust conversation throughout the two days was wonderful to see.” Opening proceedings on day one, vice-chair of European natural refrigerant initiative Eurammon Monika Witt outlined the role of natural refrigerants in the future. Providing an update on the situation in Europe, Witt outlined the status of refrigerants, the steps required to meet climate targets, and other aspects to consider for a sustainable future.

“Using HFOs is simply ‘quick fix’,” says Witt. “The future is natural. The smartest decision is to leapfrog other refrigerant options and turn to the natural choices.” President of US-based Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Bruce Nelson, M.AIRAH, headlined day two with a rousing keynote presentation on the “Donald Effect”. Nelson, vice-chair of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR), discussed the developments in low-charge ammonia refrigeration systems in light of an uncertain and shifting political environment following the inauguration of US President Donald Trump.

training, licensing, and the participation of women in the industry. “There’s evident concern surrounding the industry and its attractiveness as a career for those entering the workforce,” says AIRAH executive manager, government relations and technical services Phil Wilkinson, F.AIRAH. “Yet many in the room felt that now was an exciting time to get involved in refrigeration, as the uptake of CO2 and ammonia technologies becomes more commonplace. AIRAH looks forward to working with the key stakeholders in the space to promote this, and ultimately boost the number of skilled apprentices.”

“We need to make ammonia great again!” says Nelson. “The politics of climate change has driven the phase-out of HFCs via the EPA SNAP rule. However, the politics of public safety still limits application of ammonia and hydrocarbons. The “Donald Effect” on regulations and enforcement is unclear, but low-charge technology has expanded applications for ammonia.”

Wilkinson says two of the exciting facets of the conference were its decidedly international flavour, and its future focus.

Day two also provided arguably the most insightful session of the conference, as a panel consisting of Witt, Nelson, Robert Kebby from Honeywell, and Jan Dusek from

“It’s incredibly exciting that the vapour-compression cycle may not be the only option available to us.” n

Shecco discussed the international implications from COP21 and the future of the refrigeration industry. With questions opening up to the delegates, the session provided a platform for passionate – and at times, intense – discussions regarding

26 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

“One of the fantastic things about the conference was its distillation of the brilliant ideas and new technologies coming through,” Wilkinson says. “For example, non-refrigerant apparatus such as magnetic refrigeration was raised in discussion.

AIRAH thanks the sponsors of Refrigeration 2017 n A-Gas n Bitzer n Heatcraft The Refrigeration 2018 Conference is slated to be held in Sydney in March 2018.

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May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 27

➲ Green wedge

ON THE COURSE TO SUSTAINABILITY "You have to recognise that with a very fragile ecosystem such as that in a desert, you have to be very sensitive to the needs of local plant and wildlife, while being conscious that you’re also manipulating that environment,” says head of agronomy at Dubai’s Jumeirah Golf Estates Mark Tupling, who is also leading the greener golf course charge in the region.

Adopting a greener approach to keep golf greens green. To some, golf courses have the unenviable reputation of being water-guzzling environmental monstrosities. And, with water becoming an even more valuable commodity, course architects are going to great lengths to “shoot low” when it comes to water consumption.

A host of new courses designed by Greg Norman will all adopt this ecofriendly approach, sponsored the Dubai Sustainable Cities Summit.

Sitting atop of the leaderboard, UAE-based golf course superintendent Matthew Perry is pioneering sustainable methods to keep the Dubai Creek golf course in pristine condition, while using as little water as possible "The fact is, that in this region, most courses are using new thinking and all sorts of new tech to improve their environmental friendliness," says Perry. "When I first came to the Middle East a decade ago, that environmental thinking didn’t exist. If you wanted a green golf course, you just pumped millions of gallons of water on to it. But there’s been a complete turnaround."

Some of these include the use of rechargeable buggies, solar-powered clubhouses, organic fertilisers, run-off water stored in winter for use in summer, advanced irrigation, analytical software, and clever use of shade and natural ventilation. Courses have even gone as far as to genetically manipulate the turf, creating "Frankenstein grasses" that stay greener, grow slower, and tolerate sunlight better.

Perry believes courses in the Middle East now undertake the most advanced sustainability practices in the world.

