SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING
PI CA DESIGN PROPOSAL OF
PERAK INTREPRETIVE CENTRE OF ARTS
SEMESTER II 2019/2020
RAS306 ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 4
SITI AISYAH BINTI MANSOR 136916
PERAK INTERPRETIVE CENTRE OF ARTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah the most gracious and most mercifulThis design proposal is a comprehensive report of Final Year project for course RAS306 Architectural Studio 4 on the project titled Perak Interpretive Centre of Arts, Kuala Kangsar, Perak by Aisyah Mansor. The completion of this report is based on thorough research, planning and execution of various Architecture Applications and sources with valuable outputs and suggestions on improvements from Supervisor; Dr. Mazran bin Ismail and other studio masters throughout the semester. I would like to take the pleasure of expressing my greatest gratitude to those who had directly or indirectly contributed in the completion of this project. Alhamdulillah, all praises to the Almighty as He had eased the journey towards the completion of this project and overall finishing a 3 year journey of B. Sc Architecture Education. Immense love and gratitude goes to the birth giver; who singlehandedly took care of me and also my two pillar of strength; I owe you the world. Not to forget, fellow comradescheer tn endless possibilities and exciting journey ahead. Â
This design proposal is a comprehensive report of Perak Interpretive Centre of Arts, Kuala Kangsar, Perak.
CONTENTS DESIGN PROPOSAL OF PERAK INTERPRETIVE CENTRE OF ARTS
01 03
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Introduction 1.2 Project Vision
2.0 SITE INVESTIGATION AND CONTEXTUAL STUDIES 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
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Site Introduction Historical Background Macro Site Analysis Significant Site Issues Existing and Potential Activities
3.0 PROPOSED MASTERPLAN 3.1 Proposed Bandar Kuala Kangsar Masterplan 3.2 Explanation and Justifications of the Proposed Masterplan
4.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Micro Site Analysis Project Requirement and SOA Precedent Studies Design Approach and Strategies Design Intention and Site Response
RAS306 ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 4 • SITI AISYAH BINTI MANSOR 136916
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5.0 SCHEMATIC DESIGN 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Site Plan Floor Plans Elevations Sections Perspective Drawings
6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES 6.1 Structural and Material Consideration 6.2 Building Technology and Services 6.3 GBI and Environmental Consideration
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7.0 FEASIBILITY STUDY
45
8.0 REFERENCES
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9.0 APPENDICES
7.1 Estimated Total Construction Cost (TCC) 7.2 Estimated Total Development Cost (TDC) 7.3 Estimated Gross Development Value (GDV)
RAS306 ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 4 • SITI AISYAH BINTI MANSOR 136916
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 P R O J E CT INTRODUCTION The uniqueness of the Interpretative Centre lies on its themes. Themes are often described as the key stories or concepts that visitors experience in an interpretive centre. They tell the ideas or stories, provoke curiosity, attention and interest in discovering Perak’s forte. Whether the designer choose a theme that is related to historical heritage, art illustrating, crafting, traditional village, textiles, or musical etc.; The Interpretive Centre should give an experience of the culture, art and history of Perak.  The Interpretive Centre is a state-of-the-art facility with an interactive learning space; from the making process, showcase of exhibit to retail shops; which aims to inform and engage the local community and tourist a new discovery and interpretation of the local perspective. The attraction of a building is no longer depending solely on the exterior facade but it is more to the experience of visitors grasp through the inside -out.
The building should be built according to the site context of the area The design should optimize the scenic view of the site as the landmark of Kuala Kangsar The circulation of the project should be planned well with minor disturbance of the existing site context The building should be designed, built and operated in a resource-efficient manner The building should achieve both environmental and social benefits that can enhance Royal Town Kuala Kangsar significance as a sustainable and exciting tourism destination in Perak The space should encourage a sense of exploration within the building with unique transition between exhibition, workshop/demonstration and commercial spaces The visitors can enjoy and appreciate the space in between the buildings and the urban context
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PROJECT OBJECTIVE
1.2 P R O J E CT VISION Kuala Kangsar is a royal town in Perak that is rich with history, culture and scenic nature views. In an effort to maximize its potential as a major tourist destination, the state requires a fresh approach in creating an interesting attraction.
