Aisling Mulligan Design Thesis Report : Volume 02 : 2020 A Methodology for Reuse Embracing a Circular Economy in a Carbon Conscious Construction Sector
CONTENTS
01. INTRODUCTION Abstract
10
02. THE THESIS Net Zero Construction
14
Greenwashing in Architecture
16
A New Methodology
18
Kintsukuroi
20
Untapped Resources
22
Low Embodied Energy Materials
24
03. METHODOLOGY Creating an Inventory for Dublin
34
Implementation
46
Precedents
52
Prototype Design
58
04. DESIGN AS A MEANS FOR TESTING HYPOTHESES Choosing a Site
68
The Brief
80
Systematic Layering
84
Functional Layering
94
Connections
104
A Responsive Facade
116
Adaptability & Flexibility
120
05. CONCLUSIONS The Final Result
124
The Economy of Reuse
128
Conclusion
130
06. APPENDICES
6.
Appendix 01 - Embodied Energy Figures
134
Appendix 02 - Final Review Board
136
Endnotes
138
List of Abbreviations
140
Bibliography
142
7.
8.
01. Introduction
ABSTRACT
This thesis aims to question current concepts of sustainable construction through the development of a new methodology for design which embraces the key aspects of a circular economy. While volume 01 addressed, in detail, research into specific low embodied energy materials; volume 02 looks to integrate these findings into a new approach to design where waste is valued as a resource. Through the development of this new methodology this thesis looks to contest current concepts of net zero construction - where there is a missed opportunity to address soaring levels of embodied carbon associated with conventional and traditional construction methods. In this methodology demolition and construction waste will become the primary source of materials for new constructions. The first port-of-call in the design process being a curated inventory of materials which have been salvaged from condemned structures across the city. These elements, combined and supplemented by low embodied energy materials would create a new visual language for construction in the city, whilst aiming to reduce levels of associated emissions through the tackling of the source - the design. This methodology will then be tested through the design of numerous small-scale proposals as a means to develop a coherent approach for the dissemination of the research into a final design project. The development of the ensuing design project aims to act as a vehicle for the examination and verification of hypotheses presented to date, as well as acting as a means to visually and methodically express this work.
10.
11.
12.
02. The Thesis
NET ZERO CONSTRUCTION
The World Green Building Council defines the term Net Zero in relation to construction as: “a building that is hugely energy efficient and is fully powered from on-site and/or offsite renewable energy sources.” This approach to the development of more
look closely at how these accreditation bodies
sustainable building practices has become prolific
go about presenting awards. This does not
throughout the world’s construction sector; but
only include the disregard for a building’s
its merit has been dampened by the rapacious
embodied energy but also brings into question
nature of developers in their pursuit to achieve
the methodology behind the allocation of these
this standard by any means in order to be
accolades. This is evident when looking at the
seen as moving with the times. This is usually
process for applying for LEED accreditation; in this
achieved through the masking of overly exhausted
process the design team submits all necessary
unsustainable elements through the exaggerated
information about the structure and its related
highlighting of exemplar components of the
levels of energy use to the governing body - rather
building’s sustainability. This overshadowing of the
than the body themselves visiting and determining
building sector’s less environmentally conscious
the value of the building on their own terms2. This
elements is afforded due to the omission of the
process leaves room for potential exaggeration
measuring of any form of a building’s embodied
or omittance of crucial numbers by the design
energy during its Net Zero calculations.
team in order to ensure the building’s future accreditation.
This begs the question: in a society where we are dealing more and more with the effects of the climate emergency, and in a sector which accounts for 40% of global carbon emissions, can we afford to continually overlook the importance of the consideration of embodied carbon? If we choose to ignore this we are making the decision to disregard nearly half of a building’s overall carbon emissions1. Directives such as LEED, BREEAM and Passivhaus have certainly led to a positive shift in the way in which the structures of today are designed and used, but there comes a time when policies need to be revisited and amended. A number of questionable elements arise when you
14.
Photograph of Bloomberg Building by Norman Foster (theGuardian.com)
A much contested example of this phenomenon
operating large scale buildings sustainably, it
lies in the construction of the recent Bloomberg
fails to take into account the huge impact the
Headquarters in London. Designed by Norman
building’s constituent materials have had on its
Foster and opened in 2017 the building won
overall levels of carbon emissions. The immense
the Sterling Prize and subsequently was named
levels of sandstone which had to be transported
‘the worlds most sustainable office building’.
to site hold high levels of embodied energy, as
The building was awarded the highest possible
does the huge amount of imported copper used
accolade by BREEAM - ‘outstanding’. The
as brise soleil - their inherent energy potentially
building’s merits are widely contested because
outweighing the positive effect they have on the
although it addresses well the complexities of
building’s operational energy.
15.
GREENWASHING IN ARCHITECTURE
Greenwashing: Vb: To make people believe that your company is doing more to protect the environment than it really is. Disinformation disseminated by an organisation so as to present an environmentally responsible public image. The disregard for the importance of reducing
which is now known world over as the ‘Toxic
the embodied energy of our structures is closely
Lake’, as it is continuously filled with effluent
linked with the design methodologies that are
and sludge from the factory’s manufacturing
employed by architects from the offset. These
waste3. This creates a direct link between so-
practices often mean that ease of construction,
called green buildings in the west and detrimental
cost and aesthetics take precedent over
environmental disasters.
environmental concerns. Too often precedent is taken to ensure structures will be perceived
When comparing this phenomenon to other
to be doing their duty when it comes to the
sectors it could easily be likened to the idea of
environment, rather than ensuring the building
‘greenwashing’. Greenwashing has come to the
is actually sustainable from conception to end of
fore in recent years as companies the world over
life. This, in conjunction with the drive to achieve
attempt to rectify their image in the public eye by
LEED or BREEAM status, is somewhat down to
superficially addressing the climate crisis through
public perception. It is believed that if a structure
the use of specific terminology or the altering of
possesses elements which society deems to be
certain processes in order to be perceived as
sustainable, such as solar panels and brise soleil,
‘green’. Examples of this include McDonalds’
it will be accepted as an environmentally friendly
introduction of paper straws - which can not
building, regardless of the actual positive or
be recycled and H&M’s introduction of clothes
neutralising impact these components have on the
recycling options and their ‘conscious’ clothing
development’s overall carbon emissions.
collection4. This collection claims to be made only from sustainability sourced materials such
An interesting example lies in the use and
as 100% organic cotton or recycled polyester - a
implementation of solar panels on domestic or
statement which has been deemed misleading
commercial buildings. Although they perform
by Norway’s consumer watchdog due to the
positively with regards to reducing overall reliance
lack of sufficient information regarding the true
on fossil fuels - this has been seen to be negated
sustainability status of the collection5.
by the high levels of energy needed to produce
16.
the photovoltaics in the first place. Tellurium is an
This highlights the fact that public perception is
element used in the production of inexpensive
more highly regarded than the actual preservation
solar panels, its leading manufacturer and
of the environment - is there an instance where
supplier, Baogang Steel and Rare Earth Complex
these two things could exist simultaneously,
is located on the Baotou Lake in Inner Mongolia,
where structures are both perceived as being
Photograph of Baotou Lake (BBC.com)
Graphic Explaining H&M’s Conscious Collection (hm.com)
Photograph of Tellurium (cen.acs.org)
environmentally friendly as well as actually playing their part in reducing both embodied and operational energy usage? This raises a question of how this systematic problem could be addressed in the future, would it become legislation driven, on an EU or national basis? Would it be spurred on by incentives or could it thrive by educating the public and those involved in the design and construction process on methodologies which address environmental impacts from material conception through the useful life of the structure? Photograph of H&M’s Conscious Label (hm.com) 17.
A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR DESIGN
A change in the methodology employed during
it is from this inventory that architects would
the design process could see a shift in the
gather essential elements for their proposed
overall levels of carbon emissions released by
programme and these elements would then act as
the construction sector. By moving to a model
a premise around which the rest of the structure
which values waste as a usable resource we
would be designed.
can shift to a methodology of reuse whereby individual elements, as well as existing structures
Taking into account the fact that with every
are respected - their value noted, maintained and
continued use of a building element, its strength
recommissioned. This would ideally lead to an
may change and thus its usability may shift,
approach where buildings are seldom demolished,
meaning elements, whilst being reused may
but instead continually reconstituted to suit
not be used in the same purpose again, such
demand at the time.
as facade panels becoming flooring. This is an idea which is tracked by ‘material passports’, a
After much research into the design
concept set up by BAMB [building as material
methodologies of architecture practices such as
banks] based in Brussels. In this instance all
ROTOR, Lendager Group and RedHouse, I began
elements in a structure are associated with a
to piece together a methodology for reuse that
passport kept on BIM software, this means once
takes into account valuable construction waste, as
the building reaches the end of its useful life, all
well as available low embodied energy materials;
the information about each material and how it
which, when used together can hopefully create a
can be reused is easily accessible, streamlining
new standard for net zero construction.
the process. This downgrading of materials as
The methodology begins with the appointment
they are reused means that it can be difficult to
of an architect who, when the site is chosen
find structural elements which have the remaining
performs a detailed analysis where all existing
strength to be repurposed. It is in this case that
structures and all useful elements are mapped
new materials would need to be brought in to
and considered for reuse, this is called resource
supplement those which have been salvaged.
mapping and is done on a project to project basis.
In order to maintain low levels of associated
In conjunction with this, a regional inventory of
emissions, low embodied energy materials should
materials should be established with links to
be used as supplements, these can include,
local councils. Here construction waste could
dowel laminated timber, mycelium composites,
be collected and sorted and viable elements
hempcrete, rammed earth or recycled aggregate
inventorised for reuse. This method could also
concrete.
happen where buildings have no choice but to be demolished, the careful disassembly and separating of materials would ensure their easy addition to the inventory and thus their continued reuse.
18.
3 4
5 6
If these new elements are then designed for
impact on the environment but also means that
disassembly, the completed structure becomes
due to the inherent low embodied nature of the
part of a circular economy, closing the loop and
structures, production and manufacturing remains
C o n t e x t M aallowing p 1 : 1 0 , 0for 0 0 the
continued reuse of all components
involved.
S i t e P l ajobs n 1 :being 5 , 0 0 0 made in the locality with additional
through the disassembly of parts and the creation of material inventories.
Designing in this way not only ensures a positive
A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE
01 A R C H I T E C T A P P O I N T E D 02 S I T E C H O S E N 03 S I T E A N A L Y S I S RESOURCE MAPPING
existing structures mapped and useful elements inventorised
M O R E E L E M E N T S R E A D I LY AVAILABLE FOR REUSE
M AT E R I A L P A S S P O R T S
KEPT LOCAL - LESS NEED FOR TRANSPORT
04 C O U N C I L
05 S U P P L E M E N T
INVENTORY
WITH LOW/NO E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S
choose useful elements for the desired programme from this catalogue of materials
D LT Mycelium Composites Cellulose Insulation Timber Hempcrete
construction waste & viable elements/materials after deconstruction are collected and inventorised
06
D E S I G N F O R D I S A S S E M B LY
C R E AT I O N O F M O R E LOCAL JOBS
Graphic explaining Methodology for Reuse and how this might be implemented
19.
KINTSUKUROI Golden Repair
金繕い
There is an old Japanese art of repair which is
In a rush to always be seen as the up-to-date, up
called, Kintsukuroi - meaning ‘golden repair’. In
and coming and progressive there is continuously
this art-form pottery which has been broken or
a desire throughout society to have the next
damaged is reformed using gold joinery - this is a
best thing, this comes to the fore particularly in
very good example of how we can begin to think
construction where the appeal of older structures
about the older, possibly run down and forgotten
is very low. This results in depreciating monetary
about structures in our localities. Rather than
value which does not necessarily correlate with
deeming them useless we can supplement the
the inherent value of the structure’s individual
structures with new and innovative materials,
parts. This has led to a huge rise in the demolition
ensuring their value is not lost and resulting in a
of perfectly viable buildings throughout the
final product which is stronger and more resilient
country in order to make way for newer, more
than the previous.
lucrative structures whose construction inevitably adds to the detrimental impact of the climate crisis.
Collage depicting the idea of golden repair 20.
Collage depicting the idea of golden repair
21.
U N TA P P E D R E S O U R C E S Vacant and Derelict Sites
As a means of documenting untapped resources
difficult to track down the owner of the land and
in Dublin, derelict and vacant sites were mapped
thus, this incentive to activate the spaces is lost in
and photographed. This brought up the idea of
a bubble of bureaucracy.
the value which is lost each time a site or building is left unoccupied, the material value, the social
Throughout the city we already have a high
value, the monetary value and the cultural value -
standard of materials which are ready for reuse,
along with many more. The more sites that were
the element which we are lacking is the recording
studied the more there seemed to be. In a country
of these materials in order to make an easily
which is dealing with such a catastrophic housing
accessible inventory for people to use.
crisis, the unopposed casting aside of these sites
With this in place, the concept of reuse
seems to be even more wasteful than ever.
becomes much more accessible to the everyday
The Irish government imposes taxes on derelict
architectural practice and thus has the potential to
structures such as these but often times it is
become a key element in design methodology.
01
08
15
22
29
02
09
16
23
30
03
10
17
24
31
04
11
18
25
32
05
12
19
26
32
06
13
20
27
32
07
14
21
28
Photographs depicting vacant and derelict sites and buildings depicted on map 22.
29
27
26 25
24
23 30
28 32
31
32
22 21
18 17 16 19
02 03
01
20
15 14
04 05 06
07 09
08 10
11 12
13
Map showing vacant and derelict sites and buildings in Dublin City
23.
UNIVERSIT
5 6
LO W E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S
Low materials are those which cause little to no C o nembodied t e x t M a p 1 : 1 0 ,energy 000 S i t e harm P l a n 1 : 5to , 0 0 the 0 environment during their production. The processes they go through from cradle to gate must be extremely low in emissions. This is measured in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent, all emissions are converted to CO2 for ease of comparison. [kgCO2e] A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE
R E S O
A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE
L E N D
01 A R C H I T E C T A P P O I N T E D 02 S I T E C H O S E N 03 S I T E A N A L Y S I S RESOURCE MAPPING
existing structures mapped and useful elements inventorised
R E C Y
M O R E E L E M E N T S R E A D I LY AVAILABLE FOR REUSE
M AT E R I A L P A S S P O R T S
KEPT LOCAL - LESS NEED FOR TRANSPORT
04 C O U N C I L
05 S U P P L E M E N T
INVENTORY
WITH LOW/NO E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S
choose useful elements for the desired programme from this catalogue of materials
D LT Mycelium Composites Cellulose Insulation Timber Hempcrete
construction waste & viable elements/materials after deconstruction are collected and inventorised
06
D E S I G N F O R D I S A S S E M B LY
C R E AT I O N O F M O R E LOCAL JOBS
Methodology for Reuse - supplementation with low embodied energy materials highlighted
Wa l l A s s e m
The focus of this thesis in volume 1 rested on the
small family dwelling, the amount related to
research of materials which are low in embodied
high-rise multi-use structures would inevitably be
energy and could be easily implemented on a
exponentially higher.
broad scale in Ireland in order to play a part in readjusting the current trajectory of the
Innovative materials such as mycelium composites
construction industry. This interest stemmed
and dowel laminated timber became the main
from the realisation that the embodied energy
focus of interest in volume 1.
associated with a typical semi detached house was 28,000kgCO2e per dwelling, that is the equivalent of 24 economy flights from London to Hong Kong6. If this was the case for just one 24.
Aisling Mulligan
Dowel Laminated Timber - Brettstaple
Thesis Idea
Process of fabrication 1:50
Dowel Laminated Timber - Brettstaple
Aisling Mulligan
Thesis Idea
Profiles 1:20
Acoustic Profile
Reveal Edge
Fluted Profile
Dowel Laminated Timber construction methods and profiles
Chamfered Edge
Squared Edge
Dowel Laminated Timber Build Ups DLT’s 1:20
lack of reliance on adhesives means that
wood for its mass elements, use in Ireland has
it embraces a circular economy in a much more
the potential to be prolific. The idea of using
direct manner; this is because the elements can
readily available raw materials such as Ireland’s
be easily disassembled and reused, returning the
soft wood reinforces hugely the aspiration
timber back toExterior the beginning of the cycle. wall with
behind following a methodology for design which Exterior wall with
rendered facade
Intermediate floor construction
timber cladding
follows the principles of a circular economy. This
Ireland boasts huge numbers of soft wood tree
is because the closer to the site that the raw
species which thrive in our specific climate. In
material originates the less carbon is emitted in
previous times soft wood was deemed as being
its transportation - highlighting the importance
too week to use as structural grade elements
of locality in the drive for a true form of net zero
but as dowel laminated timber relies on soft
construction. 25.
