ADAPTIVE JAKARTA LANDSCAPE STRATEGIES FOR REAL WORLD ISSUES
National University of Singapore | School of Design and Environment | Department of Architecture LA4702 Master of Landscape Architecture Studio, ‘City’, 13 Jan - 3 May 2020 Bargotra Poornima | Cheng Jing | Carissa Chin Qiwei | Ekta Balubhai Rakholiya | Feng Zihan | Han Cong | Lyu Jiawei | Mamiko Tanaka | Dhuri Ruiee | Shao Zhongran | Wang Haobo | Xiao Xinyan | Zhang Bingqian | Zhang Bingyi | Zhang Yifei | Zhong Yixin | Zhou Xianfeng | Zhou Zuyuan | Lim Wenfa
Tutors: Ervine Lin, Senior Lecturer | Kenya Endo, Lecturer
As a studio product which is not censored, it may contain mistakes or not represent the positions of NUS.
Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Tel: +65 65163452 Fax: +65 67793078
Copyright Š 2020 Ervine Lin and Kenya Endo (ed.) ISBN: 978-981-14-9850-3
PREFACE
ADAPTIVE JAKARTA studio pays attention to the role of landscape architects in rapidly growing Asian cities; our perspective in identifying urban issues, discovering opportunities through design interventions, and advancing proposed interventions into sustainable strategies for the betterment of the residents. Students were challenged to analyze the socioeconomic drivers of spatial usage and patterns from community-level as well as city-wide geographical context to better understand the complex dynamics of the city as a whole. This book is a compilation of 19 graduate students’ work in the Landscape Architecture program, who put their hearts and efforts to explore adaptive landscape design interventions for creating multi-functional and culturally sensitive public spaces for enhancing city’s liveability. The first half of the book documents the process of the studio chronologically; group’s site analysis to explain the context and motivation for subsequent design approaches, and ends with design suggestions with concepts and experiential graphics. 19 very diverse design outcomes appear in the second half of the book under the following categories: 1) Waste & Landfill, 2) Wastewater Treatment, 3) Storm -water & Flood Risk Management, 4) River System Reconfiguration, 5) Social & Lifestyle, 6) Community & Open Space, 7) Streetscape and Linear Infrastructure. The book concludes with reflections of the studio. We hope the book will contribute to the deepening of the knowledge-base and an expanding of the potential scope of our profession. The studio preparation and site visits owe a lot of support from Mr. Brahmastyo Puji from Architecture Sans Frontières, Ms Elisa Sutanudjaja, executive director of Rujak Center for Urban Studies in Jakarta, Ms. Ellisa Evawani, Associate Professor, and Ms Hanifa Wasnadi from the University of Indonesia, and their students from the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Ms. Dewi Rezalini from Bogor Agricultural University, Department of Landscape Architecture for sharing her insights of the profession in Indonesia. Special thanks to guest reviewers, Ms. Dixi Mengote-Quah, Ms. Dorothy Tang, Ms. Lehana Guo, Mr. Ryan Shubin who provided insightful comments to student’s works. Thank you very much.
STUDIO INTRODUCTION CHRONOLOGY PRELIMINARY RESEARCH PROPOSALS REFLECTIONS
1 6 17 78 378
STUDIO INTRODUCTION Ervine Lin and Kenya Endo
Course Overview | This studio-based module expands the skill level expected of our students by enlarging their mode of operation to the scale of the city. As the second installment of a four part masterlevel core studio, the students will visit the city of Jakarta, the current capital of Indonesia. There, they will be faced with the realities of an ever growing megalopolis stretched by both environmental as well as socioeconomic challenges. Students will be asked to explore how landscape architecture can potentially alleviate some of the issues to be uncovered over the course of the semester and to suggest socially acceptable, environmentally viable and technically innovative interventions using a landscape approach Background I Concerns over water scarcity, climate change, and environmental health risks have prompted some Asian cities to invest in river rehabilitation and scholars in recent years have been demonstrating that a change in paradigm in river rehabilitation is possible, providing future scenarios that balance concerns over flooding, water quality, and ecology, with the realities of a rapidly growing megacity like Jakarta, the current capital of Indonesia (Vollmer et al., 2015). By 2050, an additional 2.5 billion people, resulting in a total of 66 percent of the world’s population, is projected to reside in urban areas with a glaring majority of this increase concentrated in Asia and Africa (United Nations, 2014). This massive urban transition coincides with an unprecedented expansion of builtup land which has resulted in ramifications to the local-regional climate, pollution, water quality and availability, arable land as well as the livelihoods of people in the region (Schneider et al., 2015). Much of this growth occurs in the “mega-deltas cities” which have historically conglomerated people, resources and economic activities, a trend which increasingly places them at risk to environmental hazards (Seto, 2011) and has contributed to rivers and wetlands becoming one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world (Malmqvist and Rundle, 2002; Tockner and Stanford, 2002). One such city is the current capital of Indonesia, Jakarta. Unfortunately, increasing urbanisation, commercial development and centuries of exploitation and neglect have transformed the rivers in Jakarta, such as the Ciliwung River, into one of the most polluted rivers in the world (E. Satriastanti, 2012). The concurrent anthropogenic factors such as buildup of garbage (Texier, 2008) and the rapid subsidence due to groundwater extraction (Chaussard et al., 2013) have also been attributed to the ever increasing seasonal floods in the city, the latest deadly flood happening in January 2020 (CNA, 2020). The issue of flooding is further exasperated when municipal infrastructure fails to keep pace with urban growth forcing lower-income communities settled along the downstream section of the river to rely on the polluted river for water, sanitation and even recreation (Vollmer and Grêt-Regamey, 2013).
In the past two decades, multiple studies of water management problems and engineering proposals to mitigate flooding have been brought up in Jakarta but none have been successfully implemented (Silver, 2014). One of these proposals is the long standing plan to “normalise” the river channel, a project led by the Ministry of Public Works which includes dredging, expansion and bank reinforcement works that would change both the topography and land use along the riparian corridor. The high cost of land acquisition, sensitivity of aggressive demolition and eviction policies, ironically coupled with the allowance for commercial entities to develop along riverbanks and other
1
green spaces (Steinberg, 2007) have resulted in a fair amount of debate on the validity of the “normalization” process. Unfortunately, “normalization” is still the strategy which currently has the most momentum and residents of who have been residing along some of the worst hit areas live under the constant threat of eviction and relocation to make way for these river improvement works (The Jakarta Post, 2015). Those who have already gone through it are now physically and psychologically segregated from the water systems that flow through the city. The studio’s starting point is thus exploring means in which landscape orientated solutions might provide an alternative to the alienating approach of “normalization”. While rapid urbanization is often blamed for the environmental degradation and increasing hazards from natural disasters, the magnetic concentration of people, resources and economic activity in cities can also provide for an opportunity to create mitigation strategies that shift the city towards sustainability (Seto et al., 2010). This concentration of resources has allowed for river and wetland restorations to become an increasingly lucrative enterprise with billions of dollars being spent on restoration works (Nakamura et al., 2006) Seen no longer as merely a recreational or decorative exercise, the practice of river restoration can be viewed as an infrastructural investment in which a multitude of benefits can be obtained, inclusive of flood mitigation (Benedict and McMahon, 2006). Girot acknowledges this noteworthy endeavor of landscape recovery but challenges practice and discipline to engage with the cultural and environmental dimensions of a site through a combination of physical experience, intuition and scientific research (Girot, 1999). As such, while the situation in Jakarta might appear bleak, the studio seeks to engage with the local populance while bringing to the table a landscape architectural agenda which explores the possibilities of reimagining the water systems in Jakarta such that they play not only an ecological, social and economic role but also one which has the possibility to mitigate environmental factors.
Site I The primary landing site will be a community within Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke in West Jakarta, located along the riverside of Kali Apuran, and close to Cengkareng Drain. Dense single-story housing blocks are surrounded by industrial area and several high-class gated communities, as well as undeveloped open fields (presumably owned by private developers). Due to the river expansion program back in 2014, several houses were evicted, creating new composition of spaces along the river—linear inspection road with spontaneous communal activities, faced by 2 separated neighboring communities. This eviction along the river is a common theme seen along many parts of Jakarta to make way for normalization of the rivers and canals. The landing site serves as a snapshot for the studio to understand Jakarta’s community-level spatial organization, complexity of social structures, and challenges that a typical community faces toward sustainable living. Simultaneously, students are to investigate surrounding neighborhoods for contextual understanding, as well as to conduct city-scale analysis for identifying how our landing site interrelates with the dynamics of the Jakarta City as a whole.
2
Design Questions | During the course, students will be challenged to develop both spatially and socially compelling design interventions. The studio is designed to answer these questions by using Jakarta as a case study and Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke as a landing site to deploy and demonstrate each student’s design approach(es). Questions students should ask themselves can include but are in no way limited to the following: • Considering the complexity of the site and the city, what will be the key parameters / priorities? • Aside from simply pledging areas for green, how can we incentivize local stakeholders to be part of the drivers of your landscape proposal? • How will students address informality in design, when environmental pressure as well as infra• Can landscape architects propose design prototypes that can infuse greater diversity and livability into the urban context? Learning Objectives and Approaches | For a landscape intervention to be successful, designers need to understand the site in question—from its collective memory to its physical topography. Unfortunately a designer seldom (if ever) belongs to the place in which he or she is asked to operate ing) which serve as a theoretical methodology in which to extract as much potential from the site in thus be tasked to perform the following: 1. To step outside their comfort zone into the complexities of metropolitan Jakarta to experience the ground conditions for themselves (landing) 2. Carefully unfold the intricate characteristics of the site through detailed analysis and experiential explorations (grounding) 3. Discover the potential areas in which landscape architecture can be leveraged on to alleviate the 4. Propose ways to restructure elements of the city into a series of resilient outcomes in the form of bespoke spatial and social frameworks (founding) complex and is only one of the many facets in which students can consider as their intended focus. A nonexhaustive list of potential topics* is suggested below: • Urban hydrology including city-wide waterways and hydraulic infrastructures, collection of rainwater, ground water extraction, access to portable water, etc. • Interaction with water (access, behavior, perception etc.), and how they shaped people’s lifestyle. • Access to greenery (or lack thereof) within the city and the realities of park building in Jakarta. • Solid waste management and sanitation and the possibilities of reinvigorating a positive human landscape interaction. • Productive landscapes and their potential role in improving socio-economic divides.
3
Lastly, narrative development will be the overarching skills to be further developed. “Narratives intersect with sites, accumulate as layers of history, organize sequences and inhere in the very materials and processes of the landscape.” (Potteiger and Purinton, 1998)
services) and experience (distinctive and memorable). These challenges are to be developed into opportunities to serve as the foundation of a logical narrative to outline the advantages and necessities of the proposed design. Studio Structure I to understand site context, with in-depth input sessions from local experts to identify problems and challenges. Students will be tasked to work in groups for the research phase, and as individuals for the design application phase, according to the requirements of each stage of the studio. Research Phase observation & measurements with advanced digital technology, interviews with residents, and collection of maps) to acquire relevant knowledge to serve as the basis of design vision and strategies for all students. For this initial research phase, students will be grouped into 3 focal scales for their respective site investigation tasks. Refer below for the potential site survey inventory: 1. City scale—Infrastructural network (water, transport), land-use, urban density, history, demography etc. 2. Neighborhood scale—Digital mapping and measurements, typological studies, etc. 3. Site scale—Interview surveys, detail observations on materials and site furnishing, sectional studies etc. The knowledge / geo-data / maps collected during the site visit must be traceable or be based on vidual design developments at the later stage. Design Development Phase The last 7 weeks will be left to focus on design application, which will culminate in a convincing
small group projects after discussing with tutors through the course of the semester.
4
Recommended Readings I ‘Adianto et al. - 2014 - The Informal Area Management in Slum Settlement.pdf’ (n.d.). Adianto, J., Okabe, A. & Ellisa, E. (2014) ‘The Informal Area Management in Slum Settlement’:, 18. Apip, Sagala, S.A.H. & Luo, P. (2015) ‘Overview of Jakarta Water-Related Environmental Challenges’. Betteridge, B. & Webber, S. (2019) ‘Everyday resilience, reworking, and resistance in North Jakarta’s kampungs:’, Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. Bott, L.-M., Ankel, L. & Braun, B. (2019) ‘Adaptive neighborhoods: The interrelation of urban form, social capital, and responses to coastal hazards in Jakarta’, Geoforum, 106, 202–213. Chaussard, E., Amelung, F., Abidin, H. & Hong, S.-H. (2013) ‘Sinking cities in Indonesia: ALOS PALSAR detects rapid subsidence due to groundwater and gas extraction’, Remote Sensing of Environment, 128, 150–161. nacular: Politics, Semiotics and Representation, Cham: Springer International Publishing,13–30. tion and urban image’, Space and Polity, 23, 265–282. Girot, C. (1999) ‘Chapter 3: Four Trace Concepts in Landscape Architecture’, in Corner, J. (ed.) Recovering landscape: essays in contemporary landscape architecture, New York: PrincetonArchitectural Press, 58–67. Guinness, P. (2019) ‘Managing Risk in Uncertain Times’, Ethnos, 0, 1–12. Hellman, J. (2018) ‘How to Prove You are Not a Squatter: Appropriating Space and Marking Presence in Jakarta’, in Cabannes, Y., Douglass, M., and Padawangi, R. (eds) Cities in Asia by and for the People, Amsterdam University Press, 41–68. ‘Jakarta Waterscape: From Structuring Water to 21st Century Hybrid Nature? by arysari - issuu’ (n.d.). Available at: https://issuu.com/arysay/docs/nakhara (accessed January 2020). Lin, E., Shaad, K. & Girot, C. (2016) ‘Developing river rehabilitation scenarios by integrating landscape and hydrodynamic modeling for the Ciliwung River in Jakarta, Indonesia’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 180–198. ing Cities’, The State of Environmental Migration 2015 – A review of 2014, 18. Ninsalam, Y. & Rekittke, J. (2016) ‘Landscape architectural foot soldier operations’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 158–167. The lock-in of infrastructural solutions’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37, 1102–1125. Potteiger, M., Purinton, J. (2002) ‘Landscape Narratives’, Theory in Landscape Architecture, edited Prescott, M.F. & Ninsalam, Y. (2016) ‘The synthesis of environmental and socio-cultural information in the ecological design of urban riverine landscapes’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 222– 236. Rekittke, J., Paar, P., Lin, E. & Ninsalam, Y. (2013) ‘Digital reconnaissance’, Journal of Landscape Architecture, 8, 74– 81.
5
CHRONOLOGY 13th Jan - 3rd May 2020
6
The studio started off with the orientation of studio “Adaptive Jakarta” by tutors, followed by an introduction to the entire semester’s schedule. For the initial research phase, students were grouped into 3 focal scales; ‘City scale’, ‘Neighborhood scale’, and ‘Site scale’, for their respective site investigation tasks.
13 Jan
20-30 Jan- Preliminary Site Analysis Sharing and Field Trip Preparation The three groups presented and shared their initial analysis, and the major topics are below. 1.City scale—Infrastructural network, land-use, urban density, history, demography. 2. Neighborhood scale—Digital mapping and measurements, typological studies, etc. 3. Site scale—Interview surveys, detailed observations on material, sectional studies, etc. For field trip preparation, students received safety instructions from Mr. S. Ravindran (NUS Office of Safety, Health & Environment), and were also trained how to fly a drone for survey.
7
01 Feb - Field Trip Start - Fly into Jakarta
02 Feb - Kickoff Session with Seminars and Site visit with All Universitas Indonesia, Architecture Sans Frontières Indonesia, and the Bogor Agricultural University. Students and tutors visited to the site, Kampung Keduang Kali Angke, alongside students from UI.
8
9
10
11
12
Each group conducted site surveys with tutors and UI students. At night, students prepared for the interim sharing session at the hotel.
3-6 Feb - Full Day Onsite Surveys
7 Feb - Wrap-up Session At Rujak Urban Design Center, each group made a presentation. Guest reviewers included local collaborators, community members.
13
8 Feb - Field Trip End: Fly-out from Jakarta
10 Feb -2 Mar - Design Vision Consultation by Individual In preparation for the upcoming mid-review, each student had a series of personal consultations with our tutors, which included site and issue selection, analysis, and design approach.
14
Three guest reviewers were invited for the Mid Review; Ms. Dixi Mengote-Quah (Urban Planner / Hydro-engineer), Ms. Lehana Guo (Landscape Architect), Mr. Ryan Shubin (Landscape Architect). The reviewers provided constructive advice in diverse aspects regarding the research, analysis, issue selection, and design approaches.
9 Mar - Mid Review
16 Mar- 17 Apr - Design Development Students focused on design application, which culminated in a convincing design solution for the discussing with our tutors through online meetings.