The building will take advantage of the surrounding context where it is close to the Sungai Perak and several heritage buildings and historical spots around the town. This will provide a fresh new set of activity in a form of edutainment and art & culture exhibition around Kuala Kangsar Royal Town.
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Perak Interpretive Centre is proposed as a building that provides space for exploring, experiencing and appreciating culture, art and history of Perak. It will be designed in a way that it would reflect the rich historical and cultural identity of Perak.
2.0
SITE INVESTIGATION & CONTEXTUAL STUDIES
2.1 S I T E INTRODUCTION N.T.S
The site is located in the quaint town of Kuala Kangsar, the royal town with its own charm of beautiful colonial-style coffee shops and well-preserved pre-war architecture. It is situated along Jalan Laksamana, Jalan Syahbandar, Jalan Temenggong, and Jalan Nakhoda, and surrounded by a series of colonial shophouses, Kuala Kangsar Community College, Taman Bandar, Sungai Perak and Sungai Kangsar. The land area is 8361.3 m2 , and it is in close proximity to other heritage buildings and historical spots in the town like colonial Post Office Building, Pavillion Tower, Malay College Kuala Kangsar, Istana Iskandariah and Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery STATE : PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN PROPOSED : ROYAL TOWN SITE KUALA KANGSAR SITE B : 2.066 ACRES (8361.296 SQM)
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KEY PLAN AND LOCATION
2.2 H I S T O RICAL BACKGROUND 1876
J.W.W BIRCH
SULTAN YUSUF SHARIFUDDIN Various foreigners SHAH were brought to The first king to Kuala Kangsar settle down at Bukit Chandan
1903
ISTANA HULU The Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery was opened to public on December 9, 2003
1933
1905
1895
1897
SULTAN IDRIS ISTANA NEGARA CLIFFORD SCHOOL Establish by the MURSHIDUL PERAK British in order to ADZAN SHAH The official palace give education to The name of Bukit of Sultan Perak at Malays understand Chandan is the Bukit Chandan English name of elephant 'Kulup Chandan'
1906
1917
1926
SMK RAJA ISTANA MASJID UBUDIAH MALAY COLLEGE PEREMPUAN KENANGAN The mosque was KUALA KANGSAR KELSOM Built by Sultan built by Sultan Boys only college It was the residence built only for the of Sir Hugh Low, theMansor Syah while Iskandar Shah. It is called The he still ill for royal children and Fourth British Yellow Palace of people of Kuala the nobility Resident of Perak The Valley Kangsar
1933
ISTANA MENARA ISKANDARIAH PAVILION Named after Sultan Architect Iskandar Shah I, the responsible for 30th Sultan of Perak the construction
is Ne Don Bcd
1933
1877
1933
1939
1941
1967
BIG FLOOD MENARA JAM JAPANESE ATTACK KUALA KANGSAR It is estimated BESAR commemorating Following British that every 15 to 20 retreat, Japanese years , floods King George VI army invaded Kuala occur coronation in Kangsar England
1939
1941
1967
KUALA KANGSAR JAMBATAN FIGHTER JET GIFT BIG FLOOD UNIVERSITI SULTAN ABDUL The Sultan intends It is estimated that Tourist city with SULTAN AZLAN variety of local JALIL SHAH to share the joy Originally known every 15 to 20 products and Connects the town receiving this gift as Kolej Islam years , floods occur attractive small and of Kuala Kangsar with the people of Darul Ridzuan with Kampung Sayong
Kuala Kangsar
medium industries.