LO W E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S Mycelium Composites
Mycelium composites are a currently under
be completed on a small scale in a kitchen or
researched commodity but are ones which
on a large industrial scale where numerous
hold a huge amount of potential for the future
end products are needed. This process can be
of sustainable construction. The bulk of these
utalised to make a myriad of different products.
composites are made using agricultural waste,
It was first employed as an environmentally
a by product of farming which is abundant on
friendly alternative to styrofoam packaging by the
the island of Ireland and would otherwise be
innovative company Ecovative but has since been
wasted. The process for making these composites
used for much more adventurous endeavors. Its
is simple and relies on only two elements, the
thermal properties mean it is a great insulator
substrate (agricultural waste) and the mycelium
and could be used as a substitute to conventional
itself. Mycelium are the root fibres of the
insulative materials which have proven to have
mushroom plant which, when mixed with the
detrimental effects on the environment, it could
substrate in a mold, can make any number of
even be possible for the insulation to be ‘grown’ in
items in a very short time frame, without the need
the cavity of walls after construction or as a stage
for the immense heat that is needed to produce
in the prefabrication of mass timber wall panels
bricks or cement.
- although this idea is still in the development stages.
The process of production is simple and can
Internal and external elevations of prototype mycelium composite block structure - from vol. 01. 26.
INTERIOR ELEVATION 1:20 INTERIOR ELEVATION 1:20
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 1:20 EXTERIOR ELEVATION 1:20
SECTION 1:20
SECTION 1:20
MULTISTORY STRUCTURE GLULAM COLUMNS 300x100mm GLULAM BEAMS 300x100mm DOWEL LAMINATED TIMBER FLOOR PANEL 200x50mm WINDOW FRAMES FIXED TO GLULAM STRUCTURE
SUB-STRUCTURE MYCELIUM COMPOUND BLOCKS 500x250mm Molded to allow easy assembly Thermally Insulative 0.078W/(mk) Mass construction removes need for insulation, cladding, barriers, battens etc. thus reducing embodied carbon TIMBER INLAYS TO DIVERT WATER FROM SURFACE
GROUND FLOOR BUILDUP TIMBER FLOORING WOOD FIBRE INSULATION 150mm RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE SLAB & FOUNDATION SECTION 1:20
30% Coarse Recycled Aggregate (RCA) RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE UPSTAND To prevent structural elements from touching the ground
Section through prototype mycelium composite block structure - from vol. 01.
27.
LO W E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S Prototype Structural Language
ELEVATION 1:20
External elevation of prototype structure - from vol. 01.
28.
SECTION 1:20
MYCELIUM BASED PARTITION WALLS CONVENTIONAL TIMBER FRAME STRUCTURE MYCELIUM COMPOSITE INFILL PANELS Thermally Insulative 0.078W/(mk) Acoustically Insulative 75% @ 1000Hz
INTERFLOOR BUILDUP TIMBER FLOORING WOOD FIBRE INSULATION 60mm DOWEL LAMINATED TIMBER 200X50mm
EXTERIOR WALL BUILDUP DOWEL LAMINATED TIMBER 150X50mm MYCELIUM COMPOSITE INSULATION BLOCKS 200mm Thermally Insulative 0.078W/(mk) Acoustically Insulative 75% @ 1000Hz Makes use of local agricultural waste Grown in blocks/panels and assembled on site -or-
Grown as part of a prefabricated structural wall, binding itself to structural DLT
WOOD FIBRE BOARD 12mm
THATCH CLADDING WOVEN INTO TIMBER CASSETTE FRAME
VERTICAL BATTENS HORIZONTAL BATTENS VERTICAL TIMBER CLADDING Kebony Treated - Biobased Weatherproofing
GROUND FLOOR BUILDUP TIMBER FLOORING WOOD FIBRE INSULATION 150mm RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE SLAB & FOUNDATION SECTION 1:20
30% Coarse Recycled Aggregate (RCA)
Section through prototype structure of dlt w/ mycelium composite insulation - from vol. 01.
29.
LO W E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S Exploration of Material Properties
Embodied Carbon (kg/Co2e)
Fire Resistance
COMMENT
Insufficient Research
Assumed to be neutral or negative due to use of agricultural waste
SOU
Benjami (Interview: David the M
Rice hull & wheat grain based comBBC 4 Documen posites w/ 50 wt% glass fines have Story of Stuff: Mate Scorches doesn’t catch fire longest times to flashover. Ag Carbnise without flame Produce less smoke than synthetic Jones, Mitchell et construction materials. low-cost mycelium Very low CO and CO2 production. struc
Elsacker, Elise e physical and chem tion of mycelium-b with different types subst
Flax: 0.0578 Hemp: 0.0404 Straw: 0.0419
Comparable to conventional insulations
Acoustic Insulation
70-75%
Even the lowest performing combination 100% cotton bur fibre yields better than 70-75% absorbency at 1000Hz
Water Absorption Rate (M(mm/s12)
Flax: 0.0113 Hemp: 0.0073 Straw: 0.0147
Compressive Strength (MPa) Load Capacity (KN/m)
14 MPa
Comparable to agglomerated cork (used in the cork house) which has a MPa of 10-20
Greensulate by ec composite
Ability for Reuse?
Demountable & Decompostable
Creates a truly circular economy; agricultural waste is made into bricks and returned to the earth at the end of its useful life.
Grinwald, Mikhail: Mushr
Effect on Air Quality
Safer and Cheaper than synthetic construction materials
During fire it produces less smoke than synthetic construction materials Very low CO and CO2 production Mycelium is no longer alive when once brick is fabricated and thus poses no risk to air quality.
Jones, Mitchell et low-cost mycelium struc
Cost
AU$40/m3 - 81/m3
as opposed to extruded polystyrene AU$491/m3 and particleboard AU$630/m3
Jones, Mitchell et low-cost mycelium struc
Negitave Elements
Difficult to source mycelium Need for sterile environment, incubation and baking (but at low temperature)
Thermal Conductivity W(mk)
30.
MYCELIUM
Pelletier, M.G. et study of mycelium absorbers grown by-product
Elsacker, Elise e physical and chem tion of mycelium-b with different types subst
DOWEL LAMINATED TIMBER
COMMENT
SOURCE
-1.2
Sequesters carbon if mass timber replaced steel on a global scale, it would cut carbon dioxide emissions by up to 20%.-Mass Timber Code Coalition
OneClick Life Cycle Analysis
2 Hours
can with hold flames of 9001000*c for 150minutes REI 120min F90
“This Is Wood100 - Thoma Holz”. Thoma Holz, 2020. https://www.thoma.at/ wood100/?lang=en.
et al. Mechanical, mical charachterisabased composites s of lignocellulosic trates
0.13
if buildup of wall is thick enough it can eliminate the need for additional insulation
“This Is Wood100 - Thoma Holz”. Thoma Holz, 2020. https://www.thoma.at/ wood100/?lang=en.
al. An evaluation m based acoustic n on agricultural t substrates
nrc of 0.70 w/
due to mass buildup
et al. Mechanical, mical charachterisabased composites s of lignocellulosic trates
Hygroscopic and thus can reduce indoor humidity levels by 35% RH
The timber allows for moisture to pass through the layers without condensing between them keeping humidity down and preventing condensation
“DLT | Dowel Laminated Timber | All Wood, Produced By Structurecraft”. Structurecraft Builders, 2019. https://structurecraft. com/materials/mass-timber/ dlt-dowel-laminated-timber.
covative - mycelium e insulation
170mm = 195KN/m 250mm = 384KN/m
URCE
in, David Benjamin Breaks Mold)
ntary - The Secret erials of the Modern ge al. Waste derived m composite conction.
Figures for vertical elements! Horizontal elements such as floors and roofs have slightly lower values
Simonson, Carey. Past and Future Research on Whole Building Heat, Air and Moisture Transfer “This Is Wood100 - Thoma Holz”. Thoma Holz, 2020. https://www.thoma.at/ wood100/?lang=en.
A Conversation on rooms
Demountable & Reusable
The elements can be taken apart and reused through the removal of the dowels at positions where there are joints
al. Waste derived m composite conction.
Absorbs VCO’s Hygroscopic
Healthier Indoor Environment Reduced Indoor Humidity
“Longin”. Longin.At. Accessed 10 January 2020. https://www.longin.at/.
€51-€42per single element
more expensive than timber frame but makes use of weaker timber and can be used to build much higher
Henderson, James. Brettstapel: An Investigation into the Properties and Merits of Brettstapel Construction
al. Waste derived m composite conction.
Inherent from the lack of use of adhesives or nails etc
Thicker wall buildup Less freedom of layout due to rigidity of placement of load bearing walls 31.
32.
03. Methodology
C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N A Tara Street Case Study
Demolition in Ireland is not as prevalent as that
3) College Gate Apartments & Markievicz
noted in countries such as Japan, Germany,
Leisure Centre: 150 dwellings on Townsend
The United States or France. Ireland generally
Street housing scores of people, some who have
generates 2.54 million tonnes of construction
lived in the area for generations. The ground floor
and demolition waste each year whilst Germany
consists of a leisure centre and gym including
generates 72.4 million tonnes and France 85.65
pool, one of few in the city centre, used by
million tonnes7. A figure of 2.54 million tonnes may
numerous schools, families and individuals alike.
seem small beside that of other countries but if we
Its existence is a huge asset to the community
had the means to ensure the continued reuse of
and its demolition is highly contested by those
these materials rather than their systematic move
who live in and frequent the building.
to landfill, we would be in a position to hugely reduce our collective carbon emissions.
4) 2 Georgian Apartment Blocks: 4 storey red brick derelict blocks on Townsend Street, they are
Throughout research into impending demolition
a huge part of the historical fabric of the city, one
in Dublin, the fate of a number of buildings in the
which should be protected.
south inner city began to crop up again and again. These buildings are all in the vicinity of the Tara
5) 4 duplex apartments: Townsend street,
Street DART station and their future is at risk due
housing for up to 8 families.
to the proposed development of a centralised hub for Metro North. Numerous feasibility studies
6) Former ESB headquarters: 5 storey office
have been completed by the council; none of
block
which have been successful in designing a way to incorporate the new travel hub without the demolition of these particular structures. The buildings vary in terms of use, size, age and materiality and their demolition would see the loss of the rich cultural character they exude. The buildings earmarked for demolition include: 1) The Tara Building: A three storey structure on Tara Street housing art and culture spaces where community events of all sorts take place on a daily basis. Also includes coworking spaces. 2)A derelict site containing a three storey rundown concrete office block.
34.
Vectorworks Educational Version Each of these structures has a story and a
Vectorworks Educational Version reason to be saved; although if their demolition is inevitable - what can we do to ensure the history of those buildings is represented and their inherent material value is not lost. The wide range of building types, programmes, construction methods and ages of the buildings in this sample area allows it to act as a snapshot of what a citywide inventory might look like. Through the mapping of their resources these buildings were used to create a small scale example of what an inventory of materials could be. Highlighting the huge variety of materials, fixtures and fittings which have the potential for reuse.
Vectorworks Educational Version Context map showing location of structures for demolition
1 TA R A
BUILDINGS
1
2 DERELICT
S I T E TA R A S T.
2
1
3 COLLEGE
2
G AT E A P A R T M E N T S
3
3 4
5
4
DERELICT APARTMENTS
5
DUPLEX APARTMENTS
6
FORMER ESB HQ
4
6 5
6 Context map showing location of structures for demolition
35.
C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N College Gate Apartments
Vectorwo
College Gate Apartments lie on the corner of Townsend Street and Luke Street, adjacent to the Tara Street station. The building consists of 150 apartments of different sizes as well as a ground floor leisure centre. The structure is one of the newest buildings to be earmarked for demolition in the area and therefore its constituent parts hold high material value which would be lost if traditional forms of demolition were to take place. In order to quantify what might be lost, the process began with the breaking down of the facade into its various components such as windows, doors and cladding panels. The embodied energy of all visible facade elements was then calculated using figures available in the I.C.E. Database, curated by Bath University8, in order to create a snapshot of what the total embodied energy of the structure might be. This was accomplished by calculating the area present of each material and multiplying it by that specific material’s embodied energy co-efficient in kgco2e/m2. This would then reach a figure such as 1,190kgco2e which is the embodied energy associated with one of the living room windows present in the building. This figure can then be multiplied out through all present cases of that
embodied energy of that structure. The total embodied energy of this facade alone comes to 31,467 kgco2e, only a fraction of the building’s total associated embodied energy, quantifying the potential energy loss should this building be demolished - and the value of its components wasted.
36.
31,467 kgco2e
X17
for, ultimately reaching a figure for the total
Curtain Walling Panels
component until the whole building is accounted
1,860
kgco2e
*Sample calculations included in appendix*
kgco2e
Vectorworks Educational Ver Vectorworks Educational Version orks Educational Version
Vectorworks Vectorworks Educational Educational Version Version Vectorworks Educational Version nnVectorworks Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Educational Version Vectorworks Educational VersionV Vectorworks Educational
kgco2e
kgco2e
X292sqm
X5
Brick Cladding
2,375 158
kgco2e
Bathroom Window
717
kgco2e
X30
1,190
X8
Bedroom Window
1,174
X9
Projected Bay Window
X4
Wrap-Around Window
751
kgco2e
Bedroom Window
3,572
kgco2e kgco2e
X5
X22
Sliding Balcony Door
Glass Front Door
150
Living Room Window
kgco2e
X1
1,701
kgco2e
X1
Metal Side Door
7,455
X1
Garage Door
e
Elevation of College Gate Apartments - East
10,315
kgco2e kgco2e
Elemental depiction of facade components & associated levels of embodied energy
37.
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Educational Version Version Vectorworks C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N T O R Y FEducational O R D U B Version LIN Vectorworks Red Brick Georgian Apartments Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version
Roof Slates
This process was then completed for each of the
X20sqm
buildings earmarked for demolition at the Tara Street site. An building which is the antithesis
280
kgco2e
of the College Gate Apartments is that of the Georgian Apartments which face them; therefore
Brick Cladding
X142sqm
this building is a good example to give a well rounded view of the materials on offer. The
5,011
kgco2e
Georgian Apartment buildings are currently unoccupied but make up part of the historical fabric of the city, they are unlisted and therefore there is no preventative measures in place to
Brick Door Surround
preserve them. Through the careful dismantling of the structure and reuse of its components we are
X1
42
kgco2e
not only saving on increased carbon emissions but also conserving their associated historical and
Main Door
X1
cultural value.
41
kgco2e
The total embodied energy associated with the building’s main facade elements alone was calculated to be 5,946kgco2e, which if multiplied throughout the building would be significantly higher. By introducing these elements into the
Small Window
X3
18
kgco2e
inventory of materials for their subsequent reuse we are saving on the re-production of those components and therefore any multiplication of
Window Sill
X3
their associated embodied energy.
Large Window
X8
Window Sill
X8
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version Elemental depiction of facade componentsVectorworks & associated levels of embodied energy Educational Version *Sample calculations included in appendix* 38.
Vectorworks Educational Version
0
kgco2e
554
kgco2e
0
kgco2e
5,946
kgco2e
Vectorworks Educational Version
Elevation of Georgian Apartments - South
Vectorworks Educational Version 39.
C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N A Visual Representation
After determining the embodied energy of the
These include windows, doors (internal, fire and
main facade of the buildings, the whole structure
external), kitchen cabinets, bathroom fixtures
was then broken down into its constituent parts
and fittings, bricks, cladding elements, slates and
in order to visually represent all elements which
much more. This collection of materials is a small
have a potential to be reused. In this instance
scale example of what the makeup of a regional
the buildings are acting as a material bank, a
inventory might look like and thus would later act
temporary store of each of the components
as a reference point for the selection of materials
depicted in the graphics on the following pages.
during the design stage of the thesis.