15
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, final review was conducted online with pre-recorded presentation. Ms. Dixi Mengote-Quah (Urban Planner, Hydro-engineer), Ms. Dorothy Tang (Landscape architect, Research), Ms. Lehana Guo (Landscape architect), Mr. Ryan Shubin (Landscape architect) reviewed student work remotely.
24 Apr - Final Review
4 May - Last Studio Session
16
PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
Adaptive Jakarta
CITY SCALE 18 NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 36 CITE SCALE 52
17
CITY SCALE - HISTORY Historical Maps
Analysis: - Course of Ciliwung river changed due to canalization after floods in 1621 - The canal system caused the river to lose its current, and deposit large amounts of sediment
Batavia Old Town Poor living conditions in this walled town, causing diseases like malaria – eventually leading to the destruction of the wall in 18th century. Currently known as Kota Tua Jakarta (“Jakarta Old Town”) with some of the old buildings still preserved.
Historical Land Use Maps Jakarta Urban Area, 1985
Jakarta Urban Area, 1993
Analysis - Preference of industrial areas along the bay due to port industries - Mostly residential with mixed buildings along the river – showing that industries/ commercial buildings depend on the river
18
CITY SCALE - HISTORY Flood History in Jakarta Five Phases of Dutch Water Management
Source: Octavianti, T. & Charles, K. (2019) ‘The evolution of Jakarta’s flood policy over the past 400 years: The lock-in of infrastructural solutions’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37, 1102–1125.
Flood History & Important Policy/Decisions in Jakarta, Indonesia
Source: Octavianti, T. & Charles, K. (2019) ‘The evolution of Jakarta’s flood policy over the past 400 years: The lock-in of infrastructural solutions’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37, 1102–1125.
19
CITY SCALE - LAND USE Built-up Areas & Land Use History Rapid urbanization and population growth is the main reason for the emergence of informal settlements in Jakarta.
1970
1980
The massive urbanization contributed to the shortage of land supply and high land values. As a result, more than 25% of agricultural uses have been converted into industrial, commercial, or residential uses to meet the growing demand for land. Limited green space in Jakarta Decreased from: 27.6% in Master Plan – 1965 to 1985 26.1% in Spatial Plan – 1985 to 2005 13.94% in Spatial Plan – 2000 to 2010 Currently Jakarta has only 9% of green area (10, 008 hectares) from the original amount of 29%
1990
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5684097/
2000
(33,467 hectares)
Land use changes through time 1965- Mostly commercial concentrated in the central, with residential bordering the mixed used developments.
1965
1985
1985- Increase in residential areas, and mixed used remain along the rivers. 2009- Most well-planned settlements concentrated in West and North Jakarta
2009 Source: Jakarta Capital City Government Credit: Rujak Center for Urban Studies
20
Future 2030
2030 (Future) - Introduction of “Green Residential Areas” in South Jakarta, and an overall increase in green areas, especially along the rivers.
CITY SCALE - LAND USE 106°45'0"E 695000
9335000
690000
Land Use Map - 2009
106°50'0"E
106°55'0"E
700000
705000
107°0'0"E
710000
715000
ATTAC
720000 9335000
106°40'0"E 685000
P. Kelor P. Onrus
P. Bidadari
9330000
9330000
P. Cipir
TE LU K JAKAR TA
N
6°5'0"S
6°5'0"S
.$% 7$1*(5$1*
!
W
!
!
! !
! ! !
! !
! !!
!
! !
!
!
in Dra
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
ur
! ! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
! ! !
! !
!
9305000
!
!
! !
!
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
!
! !
! !
!
! !
! ! !
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
! !!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
! !
! ! !
!
nter
! !!
!
! !
! !
!
!
in Dra
6°10'0"S
!
!
! !
! !
!
! ! !
! !
9315000
! !
! ! !
! !
!
!
!
!
! !
! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
Ca ku
!
! !
! !
!! !
!
! ! !
! ! !! !
9320000
!
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
ng
!
! ! !
!
! ! ! !
!
!
!
! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
9325000
!
! ! !
!
Kali Su
!
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
! !
!
!
! ! !
!
! ! !
ur !
!! ! ! !
!
!
!!
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
!
! !
!
! !
POND/RESERVOIR/SWAMP SOCIAL FACILITY
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!! ! !
!!
!
!
! !
!!
! !
! ! !
! !
!
! ! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
! !
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE (HARBOR/AIRPORT)
PROVINSI JAWA BARAT
!
! ! !
! !
!
!
!! ! !
! ! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
! !
!
! ! !
!
Source: ‘Regional Spatial Plan Jakarta 2030’
INDUSTRIAL AND WAREHOUSING
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
t er
!
JAKARTA TIMUR ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
un
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
! ! !
! !
PANCORAN
li S
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
Ka
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!! !
!
!
! !
!
! ! !
! ! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !!
!! !
!
AGRICULTURE 9310000 6°15'0"S
!
!
!
OFFICE/TRADING/SERVICE
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
n
DUREN SAWIT !
! !! ! !
!
9315000
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
!
!
!
K ana l B a
! !
im
!
!
JATINEGARA
!
!
!
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
! ! !
TEBET
! ! ! !
!
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
!
!
WELL-PLANNED SETTLEMENT
! !
! ! !
!
!
! !
! !
!
! ! !! !!
!
!
GOVERNMENTAL AREA
! ! !
!
!
IDLE LAND
T jir
!
!
!
! !
!
! ! ! !
! ! !
!
!
!
MANGROVE FOREST
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
!!
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
!
! ! !
!
!
9310000 6°15'0"S
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
9305000
! !
!
SUBDISTRICT BORDER
SEA UTILIZATION
SETTLEMENT
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE (HARBOR/AIRPORT) !
!
!
!
!
! ! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!! !
!
!
!
!
MUNICIPAL/REGENCY BORDER
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
! !
!
! !
! !
! !
!
! !
!
! ! !
!
! !
ol
! !
!
!
! !
! !
!
!
! !
! !
!
!
! !
!
! !
! !
! !
!! !
! !
!
! !
!
21
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
!
MATRAMAN
!
! !
!
! !
! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
PULO GADUNG
SOCIAL FACILITY
! !
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
! !
!
!
il li C
!
!
!
! !
! !
!
!
! !
! !
! ! !
Ka
! !
! !
!
!
!
CAKUNG
!
!
iw !
!
!
OPEN SPACE/PARK/CEMETERY
!
!
!
SENEN !
! ! ! !
! !
!
! !
! !
!
!
K a l i G r og
!
!
! !
!
! ! !
! !
!
!!
!
! !
! !
!
! ! !
!
!
! !
! !
un POND/RESERVOIR/SWAMP g
SETIABUDI
PROVINCIAL BORDER
!
! !
!
Ba rat
! !
! ! !
!
ter !
HEAD OF
: ............................ Universal Transverse Mercator : ............................ Grid Geogra & Meter : ............................ WGS-84, 48 South
! !
g
!
!
un
!
! !
! ! !
un
!
MENTENG Banjir
! !
! !
! ! !
!
!
HEAD OF
!
!
! ! !
liw
rat Ba
!
Kanal
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
! !
720000 107°0'0"E 10 KM
!
! !
!
! ! !
jir an
! !
INDUSTRIAL AND WAREHOUSING
! !
7.5
!
!
KELAPA GADING
!
al B
! !
! !
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
CEMPAKA PUTIH
! ! !
!
! !
! !
!
! !
AGRICULTURE JOHAR BARU !
! ! !
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
MAMPANG PRAPATAN
! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
! ! !
! ! !
KEBAYORAN BARU
!
!
!
! ! !
!
SETTLEMENT KEMAYORAN !
!
Cakung Drain
!
! ! !
!
!
! !
!
Projection Grid System Datum & Zona UTM
5
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
! !
! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !
ol
ro g
!
!
!
!
!
Ka OFFICE/TRADING/SERVICE JAKARTA PUSAT li S
i Ci
!
!
!
! !
2.5
EXPLANATION
! ! !
WELL-PLANNED SETTLEMENT
E
715000 106°55'0"E
RIVER/CANAL .$% %(.$6, REGULATION REGIONAL OF JAKARTA CAPITAL CITY NUMBER 1 YEAR 2012
! !
GOVERNMENTAL AREA ! !
Æ
0
S
!
!
!
Kal
CILINCING
! !
! ! !
!
!
! !
K an
! !
! ! !
!!
! ! !
! !
! !
JAKARTA UTARA
SAWAH BESAR
6°5'0"S
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
!
! ! !
!
! ! !
! !
6°10'0"S
! !
9320000
! ! !
!
!
!
710000
N
W
! ! ! ! !
KOJA
TANJUNG PRIOK OPEN SPACE/PARK/CEMETERY !
!
! !
!
!
!
!
MANGROVE FOREST !
! ! !
!
! !
TANAH ABANG
A BARAT li G
705000 106°50'0"E
NO
!
SUBDISTRICT BORDER
!
SEA UTILIZATION
GAMBIR
!
!
!
!
!
PALMERAH
!
! !
!
!
!
!
Ka
700000
MUNICIPAL/REGENCY BORDER
! !
!
PADEMANGAN
!
! ! ! !
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
! ! !
!
138 ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
9330000
! !
!
!
! ! !
!
FIGURE 2 MAP OF LAND USE 2009
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
.27$ '(32.
! !
695000
! !
! !
!
!!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
! !
! ! !
!
! !
!
! !
!
! !
! !
! ! ! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
106°45'0"E
PROVINCIAL BORDER
!
TAMAN SARI
MBURAN
!
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!!
!
!
690000
9315000
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
! ! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
SOURCE: - Land use - Updating
JAKARTA CAPITAL CITY GOVERNMENT !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
! ! !
! !
!
! !
! !
!
!
!
PASAR REBO
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
10
!
!
9335000
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
!
! !
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
JAGAKARSA
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
TAMBORA
6°10'0"S
!
Ca ku
! !
! !
! !
! !
!
!
! !
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
!
!
REGIONAL REGULATION OF JAKARTA CAPITAL CITY CIPAYUNG NUMBER 1 YEAR 2012 CONCERNING CIRACAS REGIONAL SPATIAL PLAN 2030 !
! !
!
!
!
!
!
li
!
! !
!
!!
! !
!
!
! ! !
!
Ka !
!
!
! !
!
!
! !
!
!
! ! !
!
! !!
l i wung Ci
!
!
!! !
ATTACHMENT I !
!
! ! !
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! !
! !
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
! !
!!
!
!
! !
!
!
! !
!
! !
! ! ! !
!
!
!
.27$ %(.$6,
!
! ! !
!
! ! !
iw u n !
!
l
!
!
! !
!
!
! !! ! !! ! !
!!
Ka li Cil
!
!
go
!
!
!
!
!
ro
! !
! ! !
! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
KM
!
!
!
Kali G
! !
!
! !
!
! !
!
!!
! ! !
!
!
! !
! ! !
! !! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
9310000 6°15'0"S
!
!
! ! !
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
9320000
!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
!
! ! !
! ! !! !
!! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
! ! !
!
!
Cakung Drain
!
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
nter ! ! !
Kali Su
! ! ! ! !
!
!
ng
!
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!!
! !
! !
!! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
107°0'0"E
!
!
! ! !
!
! ! ! !
! !
! !
!
!
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!!
!
!
! !
! !
! !
! !
!
!
!
! ! ! ! !
!
!
! ! ! ! !
!
!
!
! ! ! !
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
! !
!!
!
! ! ! !
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
ol
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
! ! !
! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
!
!!
!
!
!
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! !
! !
!
! ! ! !
!
!
!
!! !
! ! ! !! !!
9320000
!
!
K a l i G r og
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
!
! ! !
!
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
! ! !
! !!! !
!!
!
!
RIVER/CANAL
!
! !
!
!
PROVINSI JAWA BARAT
MAKASAR
KRAMAT JATI
!
%(.$6,
!
!
! !
!
!
! ! !
t er
!
!
! !
! !
g
!
!
685000 EXPLANATION 106°40'0"E
!
!
!
! !
!
!
un
! ! !
! ! !
!
!
PASAR MINGGU
!
!
TE LU K JAKAR TA
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
6°15'0"S 9310000
! !
! !
!
li S
!
! !
!
!
! !
!
!
S
!
!
!
! !
!
!!
!
9305000
! !
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!!
!
! !
! !
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
!
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
!
!
!
: ............................ Universal Transverse Mercator : ............................ Grid Geogra & Meter : ............................ WGS-84, 48 South
!
! !
im
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
Projection Grid System Datum & Zona UTM !
! !
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
! !
!
JAKARTA TIMUR !
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
!
rT
!
!
!
! !
!
Ka
!
!
!
E
!
! !
! !
!
!
! !
! !
!
!!
! !
6°5'0"S
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
9330000 6°20'0"S 9300000
!
!
!
!
! !!
!! !
! ! !
!
9295000
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
PANCORAN
!
! ! !
!
!
nj i
!
! !
! !
!
720000
7.5
! !
!
!
! !
!
!
K ana l B a
DUREN SAWIT
! ! !
! ! !
!
! !
715000
FIGURE 2 MAP OF LAND USE 2009
!
!
!
!
JATINEGARA ! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
106°55'0"E
!
!
! ! !
!
! !
! ! !
! ! !
!
5
CAKUNG
!
!
!
TEBET
!
!
!
2.5
!
! !
!
!
!
! ! ! !
CILANDAK JAKARTA CAPITAL CITY GOVERNMENT .$% 7$1*(5$1*
0
!
PULO GADUNG
! ! !
! !
! !
710000
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
705000
!
nter
SEA UT
!
!
!
!
!
!
106°50'0"E
!
!
!
! !
! !
!
!
SETIABUDI
! !
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Su
! !
MATRAMAN
!
!
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
MAMPANG PRAPATAN
!
!
!
li
!
! !
Ka
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
! !
!
!
!
g
!
!
ro
l go
KEBAYORAN BARU
!
PESANGGRAHAN
!
Æ
! !
!
un
!
!
REGIONAL REGULATION OF JAKARTA CAPITAL CITY NUMBER 1 YEAR 2012 JAKARTA SELATAN CONCERNING REGIONAL SPATIAL PLAN 2030
!
! !
! !
!
iw
! !
Ba rat
! !
g ra h an
! !
!
! !
! !
!
! !
!
!
! !
! ! !
s an g
! !
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
SENEN
il li C
!
MENTENG Banjir
!
!
!
Ka
! !
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
Pe !
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! ! !
!
!
! ! ! !
!
N
!
!
!
!
! ! !
! !
! !
W
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
700000
!
g
!
!
!
!
PROVINSI BANTEN ATTACHMENT I
07°0'0"E
! !
!
! ! !
un
!
!
TANAH ABANG
! !
!
!
! !
!
!
! ! !
liw
!!
!
!
! ! ! !
KELAPA GADING
!
! ! !
rat Ba
! ! !
!
!
!
!
KEBAYORAN LAMA Kali G
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! !
! !
! !
! !
Kanal
!
! ! !
!
! !
!
JOHAR BARU !
!
! !
!
! !
!
! ! !
!
CEMPAKA PUTIH
! ! !
!
! !
! !
! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! ! !
!
jir an
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
!
al B
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
KEMAYORAN
!
PALMERAH
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!! !
! !
!
!
! !
! !
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
! !
! !
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
!
JAKARTA PUSAT
i Ci
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
KEMBANGAN
! !
!!
!
!
!
! !
K an
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
Kal
EXPLA .$% %(.$6,
!
!
! ! !
!
S
!
! !
! !
Æ
! !
! ! !
! !
! !
!
! !
!
GAMBIR
CILINCING
! !
! ! !
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
6°10'0"S
! ! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !
! !
9315000
!
!
! ! !
!!
!
! !
! !
! ! !
!
! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
!
Ka li
!
! !
!
!
! !
!
! ! ! !
! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !
! !
!
.27$ 7$1*(5$1*
! !
! !
!
!
! !
SAWAH BESAR
!
TAMAN SARI
! ! !
! !
!
TANJUNG PRIOK
!
JAKARTA UTARA
!
KEBON JERUK
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
KOJA
!
!
!
!
!
TAMBORA
GROGOL PETAMBURAN
JAKARTA BARAT
!
!
!
PADEMANGAN
!
!
er vaa rt CENGKARENG
o ok
!
!
! ! !
Cengk areng Drain
!
! ! !
!
PENJARINGAN
9300000 6°20'0"S
!
!
KALIDERES
!
Sa l u r a n M
! ! !
!
!
! !
! !
! !
!
9335000
! ! !
!
!
!
! ! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
Muara Karang
!
9325000
9325000
! !
! !
!
!
Muara Angke !
9295000
! !
! ! !
9325000
! !
!
!
!
!
!