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1874
URBAN MORPHOLOGY PRE-COLONIAL ERA Town character influenced by the functions of the town as the Royal capital of Perak and the geographical setting Existence of the Perak River played a vital role in shaping the town and its streetscape character Old town centres along Jalan Laksamana and Jalan Shahbandar are located nearer to river for easy access since the river is the main transportation route during at the time Random pattern, irregularities and curving nature of the town form during the pre-colonial period
POST COLONIAL ERA Town spread following the grids of the earlier street thus creating many cross junction Development of the town where the urban pattern began to take a more defined planning and shape The town was divided into two by the Perak River Street pattern was more defined with main road (protocol road) which Jalan Taiping and becoming the major spine with minor street branching from it Street pattern is also influenced by the existence of various categories of architecturally significant heritage buildings having distinct quality surrounding the town creating a series of prominent lingkages
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COLONIAL ERA Town size began to spread in an irregular manner Structures are more concentrated in the south of the river where the town nucleus and elements of nodes, landmarks and main activities are located Streets were constructed parallel to the river and then spread perpendicular to the main street
SITE FIGURE GROUND
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2.3 M A C RO SITE AN ALYSIS
5 URBAN DESIGN ELEMENTS
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BY BUILDING HEIGHT
Transit District Residential District Sport & Recreational District Institutional District Complex District Site Context
A-Institutional District B-Mixed Development District C-Fashion & Textile District D-Gadget District E-Government Institutional District F-Food District G-Trades District H-Muslim Institutional District I-Sports & Recreational District J-Healthcare District K-Workshop District L-Residential District M-Resort District
BY ROOF PROFILE
BY FUNCTION
SUB DISTRICT
1. DISTRICT
This proposed node is located at the junction of Jalan Daeng Selili and Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah Bridge currently this land is full with bushes and small tree and belongs to the Government of Perak it will a very successful node due to the present of existing pedestrian walkway and located at both arterial road the main intention of proposing new node at this site because want to have a stable location of node and able to create a continuously linkage between existing node and proposed node
This proposed node is located along the Sungai Perak and close to Kuala Kangsar Food Court currently , the government already took and initiative to build good pedestrian walkway for the local and tourist based on local people , they rarely went there due to lack of hang out area and the place is not well maintain and organised we do believe , with proposing a new node at this area would increase the number of visitor looking to the high potential of the view and the environment and able to create linkage
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2. NODES
MASJID RIDZUANIAH Long overshadowed by the immensely famous Ubudiah Mosque, is the biggest mosque in Kuala Kangsar OLDEST RUBBER TREE It is located near the Kuala Kangsar District Office and is the only surviving rubber tree out of nine that were originally planted POST OFFICE Post Office which dates from the 1930s. Post office in Kuala Kangsar is one of he oldest and best preserved post office. CLOCK TOWER Kuala Kangsar's golddomed clock towerwas installed in the late 1930s, in honour of the coronation of King George VI. MCDONNELDOUGLAS A-4 SKYHAWK Aircraft monument in Kuala Kangsar reburbished in 1982 YUT LOY RESTAURANT Dining place worth noting in Kuala Kangsar founded in 1939. A long-time favourite dining spot of Perak royalty SAUDIAH RESTAURANT Malay restaurant in Kuala Kangsar
BULATAN LABU SAYONG Kuala Kangsar birthplace of the Labu Sayong, a traditional water pitcher specifically moulded from the earth in the district. Labu sayong is typically made to store water
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3. LANDMARKS
CHURCH OF RESURRECTION Located in Jalan Persiaran Bendahara, Kuala Kangsar
4. PATH
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FACILITIES ANALYSIS (ACCESS TO THE PROPOSED SITE )
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5. EDGES
2.5 S I G N I FICANT SITE ISSUES 1. There is lack of infrastructure facilities such as parking, traffic light, appropriate pedestrian walkway, zebra crossing and lack public transport
2. Lack of landscaping such as green plant and public parks
3. Kuala Kangsar town is a low area (flood usually occurs during
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monsoon season), traffic congestion and drainage problem that are caused by poor maintenance
2.5 E X I S T ING AND POTENTIAL ACTIVI T I E S EXISTING ATTRACTION Various traditional and modern art scenes ranging from craft making to vast interpretation of art pieces made of locally harvested materials such as steel.
A wide range of performance art such as dances, instruments and cultural performances from various ethnics and races.
The food in Kuala Kangsar is all about authentic kampung delicacies. Among them is Laksa Sarang Burung, and mee udang. The wide range of cuisine sure attracts local and international tourists alike.
POTENTIAL ATTRACTION
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Kuala Kangsar has the potential of being the next tourist hotspot with regal palaces, historical sites and architectural splendor, it is no wonder Kuala Kangsar is crowned the royal town of Perak. It is home to generations of traditional artisans, from keris craftsmen and embroiderers who serve royalty, to labu sayong makers who craft for common folk. Located 30km north of Ipoh, visitors to this town of legends and legacies will find plenty worth exploring.