College Gate Apartments
Vectorworks Educational Version
01. Sliding Balcony Door x31 02. Aluminum Garage Door x2 03. Curtain Wall Section x1 04. Curtain Wall Section x1 05. Exterior Security Door x2 06. Curtain Wall Section x1 07. Door Overhang x1 08. Curtain Wall Vectorworks Educational Version
Section with Door x1 09. Door Overhang x1 10. Lift Cubicles x2 11. Living Room Window x47 12. Apartment Front Door x70 13. Bedroom Window x52 14. Double Fire Door x11 15. Single Fire Door x23 16. Small Bedroom Window x30 17. Bathroom Window x9 18. Interior Door x213 19. Kitchen 1 Bed x31 20. Kitchen 2 Bed x36 21. Kitchen 3 Bed x3 22. Ventilation Grate x12 23. Large Granite Cladding x80sqm 24. Sink & Toilet x70 25. Small Granite Cladding x128sqm 26. Brick x500sqm Breakdown of all reusable components from College Gate Apartments 40.
Visualisation of all reusable material components from College Gate Apartments 41.
C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N A Visual Representation
Georgian Apartments
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
01. Triple Bay Single Glazed Timber Framed Windows with Arched Top x12 [1575x1916mm] 02. Blue Painted Timber Front Door with Arched Top and Glass Panels x2 [2527x1441mm]
03. Natural Black Roof Slates
x160sqm 04. Granite Window Cill x12 [1773x127] 05. Granite Window Cill x48 [1129x127] 06. White UPVC Sash Windows with Arched Top x54 [1532x931] 07. Red Brick in Combined Bond x335sqm // Light Brick in Combined Bond x335sqm 08. Arched Brick Door Surround x2 [2046x303] 09. Timber Floor Joists x67 [200x75] 10. Timber Floor Boards x276 [150x20] 11. Partition Wall Studs x212 [100x50] 12.Angled Roof Rafters x52 [200x50] 13. Timber Ridge Beam x1 [500x100] Breakdown of all reusable components from Georgian Apartments
42.
Visualisation of all reusable material components from Georgian Apartments
43.
C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N A Visual Representation
Tara House
Vectorworks Educational Version Elevation of Tara House - West
Tara Building
Vectorworks Educational Version
Elevation of Tara Building - East
44.
Visualisation of all reusable material components from Tara Building
45.
I M P L E M E N TAT I O N The Stance of Dublin City Council
“To promote sustainable design and construction to help reduce emissions from the demolition and construction of buildings.9” - Dublin City Council Development Plan 2016-2022 (SIO20) In order to understand how a new methodology
amount of construction waste going to landfill, and
for design and construction might actually be
by how much might we reduce levels of embodied
adopted into regular use it is important to have
energy country-wide, if material management
a knowledge of current policies, and how they
plans were rolled out. It is possible that the
have been received and implemented. Dublin City
activation of this policy could act as a stepping
Council, in their development plan for 2016-2022
stone towards the introduction of a feasible and
outline numerous acts which address the current
usable methodology for reuse.
climate crisis, the most relevant is found in waste management section 9.5.5. Here it is stated that it is an objective of the council to ‘promote the reuse of building materials, recycling of demolition material and the use of material from renewable sources’. It is interesting that demolition waste is specifically included here, the reuse of demolition material in Ireland is not something which is widely practiced and therefore to see it highlighted in council policy is a promising sign for the welcome introduction of a new methodology for reuse in design. The policy goes on to state that, in large developments ‘a material source and management plan showing type of materials/ proportion of reuse/recycled materials to be used shall be implemented by the developer.’ this is a measure which is rarely enacted, if ever, and is certainly not a prevalent step in the work of most practices in the country. This highlights a large gap which has opened between intention and activation. If this policy was to be enforced on a day to day basis what effect would it have on the
46.
“To promote the re-use of building materials,
recycling
of
demolition
material and the use of materials from
renewable
sources.
In
all
developments in excess of 10 housing units and commercial developments in excess of 1000 sq.m, a materials source and management plan showing type of materials/proportion of re-use/ recycled materials to be used shall be implemented by the developer.”
Dublin City Council Development Plan 2016-2022 (SIO17)
47.
I M P L E M E N TAT I O N Engaging the Community
Render showing intervention in-situ in Tara Street Station
An important element in securing the successful
Before committing to a full scale design project it
implementation of a new methodology for reuse
was decided to use awareness raising within the
is to ensure the public are well informed about,
community as a means to test the ideas raised
and supportive of the initiative. The public have
by the thesis thus far on a small scale. This small
tremendous sway in who makes the decisions and
scale project was intended as a means to involve
why they are made and therefore it is important to
the public so that they are aware of the changing
keep the public well informed on possible changes
fabric of their surroundings and how this is being
to policy, particularly if they are stakeholders or
dealt with on an administrative level.
are directly or indirectly affected by the process.
48.
Townsend Street
Plan of Tara Street Southern Concourse showing location of intervention
The concept for this project was an intervention
the ideas of circularity through media hung
which could be placed in the concourse of Tara
throughout it but also through the physicality of
Street station. This intervention would act as an
the intervention itself. The exhibition space would
exhibition space, informing the community of the
be constructed solely out of demolition waste
demolition which is due to occur on their door step
materials, in this instance it consists of elements
with this if a new methodology is not enacted
visually act as an example of the possibilities of a
which values the components of these buildings
circular approach to production.
Vectorworks Version and the potential wasteEducational that will be associated taken from the inventory of materials, in order to as a useful resource. The exhibition would explain
49.
I M P L E M E N TAT I O N Engaging the Community
TA R A S T R E E T S TAT I O N E X H I B I T
Framework College Gate Apartments Aluminimum garage door cut to use as framework Window 01 College Gate Apartments Living Room Window Window 02 Red Brick Georgian Large Window Window 03 Red Brick Georgian Small Window Window 04 Red Brick Georgian Small Window TA R A S T R E E T S TAT I O N E X H I B I T
Section BSection
B
1:25
Section C
1:25
Section D
1:25
Window 05 College Gate Apartments Balcony Door Window 06 College Gate Apartments Bathroom Window Window 07 College Gate Apartments 1/2 Balcony Door Window 08 College Gate Apartments Small Bedroom Window Bench College Gate Apartments Red Brick Georgian Assorted Sections of Brick Cladding
Section1:25 C
Section C
50.
Section D
1:25
Flooring Structure & Finish Red Brick Georgian Timbers from Partitions
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Vectorworks Educational Version
Section A
B
A C
1
2.5 51.
PRECEDENTS The Lendager Group & ROTOR
The Lendager Group is an architectural practice
reduce emissions.
based in Denmark. Their design philosophies revolve around sustainability and the reuse of
More recently they continued this idea through
materials and therefore they have completed
the creation of Upcycle Studios, a collection
numerous buildings and projects which have
of terraced homes which incorporate recycled
provided great insight for the development of this
concrete, windows, glazing and timber; in order
thesis.
to create modern homes in a growing city which respond to the current climate crisis, whilst turning
The first of which being Resource Row, a complex
their backs on traditional forms of construction.
of apartments in Orestad, Denmark completed in 2019. Its innovative use of reused bricks for
ROTOR, a Belgian architecture practice who
the facade became an influential resource while
diversified during the recession when design
researching. work was limited. They began an initiative to Vectorworks Educational Version carefully dismantle structures which were due Upcycle House was one of the group’s first
to be demolished, salvaging the found material
completed projects in 2013. The material
and selling for low-cost on their website. The
components of the structure are carefully broken
model proved to work and is now an extremely
down, and each major element is second hand,
successful company dealing with reused materials
right down to the foundations. The building acts
on a daily basis.
as a beacon, an educational tool expressing what architecture could be, and can be in order to
Elevation of Resource Row - Lendager Group 52.
Vectorworks Educational Version
Panels of brick cladding cut from buildings during demolition. These panels are attached to a frame which is then supported by brackets and fixed back to the new building's structure. Removes the need Educational for fabrication of Vectorworks Version new cladding systems and allows for the realisation of a brick exterior without adding to carbon emissions
Plan of Resource Row - Lendager Group
01
02
03
04
Axo of facade concept - Lendager Group 53.
PRECEDENTS The Lendager Group
Upcycle House aims to act as a benchmark for
conventional residential house. Not only does the
the use of recycled and upcycled materials in
house demonstrate the principles of a circular
construction as a means to reduce the structure’s
economy with regards to materials, it also employs
resultant carbon emissions. In this case the
a number of passive properties which reduce
architects succeeded in creating a building whose
the amount of operational energy required by the
carbon emissions were 86% less than that of a
structure.
Axo of Upcycle House - Lendeger Group
The CO2 emission from Upcycle House is 0,7 KG
a reduction of 5590 tons of CO2 per year if this
CO2/M2/YR compared to 5,0 KG CO2/M2/YR
form of construction were to be adopted country
for a benchmark house. 10,000 new homes are
wide10.
built in Denmark each year this would add up to
54.
Corrugated panels of recycled aluminum
Paper-wool insulation from old newspapers
45x195mm beams from recycled wood
Cladding panels from recycled paper Reused steel beams Recycled plastic/wood granulate patio flooring Stern of recycled paper Recycled windows Insulation chips from recycled glass Paper-wool insulation from old newspapers Recycled brick Table from repurposed floor boards Reused kitchen cabinets Recovered gypsum Glueless OSB from recycled timber Recycled 40x50mm timber studs Recycled 40x95mm timber joists 12m shipping container Insulation from granulated styrofoam fruit boxes Reused screw poles as point foundations
Exploded Axo of Upcycle House showing level of reused elements - Lendager Group
55.
On site mycelium brick production process using demolition and construction waste from site - Redhouse Architecture
56.
S U B S T R AT E S T E R A L I S AT I O N
CONSTRUCTION WASTE FROM DEMOLITION
B R E A K I N G D O W N O F M AT E R I A L S
PRECEDENTS Redhouse - On site mycelium brick fabrication
C O M B I N I N G S U B S T R AT E AND MYCELIUM IN MOLDS
REMOVAL FROM MOLD
M AT E R I A L I N C U B AT I O N
R E S U LTA N T B I O FA B R I C AT E D MYCELIUM COMPOSITES
57.
PROTOT YPE FOR INTERIM REVIEW Addressing the Limitations of Dowel Laminated Timber
Dowel laminated timber has negative levels of embodied energy due to timber’s ability to sequester carbon. In this regard it performs even better than other mass or laminate timber products as it does not rely on chemical adhesives or nails which produce VOC’s and have a lot of associated embodied carbon. Its resulting ability to be easily fabricated and dismantled make DLT a prime example of a
Overall positives » Mass timber means no embodied energy. » Makes use of softwood abundant in Ireland, reducing emissions from transport. » Aesthetic properties mean no need for internal finishes, paint, plasterboard etc thus further reducing emissions.
material which is part of a circular economy.
» Thermal mass/insulative properties
But what are its limitations with regards to
» Good fire resistant properties.
multistorey structures and use in conjunction
» Easy to disassemble. - Circular economy
with repurposed materials? How might it be integrated into a methodology for reuse?
» Prefabricated, less time on site, ideal for Ireland (weather).
STEP Analysing site for usable elements
01
STEP
02
Consulting local inventory to determine primary materials and elements which are available for use
STEP
03
Supplementing with materials which have low/no embodied carbon
Structural Limitations Length - 18.4m Width - 3.7m Thickness - 100mm, 150mm, 200mm, 230mm, 300mm, 310mm Span roof - 18.2m Span floor - 9.8m
Functional Limitations » Load bearing walls means less adaptability
58.
Precedent
of space, both in original design and for
CF Moller, Tallest Timber Building in Sweden
future changes in use.
Demountable CLT - produces 550tonnes less
» Rigid floor plans
of CO2 in its lifetime as against concrete11
» Less scope for openings/glazing
Exploded Axo showing dlt construction
59.
Vectorworks Educational Version
PROTOT YPE FOR INTERIM REVIEW Embracing Flexibility whilst maintaining low levels of embodied carbon
Exploded Axo showing dlt construction with glulam
Use of glulam elements in locations where greater flexibility is sought
60.
Educational Version
Exploded Axo showing glulam construction with dlt slabs
Use of glulam vertical elements throughout with dlt floor plates
61.
PROTOT YPE FOR INTERIM REVIEW Testing Research in Design
A prototype for the development of live/work
low embodied energy materials such as the
apartments was created In order to test the
previously proposed system for construction
ideas and research accumulated to date
using dowel laminated timber. It acted as an
for interim review. This prototype took into
initial testing ground to trial ideas prior to
account the concepts of circularity through
working on the final concept.
the integration of reused components and
Vectorworks Educational Version Plan - first floor of prototype design
Vectorworks Educational Version
Plan - ground floor of prototype design
62.
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version Axo of prototype design
63.
PROTOT YPE FOR INTERIM REVIEW Testing Research in Design
Vectorworks Educational Version
M YC E L I U M C O M P O S I T E I N S U L AT I O N
made using sawdust from substandard reclaimed timber elements. D LT S T R U C T U R E
RECLAIMED WINDOWS
doubled up to comply with regulations college gate apartments R E P U R P O S E D B AT H R O O M ELEMENTS
college gate apartments RECLAIMED BRICK PANELS
georgian apartments
D LT S TA I R C A S E
S H E LT E R E D O V E R H A N G AT S T R E E T
W I N D O W S E AT
georgian apartment floor boards RECLAIMED FLOOR BOARDS
georgian apartment facade
Vectorworks Educational Version
Axo of prototype design - ground floor layout
64.
Vectorworks Educational Version
M YC E L I U M C O M P O S I T E I N S U L AT I O N
made using sawdust from substandard reclaimed timber elements. D LT S T R U C T U R E
RECLAIMED WINDOWS
doubled up to comply with regulations college gate apartments GR ANITE FACADE PANELS
REPURPOSED KITCHEN CABINETS
college gate apartments
D LT S TA I R C A S E
WINTER GARDEN
used as extra room providing thermal properties or balcony with windows open
W I N D O W S E AT
georgian apartment floor boards RECLAIMED BRICK PANELS
georgian apartment facade college gate apartment facade
Vectorworks Educational Version
Axo of prototype design - first floor layout
65.
66.
04. Design as a Vehicle for Testing Hypotheses
CHOOSING A SITE Feasibility Study
2 5
11
4 6
3
1
Image of Dublin showing potential sites for consideration
68.
8
9 10 7
69.
CHOOSING A SITE Feasibility Study
01 D O L P H I N ’ S
B A R N S T.
02
CORK ST
0
Site Condition
Site Condition
S
Boundary
Boundary
B
3no. derelict 2 storey flat roofed buildings to south of site
5 storey building to north 2 storey building to west south/east - unobstructed
Large L-shaped industrial building 3 storeys
4 storey residential building to south & east New development to west North - unobstructed
North
P Primarily residential
Surrounding Building Scale
Immediate neighbours do not exceed 4 storeys. Close - 7
Access
2no. primary roads to south and east
Access
1no. primary roads to north 1no. lane way to west
1.9km
70.
A
3 n
D
A
L Amenities
Weaver Park/Gym/Polonez
P
B
P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t
Bus
A C
Distance to O’Connell Bridge
Amenities
Spar / Take-Aways
S
2
Distance to O’Connell Bridge
2.61km
S
Surrounding Building Use
Surrounding Building Scale
Adjacent to multistorey apartment complexes - <12 storeys
O
Orientation
Surrounding Building Use
Primarily residential
H s
S
Orientation
South
9 s
P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t
Bus
h
d
03
MONTPELIER HILL
Site Condition
9no, dilapidated buildings throughout site inc. large Georgian residence. Boundary
Housing estate to east south/west/north - unobstructed Orientation
South/west
Surrounding Building Use
Primarily residential
Surrounding Building Scale
Adjacent to housing estates-2 storeys Criminal courts-8 storeys/Phoenix Pk Access
3no. primary roads to south, west & north Distance to O’Connell Bridge
2.42km
Amenities
Londis/Take-Aways/Hotel P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t
Bus
04
BRIDGEFOOT ST
Site Condition
Completely clear Boundary
4 st. Mixed use Georgian to south 4 st. Residential apartments to west Orientation
North/east
Surrounding Building Use
Mixed use & residential
Surrounding Building Scale
Adjacent to 7 storey residential Adjacent to 5 storey mixed use Access
1no. primary road to east 1no. secondary road to north Distance to O’Connell Bridge
1.52km
Amenities
Short walk to all amenities P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t
Bus/luas
71.
CHOOSING A SITE Feasibility Study
07
WERBURGH ST
Site Condition
Completely clear
08
NORTH CIRCULAR RD
Site Condition
2no. 3 storey georgian buildings to east of site
Boundary
Carparks to both east and north Orientation
Unobstructed to east/north/west Surrounding Building Use
Residential/ecclesiastical
Surrounding Building Scale
Adjacent to 5-6 storey residential buildings
Boundary
6 storey new residential to north 4 storey georgian residential to west Orientation
South/south-east Surrounding Building Use
Residential
Surrounding Building Scale Access
1no. primary road to west 1no. secondary road to south
Adjacent to 6 storey residential buildings/flats Access
Distance to O’Connell Bridge
906.27m
Amenities
Short walk to all amenities P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t
Bus/Luas
2no. primary roads to east and south Distance to O’Connell Bridge
1.3km
Amenities
Spar/Pharmacy/Mt. Joy Sq Park P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t
72.