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"This kind of thinking is the way the world is going, says Tupling. But if the UAE wants to be seen as a market leader, then its courses have to be market leaders too,” “And, that means moving towards more and more environmental development.” n

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Inspections g lates the 2.1 DEFI Level ated Exhaus pon ation of -porouparaticu system the like rocessin ct keepin and comm sho g – HVAC NITIO N com should be Description non filtration and minimum general refriger use and g g/p tion ly affeonora sense Any eam hygien OF HYG tres s filters are cial 1. Clean of ventila applic turin gener ace of tributin appro erse nstr lers e -ducted thea vitie spe y also ation HEPA ating rest ufac surf covere ach tion IENE LEVE g , adv requires coo requiremen con gor filters are Non system em of activit man the d ise ratin all dowies within to limitinacti respon No visible cate ative syst g conta LS classifited ts for ding g to s, ope bodies, When rated andor otherw theEven l ofs are specified rs a buildi minan dust, debris inan leve in AS Evapor in AS 1668.2the , It is not ugh n room erning everyday any unusual conta ng and promp t /cleanin e operato latory or other iene hav4260. deterio stream intend contam thro ectiondisinfe d. . and as clea r gov 2. Light tasks such contam hyg Only ed minat to tly this regu Guide . air ers ving that uire othe slightl to ion event such by the fouthe ination. nd recom the req cting), food the as cleani conflic greater ject line ions air mo and inspout asand ed operate s to no variatiy visible layer . em own with . ations ng (vacuu mend preparation t with submand ermine ent copyin they . Syst familiar debris ned of the formed applicat determin ons in densit of fine gener ied pon of this17 to detatory ems late theberequir clea emen unacceptabg may be inadve and docum ming, C system edComm which al dust comstanda rds iene Component y. cial use C syst they are ion in 12s carr be per ent consistent tered, ts of any of uldwithoun rtently introd ent printin par ticushoor HVA evaluat em oronwealth, le HVA conta a the C spe HVAC hyg surfac dict that pon in to requiremen State or enc Any these minants over the re t and le 2.3 syst beg HVA ls of e remain ucing , and with 3. 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Heavy spe em com High levels in some s, regu ples ending rate l HVA areas of l labo fungal nd sho system areas benea a syst through n for Sam of visible Dep ent and ry. activitie accumulated other contam aces ble interna deterio duct fou ng dust, debris ologica n as a assessm laborato or on take th the fine the myc fine debris ination When nd to be g pro rated surf ents of dust but ected ion in ily identifia uld be s for taki are ful to that cover , fibres or any tificatio sport, testing . Component insp in isolate sho iden taminat read the compo are fou n or linin deterio d compon system the cedure ssment d sectio be help indoor ples l, tran surface the ns may latio nent. is barely gal con but not ace sam nded pro ion asse cte n may from the in remova ated with not be. insu entire required. ents, if not at If fun ected, pon the affe the n surf omme taminat tificatiois a shif t is needed r all visible as coordin com d and ned and www.aira iden ned beneath re is susp ent, the . Rec . Clea con the contam ssm analysis fungal h.org.au species ether the ion. This ssment er and restore be clea ts and clea asse ed, by ination. Reference Fungal ine wh concentrat risk asse g own ratory ples for ix D. should taminan images confirm to be order labo ldin r per sam for the end been ssment, determ outdoo www.aira a pro n the bui hed in wing four define for con surface d in App em or ent has h.org.au d hygien to the to per form betwee be establis level follo . pon lytical asse cted syst ed. e levels detaile em d er inat gal com tion uld are provid affe ana the cte ord fun C syst rg. au ontam uld affe n or em or ed in Appen n municacleaner shoeptable cleaned 3. the HVA com ira h.o dix F. If a systobservatioinated the uld be decof a mo C ed and Section w.a rough an acc tion of the HVAermine ww visual contam ents sho ediation if a tho ken and aminat , see edia ont fied to det g and rem n dec be veri mould compon or rem ertaken n underta . 13 ion und bee ples has beel should cleanin system aminat only be has ted sam leve system ld or Decont should the system on limi rg. au e the hygiene to mou that is Onc ira h.o em system ent of ent based em due activity itory w.a ssm the syst Terr ww sed C syst asse assessm and HVA speciali the of a a State ents for not an ation ion is eline.