3.0
PROPOSED MASTERPLAN
3.1 P R O P O SED BANDAR KUALA KANGS A R MAST E R P LAN
1
Sport Complex to renovate the existing mini stadium. Promoting active and energetic element within neighbourhood.
2
1
5
Covered pedestrian walkway to provide shade and comfort for pedestrian against hot weather.
2
3
6
3
4
Zebra crossing for safety of the users.
4
5
6 SCALE 1:6000
Waterfront Park that is beautifully designed can serves tourists and locals to hang around and enjoy the view of mother nature.
Refurbishment of local market of Kuala Kangsar Town.
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A street with wellmanaged adaptive reuse heritage buildings can be proposed within the big plan as inspired by Tanukikoji Shopping Street in Hokkaido, Japan.
3.2 E X P L A NATION AND JUSTIFICATION O F THE P R O POSED MA STERPLAN
Lack of pedestrian walkway.
ST CI RTSI D
The masterplan includes the introduction of new pedestrian walkway that connects to the riverfront making it a sweet place to visit. The various facilities also establish a connection between locals and the city, forming a lively community. Therefore, instead of setting tourism as the aim, the proposed masterplan set to achieve unison between the citizen and the build environment, which will become the lively image that serve as the biggest charm of the area.
2. Determine Issue Within The Boundary
S EDON D N A N OIT A L U C RI C
and development had been deterioration the quality of local life and tourism industry along Sungai Perak. Hence reviving the charm of the river is the top objective in introducing brand new masterplan. The idea of scattering the development plan all over the proposed layout helps to lead the user flow from west part of the city to the riverfront.
Walkway from the bus station obstructed by heavy flow of traffic.
3. Nodes Waterfront upgraded to attract users. Sport Complex proposed near waterfront to enhance the area's recreational quality.
4. Reconnect Connect the existing nodes, new nodes and landmark with comfortable covered walkway Reviving the waterfront and bring a close of user to the food and hotel district.
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at the centre of Kuala Kangsar had been vitalising the life of everyone lives in Royal Town. However , lack of planning
N AI RTS E D E P D E R EVOC
S ungai Perak as located
1. Identify Element on Site Identify the path , node edge, landmark and function of each district.
4.0
PROJECT BACKGROUND
PROPOSED AS A STARTING POINT OR A STOP FOR TOURISTS VISITING KUALA KANGSAR / PERAK
STRATEGICALLY LOCATED ON THE RIVERSIDE OF SUNGAI PERAK
LOCATED IN THE HEART OF MANY HERITAGE/HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND SITE AROUND THE ROYAL TOWN.
POSSIBLE REFURBISHMENT OF JETTY AS PART OF PIC ATTRACTION ACTIVITY (RIVER CRUISE)
NO EXISTING INTERACTIVE TOURISM CENTER TO HELP TOURIST (LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL) TO BETTER UNDERSTAND KUALA KANGSAR.
MAXIMISES VISTA AS POINT OF ATTRACTION.
PROPOSED AS A STARTING POINT OR A STOP FOR TOURISTS VISITING KUALA KANGSAR / PERAK ACTS AS MAGNET THAT ATTRACTS TOURIST AND LOCALS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR (NON SEASONAL) THROUGH VARIOUS PROGRAMME/EVENT POSSIBILITY.