Bus
05 05
BBEENNBBUURRBB SSTT
SSi it tee CCoonnddi itti ioonn
1no, dilapidated dilapidated building building to to north north of of 1no, site site
06
0
M MO O LLY YN NE EU X YA R D
C oo nn dd ii tt ii oo nn SSii ttee C
S
6no. 1 1 storey storey outbuildings outbuildings & sheds 6no. throughout site site throughout
C
B BBoouunnddaarryy
Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed
use use use use
Georgian fabric fabric to to east east Georgian 4 st. new to west 4 st. new to west
OOrri ieennt taatti ioonn
South/north South/north
SSuurrrroouunnddi inngg BBuui il lddi inngg UUssee
Commercial/mixed use use Commercial/mixed
SSuurrrroouunnddi inngg BBuui il lddi inngg SSccaallee
Adjacent to to 5-6 5-6 storey storey residential residential Adjacent buildings buildings AAcccceessss
1no. secondary secondary road road to to south south 1no. Luas/pedestrian road to north Luas/pedestrian road to north DDi isst taannccee ttoo OO’ ’CCoonnnneel ll l BBrriiddggee
395.28m 395.28m
AAmmeenni it ti ieess
Short walk walk to to all all amenities amenities Short PPuubbl li icc TTrraannssppoorrtt
Bus/Luas Bus/Luas
BBoo uu nn dd aa rr yy
Church & & Church Mixed use Mixed use
C grounds to to grounds residential residential
north north to to west
O
U
O rr ii ee nn tt aa tt ii oo nn O
S
East/South East/South
R
B uu ii ll dd ii nn gg U U ss ee SSuu rr rr oo uu nn dd ii nn gg B
S S
Residential/mixed use use Residential/mixed
A A b b
B uu ii ll dd ii nn gg S S cc aa ll ee SSuu rr rr oo uu nn dd ii nn gg B
Adjacent to to 4 4 storey storey residential residential Adjacent buildings/flats buildings/flats
A A
1 1 1 1
AAcc cc ee ss ss
1no. secondary secondary road road to to south south 1no. 1no. lane way to east 1no. lane way to east
D D
9 9
D ii ss tt aa nn cc ee tt oo O O ’’ C C oo nn nn ee ll ll B B rr ii d dg g ee D
A A
1.4km 1.4km
S S
m ee nn ii tt ii ee ss AAm
P P
Short walk walk to to all all amenities amenities Short
B B
PPuu bb ll ii cc TTrr aa nn ss pp oo rr tt
Bus/Luas Bus/Luas
73.
CHOOSING A SITE Feasibility Study
09MMOOSSSS SSTT 09
10 MMOOSSSS SSTT 10
od n idtiitoi n on SS i tiet eC C on
od n idtiitoi n on SS i tiet eC C on
on ud na d ra yr y BB ou
on ud na d ra yr y BB ou
e tnat taitoi n on OO r irei n
e tnat taitoi n on OO r irei n
on ud n idni g n gB B n gU U SS u ru rr or u u iul idl idni g s es e
on ud n idni g n gB B n gU U SS u ru rr or u u iul idl idni g s es e
on ud n idni g n gB B n gS S SS u ru rr or u u iul idl idni g c ac lael e
on ud n idni g n gB B n gS S SS u ru rr or u u iul idl idni g c ac lael e
c se ss s AA cce
c se ss s AA cce
ac ne c et ot oO O one n lel l lB B de ge DD i si tsat n ’ C’ C on r irdi g
ac ne c et ot oO O one n lel l lB B de ge DD i si tsat n ’ C’ C on r irdi g
e intiitei se s AA mm en
e intiitei se s AA mm en
Pb u lbi lci cT rTar n a sn p so p ro tr t Pu
Pb u lbi lci cT rTar n a sn p so p ro tr t Pu
1no,dilapidated dilapidatedmixed mixeduse/industrial use/industrial 1no, buildingtotonorth northofofsite site building
1no.3 3storey storeymixed mixeduse usebuilding building&& 1no. 1no. 3 storey residential building 1no. 3 storey residential building toto east east
South/west South/west
Commercial/office/mixeduse use Commercial/office/mixed
Adjacenttoto5-6 5-6storey storeyresidential residential Adjacent buildingsand and9-12 9-12storey storeyoffices offices buildings
2no.primary primaryroads roadsnorth northand andwest west 2no. 1no. secondary road to south 1no. secondary road to south
395.28m 395.28m
Fewimmediate immediateamenities amenities Few
Bus/luas Bus/luas
74.
3no.derelict derelict4 4storey storeygeorgian georgianresiresi3no. dentialbuildings buildings dential
1no.5 5storey storeyoffice officeblock blocktotoeast east 1no. 5no.shed/industrial shed/industrialbuildings buildingstoto 5no. south south
South(barsheds)/west/north sheds)/west/north South(bar
Commercial/office/mixeduse use Commercial/office/mixed
Adjacenttoto5-6 5-6storey storeyresidential residential Adjacent buildingsand and9-12 9-12storey storeyoffices offices buildings
1no.primary primaryroad roadtotowest west 1no. 1no. secondary road to north 1no. secondary road to north
391.69m 391.69m
Fewimmediate immediateamenities amenities Few
Bus/luas Bus/luas
11
SMITHFIELD
Site Condition
Completely clear Boundary
4 storey building to east, luas to south Orientation
South/west
Surrounding Building Use
Residential/industrial/commercial Surrounding Building Scale
Adjacent to 8 storey & 4-5 storey buildings Access
1no. access road to west 1no. secondary road to north Distance to O’Connell Bridge
1250m
Amenities
Short walk to all amenities P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t
Bus/Luas/Train/DART
75.
CHOOSING A SITE Smithfield
After much deliberation it was a site at Smithfield
site which is now horded off, presumably for
which became the focal point of the thesis. This
development. It has direct access to the Luas stop
site is located in a bustling part of the city, next
and boarders the Smithfield Square to its west
to a constantly busy vein of connectivity - the
side.
Smithfield Luas stop. Its accessibility to the city centre and a range of adjacent services
The pinpointing of a site has proven to be an
meant that the use of this site would prove to
exercise in decision making rather than a mission
be extremely interesting as the building and
intrinsic to the development of the project. This is
programme respond to their surroundings.
because a site was needed as a vehicle to test the ideas and hypothesis raised throughout the year,
The site itself lies to the west of one of Jameson’s
rather than the site itself being a primary element
distillery buildings on their former carpark, a
of the thesis development.
View of site from south-west
View of site from north-west
76.
Aerial view showing location of site in context
Aerial view showing site boundary
77.
CHOOSING A SITE Smithfield
View of site from west looking down luas tracks
View of site from north-west - Pierre Long
View of site from south - Pierre Long
View of site from south across luas tracks
78.
View of site from south-west - Pierre Long
View of site from south - Pierre Long
Initial site analysis
Smithfield Square once provided space for
square lifeless throughout much of the day - with
bustling markets in the heart of industrial Dublin,
no reason to stop within its boundaries and
although the fabric of its boundaries has changed
permeate the space.
tremendously throughout the decades. Now the square is flanked by multistorey residential blocks
Additions to the square should therefore be
whose boundary at street level is completely
permeable at the ground floor whilst relating to
impermeable - which in turn has rendered the
this great space.
79.
THE BRIEF
The ultimate goal of the semester was to design
matter the programme of the1resulting building. 2
a building which would act as an embodiment of
This is because the building itself should be
the research and thesis hypotheses which had
flexible in its design, with its programme adapting
been concluded throughout the semester thus
to suit the needs of those who use it.3 4
far. This meant that the design of a building would
5
therefore be a vehicle for the testing of these ideas
The resulting building therefore took on the
rather than the building itself being the pinnacle of
programme of a collection of live/work spaces;
the thesis.
this, coupled with the reservation of the ground
6
floor for community programming would allow the It was important however that the designed
building to explore how the methodology might be
structure could express that the proposed
implemented on a domestic scale as well as on a
Context Map 1:10,000
Site Plan 1:5,000
methodology for reuse could be enacted no
more public or commercial scale.
R E S O U
A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE
R E C Y C
L E N D A
A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE
01 A R C H I T E C T A P P O I N T E D 02 S I T E C H O S E N 03 S I T E A N A L Y S I S RESOURCE MAPPING
existing structures mapped and useful elements inventorised
M O R E E L E M E N T S R E A D I LY AVAILABLE FOR REUSE
M AT E R I A L P A S S P O R T S
KEPT LOCAL - LESS NEED FOR TRANSPORT
04 C O U N C I L
05 S U P P L E M E N T
INVENTORY
WITH LOW/NO E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S
choose useful elements for the desired programme from this catalogue of materials
D LT Mycelium Composites Cellulose Insulation Timber Hempcrete
construction waste & viable elements/materials after deconstruction are collected and inventorised
06
D E S I G N F O R D I S A S S E M B LY
C R E AT I O N O F M O R E LOCAL JOBS
Graphic explaining Methodology for Reuse
Wa l l A s s e m b
80.
Each apartment is based on optimum sizes
playroom or more.
published by the department of environment, community and local government, but exceeds
The addition of this unprogrammed space further
these through the introduction of additional
employs the idea of a circular approach to
unprogrammed space to each home. This
construction by allowing each apartment scope
unprogrammed space adds between 10 and
to adapt and change to the needs of the residents
30sqm to the apartment depending on the
on a number of different scales.
number of bedrooms and can be used in any
At this point the original methodology for reuse
manner the residents see fit. Its primary use
was revisited and the salient points extracted
may be a studio but it could also be used as an
in order to form a clear objective for what the
extra bedroom, living space, granny flat, office,
ensuing building should entail.
THESIS MANIFESTO
01. The consideration from the outset of the reuse of 04. Designing for disassembly through the independent materials and elements from the inventory.
layering of building elements and the use of dry connections which are demountable and can be
02. The supplementation of these reused elements
easily taken down and reused.
with new materials which have little to no embodied energy - keeping the overall energy expenditure neutral or negative.
05. Designing for adaptability including provision for the ease of restructuring rooms, easily accessible services, provision of ample storage, configuration
03. The implementation of carbon neutral structural
of circulation and grouping of servant spaces,
elements such as timber and the paralleled
demountable cladding panels, dry connections,
reduction of the use of newly fabricated concrete,
layering of elements, provision for dormant capacity
steel and masonry where possible.
and utalisation of standardised elements to allow for easy replacement or upgrading
81.
THE BRIEF
The brief for this project is to design a structure which embraces the ethos of circularity. The aim is to develop a building whereby its embodied energy is significantly lower than that of similar structures built in recent times. This reduction of embodied energy will come from the implementation of the reuse of materials, fixtures and fittings from demolition sites, which would otherwise have gone to landfill. These materials will them be supplemented where needed, by newly manufactured low embodied energy materials such as timber structural elements and cellulose insulation. All reused materials should come from regional inventory of materials so that their origin and makeup is known and can be traced. In order to counteract the limitations imposed on the project through the reuse of materials, the building’s fabric and structural language should adapt in order to ensure the building may perform to the best of its ability despite any anticipated limitations thermally or otherwise. The aesthetic language of the building should not be compromised by the reuse of materials but instead this act of repurposing should create a distinct character for the building which allows it to respond to and sit well within its immediate and extended context. The building should embrace all aspects of circularity through the designed capacity for adaptability and change. Services should be easily accessed for maintenance and future re-installation and service voids should be large enough to accommodate future additions should the building programme change. Structure should be kept to external walls where possible in order to provide open floor plans which can be subdivided and changed depending on the needs of the current building programme. Connections between building elements should always be dry connections, and should therefore be easily reversible in order to aid the disassembly of the structure and reuse of its elements elsewhere should the building come to the end of its useful life. Dormant capacity should also be designed into the structure where possible in order to ensure the building has the structural capacity to allow for the addition of units or extra floors as time goes on and needs change. In developing a structure which can adapt to house a number of different uses over its lifetime, drawings produced must depict one of these programmes of use therefore I have chosen to develop a set of live-work apartments and duplex’. The choice to design the building in this manner will hopefully showcase the concept that the structural language and materiality of the design can adapt from the most private and intimate of settings, the home, through a number of iterations and also accommodate the more public programmes of studios, offices, retail or commercial.
82.
Schedule of Accommodation Areas to be included for one block of accommodation of three on the site: Ground Floor: Public Coworking Space - 170sqm Adjacent Café - 75sqm café to relate to coworking space and luas stop/public square Unprogrammed space, open to exterior, planted - 75sqm space that is unprogrammed at the offset but is then free to be enclosed and utilised at any stage this space would begin as a covered extension of the public square Additional ground floor accommodation which may be provided after the construction of phases 2 & 3: Additional unprogrammed space, open to exterior, planted - 140sqm May be used for public gatherings, events etc. Storage and associated facilities for residents - 75sqm Gallery/ Community event space - 100sqm *Sizing parameters taken from Sustainable Urban Housing 4no. 2 Bedroom Duplex’ with studio space - 100sqm
Apartment Guidelines
Living/Dining/Kitchen - 26sqm Total living area - 56sqm Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space Living Space- 30sqm for use as work space as one large studio space, divided into offices or used as additional living space and extra bedroom Bathroom - 4sqm Bedroom 01 - 11.4sqm Bedroom 02 - 11.4sqm [Balcony/Winter Garden - 10 sqm] 2no. 3 Bedroom Duplex’ with office space - 100sqm Living/Dining/Kitchen - 31sqm Office Space/ Unprogrammed Space Living Space- 10sqm Bathroom - 4sqm Bedroom 01 - 11.4sqm Bedroom 02 - 11.4sqm Bedroom 03 - 7.1sqm [Balcony/Winter Garden - 10 sqm]
Total living area - 41sqm
3no. 1 Bedroom Duplex’ with Studio space - 62sqm Living/Dining/Kitchen - 30sqm Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space Living Space- 17sqm Bathroom - 4sqm Bedroom 01 - 11.4sqm [Balcony/Winter Garden - 10 sqm]
Total living area - 47sqm
1no. Communal Amenity Area- 62sqm
Meeting rooms / break-out spaces etc
Roof Garden - planted community roof garden/urban farm to be programmed like this until time comes that further floors need to be added 83.
SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G
Designing out obsolescence: “Literature on retrofitting has tended to focus on how to retrofit existing buildings, rather than how initial design decisions can facilitate or hinder retrofitting later in a building’s life cycle.12” The retrofitting of buildings has become, in recent
each other, on a cyclical basis.
years, the pinnacle for sustainable design in the realm of architecture. The idea of adaptive reuse
This is particularly important when it comes to
has been thrown back and forward as architects
services. The technology behind a building’s
begin to tackle the transformation of existing
services such as heating and cooling elements,
structures into something relevant for today.
electricity, lighting and ventilation is constantly
This transformation of obsolete spaces has been
being updated as more efficient, cost effective
paired with the idea that the energy expenditure
and energy saving methods are found. Therefore,
associated with their adaptation is significantly
if a building’s makeup prevents its owners from
smaller than that which would be associated with
actively maintaining and updating its services
their demolition and subsequent new build in their
the building will soon become obsolete - unfit
place.
for further use. Furthermore, the specification of standardised elements within each of these
How much easier, more efficient and
interdependent layers allows for the easy location
environmentally friendly might this process be if
and replacement of these parts should they get
we designed from the offset with the possibility
damaged.
for future retrofit in mind? In order to design in a manner which would make the future retrofit and therefore adaptation of a structure as simple as possible it is important to take a number of factors into account. The most pressing of which being the independent layering of structural systems, services and fittings in order to ensure each component can be easily maintained, replaced,
Skin
added to or removed with little to no upset of adjacent layers.
Struc ‘It is helpful to think of a building as a collection of shearing layers, each of which have different life
Servi
cycles’ and thus, in order to prevent the building 13
becoming obsolete in parallel with its component which has the shortest life cycle - each element must be easy to maintain, interdependently of 84.
Initial concepts on systematic layering in relation to design
cture
ices
Graphic explaining the idea of systematic layering (Brand. 2012)
I N I T I A L C O N C E P T S O N S Y S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G
Skin
Skin Sub-Structure
Services
Structure
Services Structure
85.
SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G A Double Skin Facade
Following on from the research previously
laminated those elements, which would in-turn,
conducted into the merits of using dowel
increase the building’s overall levels of embodied
laminated timber as a structure’s primary
energy. However if the structure was to be
structural component, it was clear that this should
constructed solely in DLT its structural limitations
be employed as the building’s main structural
would mean only a much smaller building could be
language. It was important that dlt could be used
produced which - as a result could cater to only a
in so far as possible without it becoming a barrier
restricted range of programmes and uses.
to design. This would ensure a balance could be made between the positive aspects of the
Through the introduction of glue laminated
structural systems’ low embodied energy and the
elements into the structural strategy they can
inherent limitations of its use due to the size of
be employed where needed rather than their
prefabricated panels and their associated spans.
structural capacity being wasted. This means, in locations such as the ground floor, where more
The DLT primary structure would therefore be
community centric programmes may be placed,
supplemented with an external sub-structure of
the glulam can be employed in order to provide
glulam fins and beams. The two structural systems
taller floor to ceiling heights and larger spans,
work together to counteract limitations. If glulam
allowing the building and its structure to adapt to
were to be employed throughout the structure
accommodating varying programmes over time,
with beams on every floor etc., a huge amount of
thus extending the building’s overall life cycle.
additional adhesive would be needed in order to
01. Exterior Substructure of Glulam Fins
06. Sheathing Board
02. Recycled Glazing/ Recycled Windows
07. Recycled Timber Battens
Layer 01: Fixed between glulam fins Layer 02: Fixed in opening of DLT structure
03. Window Seat Depth between the two facade layers can allow for provision of a window seat when the internal window is open by bridging the void
04. Balcony Increased depth of facade between primary and secondary structure allow for provision of a balcony where a door is provided in the internal structure
05. Reclaimed Cladding Panels Fixed to recycled timber battens which are slotted into glulam fins (dry connection)
86.
08. Cellulose or Mycelium Insulation 09. Service Void 10. DLT Primary Structure Space promotes thermal capacity of building through the heating of the air inside it and also allows for services to be run independently of the structure
11. Ground floor use of glulam beam Allows for a change in scale on floors where uses are different such as a ground floor community space
12. Stone footings Timber resting on stone footings to visually ground the project and keep timber elements off the ground.
01. 02.
08.
03. 01. 10. 01. 05. 04. 09.
03. 06. 07. 11.
12.
Section showing double skin facade concept 87.
Vectorworks Educational Version SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G Initial Concepts on Systematic Layering
01.
01.
Exterior Substructure of Glulam Fins 07.
02.
Recycled Glazing/ Recycled Windows Layer 01: Fixed between glulam fins Layer 02: Fixed in opening of DLT structure
03.
Window Seat Depth between the two facade layers can allow for provision of a window seat when the internal window is open by bridging the void
04.
Reclaimed Cladding Panels
08.
02. 03. 09.
Fixed to recycled timber battens which are slotted into glulam fins (dry connection)
06. 05.
Sheething Board
06.
Recycled Timber Battons
07.
Celulose or Mycelium Insulation
08.
Service Void
04.
09.
DLT Primary Structure
05.
Space promotes thermal capacity of building through the heating of the air inside it and also allows for services to be run independently of the structure
08.
10.
Ground floor use of glulam beam Allows for a change in scale on floors where uses are different such as a ground floor community space
02.
10.
Initial concepts on layering - section through glazing
88.
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorw
01.
07.
06. 09.
08.
04. 05.
08.
02.
10.
Initial concepts on layering - section through cladding
Initial concepts on layering - expansion of void
89.
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorw
SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G A Self-Supporting Facade
void itself. The air within it heating up through
due to the reuse of certain elements from the
exposure to the winter sun, would add an
doubling up of reused elements such as glazing which would, if left singly not perform well enough to comply with standards. The ability of the external layer of glulam to support cladding and an additional layer of glazing means that it acts as a self supporting facade, an idea trialled recently by Amin Taha in his design for Clerkenwell Close (2017). This interdependent layering means that the structure and substructure can be moved as close to each other as needed but also can be removed from each other, allowing for the creation of a void - an intangible supplementary layer. This void also helps to overcome any limitations which come with the reuse of materials. The void allows for the integration of increased amounts of insulation, which, when paired with the thermal mass of the DLT would increase the thermal performance of the building, thus reducing its operational energy over time. The use of a low embodied energy insulation in this instance such as a mycelium composite or cellulose/ wood fibre insulation would allow for the increase in the insulations’ depth whilst ensuring no increase in associated energy expenditure would occur.
Construction Separate Living Elements
Exploded axos showing structural system 90.
01/23/07
DATE
Owner
Checker
CHECKED BY
Author
DRAWN BY
Unnamed CLIENT
TITLE
Project Name
www.autodesk.com/revit
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
STATUS
forms a double skin facade which facilitates the
PROJECT
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION CODE
Description Rev
inventory of materials. Their coupling essentially
REV
tackling the limitations which are brought forward
DRAWING NUMBER
skin facade is bolstered by the properties of the
PROJECT NUMBER
embraces the idea of systematic layering whilst
Project Number
underpinned by the implementation of a double
SCALE (@ A1)
substructure to the dowel laminated timber
Date
This idea of increased insulation and thermal mass
2020 03:48:11
The introduction of glulam fins as an external
04/30/20
Project Number
DATE
PROJECT NUMBER
A101
DRAWING NUMBER
SCALE (@ A1)
Owner
Checker
extremely difficult. Author
providing natural cooling throughout the building.
CLIENT
TITLE
PROJECT
Rev
escape through vents at the top of the building,
unsuitable for reuse as their separation would be CHECKED BY
allow hot air to rise during summer months and
makeup which would render both components
DRAWN BY
Unnamed
Project Name
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
www.autodesk.com/revit
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION CODE
STATUS
Description
with the idea that the uninterrupted void could
REV
Date
30/04/2020 04:16:23
additional thermal concept to the structure, along
Removable cladding panels fixed between the glulam substructure allow for easy access to the
This void, running the perimeter of the building
service void at any time, facilitating their timely
acts as a natural home for services. The
maintenance and thus extending the useful life of
positioning of services in this manner means that
the building.
they adhere to the concept of interdependent layering and thus are not fixed within the structural
Construction Primary Structure (DLT) & Substructure (Glulam)
Phase 01 With Inbuilt Dormant Capacity 5
25
91.
SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G Dormant Capacity
“Although some approaches for designing adaptability into buildings increased initial construction costs by an average of one to two percent, in most cases these additional costs were recouped at the building’s first refurbishment cycle.”14 Dormant capacity addresses the idea that at
future construction of additional levels to the top of
the time of building - additional measures can
the building, should the need arise.
be taken in order to ensure that alterations
The height of a dowel laminated structure would
can be made to the structure easily should the
usually be limited to about 6 to 7 stories. However,
building’s programme need to change or expand.
through the pairing of the DLT and glulam,
These measures could include the integration
this height restriction can be exceeded by the
of additional lintels into a building’s facade as
incremental implementation of the structural
a means of predetermining the future need for
capacity of the glulam frame.
increased glazing. The cost implications involved in this are menial when the process is absorbed
This capacity is exploited after six DLT floors
into the building’s initial construction, as apposed
have been constructed, allowing for the stacking
to the high costs that would ensue should this
of additional prefabricated DLT floors on top of
task be undertaken years after project completion.
this. In theory this could occur twice more on top
Other measures which fall under the concept
of the original fabric of the building, bringing the
of dormant capacity include the over-provision
total height of the structure to 18 stories. This is
of electrical sockets and unfilled conduits in a
the height of the recently completed Mjøstårnet
structure whose programme may change in the
in Brumunddal, Norway by Voll Arkitekter which
future to either offices or live-work spaces.
employs a secondary glulam structure to its exterior, allowing for the stacking of mass timber
The dimensions of selected vertical timber fins
elements inside it - to a height never before
on the east and west facades of each structural
achieved by mass timber construction.
block have been increased to allow them to act structurally, taking on the vertical loading of the
Although a building of this height is possible and
structure as a whole, rather than solely the facade
the capability of the structure to implement it is
elements. This allows the structural capacity of
calculated into the loading. it would not be fitting
the glulam components to be exploited when
to have a structure of this height in the environs
needed throughout the building, as is seen on
of Smithfield Square. Therefore it is proposed
the ground floor where taller ceiling heights are
that the structure be 6 stories over ground floor
bigger than dlt would allow, in order to cater for
with dormant capacity available for the addition
differing programmes. Glulam beams run between
of a further 2-4 stories, brining the total possible
these structural fins, supporting the loads from
stories at smithfield to 10 over ground floor.
the DLT above. The structural glulam elements are calculatedly oversized, this is to allow for the
92.
DescriptionRev Date Description
DateRev
CODE
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION CODE
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION
CODE
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION
PURPOSE OF ISSUE STATUS
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
STATUS
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
www.autodesk.com/revit
www.autodesk.com/revit
www.autodesk.com/revit PROJECT
PROJECT
Project Name Project Name Unnamed CLIENT
25
25
25
Author
Unnamed CLIENT
Owner
Owner Owner AdaptationAdaptation Adaptation Inserting Additional Inserting Additional FloorsInserting Floors Additional Floors
CHECKED BY DRAWNDATE BY
Checker
SCALE (@ A1) DRAWING NUMBER
A103
Unnamed
CLIENT
CHECKED BY
Author 04/30/20 Checker
PROJECT SCALENUMBER (@ A1)
Project Number
DRAWING NUMBER REV
A103
30/04/2020 04:26:26
5
DRAWN BY
Project Name TITLE
TITLE
DATE
DRAWN BY
04/30/20Author
30/04/2020 04:26:26
TITLE
5
Date
STATUS
PROJECT
Phase 01 Phase 01 Phase 01 With InbuiltWith Dormant InbuiltCapacity Dormant With Inbuilt Capacity Dormant Capacity
Description
CHECKED BY
Checker
PROJECT NUMBER SCALE (@ A1)
Project Number
REV DRAWING NUMBER
A103
DATE
04/30/20
PROJECT NUMBER
Project Number
REV
30/04/2020 04:26:26
Rev
Phase 02 Phase 02 Phase 02 With Additional With Additional Capacity With &Capacity Programme Additional & Programme Capacity & Program
Exploded axos showing dormant capacity
Vectorworks Educational Version
Photograph of Mjøstårnet (archdaily.com)
Vectorworks Educational Version
Plan showing initial structural concept
93.
F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G Ground Floor - Public
After developing a clear structural language for the project, the form of the buildings took shape soon after. Two blocks are staggered over the site with the potential for a third to mirror the first at the top of the site when need for additional space is seen. Each block consists of two paired interdependent structural elements with a core of vertical circulation sandwiched between them. The core is a separate structural entity and remains external throughout. The threshold between exterior and interior space occurs at the front door of each apartment. In terms of programme, the building exploits the idea of layering once again, this time a functional layering concept is applied. This means that the most public spaces reside on the ground floor in order to engage and populate the site and surrounding areas. Spaces then become more private as you move from ground floor, to vertical circulation, to shared landing and finally to the apartment - either the semi-private studio spaces or private living areas. Community interaction at ground level was deemed essential in order to counteract the impenetrable nature of the ground floor boundaries of surrounding buildings. The hope is that the site would be used as a through-way by those accessing the luas and that they may pause while they wait, ensuring the continued population of the site throughout the day.
Ground Floor Plan of proposed structures in context 94.
Vectorworks Educational Version
5
Vectorworks Educational Version
25 95.
F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G Ground Floor
The staggering of the blocks creates two distinct public plazas. One relating to the adjacent luas stop and the other extending the thoroughfare of Smithfield Square. The southernmost structure houses a café and coworking areas for use by the public. The café has a direct relationship to the luas stop and a covered colonnade encourages people to use the site on their journey to and from the luas.
Vertical Circulation Café
The threshold to the east is more delicate as it
Coworking Space
is adjacent to the neighbouring building. Here
Storage for Residents
quieter and less used functions have been
Covered Outdoor Space
placed such as lockups and storage areas for
Bathroom
the residents of the above apartments. Once again a colonnade has been employed, this time to provide an acoustic break between the two buildings.
Vectorworks Educational Version
Additional space on the ground floor has been left unprogrammed, these areas become an extension of the public squares and provide sheltered recreational space to the community. Seating is positioned through the square so that these covered areas may be employed as outdoor performance spaces for the public to utilise. The idea of dormant capacity is once again brought in, as these covered outdoor areas have the potential to be enclosed and used as retail outlets or community spaces should the need arise. Urban farming plots populate the space where a third set of apartments may be built, covering foundations laid during the first phase of construction.
Ground Floor Plan of proposed structures in context 96.
5
10 97.
F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G First Floor - Private / Semi-Public
In order to allow for the activation of the entire
elements. The staircase itself is accessible to
floor plan, the span of the DLT structure runs from
anyone using the building, however the circulation
south to north across each of the independent
space beyond the threshold of the staircase is
structural blocks. This is a span of 6.4m, a
reserved only for those who reside on that floor.
distance which is well within the capabilities of
This provides a gradation of spaces from public
DLT whose furthest achievable span is 9.8m15.
to private but also allows this space to become
Therefore, load bearing DLT fin walls flank the
an extension of the living area, a shared outdoor
long axes of each structural element. This internal
space where neighbours can meet and gather.
structural arrangement allows the residents to alter the layout of their spaces to suit their needs, without disturbing the integrity of the building. In addition to the layout of each apartment being changed, two apartments may be converted into one through the removal of the non- loadbearing DLT wall which runs between them. This wall consists of two separate leaves of DLT with insulation between in order to provide acoustic separation between apartments. The wall can be removed in panels and reused elsewhere in the building. The floor shown is an example of the first floor of the block furthest south on the site. This floor consists of the lower floor of three separate 2 bedroom duplex apartments and one one bedroom apartment. Vertical circulation is external and runs between the paired structural
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vertical Circulation Internal Vertical Circulation Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space Bedroom Winter Garden Living/Dining/Kitchen Bathroom Version First FloorVectorworks Plan ofEducational proposed structures
98.
Services in each apartment are grouped
and maintenance throughout the life time of the
along the walls which boarder the circulation
building. This is aided by the treatment of these
spaces. This divides the scheme into servant
internal facades where removable timber cladding
and served spaces and allows for the grouping
panels are introduced - allowing for addition,
of service elements and thus their easy repair
subtraction and maintenance of services.
Vectorworks Educational Version 1
5
99.
F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G Second Floor - Private / Semi-Public
The second floor houses the upper floor of the
living areas although it can remain independent
three duplexes as well as an additional one
through the closing off of private spaces at the
bedroom apartment. An internal staircase within
entrance.
each duplex leads to a landing, off which a second bedroom resides. Beyond the landing is the studio space, this space is essentially an unprogrammed space, free to be used in whatever manner suits the residents of that home. The threshold between the landing and this area can be closed off if this space is to be used as an independent work space, if this is the case access is available from the main vertical circulation and thus does not disturb the privacy of the living areas. Lightwells which run the height of the building bring daylight into the deepest areas of the plan, allowing windows to be placed on three of four of the apartments boundary walls. The lightwells also allow for visual connectivity between floors in the circulation spaces adding a layer of added security through passive surveillance whilst allowing those spaces to feel external whilst still being protected. The one bedroom apartment works similarly in many ways to the duplex. In this instance the studio space resides on the same level as the Vectorworks Educational Version
Vertical Circulation Internal Vertical Circulation Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space Bedroom Winter Garden Living/Dining/Kitchen
Vectorworks Educational Version
Second Floor Plan of proposed structures 100.
Vectorworks Educational Version 1
5
101.
F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G Live/Work Apartments
The independent nature of the DLT structure
space because here, indirect sunlight would be
means that it can be positioned irrespective
appreciated as this is the preferred lighting for
of the location of the self supporting facade.
working on screens or working creatively.
This ensures that the depth of each facade can differ depending on factors such as orientation
The depth of this condition further increases at the
and privacy. This depth can then be utilised in
south elevation of each apartment, here the DLT
a number of different ways such as through the
structure is pushed even further back creating a
creation of window seats and Juliette balconies
double height winter garden. The characteristics
between the layering of glazing elements - adding
of this space can be altered through the
another dimension of space to the room.
manipulation of louvers on the south facade.