BE ST

HV AC

ID E GU

Local sand will be used for bunkers, native grasses will line the fairways, and trees destroyed in other construction projects will be replanted. To top it off, plants will be supported using a seaweed extract and greywater processed from sewage.

n vatio reno g or ildin ation 9. Bu ntamin 2.5. co

irem ination min taminat this Guid requ onta e: Dec robial conscope of e specific al contam hav microbi mic ide the may of outs ents control governm and rting repo

2.2. Ac cess for inspe ction

H YGI ENE

AIRAH’s HVAC Hygiene Best Practice Guidelines is available to purchase in hard copy. n Establishes the criteria for evaluating the internal cleanliness of HVAC system components n Clearly determines when cleaning is required, according to the building use n Describes the components of HVAC systems to be evaluated n Describes the types of contamination likely to be encountered and includes for post fire and flood damage assessments

n Specifies minimum inspection frequencies for various HVAC systems and components for scheduled maintenance programs

Purchase online at www.airah.org.au/store 28 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

AIRAH and industry classifieds Darwin Trade Night

EVENTS Perth Trade Night AIRAH Trade Nights are a great opportunity to broaden your networks and see the HVAC&R industry's latest innovations. Date: Thursday, May 25 Time: 4.00pm–7.00pm Venue: Gloucester Park, Golden Nugget Room, 3 Nelson Crescent, East Perth, WA Cost: Free

Western Sydney Trade Night AIRAH Trade Nights are a great opportunity to broaden your networks and see the HVAC&R industry's latest innovations.

AIRAH Trade Nights are a great opportunity to broaden your networks and see the HVAC&R industry's latest innovations. Date: Thursday, June 8 Time: 4.00pm–7.00pm Venue: Sky City Casino, Darwin, NT Cost: Free

Time: 4.00pm–7.00pm

AIRAH’s inaugural Building Physics Forum will focus on air movement, thermal performance, and the control of moisture across building envelopes. Date: Thursday, June 15 Venue: Stamford Plaza, 39 Edward Street (Corner of Edward and Margaret Streets), Grand Ballroom, Brisbane.

Venue: Rosehill Gardens, Western Sydney, NSW Cost: Free

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Learn about the equipment and systems used for HVAC-based fire and smoke control in buildings, as well as the legislated performance requirements for these systems.

Date: May 22–24 Venue: Oxford Cold Storage, Laverton, Vic

Date: Tuesday, May 9 Time: From 8.30am

The AIRAH Northern Territory division invites members and guests to its annual Golf Day at the Gardens Park Golf Links on June 9. Date: Friday, June 9 Time: TBA Venue: Gardens Park Golf Links, Chin Quan Road, The Gardens, Darwin

Building Physics Forum 2017

This three-day course is designed for plant operators who need to be aware of the potential hazards associated with ammonia and a sound knowledge of how an industrial ammonia plant is operated.

WA – Essential Safety Measures

Darwin Golf Day

Date: Thursday, June 1

Vic – Industrial Ammonia Plant Operations

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Learn about the equipment and systems used for HVAC-based fire and smoke control in buildings, as well as the legislated performance requirements for these systems.

Date: Tuesday, May 30 Time: From 8.30am Venue: Telstra Conference Centre, Level 1, 242 Exhibition Street, Melbourne, Vic

Date: Tuesday, May 16 Time: From 8.30am Venue: Primus Hotel, 339 Pitt Street, Sydney, NSW

HVAC&R Nation is offering a free industry classified service!

Send in your submissions, text only – no images or logos.

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Whether you are looking, selling, trading or tendering – HVAC&R Nation classifieds is the best way to spread the word!

BREAK THE MOULD, OR LET IT BREAK YOU!

DA20

THE AU

INS TIT

REFRIG UTE OF

N, ERATIO

ND AIR CO

ITIONIN

HE ATI G AND

AIR COND

ITIONING,

COOLING

AND COMF

ORT IN HOT

HUMID TROPIC

AL CLIMA TES

DA20

Building de and system sign selection 3.1 Section 3

DA20

Climate zones

AIR COND

ITIONING,

COOLING

based

on temper ■ Hot humid ature and summer humidity ■ Warm summer, ■ Hot dry summer, mid cold winter ■ Hot dry winter ■ Warm humid summer, cold summer winter ■ Mild/warm summer, cold winter Figure 2.2: Six Australia n Climate

Australia and New Zealand cold and hot-hum id regions with mixed demand betwee n

Residential

■ Hot-hum zones id (air ■ Cold (heating conditioning) ■ Mixed (heating required) and Figure 2.3:

ORT IN HOT

HUMID TROPIC

Note: The data contours are not as conditions, high as summer being only design average 3pm month and data year. and time periods Figures showing other for a particular months are available from the BoM.