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4.1 M I C R O SITE ANALYSIS
4.2 P R O J E CT REQUIREMENT AND S.O.A The maximum FIVE storeys (not including basement parking) building must be able to accommodate at least 800 people at any one time The floor area for ground and upper floors should not be more than 5000 m2. The Perak Interpretive Centre should consist of these spaces:
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Entry Lobby / Main Entrance Space Reception Area / Information Counter Waiting Area/Relaxation Area Ticketing Area & Locker Cafe (with kitchen) Retail Lots / Kiosks (3-5 units that is related to the theme)) Display/ Permanent Exhibition Area Temporary Exhibition Area Interactive Workshops Simulation/ Virtual Reality Room Mini auditorium (100 pax) Conference/ Meeting Rooms Seminar/Conference Room (50 pax) Boardroom style (10 pax) U-shape style (10 pax) Management & Maintenance Offices Staff lounge inclusive of pantry Toilets (Male/Female) Storage Rooms Utility room Basement Parking Mechanical & Electrical Rooms (e.g. lift motor room, gen set room, pump room etc.) Riser Space/Room Ancillary Spaces/Area Control Room Security Room Outdoor areas: -Drop-Off Area -Loading & Unloading Area for Services -Amphitheatre/Interpretive Plaza -Pedestrian & Cycling Links to Taman Bandar and Kuala Kangsar Town -Green Pockets & Green Reserved
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4.3 P R E C E DENT STUDIES KAUWI INTERPRETIVE CENTER | Adelaide, Australia
Provides Interactive learning space Inform and engage the community on desalination, sustainability, cultural heritage and water resource management in South Australia. Natural Way-finding and ExporationDriven Allows visitors to find their own way through the interpretive elements, providing a journey that encourages exploration.
Views are gradually revealed The visitor has an ‘unfolding’ spatial experience as one moves through the space, finishing with theatrical views out to the coast and across the Desalination plant itself.
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Provides multiple pathways through and around the interpretive displays and earth walls.
PREC E D E NT STUDIE S MUSÉOPARC ALÉSIA BY BERNARD TSCHUMI | Alise-Sainte-Reine, Burgudy, France
Two separate but related structures. The building consists of a museum and a visitors’ center that appear as nonobtrusive as possible in their respective contexts. Provides sufficient degree of abstraction so that they can be inserted independently into their context and yet provide the 360° panoramic view required by each of the buildings.
To be both visible and invisible is the paradox and challenge of the project.
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The envelopes adapt to their surroundings through materials, while the form of the buildings is reemphasized.
4.4 D E S I G N APPROACH AND STRATER G I E S Allows public participation by providing welldesigned gallery-like exhibitions alongside event ground while filling client’s vision of Perak‘s Art Journey. Aims to produce design that impacts visitors and locals’ mental and physical wellbeing.
Helps to stimulate both local and community’s knowledge and economical growth with business opportunities while also improving local and visitors’ social and mental growth and spiritual healing. (healthy environment)
INVITE AND CONNECT
POROUS AND SEE-THROUGH
ALLOWS NATURAL WAY-FINDING
Triggers user to explore
Minimise carbon footprint through elevated ground floor construction.
Good circulation design to guide user through spaces.
Providing open space for future events and festivals (Art Festivals and Cultural Celebrations)
Breaking down barriers and opening up (engage and enable people to explore and experience every space.
the art of architecture through space interactions (being able to feel light, shadow, colours, textures and materials.
Creates means of connectivity; Site to neighborhood Building to nature Disable to community Past to the present
Design of form and spaces to allow and attract user to explore and learn.
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Acts as catalyst to encourage social engagement, human interaction and creates interest for art exploration.
4.5 D E S I G N INTENTION AND SITE RES P O N S E CONCEPT INTERLACE /ɪntəˈleɪs/ _Cross or be crossed intricately together; interweave. _Mingle or intersperse something with.
INTERLACING; Neighborhood Building Local Disable Past
Site nature tourists community. the present.