This depth increases in areas such as the studio
Rendered perspective of winter garden
102.
ks
or
ct or w
Ve
n
si o
er
lV
io na
uc at
Ed
First and second floor plans
103.
rw
ct o
Ve or ks
on
si
er
lV
na
uc at io
Ed
ks
or
w
or
ct
Ve
on
si
er
lV
na
io
at
uc
Ed
Ve c ks
or
w
to r Ed u
ca
tio n
al
si on
Ve r
CONNECTIONS Designing for Disassembly
“It was all bolted together,” he said. “All I had to do was unbolt some things, put some things in new places, and bolt it all back together. It was fantastic. Didn’t lose one thing. That’s sustainability: not losing a single thing.16” - Glenn Murcutt Australian architect, Glenn Murcutt, speaks
that purpose but are only temporarily involved
about the ease of adaptability of his home in New
in its construction. This means that once that
South Wales. The home, in its original form was
building reaches the end of its useful life it is only
designed by Marie Short in 1974. Its pared back
that iteration of the combination of those materials
structural system of timber posts and beams
which will be lost. This is because the materials
were bolted together in a sequence of bays;
can then be repurposed, reintroducing them into
their enclosure determined their use as either
use and thus into a circular economy - opposing
terrace, bedroom or living spaces. Possibly one
the traditional forms of linear, cradle to grave
of the first demountable structures built under
consumption.
the premise of sustainability, the merits of the project were highlighted only six years later
Dry connections can be achieved in conjunction
when Murcutt bought the property. Its layout and
with numerous construction methods including
accommodation did not suit his needs completely
steel frame, timber frame, mass timber and timber
but this was not an issue because of its use
laminates. Steel construction is understandably
of dry connections. This meant Murcutt could
one of the least environmentally efficient there
simply disconnect and reconnect elements of
is, although if connections between elements
the structure until it suited the needs of him and
are bolted rather than welded together, its effect
his family. This idea can be expanded on as the
on the environment can be greatly reduced.
house moves between owners, new iterations can
This is because the reuse of those elements in
easily be created without the need for demolition,
continuum prevent the production of further steel
which would in turn hugely increase the useful life
components, therefore reducing its associated
of the structure - reducing its associated levels of
embodied energy.
energy expenditure. In 2019 RAU Architects designed the ‘first
104.
The true viability of a structure being part of a
large-scale, 100% wood, reconstructible office
circular economy lies in the specific detailing
building’ for Triodos Bank in the Netherlands17.
of its connections. A structure which uses dry
The building employs 165,321 screws which hold
connections, i.e. those which can easily be
together all of its constituent parts, ensuring that
reversed, can essentially be referred to as a
when the time comes, the structure can be fully
material bank. In this instance materials and
disassembled and its elements reused - activating
components which make up the fabric of the
the building as a temporary store of these
building do not belong solely to that structure and
materials, rather than their sole purpose.
Section of Triodos Bank - RAU Architects
Vectorworks Educational Version 01. MATERIAL PASSPORTS
02. DEMOUNTABILITY
Each material and element of the building's
The building's primary timber structure was erected using
fabric is outlined in a report which indicates their
only dry connections through the use of 165,321 screws
origin, manufacturer, levels of embodied energy,
to ensure its easy disassembly should the building reach
demountability/connections, possibilities for reuse
the end of its useful life.
and any associated material certificates.
03. FLEXIBILITY
04. REUSE
The interior is designed so that walls can be moved
Material elements from preceding bank headquarters
and replaced in order to cater to the changing
have been reused in this new iteration. Timber beams
needs of the occupants, guaranteeing extended
repurposed for use in the restaurant, construction waste
usability of the structure.
used as paving stones as well as the repurposing of furniture.
REDUCED OPERATIONAL ENERGY
PUBLIC TRANSPORT CONNECTIONS
GREEN ROOFS
H I G H G R A D E I N S U L AT I O N
BIOCOMPOSITE FACADE PANELS
H E AT R E C O V E R Y SY S T E M
CHARGING FOR ECARS & EBIKES
M O V E M E N T A C T I VAT E D L I G H T I N G
BIODIVERSITY
Circular design elements of Triodos Bank - RAU Architects
105.
CONNECTIONS Glulam External Structure
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
Axo of glulam external structure
01.
Vertical Glulam Fins 800x300 - Structure
04.
These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.
Providing structure by being employed to hold the glulam beams of the ground floor
02.
Vertical Glulam Fins 800x150 - Facade
05.
Glulam Beams 800x300 - Structural These beams take the load from the dlt structure on the upper floors and transfer it to the vertical fins. Their oversized nature ensures they can take the forces of all floors as well as additional floors which may be added at a later date. 1
106.
Stone Footings
Vectorworks Educational Version These footings visually anchor the building whilst allowing the
These fins are thinner as they do not need to carry vertical building loads apart from that of the facade. These elements are employed as a means of fixing facade panels and exterior glazing.
03.
Horizontal Glulam Elements 800x150
5
timber to be elevated off the ground protecting it from any moisture damage which may occur.
06.
Demolition Waste Gabions To further anchor the building and provide public seating with a connection to the surrounding public spaces gabions filled with demolition waste/ rubble can be placed between the vertical fins. A timber top can be added to provide a more comfortable sitting surface
Exploded axo of glulam external structure
The glue laminated external framework of the
on their implementation, elements carrying the
proposed design is an element whose potential for
load of the structure are larger than those just
reuse could be completely marred if constructed
employed in the self supporting facade. Horizontal
Vectorworks Educational Version components provide cross bracing of the structure
in an unconscious manner. It is therefore highly
important that the joints and connections between
and visually break up the verticality of the facade,
these elements are thoroughly considered and
their depth providing protection. The vertical
remedied in advance of assembly. Although the
elements sit into stone footings in order to visually
cost of building in this manner can increase the
ground the project and suspend the timber from
initial outlay, this is recouped over the building’s
the moisture of the ground. The embodied energy
lifetime because maintenance, repair and
of the stone is negligible compared to the use of
extension can be achieved in a much less costly
concrete or steel. Gabions filled with demolition
manner18.
waste sit between these providing public seating and a visual cue expressing the building’s reuse of
Vertical glulam fins differ in dimension depending
materials.
107.
CONNECTIONS Glulam External Structure
Photograph of Golden Temple - Japanese traditional construction (dezeen.com)
Dry connections have been utalised throughout
today emphasising their potential longevity. This
history in many instances of vernacular design.
form of construction is closley linked to the recent
This is particularly evident in the architecture
work of Kengo Kuma, who exploits the capabilities
of Japanese merchant houses which were built
of timber in a huge variety of his projects. These
throughout the middle ages. These homes
precedents were extremely useful in the detailing
employ intecrate timber joinery as their main
of connections throughout the project
structural language, many of which still stand
108.
Photographs of connections - Nest we Grow Kengo Kuma (archdaily.com)
01.
02.
03.
04.
Vectorworks Educational Version
05.
torworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Versio 01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
Vectorworks Educational Version 1
2.5
Details of connections between glulam elements 109.
CONNECTIONS Incorporating Reused Elements - Cladding
An important consideration in terms of
something which would work particularly well in
connections throughout the building is that of
Dublin due to the high percentage of brick evident
the connections between the reused elements -
throughout the fabric of the city. This practice
coming from the inventory of materials - and the
was implemented for the facade of the project
structure itself. The understanding of these joints
at Smithfield although a method of connection
is very important because their implementation is
which preferred a low embodied energy approach
not as straight forward as those present between
was favoured over the use of steel hanging rails.
two newly fabricated elements of the structure.
Therefore, brick panels cut from the facades
This is because the properties and dimensions of
of the buildings previously inventorised in Tara
reused and repurposed elements differ with each
Street were fixed to the structure using a series
new component which is introduced. It is therefore
of timber studs. These studs could be positioned
important that a language of connections is used
between the glulam in a manner which suited the
which can be adapted to suit the configuration of
corresponding brick panels. The panels would be
each of the applied reused elements.
fixed to this cassette of timber studs, matching its profile, and the studs would be doweled to
The Lendager Group, a Danish architectural
the glulam, removing the need for high energy
practice who work within the realm of
components.
sustainability recently trialled a system of cladding which, if implemented in Dublin could see a drastic
This treatment of the facade creates a patchwork
reduction in overall levels of embodied energy in
of brick across the elevations, essentially
buildings. Their methodology involves the reuse of
depicting a history of construction within the city.
bricks from the facades of condemned structures.
The variation of the panels and directions of their
The reuse of bricks in a singular manner has been
grain adds an element of depth to the outward
long refuted due to the difficulty of extracting each
expression of the structure.
brick from the surrounding mortar, this is because mortar is essentially stronger than the brick itself. The continued strength of the mortar means that the bricks are more viable as a collection rather than a singular entity; this prompted the Lendager Group to exploit this collective strength. In order to salvage bricks from buildings earmarked for demolition, the group cut the wall into sections containing numerous bricks. These panels were then transported to the new site and hung on the facade using a series of steel rails19. This methodology for the reuse of brick is
110.
1
5
01.
02.
03.
04.
06.
05.
Exploded axo showing connection of brick cladding panels to glulam structure
01. Vertical Glulam Fins 500x150 - Facade Self supporting facade. These elements hold the load of glazing and cladding elements.
02. Vertical Glulam Fins 250x75 - Facade These elements hold the load of glazing and cladding elements. These are thinner so that they are not read visually on the facade and add depth to the elevation
03. Horizontal Glulam Elements 500x150 These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.
04. Timber Studs Timber frame constructed to the size of the individual brick panels. This frame is then doweled to the glulam substructure and to adjacent framing elements.
Vectorworks Edu
05. Repurposed Brick Panel - Georgian Brick panel repurposed from georgian apartments on Townsend Street. Set vertically on facade - fixed to timber frame. English Garden Wall Bond
06. Repurposed Brick Panel Brick panel repurposed from college gate apartments on Townsend street. Set horizontally on facade - Fixed to timber frame. Stretcher bond.
111.
CONNECTIONS Incorporating Reused Elements - Glazing
This idea is expanded upon as construction
01.
Vertical Glulam Fins 500x150 - Facade Self supporting facade. These elements hold the load of glazing and cladding elements.
moves from cladding to glazing. Once again many differing types of window might be utilised from the inventory of materials and therefore a standard approach to fixing these elements within
02.
Vertical Glulam Fins 250x75 - Facade These elements hold the load of glazing and cladding elements. These are thinner so that they are not read visually on the facade and add depth to the elevation
the structure should be implemented in order to facilitate ease of construction. In this instance the opening between glulam structural elements is once again divided up using studs, to suit each window. The windows are then fixed within these studs and any space left over is infilled with
03.
Horizontal Glulam Elements 500x150 These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.
timber paneling. This idea is then repeated in the corresponding opening of the DLT, allowing for a doubling up of glazing elements. The concept is expanded upon in the makeup of
04.
the winter garden, where larger glazing elements
Timber Studs These break up the opening into sections suitable for the placement of individual repurposed windows. They provide a frame for the windows to be attached to.
come into play. These connections are depicted on the following pages. The south facade of each of the winter gardens is not glazed but instead employs a system of
05.
Small Opening Window Taken from College Gate apartments on Townsend Street. Fixed between timber studs and doubled up on the interior in the primary dlt structure in order to achieve BER standards
louvers. These maneuverable louvers give the residents ownership over the space by allowing them to position them to suit their needs. They can be angeled depending on the location of the sun, or they can be completely opened by pushing them to the side, allowing the winter garden to be
06.
Timber Panel Placed in openings where there is still a gap in the openings where window would not fit after placing available windows.
utilised as a traditional balcony. Alternately they may be closed, transforming the space into an extra internal room, adding to the available living area.
07.
1
112.
5
Georgian Sash Window Taken from Georgian apartments on Townsend Street. Fixed between timber studs and doubled up on the interior in the primary dlt structure in order to achieve BER standards
s Educational Version
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
Exploded axo showing connection of glazing elements to glulam structure
s Educational Version
113.
CONNECTIONS Incorporating Reused Elements - Glazing
Vectorworks Educational Version 02. 01. 04. 03.
08. 05.
07.
06.
1
01.
5
Vertical Glulam Fins 800x300 - Structure
05.
Providing structure by being employed to hold the glulam beams of the ground floor
02.
Vertical Glulam Fins 800x150 - Facade Vectorworks Educational Version These fins are thinner as they do not need to carry 06. vertical building loads apart from that of the facade. These elements are employed as a means of fixing facade panels and exterior glazing.
03.
Horizontal Glulam Elements 800x150
Vertical Glulam Element 400x150 Set back from facade to allow glazing to sit in front of it and to be fixed to it for support.
114.
These break up the opening into sections suitable for the placement of individual repurposed windows. They provide a frame for the windows to be attached to.
Georgian Sash Windows Taken from Georgian apartments on Townsend Street. Turned 90 degrees and fixed between timber studs to complete wall
07.
These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.
04.
Timber Studs
Large Aluminium Glazed Wall Taken from Tara Building on Tara Street. Glazing section was used as part of a porch on ground floor level. There are no opening sections in it. It is aluminium frame.
08.
Seating Timber offcuts used to fabricate internal seating for the winter garden
Exploded axo showing connection of glazing to glulam structure
Vectorworks Educational Version 01. 02.
03.
04. 05.
06.
07.
1
01.
5
Vertical Glulam Fins 800x300 - Structure
05.
Providing structure by being employed to hold the glulam beams of the ground floor
02.
Vectorworks Educational Version 06.
Runner Allows pivoting elements of louvers to sit in it and to be clicked in place or slid out and moved to the side
Louvers Movable louvers on south facades allow the residents to decide the interior conditions of their space. They can be completely closed to allow the winter garden become an additional room, or they can be angeled depending on the location and strength of sun or the can be completely opened and moved to the side allowing the winter garden to become a balcony
Horizontal Glulam Elements 800x150 These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.
04.
Large timber ‘dowels’ spanning from runner on ceiling to runner on floor on which the louvers are placed, allowing them to be angeled and moved to the side
Vertical Glulam Fins 800x150 - Facade
These fins are thinner as they do not need to carry vertical building loads apart from that of the facade. These elements are employed as a means of fixing facade panels and exterior glazing.
03.
Pivoting Elements
07.
Balustrade 1100 balustrade made from timber.
Exploded axo showing connection of louvers to glulam structure 115.
A RESPONSIVE FACADE
The structural system employed in order to rectify
02.
the imposed limitations of the reuse of materials
The east and west facades also face busy
comes into play in an even more overt manner as
thoroughfares, that of the public plaza and
it allows the facades to be altered in relation to
Smithfield square respectively. Here the
one another, responding directly to the immediate
implementation of an overly deep facade would
needs of that orientation and therefore even
mean a reduction in the amount of light entering
further counteracting any downfall which may be
the structure due to the orientation of the
associated with the integration of materials from
elevations. Therefore a more shallow build-up
the inventory.
is utilised. Along these facades bedrooms are layered beneath studio spaces and thus different
01.
treatments must occur in order to cater to the
The south facade faces the luas and smithfield
differing programmes. The reduction of depth
luas stop, making this a potentially loud
in bedroom areas might lead to a reduction in
intersection with the outside world. In this
privacy, here, the horizontal glulam elements
instance privacy and acoustic insulation would
come into play, blocking views from street level
be valued, therefore, a deeper facade build up is
into the private realm of the bedroom. The depth
implemented. This is afforded due to the structural
at the studio space is increased as indirect light is
system employed throughout the building, allowing
preferred in places of work.
the DLT internal structure to pull away from the self supporting facade. This creates a void, adding
03.
additional depth to the facade which is permissible
Winter gardens throughout the structure are
due to the orientation of this elevation to the
located at a corner, with one side facing south
south, ensuring light can still permeate far into the
and the other, either east or west. Here the DLT
internal spaces.
internal structure is pushed even further from
Two different instances can occur through the
the self supporting facade and the gap between
deepening of this façade, one is the provision
them is bridged through the introduction of an
of a window seat in the living areas. The
independent floor build-up, in order to prevent
second occurs where the façade deepens even
cold bridges. This allows for the inhabitation of the
further, here the inner glazing is changed to a
space between the double skin facade - bringing
door and the void can be utilised as a Juliette
a different sense of space to the apartments. This
balcony - an extension of the bedrooms on the
area is double height which allows increased light
upper floors. The extra depth provided at the
to enter the homes throughout the day.
bedrooms provides additional privacy through
Vectorworks
Educational
Version
the interruption of the line of site from the public thoroughfare below. Additionally the second layer of glazing acts as a screen from the outside, distorting views into the building. Vectorworks
116.