CITY SCALE - DEMOGRAPHICS Population Density Total Population : 10.8 Million as of 2019 Total City Area in Jakarta : 4,384 km2 Kodya Jakarta Utara Population : 1,645,659 People
NORTH
Density : 11,756 people/km2
Kodya Jakarta
WEST
Barat Population :
Kodya Jakarta
CENTRAL
2,281,945 People
Pusat Population :
Density : 18,338 people/km2
902,973 People Density : 17,239 people/km2
EAST SOUTH
Kodya Jakarta Selatan Population : 2,062,232 People
Kodya Jakarta
Density : 13,363 people/km2
Timur Population : 2,693,896 People Density : 14,745 people/km2
2010 Population Census DKI Jarkata Province : https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site?id=31&wilayah=DKI-Jakarta
Ethnic Groups:
i
se
se
aw
ne
ne
et
va
/B
Ja
rta
ka
ive
Religion:
Ja
da
n Su
e
es
in
Ch
k
au
ta
Ba
ab
gk
M
i
n na
s
ay
al
M
Buddhism Catholic Protestant Hinduism
t Na
World Population Review : http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/
22
Islam
Confuciansim
CITY SCALE - DEMOGRAPHICS Social Division
6 Districts : -Large & medium scale 8 Districts :
industries
NORTH
-Highest Concentration
-Trading Port
of small-scale industries
-Primary Tourist Hot Spot
-Rich cultural landmarks
WEST
suchs as Jakarta’s
CENTRAL
Chinatown and Dutch
8 Districts : -Admistrative & Political
Colonials
Centre -Distinct Landmarks and monuments
EAST
10 Districts : -Originally planned as ‘Satellite City’ (Suburbs)
SOUTH
-Central Business District
10 Districts :
- Upscale shopping malls and recreational
-Several Industrial sectors
areas
-Cultural - Based Recreational Area
- Residential areas
2010 Population Census DKI Jarkata Province : https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site?id=31&wilayah=DKI-Jakarta
Population Growth:
Gender Distribution:
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Jakarta
Male Female
World Population Review : http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/
23
CITY SCALE - CONNECTIVITY Road Classification Compared with Singapore, Jakarta has similar trunk road density, and even higher road density when the calculation take all roads into consideration. However, large amounts of private cars make the traffic much more crowded than Singapore.
0
5
10
Road Density Singapore Trunk Road Density
Low 0
5
10
Jakarta Trunk Road Density
High
20KM
24
10
20KM
5
10
High
20KM
Jakarta All Road Density
Low 5
Low 0
Singapore All Road Density
0
Trunk Road Secondary Road Residence Road
20KM
High
Low 0
5
10
20KM
High
CITY SCALE - CONNECTIVITY Transportation Layers Railway System The construction of the railway system help alleviate the traffic congestion, but it is not widely finished in the whole city area.
Railway Line Railway Station 0
5
10
20KM
Other Transportation Methods Large number of sidewalks are shown on the map, but they are scattered in several area. Disconnection of the sidewalks lead to a horrible walking experience.
0
5
10
20KM
High Speed Way Railway Sidewalk
Important Transportation Hubs Central Jakarta has a better public transportation service compared with other areas of the city.
0
25
5
10
20KM
Ferry Terminal Bus Stations Main Bus Stops Taxi Stations Railway Stations
CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY Base map
26
CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY Waterway system
Flood Canals ("Banjir Kanal") in Jakarta (2012)
West Flood Canal | Banjir Kanal Barat(1919) 1918: Batavia city plan 1919: Constructed 1973: In the 1973 master plan, a system of canals was planned to cut to the flow of water in West Jakarta. 1979: Because of the 1979 flood, government revised the West Flood Canal plan by the construction of the Cengkareng drainage system.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Flood_Canal
East Flood Canal | Banjir Kanal Timur(2002) 1918: First launched by the Dutch engineer Van der Beer 1973: The EFC design was finished 2002: Construction began(but delayed due to problems in clearing the area) 2013: During the 2013 flood the East Flood Canal was still not connected to the Ciliwung River. Future: Try to connect the Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal through a tunnel.
Master plan development of Eastern Flood Canal, Jakarta, Indonesia Year
National level events
1969-1998
General Suharto’s New Order Government in power
1973 1974
Description
Water resources and other governmental functions consolidated to central government Master Plan I produced by the Department of Public Works and Master Plan I (Master Plan of Flood Control and Drainage Electricity (central) in collaboration with the Netherlands Engineering System for Jakarta) (NEDECO, 1973) consultant, NEDECO According to this law, the flood control infrastructure project was fully funded and implemented by the central government (MPW)
Water Law No. 11
1991-1993
1996
East canal events
Establishment of Jakarta flood prevention project by the Plan and construction of flood infrastructure under the authority of central government (‘Kopro Banjir’) the Ministry of Public Works (MPW)
1965
The collaboration between the Department of Public Works and the Japan International Consultant produced a new master plan (revision of previous master plan)
Master Plan II
Severe flood inundated almost all Jakarta’s New study about Jakarta flood was conducted by central The ‘Jakarta Flood Control Advisory Mission (JFCAM) by land area, especially in North and East government in collaboration with The Netherlands NEDECO’(1996) produced a new study about floods in Jakarta and Jakarta government an alternative design of the Eastern Flood Canal
1997
Master Plan III
The collaboration between Department of Public Works and Japan International Consultant produced a new master plan The transformation from centralization to decentralization is initiated
1998
Fall of Suharto’s regime
1999
Decentralization Law 22/1999 and Fiscal Equalization Law 25/1999
Eastern Flood Canal plan is integrated with the spatial planning of Jakarta 2010
Change of institutional arrangement in water sectors. Provincial government has autonomous power in regulation and policy related to water and flood management
2002
Severe flood hits Jakarta. It was recorded that disastrous floods affected 10,000 ha of Jakarta’s built-up area
Master Plan IV
More stakeholders involved in developing the Master Plan IV. MoU between central government and provincial government to implement Eastern Flood Canal signed
Kick-off of flood canal construction by President Megawati Soekarno Putri
2003 2004
New Water Law No. 7. First direct election
2007
Another devastating flood hits Jakarta; one of the worst floods ever experienced
Central government increased its commitment to accelerate the completion of the Eastern Flood Canal by allocating more budget than before
Resource: Evaluating Jakarta’s flood defence governance: the impact of political and institutional reforms Imelda Simanjuntak, Niki Frantzeskaki, Bert Enserink and Wim Ravesteijn
Flood project in Jakarta The coastal areas of northern Jakarta are the most susceptible to flooding. By 2100, the simulated maps of inundation show a large increase in inundated areas, both under low and high water level scenarios Map of coastal flood (2009-2100)
Coastal inundation and damage exposure estimation: a case study for Jakarta
27
CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY Floods in Jakarta Map of Isohyet on February in Jakarta(1996,2002,2007)
Source: The pattern of spatial flood disaster region in DKI Jakarta, M P Tambunan 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 56 012014
Flood prone area in Jakarta Function of flood prone area in Jakarta: 1.Very high potential flood area – Northern Jakarta 2.High potential flood area - Central and Southern Jakarta 3.Low potential flood area - Southeast Jakarta - steep slope
2002 flooding area 2002&&2007 2007 flooding area Very area Veryhigh highpotential potentialflood flood area
Conclusion: Actual prone area in the north, west and east of Jakarta lowland both in beach ridge, coastal alluvial plain and alluvial plain. Flood potential area on the slope is found flat and steep at alluvial fan, alluvial plain, beach ridge, and coastal alluvial plain in Jakarta.
Source: The pattern of spatial flood disaster region in DKI Jakarta, M P Tambunan 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 56 012014
Flood and Poverty 50 year flood return period
The flood hazard map showing inundation depth and extend for the following return periods: 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 & 100 years. Flood risk assessment for delta mega-cities: a case study of Jakarta
28
Number of poor households in Jakarta map (2008)
In Jakarta, household income and the type of houses they live in also determine the impact of flooding on them. Most villages are located in the North of Jakarta (including our site)
Jakarta Climate Adaptation Tools (JCAT)
CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY Land subsidence
Resource: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44636934
Pollution Water sewerage system Only 4% of Jakarta has access to sewerage, with 96% or over 9.2 million people, with no wastewater management or treatment systems.
JAKARTA SEWERAGE SYSTEM (JSS)
Water quality Spatial distribution of Jakarta water quality A) Average value of BOD; B) Trend Z value of BOD; C) Average value of DO; D) Trend Z value of DO; E) Average value of TSS; F) Trend Z value of TSS during the studying period. BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand Upper stream: low average values of BOD Downstream and middle stream: high average values of BOD DO:Dissolved oxygen The average value of DO decreased from upstream to downstream The central district showing high DO values -REASON: the result of rapid urbanization in Jakarta which increased housing development in the upper and middle streams. TSS: Total suspended solids Most stations have low average values of TSS The central and eastern districts that have high average values of TSS. -REASON: result from construction and wastewater due to high population density and urbanization.
Quality standard of water in Singapore Items of Analysis BOD Dissolved oxygen Total Suspended Solids
range <10 mg L-1 >2 mg L-1 <200 mg L-1
RED CIRCLE means this station meets the standard value of Singapore. BOD: Only few of the water catchment meet the standard of BOD (<10 mg L-1). DO: About half of the stations’ water quality of DO higher than 2 mg L-1 TSS: Only two station have high level of TSS (larger than 200 mg L-1) Source: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0219009
29
CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Places/Sites Visited City Scale - Site Visit Strategy During our site visit to Jakarta, the city scale group ventured out further from just the landing site - in order to get a better understanding of other parts of Jakarta, especially the kampungs. The main aim was to study these different areas in relation to the waterways and its surrounding condition, which we can later study through a comparative study. This was done through a series of sections cut through these areas.
Map showing areas visited DAY 01 - Central Jakarta, Cikini & Manggarai DAY 03 - Angke River, Moonkevart Drain
DAY 02 - Waduk Pluit, Kampung Akuarium & Tongkol
In the next few pages, the sections are divided into small, medium & large sized waterways for a better understanding on the conditions of these different types.
30
CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Section Studies Small Sized Waterway
Kampung Cikini
Manggarai Stream
31
CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Section Studies Medium Sized Waterway
Kampung Tongkol
Kedaung Kali Angke (Site location)
North of neighbourhood (Apuran River)
East of neighbourhood 32
CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Section Studies Large Sized Waterway
Kedaung Kali Angke (Site Location)
South of neighbourhood (Mookenvart Drain)
West of neighbourhood (Cengkareng Drain)
East of neighbourhood (Pesing River)
Apuran River (Further down south from site, towards a more natural edge condition)
33
CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Comparison Studies Waterway Typology Comparison - According to Size
Kampung Comparison
34
CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Waterway Study & Timeline of Change Initial idea study looking at examples in Singapore as well as Jakarta
Greening up concretised canal edges
Allocation of pedestrian pathways & public spaces
Floating platforms across canals (Accessibility) Flexibility of space
Looking at changes that can be made in parts through a phasing strategy
35
NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE LAND USE
MULTIPY USE IN THE STREETSCAPE 0.8-1.2m transport
0.8m
1
1.2m
5m——+Wedding, Basketball, evening market
5m
36
5m
1
MATERIAL Legend
BUILDING DENSITY
FLOODING
1.5m——Selling, chatting, hanging clothes
1.5 m
2.5m——+Planting, baby caring, daily activities ( cooking, washing), playing
2m
1.5 m
2.5 m
2-2.5 m
10m——Traffic, selling, parking Some daily activities moved to the outside spontaneously.People spent almost all of their time at the small space they occupied informally in front of their building 10 m
37
10 m
NEIBOURHOOD SCALE ZOOM-IN ANALYSIS Issue area identification
N
LEGENDS
Most worthy-hitten Mediun worthy-hitten Least worthy-hitten
East side
East side elevation A
B
C
D
LEGENDS
East side elevation Clip A
38
Clip B
ZOOM-IN ANALYSIS Clip C
Activity analysis
LEGENDS
39
Clip D
NEIBOURHOOD SCALE NEIGHBORHOOD GREENERY Softscape
Hardscape
Green Open Spaces in Neighborhood
40
Kampung
Underutilized
Roadside
Gate Community
Greenery
Space
Greenery
Greenery
Urban Park
Riverbank Greenery
SOLID WASTE Garbage Truck Spots in Jakarta
Trash Generation spots in Jakarta
Source:https://jakartasatu.jakarta.go.id/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ee9940006aae4a268716c11abf64565b
Solid Waste Disposal Process Process 1: The residents usually just put the trash in front of the door, or hang on the trees or wall, waiting for wagons to collect them. Process 2: The trash collected by compant or government. The rack picker need to pay for the plastic and paper that collected from the garbage concentration center. Process 3: The garbage can be collected by company or government by trucks. Process 4: Some of the garbage can be recycled, while some can be treated in landfill.
Solid Waste Collection Point on Riverbank
1. Wagon & garbage truck 2. Underutilized area for garbage 3. Garbage dump 4. Garbage concentration centre
41
NEIBOURHOOD SCALE WASTE WATER Waste water facility map
Water pumps
Bisnis, Jakarta â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Local
Water gates
GovernmentOwned Water Utility (PDAM)
Waste water treatment concept Septic tank concept
Got water from PDAM, the residents need to pay for the water, the water collected from PDAM can be used for washing clothes, flashing toilet, etc. If the residents cannot afford to buy. clean water from water store, they can boil the water. Laundry water can be transferred directly into the drainage from the pipes
42
Toilet water are transferred into the septic tank to deposit, all of the water treatment are physical treatment
ROAD Road classification
Road density 0 - 954.7526042 954.7526043 - 1, 909. 505208 1, 909. 505209 - 2, 864.257813 2, 864.257814 - 3, 819.010417 3, 819.010418 - 4, 773.763021 4, 773.763022 - 5, 728.515625 5, 728.515626 - 6, 683.268229 6, 683.268223 - 7, 638.020833 7, 638.020834 - 8, 592.773438
Building density 0 - 15,925,504 15,925,504.01 - 31,851,008 31,851,008.01 - 47,776,512 47,776,512.01 - 63,702,016 63,702,016.01 - 79,627,520 79,627,520.01 - 95,553,024 95,553,024.01 - 111,478,528 111,478,528.1 - 127,404,032 127,404,032.1 - 143,329,536
43
NEIBOURHOOD SCALE WATER SYSTEMS water flow industry greenery river main pipe river garbage filtering blue pipe pump station water gate
N 0m
150m
300m
WATER POLLUTION
44
ACTIVITY MAPPING Legend Football court Non-sheltered restpoint Sheltered restpoint Biker restpoint Poultry cages Rubbish point Plastic collection Mass garbage collection Groundcable installation Fruit stalls Food stalls/Kiosks Fishing Playground Lawn maintenance Flower stall/Gardening
FLOODING Jakarta floods update on January 2, 2020
45
Jakarta floods update on January 3, 2020
Jakarta floods update on January 4, 2020
NEIBOURHOOD SCALE EDGE CONDITIONS
46
47
NEIBOURHOOD SCALE EDGE CONDITIONS
48
SETTLEMENTS AROUND THE EDGE
Brief study of the settlements around the water bodies to observe their way of living and understand their interactions with water.
1.Kampung Muk Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river. Solid waste disposal - waste segregation bins recently installed for a cluster of houses. Internal connections were low lying narrow pathways that flooded easily. Households have internal toilets that connected to septic tanks. Residents claim no interactive connection with the river.Affected by flood easily.
49
NEIBOURHOOD SCALE
SETTLEMENTS AROUND EDGES 2. Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river. Solid waste disposal - collected at the edge of the street, badly managed. Connected through two wide roads and smaller alleys connecting through.. Some households have their own attached toilets- mostly external People use the riverfront inherently for day to day recreational activities. Low lying area between the main road and the railway line. 3. Water supply through pipes and ground water as well. Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river. Solid waste disposal - poorly managed gathered along the river edge. Internal connections network of narrow alleys with drains on one side. Households have external toilets that connect to septic tanks. Residents have distinct plantations along the river 4. Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. structure. Solid waste disposal - neat towards the riverfront, haphazard internally. Internal connections are very narrow pathways that connect the wide main road to the railway tracks side. Households have external and public toilets that connected to septic tanks. Residents actively engage with the riverfront, with makeshift space creation. 50
h
5. Water supply via pipeline Waste water systems poorly managed with resultant substandard living conditions. Solid waste disposal with no system in place- all over the settlement. Internal connections were low lying narrow pathways that flooded easily. Settlement has multiple, old as well as newly built well maintained public toilets. River edge treated as the backyard. Low lying settlement between the railway line and main road affected by flood badly.
6. Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river. Solid waste disposal - every house collects waste and puts in a cart that govt. Vans clear from. Internal connections complex network of narrow lanes with intermittent rain. Households have shared toilets. Residents have absolutely no positive connection to the river. Affected by flood easily. 7.(GATED COMMUNITY) Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. Waste water channels are wide that connect to pipe draining into the river. Solid waste disposal - waste segregation bins recently installed for a cluster of houses. Internal connections are well laid network of wide lanes. Households have internal toilets that connected to the drain. Residents seem completely oblivious and ignorant of the river.Not very badly affected by flood. 51
SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION Site location
History of the area
In 1973, the then Governor Ali Sadikin moved the Ambon community a dutch-formed armies to Kedaung-Kali Angke area.Kampung Ambon is also known for its drug-dealing activities, and often seen police bust-up throughout the years. The rise of the drug-related problems started after the monetary crisis in 1998. In 1990, the village experienced population growth and began to be taxed. the village at that time was included in RT 13 and RT 14 and moved from Kelurahan Kapuk to Kelurahan Kedaung Kali Angke. Floods occurred 3 times, in 2002, 2007, and 2012. Evictions occurred in late 2014 and early 2015. in 2014 evictions of houses that intersect with Kali. and in 2015 demolished houses along Kali and normalized Kali. At the end of 2017, people submitted an objection letter, which contained a reduction in river widening and river-equivalent roads to be 10 meters and 5 meters. In 2020, The people of kampung applied for land certification, although it was rejected because the land was claimed by PT Sarana Jaya, but the land claim was incorrect. Then the people start to put forward a supply of clean water that was responded well by the national water supply company. Source: https://www.satumaluku.id/2019/10/31/riwayat-kampung-ambon-jejak-orang-maluku-di-belantara-jakarta/, https://www.antaranews.com/berita/453756/shenynda-perempuan-pemberani-dari-kampung-ambon, Mrs. Ratu Nisa
52
SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION Organization Pattern of Provincial Government
53
SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION RT & RW Distrubtion
Land ownership map Land own by residents(certificate) Lands own by government Informal settlement Unlisted land
Source:https://www.atrbpn.go.id/Peta-Bidang-Tanah 54
SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION Landuse map of the site
LEGEND MIX USE BUILDING (Usually 1st floor commercial area and upper floors residential
OFFICE (One is a law office and the other is the RW office)
OPEN AREA
area)
WATER & GAS SHOP (Also sell other things)
FOOD BAR
SCHOOL (Primary school & Kintergarten) MOSQUE
HOME FACTORT (Sewing clothes) RESIDENTIAL HOUSES
55
PUMPING STATION
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road hierarchy and drainage system
>6 m 5~6 m 2.5~5 m <2m
2
3 1
4
Bridges Bridge 1
Bridge 2
Width ≈ 2 m Length ≈ 50 m
Width ≈ 5 m Length ≈ 8 m
Bridge 3
Width ≈ 1 m Length ≈ 9 m 56
Bridge 4
Width ≈ 2 m Length ≈ 9 m Original length: 2 m
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road material
mud and gravel
57
concrete
asphalt
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Drainage flow
Pipes from bankside households
Main drain
58
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Drainage cover
Stuck by garbage Concrete cover (width 60-70 cm)
waterlogging
59
Fireproofing?
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Priamry Road Charcteristic The primary road is running from north to south along the Chengkareng River. The roads has two car lanes and narrow pedestrian spaces. People are gathering under the trees along the river. On the river bank, the night market selling clothes and toys is held on weekends Pros and Cons Crossing the road is dangerous because of the heavy traffic and motorbikes running fast. Hawkers and parking cars are one of the reasons of traffic jam.
60
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Secondary Road Charcteristic The secondary road is branched from the primary road. This is a two-lane road without a dividing strip. The street in the north side of our site is lined with some private shops.
Pros and Cons Crossing the road is dangerous because of the heavy traffic. Outsiders often snatch on the road.
61
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Secondary Road (Unpaved) Charcteristic The secondary road is running east-west along the Kali Aprun canal. The surface consists of some materials, including scattered garbages which affect the walkability. The width of the roads varies because of property line not defined.
Pros and Cons It is hard to walk on the mudy road after heavy rain. The unpaved condition restrains the road traffic. The unpaved condition allows residents to use the roads flexible.
62
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Teritary Road Charcteristic The tertiary road is typical in the residential areas. Each street has its own characteristics, such as good greenery, gathering hawkers, and dogs. The boundaries between housing sites and roads are relatively clear.
Pros and Cons The environment became worse due to the dirty river and the poor sanitation in Kampong. Children can play relatively safely on the road because of minimal traffic in the area.
63
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Teritary Road in Kampong Charcteristic The teritary road in Kampong is narrow. The road is filled with the signs of living, such as many laundries and shelves being full of stuffs, scattered sandals, and so on. There are many houses and some stores facing the streets. Pros and Cons The riding motorbike on the narrow road is dangerous. The sanitation is a little bit poor. There is a lively atmosphere.
64
SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Alley Charcteristic There are many alleys which are not shown on the map in the Kampong area. Some of them are outside, and the others are semi-outdoor spaces. There are some furnitures or stores on the semi-outdoor alleys.
Pros and Cons The alleys prompt the human circulation in the area. The allyes improve both the air flow of the inner streets and the visability.
65
SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES Radius of infrastructure SHOPS MIX USE BUILDING (Usually 1st floor commercial area and upper floors residential area) RADIUS OF SHOP SERVICE WATER & GAS SHOP(Also sell other things) RADIUS OF WATER SERVICE
•12 groceries •15 commercial mix houses •1 water station •4 water store •The small shops along the riverside are more compact and are all commercial mixed houses, while an individual shop/greocery is more common inside . •There are fewer stores in the southeast part 66
SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES Distribution
Self management Limited variety (snacksâ&#x20AC;¦) Main Customer: children
67
SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES Building Stories Analysis
1-storey Building 2-storey Building 3-storey Building Unknown
68
SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES Building Entrance Analysis
Entrance
The rental houses have been seperated into many single houses, the buildings have many entrance.
69
The houses of upper middle class have two or more entrances. One is vehicle entrance and the others are people entrance.
The mix use building has a lateral entrance for shop and a front entrance for residential.
SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Flora typoogy in kampung basically are roadside plangting, using planting beds and yards
Planting base map
70
SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Activities in kampung in kampung
Activity distribution map
71
SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Three types of Household Type 1 Around the Primary street edge as upper middle class families Type 2 Around the Secondary street edge as medium or lower middle class families Type 3 Around tiny lanes as informal settlement
Jalan Kapuk Pulo cross-section Informal characteristics Around this street edge: - upper middle class families - small wood workshops areas also can be found - tiny wood cottages at river bank to raise hen - Plantation being taken care by neighbours
72
SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Type 1 House characteristics & Relationship with Street Activities on Street Public Zone Strong walls, less spillover of spaces, Two lane vehicular movement on roads
Semi-Private Zone Cloth drying, parking, Sitting, Storage, Household stuff, vegetation
Private Zone Main living spaces (Living room, Kitchen, Bed rooms, etc.)
Public Zone
Semi- Private Zone 73
SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Type 2 House characteristics & Relationship with Street Activities on Street Public Zone Perforated walls, Permiable access to roads and street, two lane veghicular movement
Semi-Private Zone Cloth drying, parking, Sitting, Storage, Household stuff, vegetation
Private Zone Main living spaces (Living room, Kitchen, Bed rooms, etc.)
Public Zone
Semi- Private Zone 74
SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Type 3 House characteristics & Relationship with Street Activities on Street Public Zone Strong walls, but more spillover of spaces
Semi-Private Zone Cloth drying, parking, Sitting, Storage, Household stuff, vegetation
Private Zone Main living spaces (Living room, Kitchen, Bed rooms, etc.)
Public Zone
Semi- Private Zone 75
SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Social Dynamics Interview
Interview Conclusions People along Kali Apuran feel more connected to the people on the other side of the Kali than the people who lives within the legal housing blocks. (similar background, informal settlements, economy, etc.) The relationship between the people from both sides of Kali Apuran started to deteriorate after the expansion of Kali Apuran. (defining new territory, administrative division, boundary) The people of the kampung are relatively independent, and do not really engaged in their daily activities. (lack of engagement with each other) The inspection road becomes a backyard for the people. (shows the importance and quality of the road as public space) The anxiety not only stems from the issue of eviction, but also some tensions between people of the kampung and a certain group.
76
SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Social Dynamics Resident’s Wishlist [Translation from “list Usulan Warga” (inhabitants proposal list) ] KAMPUNG MISSIONS Creating and sustaining the greening of the kampung
RECENT ACTIVITIES OF THE WHAT LOCAL PEOPLE NEED LOCAL PEOPLE Gardening to fulfil their need(s) 1. Location: on the edge of the Installing pots road & above the roadDrainage (P) 2. Gardening equipment (P)3. Hydroponic planting medium (P) 4. Gardening training (NP) 5. Packing and distributing training (NP)
Having a market that can be managed and improved independently by the local people
Night market that held in certain day(s) Selling the daily need, such as egg,etc
1. Location: on the road (temporarily) (P) 2. Tents (P) 3. Initial modal (NP) 4. Organization (NP) 5. Good(s) to sell (P) 6. Entrepreneur training (NP)
Creating an integrated security system that could empower the local people of Kampung Kali Apuran
Siskamling (a routine security check in kampung) Portal installation
1. Portal (on 7 points in the area) (P)2. CCTV (on 10 points in the area) (P) 3. Security equipment (HT) (P) 4. Fire extinguisher (on 6 points in the area) (P) 5. Hydrant (P) 6. Ambulance (P) 7. Siskamling team ( 4 persons/ RT) (NP) 8.Mitigation training (NP)
Garbage transportation to the Having “Bank Sampah” (Garbage Bank) as a place for neighborhood landfill Garbage management division garbage management by the local people themselves
Empowering and sustaining the river by making fish karamba and holding public event, such as Public fishing (P) = Physical (NP) = Non-Physical
77
River cleaning Constructing pedestrian bridge from iron Fishing in “17 Agustus” celebration
1. Garbage management from each house (garbage sorting) (NP) 2. Training for garbage management and garbage decrease (NP) 3. 3R trash bin (P) 1. Dredging for river sedimentation (P) 2. Mural making on sheet pile (P) 3. Bridge for pedestrian and vehicle (2 units)( P) 4. Existing bridge repairing (1 unit)(P)
PROPOSALS
1) Waste & Landfill LANDFILL RECOVERY ZHANG Bingyi 80 - 99 GARBAGESCAPE Carissa Chin Qiwei 100 - 109 REIMAGINING THE WASTE FLUX OF JAKARTA ZHOU Zuyuan 110 - 161 2) Wastewater Treatment TREASURING WASTEWATER LYU Jiawei 162 - 173 From Risk to Utilization ZHOU Xianfeng 174 - 191 3) Stormwater & Flood Risk Management GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SRORMWATER MANAGEMENT HAN Cong 192 - 215 LIVE WITH WATER XIAO Xinyan 216 - 239 4) River System Reconfiguration REBIRTH RIVER FENG Zihan 240 - 257
5) Social & Lifestyle HOME AGAIN ZHANG Bingqian 258 - 291 BEYOND THE [ D E ] FENCE Ekta Rakholiya 292 - 307 6) Community & Open Space RECONFIGURATION OF RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE CHENG Jing 308 - 315 REGENERATION OF THE VERNACULAR WATER LANDSCAPE TANAKA Mamiko 316 - 327 SPACES IN AND BETWEEN SHAO Zhongran 328 - 343 7) Streetscape and Linear Infrastructure VIBRANT STREETS Poornima Bargotra 344 - 359 LIVABLE RIVERSPACE LIM Wenfa 360 - 377
80
LANDFILL RECOVERY ZHANG Bingyi
Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, with a population of more than 10 million, faces a huge solid waste problem. The landfill is a serious urban problem in Jakarta, it will not only pollute the environment but also bring about people social, psychological and health problems. However, at present the Jakarta government only has preliminary measures for massive landfill (such as Bantar Gebang, which will be closed in 2021), but not for the informal scattered small landfills around Jakarta. Therefore, how to solve the problem of these scattered landfills will become a vital part of urban development. This program will start from the Kampung Kedung kali angke landfill, discussing how to recover of contaminated landfill site, making it becomes an urban park with ecological and recreational functions for kampung residents; and putting forward the new way of waste management, provide a new prototype of recovering over 200 landfills in Jakarta. The design will cover four design strategies, including garbage classification, water system recovery, vegetation recovery and soil recovery. Through some technologies, most garbage will be able to recycle in the landfill. Biodegradable can be used for composting; recyclable waste will become reusable materials, such as plastic tiles, recycled paper furniture, and construction waste will become structures. After covering with clay, nonrecyclable waste can reshape the terrain of landfill. Moreover, we can also achieve the water environment reconstruction and restoration of soil through the vegetation recovery and leachate treatment. Taking five years as a phase, the site will gradually transform into usable urban green space through three phases. PHASE I (0-5 YEAR): Over the first five-year period, recover Greenland landfill and open Kampung landfill to the public to deal with the waste. Technical supports such as Waste bank, Trashpresso, leachate treatment system technology will be established for further use. PHASE II (5-10 YEAR): For 5-10 year, the critical restoration areas will become the west side of Kampung Landfill. Greenland landfill will gradually become an eco-park to introduce some species inside. The mature soil contains the seeds of some native species can be used in other areas to help build soil structures. PHASE III (10-20 YEAR): The landfill thoroughly into urban green space available to the public-a eco-park after 10 to 20 years. Relevant waste management systems continue to be used (including recyclables and biodegradable waste can still be disposed of on-site). However, after the landfill is full, nonrecyclable waste will be transported to the intermediate treatment facility zone in north Jakarta. In short, waste reuse, garbage management, soil restoration and ecological restoration are combined to form a new method of landfill recovery, which can transform the rest of the scattered landfills in Jakarta. 81
JAKATA LANDFILL ANALYSIS
As one of the city's major problems, the issue of the landfills in Jakarta has inevitably and large impact on residents' lives and the environment.With the exception of Bantar Gebang (which is one of Indonesia's main landfills), Jakarta's landfills are small, scattered and mostly located in residential areas (especially in Kampung), making it inconvenient for the government to build effective solutions to manage them. Due to the low economic development, high housing density and planning unbalance reasons, west Jakarta district has the highest density in the whole city. The problems associated with this are that of Environmental, Health, and socio-economic Impacts.In order to improve the urban environment, how to solve the problem of garbage dump in Jakarta has become a problem to be discussed in this design.
Landfill distribution
Landfill Jakarta
Landfill density
Landfill and waterway
canal drain river stream landfill Jakarta
Landfill area classification
Jakarta <0.1 <0.5 <1 <5 <40
82
JAKATA LANDFILL ANALYSIS Landfill classifivation
Jakarta green land green land+waterbody residential residential + greenland residential + waterbody waterbody
Inside residential area
Inside green land
Near waterbody
Landfill location
Near buildings, more common in kampungs
Most common type. Usually link to a large or small green land
In the green land near the river or reservoir (a road or linear Greenland between two side).
Landfill function
small, usually dense
Can be a big one
Some even serve as the riverbank (linear shape)
Soil pollution
Soil pollution
Water pollution
Abandoned space and landscape destroy
Landscape destroy
Waste overflow
Problem
Air pollution
Picture
83
Ecosystem destroy Waste overflow
Ecosystem destroy
SITE ANALYSIS Landfill type
House type
ÂŻ Drainage | site condition
00
residential residential + greenland residential + waterbody greenland 0.3K
.6
1.2 ilometers
ÂŻ
church mosque school kindergarden community office fire station 00
0.3K
.6
contour0.1m drainage runoff confluence
84
1.2 ilometers
DESIGN VISION The vegetation and soil restoration and surrounding environment (especially water) recovery of Landfill, develop a new waste management during the improving process, as an example for Jakarta small landfill reform project in the future.
Design strategy GARBAGE CLASSIFICATION Waste management and Waste separation controlled by technological tools (Biodegradable and nonbiodegradable) WATERSTSTEM RECOVERY | LEACHATE TREATMENT Leachate treatment and drainage naturalization VEGETATION RECOVERY Provide a capping that is deep and as favorable to root growth as is necessary to achieve desired plant performance SOIL RECOVERY Soil remodeling to provide the foundation for the transformation into ecological green space.
residential + waterbody greenland + waterbody greenland + residential residential
85
FLOW CHART In the flow chart we can see some details about the design strategies. Garbage classification will include waste management and waste separation controlled by technological tools. Garbage will be roughly divided into biodegradable and non-biodegradable. In order to save the limited landfill space, each household will be encouraged to use bokashi tank to deal with the biodegradable waste. After composting process, the product will be sent to composting pond for soil recovery. Non-biodegradable waste will be send into waste bank and divided into recyclable waste and non-recyclable waste. Through some technologies like trashpresso, recyclable waste will become reusable materials, such as plastic tiles, recycled paper furniture, and construction waste will become structures. After covering with clay, non-recyclable waste can be used to reshape the terrain of landfill. Leachate is the main course of soil pollution and water pollution, and will also influence the vegetation growth. After collecting and purifying, leachate water will flow into drainage. In this process, the plant plays more of a role in treating leachate, which cannot be separated from the soil.