IDEA DERIVATION
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RUMAH KUTAI / RUMAH PERAK _ EMPHASIZE ON THE ART OF WEAVING
4.5 D E S I G N INTENTION AND SITE RES P O N S E
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PROGRAMME LAYOUT AND THEME PLANNING
5.0
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
5.1 S I T E PLAN SITE PLAN
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SCALE 1:750
5.2 F L O O R PLANS
SUB BASEMENT PLAN
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SCALE 1:500
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
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SCALE 1:500
FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR PLAN
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SCALE 1:500
THIRD AND FOURTH FLOOR PLAN
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SCALE 1:500
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5.3 E L E V A TIONS
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5.3 E L E V A TIONS
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5.4 S E C T I ONS
5.5 P E R S P ECTIVE DRAWINGS VIEW TOWARDS DROP OFFS
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VIEW TOWARDS AMPITHEATER
AERIAL VIEW TOWARDS DATARAN SENI
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AERIAL VIEW OF AMPITHEATER AND SERVICES AREA
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INTERIOR VIEW TOWARDS ART AUCTION GALLERY
VIEW TOWARDS CAFE AND COFEE WORKSHOP
INTERIOR VIEW TOWARDS RECEPTION AREA
6.0
ENVIRONMENTAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES
6.1 S T R U C TURAL AND MATERIAL CO NS I D E RATION FOUNDTION TO ROOF DETAIL
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SCALE 1 : 200
6.1 S T R U C TURAL AND MATERIAL CO NS I D E RATION
BUILDING MATERIALS
Concrete
Low-E Glass
Local Wood
FACADE TREATMENT
Green Trellis
Sun Shade 'Papan Cantik'
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Timber Screen Shade
Steel
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6.2 B U I L D ING TECHNOLOGY AND SER V I C E S
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RAINWATER HARVESTING DETAIL
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NOT TO SCALE
6.3 G B I A ND ENVIRONMENTAL CO NS I D E RATIONS SECTIONAL PERPECTIVES E NCOURAGE RAI NWAT E R HARV E S T I NG T HAT WI L L L E AD T O RE DUCT I ON I N P OT ABL E WAT E R CONS UMP T I ON
ENCOURAGE AND RECOGNIZE DESIGNS THAT PROVIDE GOOD LEVELS OF DAY LIGHTING FOR BUILDING OCCUPANTS
TO REDUCE BUILDING HEAT
IMPROVE THE BUILDING COMFORT AND ENERGY EFFICIENT
REDUCE EYESTRAIN FOR BUILDING OCCUPANTS BY PROVIDING LONG DISTANCE VIEWS AND PROVISION OF VISUAL CONNECTION TO THE OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT.
RAINWATER HARVESTING IDEA
RAINWATER HARVESTED AND CHANNELED THROUGH STAINLESS STEEL FUNNELS THAT ALSO ACTS AS STAIRCASE RAILINGS
COLLECTION OF RAINWATER AT ROOF LEVEL THROUGH RAINWATER HARVESTING GLASS PANEL WITH LAMILUX PR-60 ROOF SYSTEM.
VIEW INTO RAINWATER COLLECTION AT GROUND LEVEL BEFORE EXCESS FLOW INTO WATER TANK AT BASEMENT LEVEL.
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COLLECTION TO WATER FEATURE BEFORE COLLECTED INTO TANK
7.0
FEASIBILITY STUDY C A D A N G A N M E R O B O H B A N G U N A N S E D IA D A D A N M E M B I N A S E B U A H B A N G U N A N ‘IN T E R P R E T IV E CENTRE’4 TINGKAT BESERTA 1 PARAS BESMEN DI A T A S T A N A H K E R A J A A N ( P E T A K A ), M U K IM SAYONG, DAERAH KUALA KANGSAR. UNTUK TETUAN DARUL RIDZUAN.
KERAJAAN
NEGERI
PERAK
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7.1 E S T I M ATED TOTAL CONSTRUCTIO N CO ST ( T C C )
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7.2 E S T I M ATED TOTAL DEVELOPMENT CO ST ( T DC)
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7.3 E S T I M ATED GROSS DEVELOPMENT VALU E ( GDV)
8.0
REFERENCES
REFE R E N CES
h t t p s : / / w w w . l o k a l o c a l . c o m / b lo g / c u ltu r e / k u a la -k a n g s a r - th i n g s - to do/ h t t p s : / / w w w . g r e e n b u i l d i n g in d e x .o r g / g b i-to o ls -a n d -r e fe r e n c e guides/ h t t p s : / / f o u r s e v e n f i v e . c o m / b lo g / la m ilu x -p r -6 0 -th e -g la s s - r o o fyouve-been-waiting-for/
h t t p : / / w w w . b i r c o . c o m / l a n d s c a p in g / a r e a s -o f -a p p lic a tio n /s p e c i a l architectural-requirements/
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h t t p s : / / i s s u u . c o m / u p p j p b d / d o c s / r td _ k u a la _ k a n g s a r
9.0
APPENDICES
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APPE N D I CES
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