Vapour Pressure, hPa DewPoint Temp, °C

19.0

20.4

21.7

23.0

24.1

25.2

26.2

27.2

DA20

36 hPa 34 hPa 32 hPa 30 hPa 28 hPa 26 hPa 24 hPa 22 hPa 20 hPa 18 hPa 16 hPa 14 hPa 12 hPa 10 hPa 8 hPa 6 hPa 4 hPa 2 hPa

3pm Vapour pressure (hPa) January 2013

Three zone

•

Ceiling fans are a low cost, option and low energy should be cooling conside They can be highly effectiv red where possible . e during the drier months Quality ceiling . insulation heat flows. reduces downw ard

Low-e glazing reduces internal Tropical location s can experie radiant heat. nce high diffuse • All externa radiation. l and internal should be lightly colouresolar exposed surfaces d. • Eaves on the norther n and reduce wall and window southern walls heat gains. • Externa lly shaded windows on oriented walls the east and reduce heat west load. • Shade trees to the east and west reduce heat • Low mass load. construction will time but may heat quicker cool quicker at night bridging should during the day. Therma be eliminat is used then l internal insulatioed. If high thermal Passive design particularly can improve n may be conside mass if the of building the internal red, Solar exposed building is to be s that are not conditions air conditio significantly air conditio ned. with summe high thermal masses ned reduce the should be r shading. cooling loads and can that are to provided be air conditio of building • Cooling s ned. breezes Well insulate elements such can be encouraged d roofs, optimal by design eaves both solar orientat to face breezes as wing walls. Avoid north and ion, overhan orienting building south, externa . on both east ging l window shades and west, shade s • Reflecti ventilated trees, and ve insulatio spaces large n should be openable windowfor naturally allowing free insulation used materials to air decrease the with other desirable. Light movement and cross-ve s with louvres absorption • Sealing ntilation are capacity and weight construction of heat. the building reduces thermal therefore cools to ensure vapour barrier quickly after encompasses a continuous sunset. The followin especially the building if the building g are all importa , strategies is to be air nt passive for building conditioned. If the building building design s in tropical of these strategi is to be air climates sealed and es reduces comfort in insulated and conditioned it should cooling loads . The application the building be well high perform provided with and improve : ance s well glazing. Outdoo positioned • Solar orientat incorporating r air ventilati ion on systems occupancy heat recover y should (i.e. the longer with long axis aligned spaces. be provide walls should east/west d in high and south) be oriented reduces the Infiltration to the north thermal load and window can s. on such as shoppinbe hard to minimise and solar hot This also provides optimal external walls g centres, shops, in building types water orientat (particularly photovoltaic restaurants, foyers) ions. hotels of doors. Positive and the like, with frequent opening pressuri (see 3.5.4) or air curtains sation is essential and air (see 3.5.5) can be utilised. locks •

3.2 Passive desi strategies gn

DITIONIN AL AIR CON IC P O R T ID M HU

••• 33

cooling)

heating/

One definitio n “areas where for the “Hot Humid Tropics” the summe temperature r outdoor design could be; exceeds the temperature”. indoor design dew-point Dew-point temperatures dry-bulb are a critical

introductio

This section discusses the and HVAC&R considerations designers that building must give and systems to designin for applicat g building Information ion in tropical and advice climates. is provided on Passive design strategies; Low energy design strategi es; Effects and design implicat of tropical climate charact ions eristics; • Building moisture migratio n design strategi • Design es; strategies for minimis the infiltrati ing and controll on of outdoo ing r air. This section also comfort system provides guidance selection includin on appropriate evaporative g; Ventilative air cooling, spot cooling cooling, refrigerative air and hybrid applications. conditioning,

AL CLIMA TES

HVAC system

cooling regions 2.2.3 Dewmap. point temp eratures in tropical regions

•••

AND COMF

consideration humid tropicalwhen designing comfort systems for summer dew-poclimates. The use of suitable maps hot int contour the likelines showing s are useful s of conden when assessin sation and g air moistur Figure 2.4 e content. shows pressure which the average 3pm January using the table. relates directly to dew-po vapour int tempera the BoM climateThese maps reflect ture zone and climate the information above but in quantifies classific ation the moistur and also shows e content in figures the drop in the air inland from moisture the and east coasts northern coastline content moving and down of Australia. the west

Northern Territory Zones. and Western have been Australia. Zones excluded are and tempera which known as desert, te zones (see grassland the whole Figure 2.1) of New ACT and Tasman South Wales, Southwhich include Australia, Victoria ia and large The tropical parts of , regions of Australia whichWestern Australia. zones and warm humid include hot portion of the total area zones add up to a significa humid of the contine nt nt. A climate analysis and zone mappin and heat pump g New Zealand devices carried out for air conditioners for for air conditiogovernments propose the Australian and d a three zone Mixed (Coolingning; Hot-humid (predom map heating) refer and heating) and Cold inantly cooling) to Figure 2.3. (predominantly

HUMID TROPICAL AIR CONDITIONING

AIRAH’s bestselling technical application manual, DA20, is available as a hard copy.