86
FLOW CHART Waste reuse calculation
87
Leachate device calculation
TIME LINE Current situation
88
TIME LINE Phase I
89
TIME LINE Phase II
90
TIME LINE Phase III
91
TIME LINE WASTE
nonrecycable waste
recycable waste
biodegradable waste
compost is used for greenland landfill soil improvement
compost is used for west kampung landfill soil improvement
compost is used for east kampung landfill soil improvement
compost is used for agriculture
LEACHATE | water
HABITAT
0-3 YEAR
water bank
92
3-5 YEAR
woodland
6-8 YEAR
grassland
8-10 YEAR
aquatic
10-15 YEAR
waterfront forest
15-20 YEAR
agriculture
EXPLODED VIEW
woodland grassland waterbank aquatic waterfront forest agriculture
waste line waste path
leachate pipe leachate pond Anaerobic biofilter leachate line water flow surface runoff 0.5contour line
forest trail edge walkway servey path main path wooden path
Trashpesso waste bank volunteer center shops shelter wall landfill recovery area
93
PLAN Phase I
Phase II
94
PLAN Phase III
Lagerstroemia speciosa
Garcinia cambogia
Barringtonia acutangula
Lagerstroemia indica
Diospyros celebica
Pouteria obovata
Kopsia arborea Blume
Elateriospermum tapos
Dipterocarpus baudii
Magnolia vrieseana
Baccaurea tetrandra
Baccaurea sumatrana
Lithocarpus kostermansii
Lithocarpus platycarpus glass pavement soil clay solid waste
95
clay pavement soil solid waste
pavement soil clay solid waste
PERSPECTIVE
Entrance plaza
Agriculture area
96
PERSPECTIVE
Children playground
Forest trail
97
BIRDVIEW
98
99
100
GARBAGESCAPE : Leveraging waste as a new medium that transforms Jakarta wasteland into public parks and urban developments Carissa Chin Qiwei The sheer magnitude of solid waste has always been a pressing environmental problem in many urban areas particularly in Jakarta. Despite the multitude of issues to minimise solid waste, the continuous flow of waste is still unceasing. These informal wastelands scattered in Jakarta naturally become the “malignant tumour” of the city environment. Taking the example of an existing informal wasteland located at Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke, the purpose of the Garbagescape leverages on the current and continuous waste problem. The intent is to change people’s perception of how wasteland can be transformed into while injecting programmes that engages people associating with the wasteland. This study aims to utilise the continuous flow of solid waste extracted from the existing site. Through the compression and stacking of solid waste bales, it creates and forms new topographic landform that acts as a structural foundation, opening up existing wasteland area for potential parkland and urban developments. The objective of this project is to alter people’s subjective opinion on waste landscape in transforming it into a new development plot in Jakarta. This project develops and constructs through a timeline approach : 1. Solid Waste Bales Compaction (Daily) Application of compacting residual waste assists in minimising land area and volume of waste produced. The compressed waste thus creates individual components known as solid waste bale. 2. Clearing of Existing Landfill (1 Year) Clearing of existing waste from the wasteland by transporting loose solid waste into waste compressor machines. Upon compression, these individual waste bales will be transported back to the wasteland site, representing as a structural element that can be stacked to create new landforms. 3. Fabricating topographic levels and landforms (5 – 10 Years) Stacking of solid waste bales act as structural foundation with exploration of new topographic landform. This process tackles the current issue of flooding in Jakarta by elevating the ground level to 5m in height as a flood protection barrier during storm events, creating potential land uses - parkland and urban developments. 4. Bioplastic film protection (1 Year) With the solid waste bales stack to a desired height, an impermeable bioplastic film protection is required to be capped around the waste bales that prevent any form of methane gases or leachate leakage from sipping though the waste bales into new surface grounds. Excessive toxic gases and leachate will be channelled through a gas well header and drainage pipe for proper means of disposal or recycling accordingly. 5. Potential parkland and urban developments for Jakarta wasteland (5-10 Years) Using the parkland and urban development as a starting point for future planned development for wastelands in Jakarta, the construction process defers depending on individual land use requirements. Specifically for parklands, varying of soil depth layer for new vegetation, including hardscapes (paving), will be constructed above the bioplastic film. Demarcation of urban developments will require piling foundations made before any stacking of solid waste bales with a pile cap that sets the ground foundation of any structural development.
101
ISSUE A man-made disaster
Jakarta Solid Waste Management System Improvement Report: https://www.jica.go.jp/ english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2003/pdf/2-14_full.pdf
OVERVIEW OF WASTE IN JAKARTA Volume of waste materials
Volume of waste disposed
102
By 2021 Bantar Gebang landfill will reach its maximum capacity. If the situation continues, there would not have sufficient land space to contain the waste.
LANDFILL OBSERVATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS Waste Materials Scrap Scrap Others Glass Metal 1% 1% 2%
Non- Compostable 1%
Wood planks
Non- Recyclable
7%
19%
Scrap Organic Waste
Plastic
55%
13%
Landfill Waste Material Categorisation
Recyclable
Potential Materials saved from landfill
Compostable 59%
21%
Scrap Papers 21%
SITE SELECTION An informal wasteland Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke Site
Kedaung Kali Angke Neighbourhood
103
Taking the example of an existing informal wasteland located at Kampung Kedaung Kali, in the west region of Jakarta
EXISTING CONDITIONS Components found in a wasteland
SOLID WASTE COMPRESSOR PROCESS Non- Recyclables
Food Waste
Recyclables
Existing and new waste piles
Solid Waste Bale New Waste Pile Sorted
Produced
Existing Pile
800mm (L) x 400mm (W) x 600mm (H)
Body Text - 8pt font size, 11pt leading space (Sentence Case) Dumping waste into solid
Loose Waste
Compression of
waste compressor
Particles
Waste
4750m3
104
Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke
Total amount of Solid bales required to cover
Loose Waste Volume
existing waste volume in the informal wasteland
Per Day
120 Solid Waste Bales
23,750 Solid Waste Bales
4 Solid Waste Bales
Site specific - Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke
Per Month
1440 Solid Waste Bales
SOLID WASTE BALES PRODUCTION DATA
Per Year
PROPOSED CONCEPT Process
CONCEPT Solid waste bales
Urban Developments Community Garden Public Park Bioplastic film capped on top of solid waste Soild Waste Bales Vegetative Swales Proposed Road /For government officials and wagons for waste disposal or collection
An overview of the solidwaste bales are being stacked up while transitioning to a public park at the background and eventually having urban developments built upon the waste for a 25 year projection
105
MASTERPLAN 3
Education
Water
Circulation Production
LEGEND
5
1
Waste Compressor Machines
2
Sorting and Recycling Bins
3
Pedestrian Path (1.5m)
4
Asphaltic Road - 2 way (5.0m)
5
Vegetative Swale
6
Detention Pond
7
Exposed Display of Soild Waste Bales
8
Look- Out Deck - view of solid waste bales
9
Park Entrance (Ramp)
9
8
A
1
10 Solid waste Bales mounds - sculptural element
7
11 Food Waste composting area Park
12 Community Garden
2
13 Open Lawn - For large events 14 Soccer Field - Sporting activities
6
Activities
15 Nature Play Area 16 Undulating Path 17 Seating Area
Developments
18 Piling Foundation (future urban developements) 19 Proposed Residential Development 20 Expansion of land development Continuous Solid Waste bile * 2m Flood Line Prediction by 2025.
0
5
10
30m
Solid Parkland Community Farming 2m Planting Buffer
5m Road
Swale
5m Flood Protection Barrier
2m Flood Line
106
Section AAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Look-out Deck
Planting Buffer
Pathway
Pathway
Pathway
4
13
10
17
12
Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
14
18
15 11
20
16
19
Waste Bales Urban Developments
Open Lawn/ Soccer Field
107
Seating
Piling Foundation
Continous Solid Waste Bales serves as new building material for other future planned developments
PROJECT TIMELINE 0 - 25 years and beyond
Compacted solid waste lays as base foundation of wasteland (a) Solid waste compaction machines
Materials Sorting Area
Existing Wasteland
0 YEAR
New Roadway for wagons and location of compaction machines
Grids set up for placement of solid waste bales
1 YEAR
(b) Estimated total amount of existing waste into solid waste bales
Total : 23,750 Bales
1 YEAR
stacking of existing loose waste into compacted soild waste bales
additional new waste to be accounted for
2 YEAR
Parkland
2m Flood Line by 2025
Urban Development
Waste Bales Produced Per Year: 1,440 Bales
Estimated amount of soild waste bales per year 3 YEAR
Residential/ Commercial Developments
Pile capped, setting ground foundations for urban developments 25 YEAR >
108
Topographic fabrication of solid waste bales up to 5m in height (Flood Protection)
10 YEAR
Daily continous waste bales extended to other land areas
Parkland constructed inclusive of landscape design elements
15 YEAR
Bioplastic film capped on soild waste bales to prevent toxic liquid and gases
Piling Foundation
11 YEAR
Approved Soil Mix capped above bioplastic film
Demarcation of parkland and future urban developments
12 YEAR
DETAILING OF SOILD WASTE BALES Typical Design Components Concrete Cast In-situ Reinforce concrete slab to Engr’s Detail
Width Varies
200mm thk Graded granite aggregate Well compacted Sub grade material Bioplastic film
Tree Root Ball Approved Soil Mixture
800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale
Min 1500mm (H)
Compacted Sub-grade material Set root ball on firmly packed soil
150mm thk Compacted gravel mix Sandy loam soil
Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore) 800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale 150mm thk Compacted gravel mix Sandy loam soil
200mm thk Graded granite aggregate
Typical Detail : Concrete Pavers Scale 1:25
Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)
200mm thk Graded granite aggregate
Typical Detail : Tree Planting Scale 1:25
Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)
Concrete Cast In-situ Reinforcing steel bars To Engr’s details Waterproofing Liner Reinforced concrete slab To Engr’s details 200mm thk Graded granite aggregate
ICA
Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)
LD
E TA
Bioplastic film
ILI
NG
1200mm (H)
TYP
Well compacted Sub grade Bioplastic film 800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale 150mm thk Compacted gravel mix Sandy loam soil 200mm thk Graded granite aggregate Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)
Typical Detail : Slope Stabilisation Scale 1:25
109
800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale
300mm (L) Short sharpen wood stakes Geotextile (Coconut Mesh) fastened with short wood stakes (1000mm spacing) Planting of grass always below the mesh Approved Soil Mixture
150mm thk Compacted gravel mix Sandy loam soil 200mm thk Graded granite aggregate Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)
Width of pile foundation to Engr’s details
Typical Detail : Pile Foundation Scale 1:25
Reinforced concrete ground beam to Engr’s details
110
REIMAGINING THE WASTE FLUX OF JAKARTA â&#x20AC;&#x201D;RESILIENCE BEHIND THE WASTE HIERARCHY OF METROPOLIS
Zhou Zuyuan
Narrative: The project is located in West Jakarta. After assessing the current situation, the issues I summarized are as follows: -Insufficient waste collection frequency -Environmental issues caused by insufficient solid waste treatment -The mixture of waste from the source -Limited space for temporary waste storage points -incomplete solid waste treatment system in neighborhood site(mainly collection system) However, beyond the problems mentioned above, the site still has great potential. In the first place, 65% of the waste generated is organic. if organic waste is treated effectively, the amount of solid waste transferred to the landfill can be largely reduced. In addition, a large amount of underutilized green land in the neighborhood site. Most of them are now used as temporary storage for solid waste. If these green spaces are upgraded and used effectively, their potential will be greatly stimulated. The project with the vision to treat the waste from the source and tackle the waste problems from the source. Targeting the issues identified, the strategies are set up: -Waste separation from the source. -Utilize the underutilized green space for centralized composting facilities. -Neighborhood-based composting The above steps build a new garbage system comprised of several decentralized composting facilities as well as micro compost units scatted in the neighborhood. System: -Micro-level compost system(Little composting system contains waste separation, collection, composting and recycling, implement in the RT boundary) -Centralized composting facilities (Large composting system with 3 categories facilities: small size facility, medium-size facility, large size facility. The facilities are categorized according to the size of the facilities and the equipment they have.) Through a rough estimation, if we assume that the centralized system has 50 large facilities, medium-sized facilities are small size facilities. And in the micro-scale, each unit can cover one RT, the system can process 50% of total waste and 85% of organic waste. In this way, the amount of waste transferred to the landfill can be largely reduced, the status of solid waste will be effectively alleviated. The ongoing consequences of waste will continue to impact the life of the local people in ways that cannot be ameliorated or erased. The proposed system can be connected to several functions that may engage the public with landscapes of waste as a way to reveal the unconfined impacts of the waste system to improve the living environment and increase economic benefits. 111
CURRENT SITUATION OF JAKARTA SOLID WASTE Current situation Trucks Landfill
collecting the
Wagon
rubbish
Boats collecting the rubbish in the river
Underutilized greenland use as temporary solid waste concentration center
Current waste stream in JABODETABEK
112
Secondary
Landfill site
Primary
Transfer statio
N
km 0
5
10
20
Landfill and waste treatement facilities in Jakarta ITF Marunda SPA Sunter IPAL Duri Kosambi IPAL Pialogebang ITF/PDLIK Calcung
TPST = Integrated Final Treatment Plant ITF = Intermediate Treatment Facility PDUK = Composting Center IPAL = Sewerage Treatment TPST BL Gebang
WASTE
FACILITY
LOCATION
STATUS
SOLID
Intermediate Treatment
Sunter
Upgrading from Transfer
WASTE
Facility (ITF)
Station to ITF
Cakung
Upgrading from Transfer Station to ITF
Marunda
On Process
Composting Center
Cakung
Operating
Intergrated Final Treatment
Bantargebang
Operating
Ciangir
On Process
Duri Kosambi
Operating
Pulo Gebang
Operating
Plant
SEWERAGE
Sewerage Treatment Facility
Source: Japan International Cooperation Agency, ( 2012, November), Master plan for establishing metropolitan priority area for investment and industry in jaboderabek area in the republic of indonesia
113
EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta
114
Existing collection system Collection source Collected by agencies, directly transfered to the landfill. (E.g. Market Agency, Public Works Agency, Cleansing Agency or private means.)
Residential
Commercial
Office
Storing waste in waste bin, plastic bag or cardboard boxes in front of the house. The solid waste is collected by wagons or trucks, and transfered to a temporary disposal site area before transport to the landfill afterwards.
Market
Street
Park
Transportation From temporary disposal sites (or from solid waste generators for the direct system), collected waste is disposed of in the landfill located at Bantar Gebang. The types of vehicles are usually wagons and trucks.
Jakarta
Wagons 1hour25min
Bantar Gebang Jakarta landfill
Trucks
115
EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta
116
Existing solid waste treatment 1. Compacting
Solid waste is compacted using physical means, to ease the transport process to the landfill The compacting station is located in Cakung-Cilincing Sub District in North Jakarta
2. Incineration
There are about 21 small-scale incinerators CHALLENGES: in operation indifferent sub-districts, each (1) Can not be operated on a daily basis with a capacity of about 150 kg/houe and (2) Technical information is lacking operation 8 hours per day. The remaining ash is either transported to landfill of transformed to a kind of bricks.
117
EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta
118
Existing solid waste treatment 3. Composting
The idea of composting is to reduce the CHALLENGES: waste quantity going to landfilling. In (1) Lack of community participation principle, the composting system comprises (2) Lack of supporting vehicles for 3R a centralized sorting system, and thereafter (reduce, reuse, recycle) composting of the organic waste. Remaining (3) Over capacity in Zero Waste part waste is either burned in the incinerator or transferred to the landfill.
4. Landfill
There is only one landfill in Jakarta. It is located in Bantar Gebang.
119
CHALLENGES: (1) It has exceeded its design capacity (2) Ordor, smoke and disease problems that caused by poor control of its operation.
EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta
120
Existing solid waste treatment 5. Recycling
Most of the recycled materials are collected at the generation point.
Cycle of recycling
121
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE WHOLE FLOW 1. Not suitable collection Issues and challenges - collection
Neighborhood have too much waste waiting for collection
Some waste is burnt at temporary transfer points, creating smoke and ordour impacts on surroumding areas, causing local flooding during the rainy season, as well as pollution of rivers and coastal waters
Limited space avaliability for tmporary/ secondary storage points
122
2. Not suitable treatment Issues and challenges - Incineration
The enviornmental problems caused by incineration
Issues and challenges - people
Low awareness of some community members of the environmental problems (e.g. flooding and health risks) caused by illegal dumping
Issues and challenges - landfill
1. Landfill is overcapacity. 2. Surface and groundwater contamination by waste exudate 3. Ordor, smoke and disease problems caused by poor control of the operation of the landfil
Issues and challenges - recycle
The mixture of waste reduces the possibility of recoverng material, as well as lowering significantly the commercial value or price received due to high contamination of material intended for recycling
123
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN NEIGHBORHOOD SITE Existing situation in neighborhood site Underutilized green space used for storage of garbage
Underutilized green space used for storage of garbage
124
Road
Garbage damp
Garbage concen
Building
Bin
Greenland as lan
Only collection systemâ&#x20AC;Śâ&#x20AC;Ś
ntrate center
Industrial Greenery
ndfill
125
Commercial Residential
ISSUES AFTER COMPARISON Too much pressure on the later process
NEIGHBORHOO
Food leftovers, expired food, fruit peels and cores, plants, and TCM herbs Paper, plastic, glass, scrap metal, fabrics. All other non-recyclable solid waste.