Educational
Version
n
ersio V l a n o i t a c u ks Ed
1
5
Section 01. through south facade with corresponding plan and elevation 117.
A RESPONSIVE FACADE
al Version s Education Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorwork 1
5
Section 02. through east facade with corresponding plan and elevation 118.
Vectorwork al Version
s Education
1
5
Section 03. through east facade with corresponding plan and elevation 119.
A D A P TA B I L I T Y & F L E X I B I L I T Y
“Product lifetime extension (can be achieved) through reuse and refurbishment informed by flexible design and modularisation.22”
A building’s capacity to change, and therefore
elsewhere in order to suit the needs and desired
dodge succumbing to a sense of obsolescence,
layouts of the residents. Further to this, the
lies in its initial designed-in adaptability20.
unprogrammed space in each apartment can
Traditionally the adaptability and flexibility of
be utilised in any way the user prefers and this
a structure was restricted to the inclusion of
use can change over time, possibly as the size of
movable partitions, suspended ceilings and
families change, etc. The space may turn from a
raised access floors21.However, for a building to
studio into an office with a nursery, and then into
be successfully adaptable over-time, the inital
a bedroom and playroom, or even eventually an
design interventions which promote this must be
independent ‘granny flat’, this flexibility within each
much more nuanced and calculated. They need
apartment removes the need for the residents to
to anticipate the needs of the user and wider
find new accommodation on a regular basis as
community on both a short term and long term
their needs change. Additionally, should the space
basis. In doing this, the building’s ability to remain
provided by one apartment be too small, the
relevant extends further beyond that which would
dividing wall can be easily removed in panels to
have been possible had the initial layout/ use/
allow the space to become one large home.
structural language remained stagnant. Medium Term Adaptability: In terms of the building at Smithfield, a number of
There may become an instance whereby the
design concepts have been implemented in order
city is saturated with accommodation and the
to ensure this adaptability on a scale from a few
spaces which people are in need of are offices. In
months after the construction is completed, to a
this scenario traditionally, a building whose sole
few years or decades after.
use was residential may become obsolete, but if adaptability is predetermined, this would not be
Short Term Adaptability:
the case. Once again the span of the structure
In order to facilitate short term adaptability the
means than the floor area can be left completely
structure has been positioned in such a way so
open, all internal walls can be removed and
that the floor plan of each apartment is completely
reused elsewhere or they can be reconfigured.
clear of obstruction. In this way, any partitions
This would provide an open plan office, retail, or
that are in place at time of construction can easily
commercial space on each floor. The easily
be removed to open up spaces, or reconstructed
120.
accessible service voids in the double skin facade
Traditionally the existing structure would be
would allow for addition of any extra services
demolished and a new, taller one built in its place.
which may be needed in order to provide for these
However, with the pre-integration of dormant
new programmes. To provide additional space
capacity into the building’s structural scheme
lightwells could be bridged, opening out the entire
extra floors may simply be added to the structure
floor plan for use by a single entity.
- as its initial loading capacity would have been over calculated in order to account for this nearly
Long Term Adaptability:
inevitable scenario. The structural capacity of
As pressure on the fabric of cities rises, the need
the building’s glulam frame is deployed after the
for taller buildings may also increase. In this case
integration of six DLT stories, this allows for further
a structure of 7-9 stories may not provide enough
dowel laminated floors to be constructed on top,
accommodation for a high value plot in the city
without adding to the load of the floors beneath,
centre; thus, a taller structure may be needed.
allowing the building to expand vertically.
121.
122.
05. Conclusions
T H E F I N A L R E S U LT Contextual Elevation
Contextual Elevation - South 124.
125.
T H E F I N A L R E S U LT Contextual Elevation
Perspective of winter garden
126.
Perspective of ground floor thoroughfare
127.
THE ECONOMY OF REUSE Addressing the Question of Costing from Final Review
“Supply chain stakeholders (, developers and investors) can be reluctant to undertake environmental actions voluntarily for fear of losing competitiveness.24”
A substantial hurdle in the implementation of any
long run as any initial increase in costs associated
new policy in construction is how to convince
with the integration of dormant capacity or
those who will be paying for it that this is a viable
flexibility etc. is easily recouped over the lifetime
option. Therefore costs must be in-line with what
of the building, usually by the first refurbishment
would have been paid if this methodology had not
cycle23. This concept is particularly intriguing
been put to use.
if stakeholders have long term interest in the building. The cumulative costs associated with
The cost of reusing elements in construction
retrofitting a building, in the traditional manner,
should in theory be much cheaper than buying
at periodical intervals over time can be extremely
that same element as a newly produced product
high. This is particularly true as the time-frame
at market price. However, the price associated
associated with the retrofitting of a building which
with the reuse of materials may sometimes seem
was not designed with this in mind, is considerably
higher, as doubling up of some components
long. This increase in duration incurs costs which
may be needed and man hours are increased
multiply the longer the building’s use is disrupted.
as elements must be carefully removed from
Therefore, initial inclusion of easy adaptability into
the source structure. However, the hope is that
the design of a structure can significantly reduce
these perceived inflated costs would be negated
the overall refurbishment costs of that building,
through the broad implementation of a new
thus acting as momentum for building owners to
methodology for reuse. Costs would be lowered
engage in a circular approach to construction.
through the centralisation of the disassembly and inventory of materials, the occurrence
Additionally, the use of DLT and other
of these instances on a broad scale would
prefabricated models of construction drastically
decrease overall costs and provide additional
reduces the time on site and thus reduces overall
public sector jobs in construction, boosting the
associated costs.
economy. The fulfillment of these jobs by local council/governments would mean the developer would not be directly accountable for the cost of disassembly and refurbishment and therefore would be more inclined to get involved. Contrary to belief, designing in a sustainable or circular manner is actually more affordable in the
128.
Perceived building costs (initial)
C A P I TA L C O S T S
Cumulative capital costs over 25 years
C U M U L AT I V E C O STS I N T R A D I T I O N A L BUILDING METHODOLOGIES
TO D AY
Services refitted every 10 years
Space refitted every 5 years
5 YRS
10 YRS
15 YRS
20 YRS
25 YRS
TOTA L
TIME
SPACE
5-7 years
SERVICES 15-20 years
STRUCTURE 50 years
Graph explaining cumulative costs in traditional building methodologies *Adapted from Architecture Ireland: Thinking About the Future
129.
CONCLUSION
The aim of this thesis was to develop a new
constricted to an architecture of low buildings and
methodology for design which, when enacted
earthen walls.
would reduce the associated embodied energy of the ensuing structure, and as a result of the
The concept of circularity and a circular economy
implementation of the concepts of circularity,
is one which has many facets, providing a warren
also reduce the overall, lifetime emissions of the
of scope for further research. Particularly into
structure.
the integration of reused materials into a new and contemporary architectural language, as
Through the year-long research into sustainable
well as the concept of designing structures for
building I have learnt a tremendous amount about
disassembly in order to anticipate and facilitate
ways in which we can change our approach to
the later repurposing of their materials. Integrating
architecture in order to reduce the effects we are
solutions now in order to develop easier
having on the environment in an climate crisis-
methodologies for the future.
stricken era. This new knowledge has allowed me to reflect on my own priorities in design whilst creating a possible model for the direction of my future involvement in wider architectural discourse. The development of this circular methodology allowed me to test numerous concepts I had come across throughout the research process in tandem with one another. Having this defined action plan in place allowed me to examine how each process might be enacted in the real world. Culminating in a design project which acted as a vehicle for testing the ideas of the methodology and how they might be applied throughout various stages of the design process. The overarching aim of the design project was to express the feasibility of the proposed concepts through design whilst depicting the idea that there is not one sole visual language associated with sustainable architecture, that this is not
130.
“The idea of embodied energy invites us to consider the building as an active, absorptive process, whose existence is only temporary suspension of material flows.” “Embodied energy renews architecture’s commitment to an engaged worldliness – an engagement without which architecture loses its chance for reinvention, relevance and even existence.” - Embodied Energy and Design, David Benjamin
131.
132.
06. Appendices
APPENDIX 01 Embodied Energy Figures and Co-Efficients
Example Embodied Energy Calculations
Embodied Energy of brick per kg = 0.24 kgco2e/kg
College Gate Apartments
Total embodied energy of bricks in facade = 20880x0.24=5011.2kgco2e
Garage Door Calculation Area of door - 4.511x3.885=17.52m2
Embodied Energy Co-Efficients for Refrence:
Volume of door - 17.52x0.02=0.35050m3 Weight of steel - 7850kg/m3
Glass
Weight of door - 0.35050x7850=2751kg
single pane no frame 5mm = 18 kgco2e/kg
Embodied energy of steel per kg = 2.71 kgco2e/kg
single pane no frame 8mm = 28.7 kgco2e/kg
Embodied energy of garage door =
Double glazing no frame 8mm = 32.5 kgco2e/kg
2751x2.71=7455kgco2e
Double glazing no frame 12mm = 48.8 kgco2e/kg
Brick Wall Calculation:
Steel = 2.71 kgco2e/kg
Total area covered by brick - 292sqm Area of one brick - 0.215x0.065 =0.013975sqm
Concrete
Number of bricks in wall=20894.24
Precast = 0.152 kgco2e/kg
There is 1sqm of mortar per 1900 bricks*
General = 0.166 kgco2e/kg
20894.24/1900=10.99 i.e. 10sqm of mortar
Fibre Reinforced = 0.117 kgco2e/kg
total area covered by brick 292 -10sqm = 282sqm 282/0.013975=20178 bricks in wall w/o mortar
Brick
Weight of 1 brick = 2.13kg
Clay = 0.24 kgco2e/kg
Total weigh of all bricks 20178x2.13=42979kg
Hollowcore = 0.26 kgco2e/kg
Embodied energy of brick per kg = 0.24 kgco2e/kg
Clay Tile = 0.255 kgco2e/kg
Total embodied energy of bricks in facade= 42979x0.24=10315kgco2e
Cement Mortar = 0.727 kgco2e/kg
Georgian Apartments
Screed = 0.133 kgco2e/kg Grout = 0.620 kgco2e/kg
Brick Wall Calculation:
Fibreboard = 0.554 kgco2e/kg
Total area covered by brick - 142 sqm
Admixtures = 1.6666 kgco2e/kg
Area of one brick - 0.215x0.065=0.013975m2 Number of bricks in wall - 10161
Aluminium = 8.781 kgco2e/kg
There is 1sqm of mortar per 1900 bricks* 10161/1900=5.35 i.e. 5m2 of mortar needed
Timber
total area covered by brick 142-5 = 137m2
Softwood = -1.292 kgco2e/kg
137/0.013975=9803 bricks in wall w/o mortar
Wood I-Beam = -1.050 kgco2e/kg
Weight of 1 brick = 2.13kg Total weight of all bricks 9803x2.13=20880kg 134.
Hardwood = -1.286 kgco2e/kg OSB = -1.059 kgco2e/kg Glulam = -0.896 kgco2e/kg Plywood = -0.982 kgco2e/kg Laminate Veneer Lumber = -0.580 kgco2e/kg Chipboard = -1.139 kgco2e/kg CLT = -1.204 kgco2e/kg
135.
APPENDIX 02 Mock-up of Final Review Board
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version 01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
Vectorworks Educational Version
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
DATE
REV
04/30/20
PROJECT NUMBER
Project Number
Owner
CHECKED BY
Checker
Unnamed
Project Name
www.autodesk.com/revit
01/23/07
DATE
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
Description REV
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION
PROJECT NUMBER
Project Number
STATUS
TITLE
A101
SCALE (@ A1)
CONNECTIONS - REUSED BRICK PANELS
DRAWING NUMBER
DRAWN BY
Author
2.5
CLIENT
PROJECT
Rev
Owner
CHECKED BY
Checker
Unnamed
www.autodesk.com/revit
1
1
CONNECTIONS - REPURPOSED WINDOWS
5
1
CONNECTIONS - WINTER GARDEN 1
5
CONNECTIONS - WINTER GARDEN 1
5
A100
CLIENT
DRAWN BY
Author
PROJECT
TITLE
CODE
Rev
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
5
DRAWING NUMBER
Project Name
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version
D E S I G N I N G F O R D I S A S S E M B LY - D R Y C O N N E C T I O N S
SCALE (@ A1)
Description
5
STATUS
1
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
D E S I G N I N G F O R D I S A S S E M B LY - D R Y C O N N E C T I O N S
250
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION
Date
30/04/2020 03:48:11
50
CODE
Date
30/04/2020 04:16:23
Vectorworks Educational Version
CONTEXT PLAN - SMITHFIELD
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version STRUCTURAL AXONOMETRICS
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version Vertical Circulation Vectorworks Educational Version
Internal Vertical Circulation Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space
Rev
Bedroom
Description
Date
Vectorworks Educational Version
Winter Garden Living/Dining/Kitchen
CODE
1
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION
STATUS
5
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
www.autodesk.com/revit PROJECT
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
Project Name TITLE
Unnamed CLIENT
Construction Primary Structure (DLT) & Substructure (Glulam)
Phase 01 With Inbuilt Dormant Capacity
Owner
DRAWN BY
Author
CHECKED BY
DATE
Checker
SCALE (@ A1)
04/30/20
PROJECT NUMBER
Project Number
DRAWING NUMBER
REV
A103
Rev
Description
30/04/2020 04:26:26
Construction Separate Living Elements
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version
Rev
Date
Description
Date
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version
Rev
Description
CODE
Date
CODE
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION
STATUS
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION
STATUS
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
C Vertical Circulation
www.autodesk.com/revit www.autodesk.com/revit
Internal Vertical Circulation Vectorworks Educational Version
PROJECT
PROJECT CODE
SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION
STATUS
www.autodesk.com/revit
TITLE
PROJECT
TITLE
Project Name
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
B
5
DRAWN BY
Author
Owner CHECKED BY
Checker
SCALE (@ A1)
25
DRAWING NUMBER
A103
Adaptation Inserting Additional Floors 04/30/20 DATE
PROJECT NUMBER
Project Number
REV
CLIENT
CLIENT
Phase 02 With Additional Capacity & Programme
30/04/2020 04:26:26
CLIENT
Phase 01 With Inbuilt Dormant Capacity
DRAWN BY
Author
Owner CHECKED BY
Checker
SCALE (@ A1)
04/30/20
REV
A104
Vectorworks Educational Version
Owner
DRAWN BY
DATE
PROJECT NUMBER
Project Number
DRAWING NUMBER
CHECKED BY
Checker
Author
30/04/2020 04:31:40
Unnamed
5
Unnamed Vectorworks Educational Version
Unnamed
TITLE
Bathroom 1
Project Name
Project Name
PURPOSE OF ISSUE
A
Winter Garden Living/Dining/Kitchen
DATE
04/30/20
PROJECT NUMBER
SCALE (@ A1)
Project Number
DRAWING NUMBER
REV
A105
S O U T H E L E VAT I O N FA C I N G L U A S S TO P
30/04/2020 04:34:06
Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space Bedroom
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
WASTE AS A RESOURCE
S T R U C T U R E S D U E
T O
E A R M A R K E D
P L A N N E D
M E T R O
F O R
N O R T H
s Educational
1 TA R A
BUILDINGS
S I T E TA R A S T.