AN STR ALI

Figure 2.4:

Average 3pm

January vapour

2.2.4 Evap orative in tropical cooling

pressures.

APPL IC

AT IO N

MA NU

regions Evaporative air coolers are not suitable cooling in hot Zone 1. Evaporahumid tropical climates for comfort , see Figure tive air coolers coastal area 2.5 are suitable and most of in the souther see Zones the inland n 2 and 3. areas of Australi a,

n Simple user-friendly format n Covers the application, selection, design installation, commissioning, operation, and maintenance of AC and other comfort systems in hot humid tropical climates n Standardises and promotes best-practice design, installation, and management n Outlines principles and processes applicable to any building type or size in hot humid conditions. n A must-have design resource.

Order you copy online at www.airah.org.au/DAmanuals

May 2017 | www.airah.org.au/nation | HVAC&R Nation | 29

➲ The Lighter Side TRA THE AUS

This month’s Lighter Side is brought to you by DA20.

RIGE E OF REF

RATION

DITI , AIR CON

ONING

TING AND HEA

AIR CONDITIO

DA20

AIR CONDITIONI

NG, COOLING

AND COMFORT

IN HOT HUMID

and humidity

Zones which and Western Australia. Northern Territory are known as desert, grassland have been excluded (see Figure 2.1) which include zones Australia, Victoria, and temperate South Wales, South of Western Australia. the whole of New and large parts humid ACT and Tasmania of Australia which include hot up to a significant The tropical regions humid zones add zones and warm area of the continent. total portion of the for air conditioners and zone mapping the Australian and A climate analysis out for devices carried zone map a and heat pump proposed three cooling) New Zealand governments Hot-humid (predominantly for air conditioning; heating) and Cold (predominantly and Mixed (Cooling Figure 2.3. heating) refer to

You can check out the full suite of AIRAH DA Manuals at

New Zealand Australia and hot-humid cold and regions with mixed demand between

zones

system and cooling) ■ Mixed (heating (air conditioning) ■ Hot-humid required) ■ Cold (heating regions map. zone heating/cooling Figure 2.3: Three

Residential HVAC

t temperatures 2.2.3 Dew-poin regions in tropical could be;

•••

Tropics” for the “Hot Humid design dew-point One definition summer outdoor dry-bulb “areas where the the indoor design a critical temperature exceeds temperatures are temperature”. Dew-point

21.7

23.0

24.1

26.2

20.4

25.2

19.0

3pm Vapour pressure January 2013

(hPa)

Vapour Pressure, hPa Dew-

Point Temp, °C

n introductio

27.2

36 hPa 34 hPa 32 hPa 30 hPa 28 hPa 26 hPa 24 hPa 22 hPa 20 hPa 18 hPa 16 hPa 14 hPa 12 hPa 10 hPa 8 hPa 6 hPa 4 hPa 2 hPa

L CLIMATES

DA20

• •

January vapour

•

Ceiling fans are a low cost, option and low energy should be cooling considered They can be where possible. highly effective during the drier months. Quality ceiling insulation heat flows. reduces downward

Low-e glazing reduces internal Tropical locations radiant heat. can experience high diffuse All external radiation. and internal should be solar exposed lightly coloured. surfaces

3.2 Passiv e design strategies

pressures.

ve cooling 2.2.4 Evaporati regions in tropical for comfort

suitable 2.5 coolers are not Evaporative air climates, see Figure southern humid tropical suitable in the cooling in hot air coolers are Zone 1. Evaporative of the inland areas of Australia, most coastal area and 3. see Zones 2 and

ATI ON

MA NU

••• 33

LUNCH ENERGY-PACKED Can’t say we’ve seen this bit of a kit used very often. Spotted by Bobby from SA. n

BY THE RIVER DIt’s OWN not every day you pressure test a unit in your local stream. Albert from Queensland clearly wasn’t afraid to get his feet wet. n