Batteries, light tubes, medicines, paint and its containers.
JAKAR 126
?
SYSTEM IS INCOMPLETE Too much pressure on transportation later process……make the situation worse More waste waiting for collection cause not frequent collection, more ordor and noise cause waste treatment facilities are too far…
Existing issues related to the incomplete system ISSUES AND CHALLENGES - COLLECTION
Neighborhood have too much waste waiting for collection
OD SCALE
Creating smoke and ordour, local flooding,pollution of rivers and coastal waters
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES - LANDFILL
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES - RECYCLE
1. Landfill is overcapacity. 2. Surface and groundwater contamination by waste exudate 3. Ordor, smoke and disease problems caused by poor control of
The mixture of waste reduces the possibility of recoverng
the operation of the landfil
RTA SCALE Limited space avaliability for tmporary/ secondary storage points
127
material, as well as lowering significantly the commercial value or price received due to high contamination of material intended for recycling
POTENTIALS Potential map
N 0 0.06 0.11
0.22
0.33
Miles 0.44
Indus
Green
1. Organic waste takes up 65%
2. Large areas of underutilized green
Underutilized greenland
128
Solid waste generatio
Solid waste composition
Households
strial
Commercial
nery
Residential
Markets
Food scraps
Paper
Cardboard
Plastic
Glass
Metals
Dusts
Textiles
Yard wastes
Wood
Household hazardous
Food scraps
Plastic
Paper
Wood
Metals
Leaves
Leather
Textiles
Paper
Cardboard
Plastic
Food scraps
Packaging
Food scraps
Housekeeping
Packaging
landscape trimmings
Commercials
Household hazardous
Industrials ashes
Parks
Street sweeping
on rate
What is Organic Waste? Organic waste takes up the most
129
Organic waste is any material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or an animal. Biodegradable waste is organic material that can be broken into carbon dioxide, methane or simple organic molecules. Examples of organic waste include green waste, food waste, food-soiled paper, non-hazardous wood waste, green waste, and landscape and pruning waste.
STRATEGIES TARGETED TO ISSUES AND POTENTIALS Strategy 1: Upgrade the greenland Tactic 1: Neighborhood-based composting, utilize the underutilized green space for centralized composting facilities.
Tactic 2: Combine composting facilities with other functions. E.g. parks, urban farm, which can form a sustainable cycle
130
Strategy 2: Upgrade the neiborhood Tactic 1: Waste separation from the source.
Biodegradable trash
Sanitary trash
Recyclable trash
Tactic 2: Compost units scatted in the neighborhood.
131
STRATEGIES ANALYSIS_UPGRADE THE GREENLAND Greenland typology
Indust
Reside
Under
N
0 0.06 0.11 0.22
0.33
Miles 0.44
Flow in site simulation Before Main collection line Secondary collection line Greenland Temporary concentration center
Ma Se
Co
Gre
Tem
cen
132
Flow for greenland Before
trial green space
ential green space
rutilized green space
After After
ain collection line econdary collection line
omposting cycle
eenland
mporary concentration
nter
133
STRATEGIES ANALYSIS_UPGRADE THE NEIGHBORHOOD Residential typology
Kampun
Kampu
Greenla
Gated c
N
0 0.06 0.11 0.22
0.33
Miles 0.44
Flow in site simulation Before Collection line in Kampung
134
Collection line
Collection line inside the gated community
Collection line
Greenland
Greenland
Residential areas
Residential ar
Temporary concentration center
Temporary co
Flow for greenland Before
ng A
Source : Residential areas
ung B
and
community
To: Solid waste treatment facilities NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE
Food leftovers, expired food, fruit peels and cores, plants, and TCM herbs Paper, plastic, glass, scrap metal, fabrics. All other non-recyclable solid waste.
Batteries, light tubes, medicines, paint and its containers.
After
After
Source: Organic waste from residential areas
e in Kampung
e inside the gated community
reas
oncentration center
Units scatted in the neighborhood
135
The compost generated can be used to the residential areas
VISION Vision of the solid waste cycle
136
Direction Neighborhood scale
Jakarta scale
NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE
JAKARTA SCALE 137
HOW TO OPERATE_UNITS Site selection_RT & RW boundary N 176
0 0.06 0.11
0.22
Mile
0.33
0.44
41 20 22 83
11
37 40 25
42
18 16
68
123 167
21 32
263 93
70
275
108
47 198
27
48
188 63
47
38 73
42 108
21 84
7
28
87
123
191 5
210
80
73
18 166
90
41
48 52
91 84
60 94
96
95
128
454 56
155 20
12
108 52 201
Basic units
Buckets 138
Wagons
Bio bins
Plastic shredding ma
Flow in boundary simulation RW boundary N
RT boundary the number of households
41
es
0
0.02
0.04
0.09
Miles 0.17
0.13
RT , neighborhood unit, 10-20 houses or
176households
households
2 units
RW, community unit, 5-10 Collection line in Kampung
RT
RT boundary 57 units in total
Mix-used Mosque School Shops Office Water & Gas shop Residential Factory
38 27 40
53
47 9 94
Micro flow
57
54
achine
Red buckets:
Blue buckets:
For Sanitary waste 12 litrs
For plastic 12 litrs
Recycling facilities
Line for sanitary waste
Green buckets: For biodegradable
Some may connect to the
waste
schools or gardens to have
6 litrs
some educational functions.
Line for biodegradable waste Once a week
Line for plastic
Daily
The dry waste in blue bins which primarily contains plastic is collected once a week and then shredded into granules by a plastic shredding machine. These granules are used in road construction.
The wet waste is trasferred to the terrace of the appartment where the bio bin system has been set up. Every day the waste is turned over by the
Compost bins
workers and the old waste is covered by the new to curb ordor. The capacity of the bio bins is about 0.07 tonnes per day.
139
HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY Suitable site for centralized facilities N Miles 0 0.06 0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
27225m²
9075m²
16 62500m²
2100
980m² 1840m² 1720m² 1100m²
1820m²
1300m²
2720m²
32400m² 1900m²
Solid waste generation parameters When acquiring a disposal site, the land area must be large enough to accommodate waste produced by 1000 people over period of at least 20-30 years. It has been documented that 1000 people would require 1 acre of land per annum (USEPA1971). This requirement is considered appropriate especially for developing countries where a higher proportion of waste generated is organic and easily be decomposed. 140
Kedaung Kali Angke: Population: 36, 821 Area: 3.00 km² Density: 12, 257/km² Generation rate: 0.7kg/day Disposal site area required: 148, 892m² Waste generation: 25, 774.7 kg Organic waste generation: 16, 753.6 kg
1900
Industrial
Commercial
Greenery
Residential
Best site
Not suitable
Elevation
600m²
Road
12100m²
Slope
3016 -46
Road Road trucks
Distance
>15° <15°
Reclassify
Suitable Unsuitable
0m
Reclassify
Suitable Unsuitable
Reclassify
Suitable Unsuitable
Reclassify
Suitable Unsuitable
can access 1200m
1800m²
0m² Waterbody
Waterbody
Distance
0m
800m
0m²
Residential area
Residential Buildings
Distance
100m
800m
Total: 164080m²
Suitable Unsuitable
N 0 120 240 480
Weighted overlay 141
720
m 960
HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY Composting concept
Functions required
Biosolids mixer
In-vessel compost building
Curing building 142
space for windrows
Screening building
Storag
Compostable solid waste
Households
Markets
Food scraps
Paper
Cardboard
Textiles
Yard wastes
Wood
Food scraps
Plastic
Paper
Wood
Leaves
Leather
Textiles
Paper
Cardboard
Food scraps
ashes
Packaging
Food scraps
Street sweeping
Packaging
landscape trimmings
Commercials
Industrials
Parks
Housekeeping
Percentage of activity area required inside a compost plant Maturing boxes
Office, toilets, wash room, equipment storage
Park
Reception, sorting, screening and packaging areas
Store for finished compost Store for recyclables
ge building 143
Compost boxes
HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY
Residential ground
Windrows
Windrows Ground Grass
Staging area Screening area
Finished product
In-vessel area Mixing area
Staging area
Medium size Mid-sized compost systems are appropriate for small institutions including schools, hospitals and nursing homes and commercial establishments such as grocery stores, hotels, business with cafeterias and restaurants. The capacity of a mid-sized system ranges from 5 tonnes per day of food scrap.
144
Curing area
Large size Windrows
Centralized composting can range from 10 tonnes of organic waste per day. They are on a significantly larger scale, environmental, social and techinical considerations.
composting
Curing area
Screening area Urban farm Finished product
145
Park
HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY Small size Ground
Mixing area
Grass
In-vessel composting area
Finished product
Small size The capacity of small size facility is about 2 tonnes of solid waste per day. They can be connected to houseyard, school, community garden, etc.
Overall distridution Large size composting facility Medium size composting facility Small size composting facility
146
WHERE TO GO Urban farm
Commercial
Park
Houseyard
School
Street
Community garden
Residential
147
HIERARCHY OF NEWLY BUILT SYSTEM Micro scale
Small size
scale
actual size 2m²
The capacity of the bio bins is about 0.07 tonnes per day.
capacity
1740m²
2 tonnes of organic waste per day.
Community garden
Community garden
functions School
School
Houseyard
Waste
Commercial
Finished
Shredding
separation products
facility Bio bins
Compost bins
In-vessel compost
work Workers 170 in
Supervisors 2
Workers25in
Supervisors 2
total
in total
total
in total
finacial
148
1337 pounds
60 bags/
in total
day in total Rp
15,000,000
880 pounds in
36 bags/
total
day in total Rp
9,000,000
Medium size
Large size
5586m²
13838m²
The capacity of a mid-sized system ranges from 5 tonnes per day of food scrap.
Centralized composting can range from 10 tonnes of organic waste per day.
Urban farm Community garden
Park School
Commercial
Mixing
Curing
area
area Finished products
Staging area
Windrows Staging area
Office
Screening
Finished
Curing
area
products
area
Office
Windrows
Screening
In-vessel composting
area
149
Workers 80 in
Supervisors 3
Workers 40in
Supervisors 2
total
in total
total
in total
1430 pounds
60 bags/
in total
day in total Rp
16,250,000
3040 pounds
140 bags/
in total
day in total Rp
35,000,000
ADDING FUNCTIONS Large size N
Component 0 0.06 0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
Miles
Facility: Large
Other function
Morphology
Urban farm in Jakarta
150
Urban farm nearby
Surrounding context
Commercial
Green
Industrial
Residential
Small size
Facility: Small
Other function Houseyard
Morphology
Surrounding context
Commercial Industrial Green Residential
Small size
Facility: Small
School
Other function
Site condition Morphology
Surrounding context
Commercial Industrial Green Residential
151
ADDING FUNCTIONS Medium size
Site condition Morphology Community garden
Surrounding context
Component Facility: Medium
Commercial
Green
Industrial
Residential
Other function
Medium size
Component Facility: Medium
Ot
Park
Site condition Morphology
152
Surround
Medium size
Site condition Morphology Community garden
Surrounding context
Park
Component Facility: Medium
Green
Industrial
Residential
Other function
When the composting facilities cooperate with more functions, they may have more possibilities. For example, urban farms, parks, community gardensâ&#x20AC;Ś The compostable waste such as food scrap, yard waste, landscape trimmings can be transferred into compost through composting facilities, and the compost generated can also be used in the source greenery.
ther function
ding context
153
Commercial
Commercial
Green
Industrial
Residential
OVERALL SYSTEM
154
155
PROPOSED FLOW DIAGRAM Proposed flow
156
Previous flow
Often collected by the Market Agency, Public Works Agency and Cleansing Agency. Some are by private means.
Mixed solid waste is sorted; organic solid waste is composted and certain recyclable products are recycled. Remaining waste is either burned in the incinerator or transferred to the landfill.
Food leftovers, expired food, fruit peels and cores, plants, and TCM herbs Paper, plastic, glass, scrap metal, fabrics. All other non-recyclable solid waste.
Batteries, light tubes, medicines, paint and its containers.
JAKARTA SCALE
Source & market of trash The newly built system of composting facilities 157
PERSPECTIVE Overall perspective Micro scale system
Centralized composting system Commercial areas
Trash separation Wagons
School
Composting station
Park Urban farm
Bio bins
Source: school, commercial areas, residential areas, green lands. But the compost generated can aso be used in the source
Composting station can be
The compost generated can
catogarized into three types:
aso be used in the source
large size, medium-size and small size
Zoom-in perspective Source and micro scale
Micro scale system
Trash separation
centralized composting facilities
Wagons
Commercia areas
Bio bins
Centralized composting system Composting station can be catogarized into three types: large size, medium-size and small size Composting station Park
later process
Later process
Due to the system, th waste to b the landfill reduced.
Recycling center Incineration
158
al
Later process Landfill Recycling center Incineration
Due to the decentralized system, the amount of solid waste to be transferred into the landfill can be largely reduced.
Source: school, commercial areas, residential areas, green lands. But the compost generated can aso be used in the source
School
The compost generated can aso be used in the source Urban farm
e decentralized he amount of solid be transferred into l can be largely
r
159
Landfill
JAKARTA SCALE VISION There are a number of dominant variables influcing current waste management issues in Jakarta, which can be identified but not limited to the following:
Factors related Population density
Green land
Roads trucks can access density
Farm Forest Grass Meadow Nature reserve Orchard Park Scrub
Site selection process 0 miles
Tertiary tertiary Secondary sencondary tertiary sencondary primary truck jakarta boundary
Primary primary Truck truck 0
Roads trucks can access
2
4
Notsuitable Suitable
62000 8 Kilometers
Distance jakarta boundary
miles
Reclassify
0 miles
Distance
areas 0
2
4
miles 8 Kilometers
Reclassify
0 miles
Notsuitable Suitable
69000
Waterways Waterways
Notsuitable Suitable
61000
Residential Residential areas
Distance
miles
Reclassify
0°
93 Dem
-55
Notsuitable Suitable
90° Slop
Reclassify
In summary So in total the system can process 3142.7 tonnes of trash per day, which Jakarta takes up nearly 50% of the waste generated per day. In Jakarta, 55% 6500 tons of waste per day of waste generated are organic waste, which means nearly 85% of the Generation rate: 0.7kg per organic waste can be processed day 8 million people
160
Prediction of the system in Jakarta scale _ centralized Large facility: cover 12958 people per day Medium-size facility: cover 6478 people per day Small size facility: cover 2857 people per day So if have 50 large size facility, 50 medium-size facility, and 50 small size facility, roughlt can process 1114 tonnes of waste per day can generate 90 tonnes of compost per day
Prediction of the system in Jakarta scale _ micro
Suitable site for centralized facilities
There are about 28, 981 RTs and 2, 544 RWs in Jakarta However, in a large city such as Jakarta, as there is a constant population influx, in many cases a RT (neighborhood associations) contain as many as 100-150 households. So, 28, 981 RTs need 28, 981 units to process the trash Can process 2028.7 tonnes of trash per day Can generate 305 tonnes of compost per day
Estimation about the capacity of the system Item
Newly built system Micro scale
Centralized system
Amount of facilities
28, 981 units
150 ( just estimate, according to availability of landďź&#x2030;
Capacity
2028.7 tonnes/day
1114 tonnes/day
Compost can generate
305 tonnes/day
90 tonnes/day
Compost can generate
Waste can process
Proportion of total waste in Jakarta
Proportion of organic waste in Jakarta
395 tonnes/day
3142.7 tonnes/day
50%
85%
161
162
TREASURING WASTEWATER LANDSCAPE APPROACH ON DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND THE FEASIBILITY OF LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS BASED ON THE CALCULATION
Lyu Jiawei Abstract: the increasingly severe problem of domestic wastewater pollution in Jakarta impact peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life. This project intends to minimize the water pollution and the dependency on the urban water supply by using natural-based approaches. Moreover, providing a feasible method for largescale applications based on the mathematical calculation. Nearly 75 percent of the rivers in Jakarta are heavily polluted, of which the primary pollution source is domestic wastewater. Situated in Kedaung Kali Angke, the neighborhood, especially in the kampung, faces a severe problem of water insecurity due to the lack of public washing and toilet facility and some infrastructure related to the water supply, drainage, and sewage systems. Besides, the high cost of domestic water is hard to undertake by low-income workers. This project intends to minimize the water pollution and the dependency on the urban water supply by using natural-based approaches. The overall goal is to achieve the recycling of the wastewater and provide a feasible method for large- scale applications. Some wastewater parameters can be gotten like the area of required wetlands per capita, and the proportion of total green space needs to be used as wetlands in sites through calculation. The wastewater treatment system combines the anaerobic treatment and constructed wetlands, which consider the value of sewage purification and landscape characteristic. On the site scale, this design is taking one green space, in the middle of the Kedaung Kali Angke neighborhood, surrounded by the kampung and low-middle class residentials as an example to demonstrate this wastewater treatment system. Based on the calculation, 43% of the site green space needs to be used as wetlands for sewage treatment. There are three steps for sewage treatment. Firstly, the wastewater collected by the septic tank for settlement. Next, through the anaerobic pond and wetlands, the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and pathogens are removed mostly. Lastly, the purified water flows to the retention pond and holding tank for daily residential usage and some parts of purified water for agricultural irrigation and aquaculture meanwhile. As for the large scale application, the same sewage treatment system and mathematical calculations are used in conjunction with the 2030 planning. On the neighborhood scale, the green open space amount in the neighborhood is sufficient for domestic wastewater treatment through calculation. However, there is necessary to relocate it properly as an even distribution to cover the wastewater of the whole neighborhood residential area. On the city scale, through calculating the required wetlands area for sewage treatment in each district and the proportion of the wetlands area to total available green space, the feasibility and potential of the plan can be evaluated. From the data collected and calculated, at present, the required wetlands area accounts for 75% of the existing available parks in Jakarta, which is super high and low feasible. While in 2030, from the government planning, the greening rate targeted at 30% so that the green open space will increase significantly to 196 km². The required wetlands area for domestic wastewater treatment only accounts for 7% of the entire green open space. Therefore, the feasibility of this approach is much higher.