G AT E A P A R T M E N T S
5
DUPLEX APARTMENTS
6
FORMER ESB HQ
1
4
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Version
3
Vertical Circulation
Vectorworks Educational Version
4 5 6
Café Coworking Space
Version
Educational
3
2
Educational
Vectorworks
2
1
Version Educational Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks
Vectorworks
3 COLLEGE
DERELICT APARTMENTS
Version Educational Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks
2 DERELICT
4
Vectorworks Educational Version
5
Storage for Residents Covered Outdoor Space
Vectorworks Vectorworks Educational Educational Version Version Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Vectorworks Educational Educational Version VersionVectorworks Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Educational Version Vectorworks Educational VersionVersion Vectorworks Educational
Bathroom
AT M O S P H E R I C P E R S P E C T I V E S
5
Version
Vectorwork
D E M O L I T I O N D E V E L O P M E N T
10
C o n t e x t M a p 1 :G 1 0R, 0O 0 0U
Vectorworks Educational Version
SECTION A
1
6
ND FLOOR PLAN
SECTION B 1
5
Vectorworks Educational Version
Site Plan 1:5,000
s Educational
Vectorworks Educational Version
Version
SECTION C 5
1
5
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorwork
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE
R E S O U R C E
R O W
C O P E N H A G E N
R E C Y C L E D
B R I C K
L E N D A G E R
G R O U P
P A N E L S
TA R A S T R E E T C A S E S T U DY
B U I L D I N G S A S M AT E R I A L B A N K S - C O L L E G E G AT E A PA R T M E N T S
E N G A G I N G T H E C O M M U N I T Y - TA R A S T R E E T E X H I B I T
E N G A G I N G T H E C O M M U N I T Y - TA R A S T R E E T E X H I B I T
Framework
College Gate Appartments Aluminimum garage door cut to use as framework
01 A R C H I T E C T A P P O I N T E D 02 S I T E C H O S E N 03 S I T E A N A L Y S I S existing structures mapped and useful elements inventorised
kgco2e
2
05
06
07
08
Window 04
2
Red Brick Georgian Small Window
3
C O L L E G E G AT E A P A R T M E N T S
4
DERELICT APARTMENTS
5
DUPLEX APARTMENTS
Window 05
Townsend Street
College Gate Appartments Balcony Door Window 06
3
College Gate Appartments Bathroom Window
Vectorworks Educational Version Window 07
5
College Gate Appartments 1/2 Balcony Door
6
X292sqm
X5
X30
Bench Plan Tara Street Southern Concourse
Brick Cladding
2,375 158
Bathroom Window
Bedroom Window
717
X9
Bedroom Window
1,190
X8
X22
X4
X5
X1
College Gate Appartments Small Bedroom Window
Living Room Window
Projected Bay Window
Wrap-Around Window
Sliding Balcony Door
Glass Front Door
Vectorworks Educational Version X1
FORMER ESB HQ
X17
6
Metal Side Door
Window 08
C R E AT I O N O F M O R E LOCAL JOBS
X1
06
Garage Door
Vectorworks Educational Version
4
X114sqm
D LT Mycelium Composites Cellulose Insulation Timber Hempcrete
Granite Cladding
M AT E R I A L P A S S P O R T S
04
Window 03
WITH LOW/NO E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S
D E S I G N F O R D I S A S S E M B LY
03
D E R E L I C T S I T E TA R A S T.
Red Brick Georgian Small Window
1
construction waste & viable elements/materials after deconstruction are collected and inventorised
02
Window 02
Red Brick Georgian Large Window
M O R E E L E M E N T S R E A D I LY AVAILABLE FOR REUSE
05 S U P P L E M E N T
INVENTORY
choose useful elements for the desired programme from this catalogue of materials
01
Window 01
College Gate Appartments Living Room Window
958,065
KEPT LOCAL - LESS NEED FOR TRANSPORT
04 C O U N C I L
TA R A B U I L D I N G S
Curtain Walling Panels
RESOURCE MAPPING
1
College Gate Appartments Red Brick Georgian Assorted Sections of Brick Cladding
D
B
A
Flooring Structure & Finish
C
Red Brick Georgian Timbers from Partitions
Section A
1,860
kgco2e
Wa l l A s s e m b ly 1 : 2 5
50
49
kgco2e
367,820
kgco2e
104,701 150 kgco2e
3,572
kgco2e kgco2e
751
kgco2e
1,174
kgco2e
kgco2e
kgco2e
kgco2e
473,548
Vectorworks Educational Version
kgco2e kgco2e
250
10
50
1
2.5
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version
Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Vectorworks Educational Educational Version Version Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Vectorworks Educational Educational Version VersionVectorworks Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Educational Version Vectorworks Educational VersionVersion Vectorworks Educational
Vectorworks Educational Version
136.
137.
ENDNOTES
1
Benjamin, D.N. 2017, Embodied energy and design: making architecture between metrics and
narratives, Columbia University GSAPP, Zürich, Switzerland;New York;. 2
Usgbc.org. 2020. Guide To LEED Certification: Commercial | U.S. Green Building Council. [online] Available at:
<https://www.usgbc.org/tools/leed-certification/commercial> [Accessed 9 February 2020]. 3
Benjamin, D.N. 2017, Embodied energy and design: making architecture between metrics and
narratives, Columbia University GSAPP, Zürich, Switzerland;New York;. 4
Hitti, N., 2020. H&M Called Out For “Greenwashing” In Its Conscious Fashion Collection. [online] Dezeen. Available
at: <https://www.dezeen.com/2019/08/02/hm-norway-greenwashing-conscious-fashion-collection-news/> [Accessed 17 March 2020]. 5
Hitti, N., 2020. H&M Called Out For “Greenwashing” In Its Conscious Fashion Collection. [online] Dezeen. Available
at: <https://www.dezeen.com/2019/08/02/hm-norway-greenwashing-conscious-fashion-collection-news/> [Accessed 17 March 2020]. 6
Berners-Lee, M., 2010. What’s The Carbon Footprint Of ... A House. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://
www.theguardian.com/environment/green-living-blog/2010/oct/14/carbon-footprint-house> [Accessed 11 January 2020]. 7
Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate with Modified Surface - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate.
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/EU-construction-and-demolition-waste-quantity-and-recycling-rates-3_ tbl1_317622529 [accessed 17 May, 2020] 8
Circular Ecology. (2019). Circular Ecology - Carbon Footprint, LCA, Embodied Energy and
Sustainability Experts. [online] Available at: http://www.circularecology.com/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2019]. 9
Dublin City Council, 2016. Dublin City Council Development Plan. Dublin: DCC.
10
HOUSE, U., 2020. UPCYCLE HOUSE — Lendager Group. [online] Lendager Group. Available at: <https://lendager.
com/en/architecture/upcycle-house-en/> [Accessed 4 February 2020]. 11
C.F. Møller. 2020. Kajstaden, Tall Timber Building. [online] Available at: <https://www.cfmoller.com/p/Kajsta-
den-Tall-Timber-Building-i3592.html> [Accessed 5 March 2020].
138.
12
Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.
13
Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.
14
Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.
15
StructureCraft Builders. n.d. DLT | Dowel Laminated Timber | All Wood, Produced By Structurecraft. [online] Avail-
able at: <https://structurecraft.com/materials/mass-timber/dlt-dowel-laminated-timber> [Accessed 11 February 2020]. 16
Wahlquist, C., 2020. Glenn Murcutt: Touch The Earth Lightly With Your Housing Footprint. [online] the Guardian.
Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/aug/11/glenn-murcutt-touch-the-earth-lightly-with-yourhousing-footprint?CMP=share_btn_link> [Accessed 17 May 2020]. 17
ArchDaily. 2020. Triodos Bank / RAU Architects. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/926357/trio-
dos-bank-rau-architects> [Accessed 1 March 2020]. 18
Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.
19
Lendager Group. 2020. THE RESOURCE ROWS — Lendager Group. [online] Available at: <https://lendager.com/
en/architecture/resource-rows/> [Accessed 4 February 2020]. 20
Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.
21
Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.
22
Kelly, M., 2020. Non Linear Thinking - Obsolescence withing a circular built environment. Architecture Ireland,
pp.23-27. 23
Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.
24
Benjamin, D.N. 2017, Embodied energy and design: making architecture between metrics and
narratives, Columbia University GSAPP, Zürich, Switzerland;New York;.
139.
L I ST O F A B B R E V I AT I O N S
BAMB - Buildings as Material Banks BREEAM - Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method CLT - Cross Laminated Timber DART - Dublin Area Rapid Transport DCC - Dublin City Council DLT - Dowel Laminated Timber ESB - Electricty Supply Board Glulam - Glue Laminated Timber kgco2e - Kilograms of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
140.
141.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ArchDaily. 2020. Mjøstårnet The Tower Of Lake Mjøsa / Voll Arkitekter. [online] Available at: <https://www. archdaily.com/934374/mjostarnet-the-tower-of-lake-mjosa-voll-arkitekter> [Accessed 10 April 2020]. ArchDaily. 2020. Nest We Grow / Kengo Kuma & Associates + College Of Environmental Design UC Berkeley. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmentaldesign-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all> [Accessed 9 March 2020]. ArchDaily. 2020. Triodos Bank / RAU Architects. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/926357/ triodos-bank-rau-architects> [Accessed 1 March 2020]. BAMB. 2020. BAMB - Buildings As Material Banks (BAMB2020) - BAMB. [online] Available at: <https://www. bamb2020.eu/> [Accessed 17 January 2020]. Benjamin, D.N. 2017, Embodied energy and design: making architecture between metrics and narratives, Columbia University GSAPP, Zürich, Switzerland;New York;. Berners-Lee, M., 2010. What’s The Carbon Footprint Of ... A House. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/green-living-blog/2010/oct/14/carbon-footprint-house> [Accessed 11 January 2020]. binderholz.com. (2019). Home. [online] Available at: https://www.binderholz.com/en/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019]. BioFabForum. (2019). Growing materials at home: Hard Mycelium Materials Manual. [online] Available at: https://biofabforum.org/t/growing-materials-at-home-hard-mycelium-materials-manual/201 [Accessed 13 Oct. 2019]. Brand, S., 2012. How Buildings Learn. London: Penguin Books. Brettstapel.org. (2019). What is Brettstapel?. [online] Available at: http://www.brettstapel.org/ Brettstapel/What_is_it.html [Accessed 30 Sep. 2019]. Building Information Ireland. (2019). Home. [online] Available at: https://www.buildinginfo.com/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2019].
142.
Burdett, Richard, Deyan Sudjic, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Alfred Herrhausen Gesellschaft für Internationalen Dialog. The Endless City: The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Bank’s Alfred Herrhausen Sociey. London: Phaidon, 2007. CE Delft. (2019). Natural cork bottle stoppers: a stopper on CO2 emissions?. [online] Available at: https://www.cedelft.eu/en/publications/1415/natural-cork-bottle-stoppers-a-stopper-on-co2emissions [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019]. C.F. Møller. 2020. Kajstaden, Tall Timber Building. [online] Available at: <https://www.cfmoller.com/p/ Kajstaden-Tall-Timber-Building-i3592.html> [Accessed 5 March 2020]. Circular Ecology. (2019). Circular Ecology - Carbon Footprint, LCA, Embodied Energy and Sustainability Experts. [online] Available at: http://www.circularecology.com/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2019]. Coford.ie. (2019). COFORD - Forestry 2030. [online] Available at: http://www.coford.ie/publications/ forestry2030/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2019]. Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate with Modified Surface - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/EU-construction-and-demolition-wastequantity-and-recycling-rates-3_tbl1_317622529 [accessed 17 May, 2020] Construction. (2019). - Construction. [online] Available at: https://constructionnews.ie/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019]. Courard, T.V. & Luc 2017, “Using nature in architecture： Building a living house with mycelium and trees”, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 318-328. Dublin City Council, 2016. Dublin City Council Development Plan. Dublin: DCC. Ec.europa.eu. (2019). Construction and demolition waste - Environment - European Commission. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/construction_demolition.htm [Accessed 4 Oct. 2019]. Epa.ie. (2019). EPA :: Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland. [online] Available at: http://epa.ie/ [Accessed 5 Oct. 2019]. European Commission - European Commission. (2019). European Commission, official website. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/index_en [Accessed 2 Oct. 2019]. Evangelista, Luis & Brito, Jorge. (2010). Durability performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites. 143.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Grinwald, M. & Spencer, C. 2014, “A Conversation On Mushrooms”, Log, , no. 32, pp. 149-152. Heringer, A. (2019). Anna Heringer | Architecture: Vision. [online] Anna-heringer.com. Available at: http://www.anna-heringer.com/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2019]. H&M. 2020. Sustainability | H&M IE. [online] Available at: <https://www2.hm.com/en_ie/hm-sustainability/ lets-change.html/change> [Accessed 12 May 2020]. Hitti, N., 2020. H&M Called Out For “Greenwashing” In Its Conscious Fashion Collection. [online] Dezeen. Available at: <https://www.dezeen.com/2019/08/02/hm-norway-greenwashing-conscious-fashion-collectionnews/> [Accessed 17 March 2020]. International Organisation for Migration. Migration and Climate Change. (2008). . Irish Concrete Federation. (2019). The Irish Concrete Federation (ICF) | Concrete Ireland. [online] Available at: https://www.irishconcrete.ie/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019]. Irish Green Building Council. (2019). Home - Irish Green Building Council. [online] Available at: https://www.igbc.ie/ [Accessed 14 Sep. 2019]. Issuu. (2019). An Architecture Guide to the UN 17 Sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at: https://issuu.com/kadk/docs/un17_guidebook_single_page_low [Accessed 10 Sep. 2019]. Iwma.ie. (2019). IWMA – The Irish Waste Management Association (IWMA) is a trade association for waste management companies in Ireland.. [online] Available at: http://iwma.ie/ [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019]. Kebony.com. (2019). Natural wood - made to last | Kebony. [online] Available at: https://kebony. com/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019]. Kelly, M., 2020. Non Linear Thinking - Obsolescence withing a circular built environment. Architecture Ireland, pp.23-27. Knapic, Sofia & Oliveira, Vanda & Machado, José & Pereira, Helena. (2016). Cork as a building material: a review. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 74. 10.1007/s00107-016-1076-4. Kvarch.net. (2019). Kennedy & Violich Architecture IBA Soft House. [online] Available at: http://www. kvarch.net/projects/87 [Accessed 18 Oct. 2019]. Lendager Group. 2020. THE RESOURCE ROWS — Lendager Group. [online] Available at: <https://lendager. com/en/architecture/resource-rows/> [Accessed 4 February 2020]. 144.
Longin.at. (2019). Longin. [online] Available at: https://www.longin.at/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019]. Matthew Barnett Howland. (2019). Cork House — Matthew Barnett Howland. [online] Available at: https://www.matthewbarnetthowland.com/cork-house [Accessed 9 Oct. 2019]. Maughan, T., 2018. The Dystopian Lake Filled By The World’S Tech Lust. [online] Bbc.com. Available at: <https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150402-the-worst-place-on-earth> [Accessed 10 March 2020]. MIT Media Lab. (2019). MIT Media Lab. [online] Available at: https://www.media.mit.edu/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2019]. One Click LCA® software. (2019). World’s fastest Building Life Cycle Assessment software - One Click LCA. [online] Available at: https://www.oneclicklca.com/ [Accessed 1 Oct. 2019]. Romm, J.J. 2018, Climate change: what everyone needs to know, Second edn, Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21. Sears, F.W., Zemansky, M.W. & Young, H.D. 1981, University physics, 6th edn, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co, London;Reading, Mass;. Sohm HolzBautechnik GmbH. (2019). Sohm HolzBautechnik - ZukunftHolz. [online] Available at: http://www.sohm-holzbau.at/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019]. StructureCraft Builders. n.d. DLT | Dowel Laminated Timber | All Wood, Produced By Structurecraft. [online] Available at: <https://structurecraft.com/materials/mass-timber/dlt-dowel-laminated-timber> [Accessed 11 February 2020]. STUDIOS, U. (2019). UPCYCLE STUDIOS — Lendager Group. [online] Lendager Group. Available at: https://lendager.com/en/architecture/upcycle-studios-en/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2019]. Tam, Vivian & Tam, C. & Le, Khoa. (2007). Removal of cement mortar remains from recycled aggregate using pre-soaking approaches. Resources Conservation and Recycling. 50. 10.1016/j. resconrec.2006.05.012. Teagasc.ie. (2019). Teagasc | Agriculture and Food Development Authority. [online] Available at: https://www.teagasc.ie/ [Accessed 5 Oct. 2019]. 145.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
the Guardian. (2019). What are CO2e and global warming potential (GWP)?. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/apr/27/co2e-global-warming-potential [Accessed 3 Oct. 2019]. Universaldesign.ie. (2019). Universal Design Guidelines for Homes in Ireland | Centre for Excellence in Universal Design. [online] Available at: http://universaldesign.ie/Built-Environment/Housing/ [Accessed 1 Oct. 2019]. Usgbc.org. 2020. Guide To LEED Certification: Commercial | U.S. Green Building Council. [online] Available at: <https://www.usgbc.org/tools/leed-certification/commercial> [Accessed 9 February 2020]. Wainwright, O., 2018. Norman Foster’s Bloomberg Office In London Wins Stirling Prize. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/10/norman-fostersbloomberg-office-in-london-wins-stirling-prize> [Accessed 6 February 2020]. Wahlquist, C., 2020. Glenn Murcutt: Touch The Earth Lightly With Your Housing Footprint. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/aug/11/glenn-murcutt-touch-theearth-lightly-with-your-housing-footprint?CMP=share_btn_link> [Accessed 17 May 2020]. Woodknowledge Wales. (2019). Woodknowledge Wales. [online] Available at: http://woodknowledge. wales [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].
146.