HUMID TROPICA

Eaves on the northern and reduce wall and window southern walls heat gains. • Externally shaded windows oriented walls on the east reduce heat and west load. • Shade trees to the east and west reduce heat • Low mass load. constructio n will time but may heat quicker cool quicker at night bridging should during be eliminated. the day. Thermal is used then internal insulation If high thermal Passive design mass particularly may be considered if the building of buildings can improve the internal Solar exposed is to be air , that are not conditione significantl air conditione conditions with summer high thermal masses d. y reduce the should be shading. cooling loads d and can that are to provided be air conditione of buildings • Cooling d. breezes can Well insulated be encourage elements such roofs, optimal d by design eaves both solar orientation to face breezes.as wing walls. Avoid north and orienting buildings , overhangin south, on both east g and west, shadeexternal window shades • Reflective ventilated trees, and spaces large insulation for naturally should be openable windows allowing free insulation used materials to air decrease the with other desirable. Light movement and cross-ventilwith louvres absorption • Sealing ation are capacity and weight constructio of heat. the building n reduces therefore cools to ensure a vapour barrier thermal continuous quickly after encompass sunset. The following especially if the building es the building, are all important strategies is to be air passive building for buildings conditione If the building d. in tropical of these strategies is to be air climates. The design sealed conditione reduces and application comfort in insulated and d it cooling loads the building: high performan provided with should be well and improves ce glazing. well positioned • Solar orientation incorporati Outdoor air ng ventilation occupancy heat recovery should (i.e. the longer with long axis aligned spaces. be provided systems walls should east/west in high and south) be oriented reduces the Infiltration to the north thermal load and windows. can be hard on to minimise such as shopping and solar hot This also provides optimal external walls centres, shops, in building types water orientation (particularl photovolta restaurants y foyers) ic s. , hotels of doors. Positive and the like, with frequent opening pressurisati (see 3.5.4) on is essential or air curtains and air (see 3.5.5) can be utilised. locks

•

1 WINNER

T IN HOT

This section discusses the and HVAC&R considerati ons that building designers must and systems for application give to designing building Information in tropical and advice climates. is provided on Passive design strategies; Low energy design strategies; Effects and design implication of tropical climate characteris s tics; Building moisture migration design strategies; • Design strategies for minimising the infiltration and controlling of outdoor air. This section also comfort system provides guidance selection including; on appropriate evaporative Ventilative air cooling, spot cooling cooling, refrigerativ e air conditionin and hybrid application g, s.

NDITIONING ICAL AIR CO HUMID TROP

APPLIC 3pm Figure 2.4: Average

AND COMFOR

•

design as high as summer contours are not data for a particular Note: The data only average 3pm conditions, being other months Figures showing the BoM. month and year. are available from and time periods

based on temperature summer, mid winter ■ Hot dry summer summer ■ Hot humid ■ Warm humid cold winter cold winter ■ Warm summer, Mild/warm summer, cold winter ■ ■ Hot dry summer, Zones. Australian Climate Figure 2.2: Six

DA20

NING, COOLING

Building de and system sign selection 3.1 Sectio

TROPICAL CLIMATES

systems for hot designing comfort showing consideration when of suitable maps climates. The use when assessing humid tropical contours are useful content. summer dew-point and air moisture condensation the likeliness of January vapour the average 3pm Figure 2.4 shows to dew-point temperature in relates directly the information pressure which These maps reflect classification figures using the table. zone and climate in the air the BoM climate the moisture content above but quantifiesdrop in moisture content moving west the and down the and also shows northern coastline inland from the of Australia. and east coasts

Climate zones

www.airah.org.au/damanuals

ITUT LIAN INST

OT SO SOUND ADVICE N“I told the installer there may be an airflow problem,” says Glenn from Victoria. “He said that the PIC inspector told them it complied.” n

WOES WALL Prett from WA spotted this treat of an installation. n

FAN FChris UGLY from NSW spotted this “interesting” condenser fan on a recent job. n

HAVE YOU COME ACROSS SOMETHING SCARY, UGLY OR JUST PLAIN FUNNY? If your entry is deemed the monthly winner, a bottle of Jim Beam bourbon 750ml will be on its way to your door. Please include a postal address with your entry. Entrants must be aged 18 years or over. Send submissions to editor Boon Mark Souphanh at boon@airah.org.au.

30 | HVAC&R Nation | www.airah.org.au/nation | May 2017

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