163
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER Pollution Issue in Jakarta Water Pollution
Pollution Sources in 5 Rivers in Jakarta Pollution Sources in 5 Rivers in Jakarta
Water pollution
Slightly polluted
Meet the standard
Small Scale Industry Solid Waste
Moderate polluted
Hosptial Hotel
Heavy polluted
Industry Agriculture Livestock
Heavy polluted
Moderate polluted
Slightly polluted
Sewage Treatment Rate rate Sewage treatment 4%
Meet the standard
Domestic(Household) 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Urban Urban Wastewater andand Septage Flowin in Jakarta wastewater septage flow Jakarta Open defecation Other on-site sanitation Septic tanks no sewage
96%
Communal toilets Septic tank with sewage
Septage and wastewater safely disposed Septage and wastewater unsafely disposed
Directly sewage(No septic tank)
Source: United nations industrial development organization research data. Diagram by Jiawei.
Domestic Water Supply and Discharge System
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Domestic Water Treatment PDAM Drinking Water
Grey Water
Black Water
Drainage Septic Tank
Average household Average Housholdwater Waterusage Usage Drink 25%
Cooking&Cleaning 35%
Bath 15% Washing 25%
Drink
Bath
Washing
Cooking&Cleaning
Domestic Water Comsumption
164
Domestic Water Comsumption for Bath House Hand and Cleaning Basin Shower
Drinking and Cooking
Toilet Flushing
Gardening/ Others
10%
27%
1%
6%
25%
Kitchen/ Dishwashing
3% 17% Grey Water= 56%
Laundry 11%
DESIGN VISION AND CALCULATION Design Vision
Design Calculation Wasterwater Parameters
Daily Water Consumption
164 Litre/Per captia
Neighborhood Population *predict
41000 People
Wasterwater Treatment System Public Toilet Washing Facility
Total Sewage Flow
Influent
6724 mÂł/Day
Septic Tank Influent / Effluent
Neighborhood Area
200
Mg/L 30 Mg/L
2.61 km²
Area of Required Wetlands Proportion of Wetlands in Green Space
0.043 km²
Neighborhood
43%
0.1 km²
Q(lnCoâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;lnCe) KĂ&#x2014;dĂ&#x2014;n
K= K20 Ă&#x2014; 1.01đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;â&#x2C6;&#x2019;20 Q=
q.N
1000
Per Captia 1.06 m²
Parameters: q: average sewage volume per person per day
KĂ&#x2014;dĂ&#x2014;n
K= K20 Ă&#x2014; 1.01đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;â&#x2C6;&#x2019;20 Q=
q.N
1000
t=
VĂ&#x2014;p Q
V: wetland volume
Ce: efďŹ&#x201A;uent BOD concentration (mg/L)
Q: total sewage flow
n: porosity of constructed wetland bed substrate N: the population of a certain region T: the temperature of domestic sewage
Anaerobic Pond
Q: total sewage ďŹ&#x201A;ow
of wetlands at temperature T
Volume=
K: biochemical reaction rate constant
d: aquifer depth (m)
Flowrate Ă&#x2014; Detention time
165
Fish Pond
Water Retention Time:
Co: inďŹ&#x201A;uent BOD concentration (mg/L)
S: area of subsurface ďŹ&#x201A;ow constructed wetland
Subsurface Wetlands
Q(lnCoâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;lnCe) Area of Required Wetlands S=
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland
S=
Anaerobic Pond
Green Space Area
BOD Concentration
Area of Pond= V / depth
Effluent
Pond
Farm Holding Tank Effluent
Residentials
Food Production
SITE DESIGN PLAN Proportion of Required Wetlands Area to Landuse in 2030 Green Space 37%
3.5%
33.5%
43%
57%
11% 15%
Residential
Roads
Industry
Public Service & Office
Green Space
Roads
Wetlands Other Green Space
Residentials
Site Location and Service Scope
Design Site
Industry
Site Wastewater Flow Plan
Anaerobic Pond Public Washing and Toilet Facility
Neighborhood Green Space
Community Boundary Service Scope Boundary
Service Scope Boundary
Pipeline Zone (200 meters radius) Truck Transport Zone Wastewater Pipeline Tranport
166
SITE DESIGN Master Plan
·Design Information Site Area: 9400m² (Green Space+Public Service Area) Site Elevation Difference: 7m Wetlands Area: 4042m² Each Wetland Depth: 0.5m Anaerobic Pond Volume: 1415m³ Anaerobic Pond Area: 235Vm² Anaerobic Pond Depth: 6m Sewage Treatment Capacity: 620m³/d Water Retention Time: 2.28days Service Radius: 300m Service Population: 3800 people Service Households: 950
Perspective Section SITE Subsurface Flow Wetlands Septic Tank
Fish Pond
Anaerobic Pond
Farm
Influent Pond
Settlement Monitor
167
Holding Tank Outflow
SITE SECTION AND RENDERING Detail Aquatic Plant Wet Well
Inlet
Effluent Outlet
Slope1% Small Gravel Wateright Membrane or Clay
After
35m
Before
Rendering-Farm
168
200m
A'
Location A Wetland
Boardwalk
Filtration Typical Landscape Fabric Pin Slopetame
Sedimentation
Plant Uptake
50m
Rendering-Pond
169
NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE Residential Plan in 2030
Medium House Zone Low Kdb Vertical Housing Zone Flat House Zone Green Space New Residential
Original 2030 Green Open Space Plan 1 2 3
6
5 4
8 7
10
9 11
12
13 14
15
16
17 18
20
29
19 21 26
22
25 24
23 27 28
170
NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE Design Intervention in Green Space Planning
1&2&4 3&6
9&10&11&12 5 8
7
13
14&15
16&17
20 29
18&19&22&24 &25&26&27
21
23
28
Wetlands Service Scope in Neighborhood
Green Space for Wastewater Treatment Other Green Space Residentials Service Scope Roads
171
CITY SCALE--BASED ON EXSITING CONDITION Jakarta Adminsitrative Districts
Existing Jakarta Green Open Space
Green Space
Sources: OCHA, BNPB, BPS
Area of Constructed Wetlands Required for Treatment of Sewage Generated by the Population in Each District of Jakarta City Sewage Flow
Area of required
Area of the
Proportion in the
(10,000 m³/d)
Wetlands (km²)
district (km²)
district
2164070
35.5
2.29
141.27
1.62%
East Jakarta
2817994
46.2
2.99
188.03
1.59%
Central Jakarta
910381
14.9
0.97
48.13
West Jakarta
2430410
39.9 City/ regency
1729444
South Jakarta
2164070
East Jakarta
City/ regency
Population
South Jakarta
North Jakarta
Area of the
(10,000 m³/d)
Wetlands (km²)
district (km²)
35.5
2.29
1.35%
141.27
2817994
46.2
2.99
188.03
Central Jakarta
910381
14.9
West Jakarta
2430410
39.9
North Jakarta
1729444
28.3
164.8
Required Wetlands Area Proportion
1.83
10.66
129.54
1.99%
146.66
653.63
1.63%
DifferentAmount Types of Green Public 164.8 Open Space
0.97
48.13
2.58
129.54
1.83
146.66
10.66
653.63
图表标题
图表标题
No.
25% 35%
75%
65%
2 Required1 Wetlands Area The Rest of Existing
Green Space Area
172
Area of required
28.3
Amount
2%
Sewage Flow
2.58 Population
1
2
Area(km²)
Percentage(%)
1
Park
14.08
2.13
2 3 4
Green line Cemetery City Forest Amount
7.86 6.31 2.54 30.81
1.19 0.95 0.38 4.65
Required Wetlands Area The Rest of Existing Park Area
Type
Sources: Forestry Agency
CITY SCALE IN 2030 Jakarta Green Open Space in 2030 Plan
Sources: JAKARTA, CAPITAL CITY GOVERNMENT
Area of Constructed Wetlands Required in 2030 Sewage Flow
Area of required
Area of the
Proportion in the
(10,000 m³/d)
Wetlands (km²)
district (km²)
district
2825299
46.3
2.99
141.27
2.12%
City/ regency
Population
South Jakarta East Jakarta
3012500
49.4
3.19
188.03
1.69%
Central Jakarta
1150181
18.9
1.84
48.13
3.82%
West Jakarta
3162500
51.9
3.35
129.54
2.58%
North Jakarta
2325000
38.1
2.46
146.66
1.67%
204.6
13.83
653.63
Amount
2.11%
图表标题 7%
The Green Open Space in Jakarta 2030 plan targeted at 30% of the Province area. It's 196km² The Required Wetlands Area is 13.83km² It only account for 7% to GOS 2030. There is great potential for this Natural-based approach to treat wastewater in 2030 Jakarta!!! Population Prediction Source: SP 2000, SP 2010 (BPS DKI Jakarta) –www.jakarta.bps.go.id
173
93% 1 2 Required Wetlands Area
The Rest of Green Space Area in 2030
174
FROM RISK TO UTILIZATION ZHOU Xianfeng
Located in west Jakarta, Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke suffers from serious water pollution and scarcity of clean water. According to the investigation, the current stormwater system is a “one-way flow” system where stormwater runoff goes straight into canals. There is no system to clean, to harvest and to store for heavy storms, which results in water pollution and scarcity of clean water. This project aims to create a new ecological and sustainable stormwater “circular flow” system to filter, harvest and recycle rainwater in Kendaung Kali Angke. The proposal selects three open sites of different sizes focusing at the south-western corner of Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke for design interventions. The three sites are chosen from three perspectives: public, community and household, with different new stormwater treatment systems. Site 1: Public habitat (Total open space area: 9ha; Water storage capacity: 48000m3) A new wetland water treatment system is established in this area to increase diversity, improve water quality and provide wildlife habitats. The treatment wetland will perform its ecological function differently in each season. For dry season, wetlands store clean water filtered by complex systems for agricultural irrigation. For rainy season, wetlands provide space for stormwater runoff to gather and mitigate the effects of pollution. Site 2: Community mixed-use (Total open space area: 2ha; Water storage capacity: 6750m3) The rainwater collected from the roof of the factories is filtered through a complex stormwater treatment system to obtain clean water. Clean water is then pumped to the households and factories. In the meanwhile, stormwater runoff from the roads will be collected and diverted to a newly designed terraced raingarden, with the treated water being harvested for storage, irrigation and community-use. Site 3: Local household (Total open space area: 0.3ha; Water storage capacity: 840m3) A model of shared water shop is proposed in this site. The rainwater is collected from individual households through the water pipe, and it is filtered and treated in the shared water shop to access clean water for household-use. The small raingarden is used to clean and filter stormwater runoff from roads naturally. Additionally, a green corridor is built to connect the three sites and the surrounding communities so that people can interact with nature and enjoy recreation spaces. Depending on the size of the sites, the project can be applied to other parts of Kendaung Kali Angke as a model to address the issue of water pollution and provide clean water.
175
BACKGROUND Location
water quality monitoring station
water
29.9℃ 24.2℃
Jan
30.3℃ 24.3℃
Feb
Water & Green System water flow industry greenery river main pipe river garbage filtering blue pipe pump station water gate
N 0m
176
150m
300m
32.5℃
32.5℃
25.2℃
25.1℃
25.4℃
Mar
Apr
May
31.5℃
32.3℃
32.0℃
33.0℃
32.7℃
24.8℃
25.1℃
24.9℃
25.5℃
25.5℃
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
31.4℃
31.3℃
32.0℃
24.9℃
24.9℃
Nov
Dec
precipitation(mm) rainy days max temp(℃ ) min temp(℃ )
Average rainy days
Average precipitation(mm)
Annual Climate
ISSUE | POORLY MANAGED STORMWATER RUNOFF Water pollution
water quality monitoring station main drainage drainage-water flow river-water flow industry greenery river main pipe
N 0m
100m
200m
blue pipe pump station water gate
What caused pollution ? Stormwater running over roofs, driveways, roads and lawns will pick up pollutants such as oil, fertilizers, pesticides, dirt/sediment, trash, and animal waste. These pollutants â&#x20AC;&#x153;hitch a rideâ&#x20AC;? with the stormwater and flow untreated into local streams, polluting the waters(surface water, groundwater). Stagnant water + Scarcity of clean water topography
N 0m
125m
250m
countor-1m stagnant water
Water Supply Groundwater pumps Water tank
Stormwater runs off roofs, driveways and lawns, large volumes quickly gather in the impermeable pavement, resulting in stagnant water and flooding. 177
80% of groundwater in shallow wells is contaminated with pathogens
ISSUE | LACK OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE Land use
train station train track residence industry commerce government river greenery agriculture
N 0m
125m
250m
Activity dry season
rainy season
Poorly managed stormwater runoff
limited toilet/ parking area
water pollution stagnant water
Issues
lack of leisure space broken recreation facilities
178
scarcity of clean water
Lack of urban infrastructure
ISSUE CONCLUSION According to the investigation, the current stormwater system is a â&#x20AC;&#x153;one-way flowâ&#x20AC;? system where stormwater runoff goes straight into canals. There is no system to clean, to harvest and to store for heavy storms, which results in water pollution and scarcity of clean water.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Water system main drainage new main drainage water flow new water flow industry water storage river main pipe new main pipe pump station water gate
N 0m
100m
200m
Water harvesting main drainage new main drainage water flow new water flow industry water storage river roof harvesting system main pipe new main pipe pump station water gate
N 0m
100m
200m
The strategy is to add drainage and pipes to better connect the water from the site to the river, and to design a reasonable flow direction according to the topography so that the water can flow naturally into the rain gardens and wetlands. The roof can be well used to collect rainwater and filter it to get clean water.
Year 0
Year 5 farmland
polluted water barren farmland
179
Year 10 wetland
wetlands gradually formed
wetland
wetland treatment system to filter, harvest and recycle rainwater
Site1 | Public Habitat
MASTERPLAN The project is to reframe the conventional wastewater treatment of rainwater instead as a new stormwater â&#x20AC;&#x153;circular flowâ&#x20AC;? system to filter, harvest and recycle rainwater.
wetland treatment sys
N 0m
180
75m
150m
Site2 | Community Mixed-use
Site3 | Local Household
factory-household rainwater system + terraced raingarden
stem
A green corridor is built to connect the three sites and the surrounding communities so that people can interact with nature and enjoy recreation spaces.
181
shared water shop rainwater system + raingarden
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Road System
Land Use
Greenery & Water System
Topography
Road System
182
Land Use
Greenery & Water System
Topography
SITE 1 | PUBLIC HABITAT
B A C'
A'
C
B' water storage pond
Total open space area: 9ha Wetland treatment area: 12000m2
Water storage pond area: 16000m2 depth: 3m capacity: 48000m3
1. Wetland water treatment system: Increases diversity, improve water quality and provide wildlife habitats 2. The treatment wetland will perform its ecological function differently in each seasons. Dry season: Wetlands store clean water filtered by complex systems for agricultural irrigation. Rainy season: Wetlands provide space for stormwater runoff to gather and mitigate the effects of flooding and pollution.
Section A-A'
Wetland treatment system
0m
5m
0m
5m
Section B-B'
Section C-C' 0m 5m
183
PERSPECTIVE 1
Farmland
184
Playground
Corridor + Viewing platform
185
Wetland
SITE 2 | COMMUNITY MIXED-USE B'
A
A' B
Total open space area: 2ha Raingarden area: 3600m2 Water storage pond area: 2700m2 depth: 2.5m capacity: 6750m3
roof rainwater harvesting system water storage pond
The rainwater collected from the roof of the factories is filtered through a complex stormwater treatment system to obtain clean water. Clean water is then pumped to the households and factories. Then, stormwater runoff from the roads will be collected and diverted to a newly designed terraced raingarden, with the treated water being harvested for storage, irrigation and community-use.
PERSPECTIVE 2
Water storage pond
Terraced raingarden
186
Factory-Household Rainwater System
Section A-A'
0m 5m
Section B-B'
0m 5m
20 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, eating, basic sanitation 50 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, cooking, basic sanitation, laundry, bathing
Calculation of Potential Rainwater Supply (Roof rainwater harvesting)
Harvested Water (L) = Catchment Area (m 2 ) X Rainfall Depth (mm) X 0.623 Conversion Factor 27334000L/year = 25000m2 X 1755mm X 0.623 27334000L/year = 17114000L/year (for factory) + 560 persons X 50 litres/capita/day X 365 (for household) Estimate 140 households Average 4 persons pre household - 560 persons 187
SITE 3 | LOCAL HOUSEHOLD B'
A' A
B
Total open space area: 0.3ha Raingarden area: 255m2 Water storage pond area: 420m2 depth: 2m capacity:840m3
roof rainwater harvesting system water storage pond
The small raingarden is used to clean and filter stormwater runoff from roads naturally.
PERSPECTIVE 3
Shared water shop
Raingarden
188
1. Shared Water Shop Rainwater System
2. Individual Household Rainwater System
Section A-A' The rainwater is collected from individual households through the water pipes, and it is filtered and treated in the shared water shop to access clean water for household-use. 0m 5m
Section B-B'
0m 5m
20 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, eating, basic sanitation 50 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, cooking, basic sanitation, laundry, bathing
Calculation of Potential Rainwater Supply (Roof rainwater harvesting) Estimate 135 households Average 4 persons pre household 540 persons
Playground
Harvested Water (L) = Catchment Area (m 2 ) X Rainfall Depth (mm) X 0.623 Conversion Factor 7106800L/year = 6500m 2 X 1755mm X 0.623
36 litres/capita/day 189
APPLICATION Depending on the size of the sites, the project can be applied to other parts of Kendaung Kali Angke as a model to address the issue of water pollution and provide clean water.
N 0m
125m
250m
Type 1 | Public Habitat
Type 2 | Community Mixed-use
Type 3 | Local Household
wetland treatment system
factory-household rainwater system + terraced raingarden
shared water shop rainwater system + raingarden
Step1 classification
Step2 application Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
190
191
192
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SRORMWATER MANAGEMENT Han Cong Frequent and severe flooding disaster has plagued Jakarta, Indonesia, for years. This site which called Kampung Keduang Kali Angke is a dense community of West Jakarta, the condition of a large number of impervious hardscape area resulted in that the infiltration rate is low, shabby unsound drainage system fail to discharge stormwater timely, these problems have made it had frequent flooding in the site. This project design is divided into three main strategies of green infrastructure management to delay and reduce the peak runoff to alleviate even solve flooding problems in the site. The first strategy is to redesign the drainage system and waterflow direction to collect and convey stormwater and discharge it to two main canals in the site, deducing the concentrated catchment area as the proposal water storage spaces. Than connect the existing drainage facilities along the streets with the water storage spaces to complete overall drainage system including primary drainage network, secondary drainage network, tertiary drainage network and new confluence point. The aim is to slow down the speed of waterflow discharged into the canals in the site. The second strategy is to design rainwater harvesting facilities, with rainwater collecting barrels to collect rainwater from rooftop and building surface, and use the rainwater filter barrels to filter it for water reuse, such as daily housing use and garden irrigation. And the rainwater harvesting facilities will be placed around the buildings within the radius of the catchment area. Lastely, the third strategy is to improve the water storage capacity by selecting the concentrated catchment area in the site according to the catchment analysis. Six different nodes will be designed as the potential water storage spaces that contain detailed bio-retention and detention facilities, such as community rain gardens and ecological detention ponds. The average area of these nodes is 466m2. The goal is to improve the storage capacity of the whole site through these shared pocket spaces. It also can be a pleasant feature that makes space for nature in an urban environment. Through these kinds of measurements, the aim is to create a proper site with thorough waterflow system and strong water capacity, so that it can make the site be flood-resistent, minimize the potential environmental impacts on stormwater runoff and provides a safe, resilient and comfortable living environment for local Kampung residents to promote social interaction among community members.
193
Location
12km
Central Jakarta
Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke 0
100
200m
Cengkareng West Jakarta City Jakarta Province City District Kampung
Division of region under village. One RW consists of several RT.
RW RT
194
Division of region under RT. One RT consists of several households.
BACKGROUND Major Floods Events in Jakarta's History
Flood in 1996
2002
2007
2020
2013
Cause: The capacity of river is smaller than the incoming water's runoff, caused by the
Cause: Beside the poor
Cause:
high conversion of area around
drainage system, flood was
Climate change
the waterbodies into settlement Cause: Vast buildings and preceded by heavy rain. function, sedimentation, and illegal settlements has led to the Inundation Area: 400km2 Inundation Point: 70 waste disposal. decresing of land absorption Rainfall Intensity: 401.5mm Inundation Area: n/a ability as well as narrowing Evacuee: 398,000 Inundation Point: 90 the canal in downstream area. Rainfall Intensity: 288.7 mm Inundation Area: 330km2 Evacuee: 544,000
rain and waterways clogged Evacuee: 36,000 with garbage and other kinds of debris. Inundation Area: >400km2 Inundation Point: 109
Inundation Point: 160
Rainfall Intensity: 1230.7mm
Rainfall Intensity: 361.7mm
400
Rainfall Intensity: Cause: Because of the heavy 400mm2
Evacuee: >100,000
Evacuee: 380,000
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1996
2002
2007
2008
2013
2015
2016 2019 Rainfall intensity(mm / day)
Average Rainfall Intensity during Major Floods Temporal and Spatial Variations of Land Subsidence
mean sea level
mean sea level
subsidence Flooded area (without subsidence)
Flooded area (with subsidence)
subsidence Coastal flooded area (without subsidence)
Coastal flooded area (with subsidence)
subsidence Water flow (without subsidence)
Water flow (with subsidence)
Flooded Area deeper than 1.0m
2000
2050
2025
SLR
SLR+
2050 SLR+
Subsidence Souece: <The ecolution of risk and vulnerability in Greater Jakarta: contesting government policy in dealing with a megacity's exposure to flooding> by Jonatan A. Lassa, Saut Sagala AHK, BMKG <Study on the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta> by Irwan Gumilar
195
ISSUE BEING TACKLED Interview With Local Residents "The height of flood can be 0.4m in our house."
KAMPUNG RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
"The canal has been widen several times from 2m to 9m." "We go upstairs when it is flooding."
WATERLOGGING
GARBAGE FLOATING ON THE CANAL
FREQUENT FLOODING
"We throw waste directly, no recycled garbage bins here." Sometimes the sewer has been stuck with the garbage.
196
ISSUE BEING TACKLED Land Subsidence
Flood Area
Flood Evolution
1977
1977
1997
1997
2007
2007
2017
2017
2020
2020
Subsidence (metres) 0
-5 Shallow
197
Deeper
Souece: ABC news<Sinking towards disaster> by Mark Doman, David Lipson and Ari Wu Bandung Institute of Technology OCHA<Jaakarta Floods: Inundated Area Periodic Overview>
ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Typology Analysis
0m Shops Mixed-use building School Mosque Office Water&gas bar Home factory Residencial Open area Pumping station Food bar
198
Primary Road Secondary Teritiary Alley
25m
50m
100m
ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Road Typology Analysis Category 01 Primary
Vhicle Lanes Greenery Double Two-way Greenery Canal Pedestrain Pedestrain Residential
Category 02 Secondary
Vhicle Lanes Residential Comercial Double Two-way Building Pedestrain Pedestrain
Category 03 Secondary
Greenery Canal
Greenery Parking Vhicle Lane Mixed Single Two-way Residential
Residential Vhicle Lane Property Residential Building Single Two-way Wall Building Front Yard Pedestrain Garden D
Residential Pedestrain Street Property Residential Building Vendor Wall Vhicle Lane Greenery Single Two-way
Property Vhicle Lane Property Wall Single Two-way Wall Residential Pedestrain Pedestrain Residential Building Building
Alley Drainage Drainage Residential Residential Building Building
199
Category 04
Category 05 Teritiary
Category 06
Category 07 Alley
Category 08 Alley
Residential Building
Alley
Residential Building
ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Topography Analysis
0.0m 1.0m 2.0m 3.0m 4.0m 5.0m 6.0m 7.0m 8.0m Flat area
0m
High
Low Flooding High
200
25m
50m
100m
Higher elevation around the site, and the center of the site is sunken, which is one of the main reasons why it is frequently flooded in the Kampung area.
ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Waterflow Analysis
Main Canal Flow Drainage Flow Surface Flow Confluence Point
0m
25m
50m
100m
The fragmentized drainage pattern (caused by the vertical spontaneous building developments) can not supprt the natural stormwater cycle. Aged utilities for drainage are not adequate for the current usage.
201
ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Pavement Analysis
Mud and Gravel Cement Asphalt
Mud and Gravel
202
0m
Cement
Asphalt
25m
50m
100m
ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Hardscape and Softscape Analysis
Softscape Public green space Private green space Front door planting
Natural Ground Cover 40% evapotranspiration
10% runoff 25% shallow infiltration
25% deep infiltration
Hardscape Mud and Gravel Cement Asphalt
0m
10%-20% Impervious Surface 38% evapotranspiration 20% runoff 21% shallow infiltration
21% deep infiltration
25m
50m
35%-50% Impervious 75%-100% Impervious Surface 35% Surface 30% evapotranspiration
evapotranspiration
30% runoff
55% runoff
20% shallow infiltration
15% deep infiltration
10% shallow infiltration
The more impervious the surface, the more runoff there will be. The impervious paving percentage of the Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke is very high. 203
100m
5% deep infiltration
MASTER PLAN 05
06
03
02
01
204
04
STRATEGY 01 RESEDIGN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Calculation S=0.439562hm2
S=0.2598283hm2
Ψ=0.50
Ψ=0.95
Calculate the stormwater runoff according to the formula, than select the concentrated catchment area in the site as the water storage space according to the water catchment analysis, so as to improve the storage capacity. of the site. Calculation Progress
Mud and Gravel Pavers S=0.383881hm2 Ψ=0.40
Asphalt Pavers
According to the Stormwater Runoff Formula: Qs=ΨqF Qs----Stormwater Runoff (L/S) Ψ----Runoff Coefficient q----Rainfall Intensity (L/(s*hm2)) F---- Catchment Area (hm2)
Building Surface, Rooftop and Cement pavers S=0.636402hm2
Take the peak rainfall(377mm) in recent years, 377mm=37.7dm 1L=1dm3 1m3 =1000dm3 1hm2=1x104m2 1hm2=1000dmx1000dm=1x106dm3 Then 1hm2 site with runoff coefficient of 1, the stormwater runoff of 1s is, Qs=37.7x106dm3=3.77x104m3
Ψ=0.65
Cement Pavers
Existing Index
Proposal Water Storage Space Area: 4397.21m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 14919.73L/S Rooftop Area: 2251.28m2 Building Number: 2 Floor-area Ratio: 51%
Area: 3761.05m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 12761.24L/S Rooftop Area: 2711.58m2 Building Number: 21 Floor-area Ratio: 36%
Area: 4857.29m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 11761.12L/S Rooftop Area: 2711.58m2 Building Number: 33 Floor-area Ratio: 72%
Area: 3466.29m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 15169.63L/S Rooftop Area: 1442.99m2 Building Number: 34 Floor-area Ratio: 43% Area: 7808.8m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 26495.25L/S Rooftop Area: 4483.26m2 Building Number: 55 Floor-area Ratio: 56%
Area: 3125.96m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 8209.97L/S Rooftop Area: 1342.82m2 Building Number: 5 Floor-area Ratio: 51%
Area: 4426.54m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 15019.25L/S Rooftop Area: 2062.88m2 Building Number: 18 Floor-area Ratio: 63%
Area: 6188.89m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 26495.25L/S Rooftop Area: 2893.45m2 Building Number: 33 Floor-area Ratio: 43%
Area: 7846.99m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 26624.84L/S Rooftop Area: 4234.76m2 Building Number: 40
Proposal Water Storage Space
Proposal Index Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 2834.26L/S Building Number: 2 Proposal Softscape Area: 233.68m2 Water Retention Volume:1402.08m3
Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 4835.21L/S Building Number: 21 Proposal Softscape Area: 183.06m2 Water Retention Volume:1098.36m3
Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 1272.49L/S Building Number: 33 Proposal Softscape Area: 398.25m2 Water Retention Volume: 2389.5m3
Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 3089.04L/S Building Number: 5 Proposal Softscape Area: 514.84m2 Water Retention Volume: 3089.04m3 Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 4351.66L/S Building Number: 18 Proposal Softscape Area: 275.44m2 Water Retention Volume: 1652.64m3
205
Node Area: 233.68m2 Water Storage Volume: 1402.08m³
Node Area: 1318.45m2 Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 5102.47L/S Building Number: 21 Proposal Softscape Area: 1604.95m2 Water Retention Volume:5102.47m3
Water Storage Volume: 7910.67m³
Node Area: 285.47m2 Water Storage Volume: 1427.48m³ Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 2624.28L/S Building Number: 55 Proposal Softscape Area: 437.38m2 Water Retention Volume: 2624.28m3
Node Area: 409.04m2
Node Area: 286.53m2
Water Storage Volume: 2351.49m³
Water Storage Volume: 1719.53 m³
Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 1867.54L/S Building Number: 33 Proposal Softscape Area: 151.16m2 Water Retention Volume: 906.96m3
Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 6668.31L/S Building Number: 40 Proposal Softscape Area: 373.32m2 Water Retention Volume: 2239.92m3
Node Area: 263.72m2 Water Storage Volume: 1685.09m³
STRATEGY 01 RESEDIGN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM A
A'
Priamry Road Next To The Main Canal Sextion A-A'
Treated water and overflow leading to waterway
Primary Canal
Porous Pavers Pedestrain Space
Porous Concrete Vehicular Space
Rain Garden
Povous Pavers Entrance Space Bioretention Swale
B B'
Teriary Road next to the RW Building Sextion B-B' RW Office
Drainage Rain Barrel
206
Porous Asphalt Vehicular Space Porous Pavers Pedestrain Space
Porous Pavers Pedestrain Space Grasscrete Car parking Space
Children Wood Play Terrace Rain Garden
STRATEGY 01 RESEDIGN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
C' C
Street between the Residential Buildings Sextion C-C'
Rain Barrel
Grasscrete Carparking Space
Bioretention Swale
Planting Tanks
Drainage
Rain Barrel
Porous Pavers Pedestrain Space
Porous Asphalt Vehicular Space
D D'
Narrow Alley Space Sextion D-D'
Rain Barrel
Drainage
Porous Pavers Pedestrain & Motorbike Mixed
207
Rain Barrel
Bioretention Swale
STRATEGY 02 RAINWATER HARVESTING FACILITY Rainwater Harvesting Facilities Distribution Diagram
The second strategy is to design rainwater harvesting facilities, with rainwater collecting barrels to collect rainwater from rooftop and building surface, and use the rainwater filter barrels to filter it for water reuse, such as daily housing use and garden irrigation. And the rainwater harvesting facilities will be placed around the buildings within the radius of the catchment area. Rainwater Harvesting and Recycling Diagram Rainwater Common water tank
Bath
Downspout Rainwater filter: retain the particles and impurities
Toilet
Water pump Laundry
Kitchen
Spigot Specialized water Water sourese: barrel: government water for rainwater storage or groundwater
Pipe for common water tank Pipe for rainwater facility Waerflow direction
Rainwater harvesting facility to community groups and house-owners. 208
The filtered water can be used for daily usage, toilet flushing, garden irrigation, emergency drinking water and fire fighting.
Pea gravel (12.5cm) Coarse gravel (6cm) Fine sand (2cm) Coarse gravel (3cm) Charcoal (3cm) Coarse gravel (12.5cm) Pea gravel (25cm) Large rock (25cm)
Rainwater Filter Barrel Section
STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY
Due to the need for nodes design at the catchment area, it is necessary to demolish the buildings at A and B and increase the height of the buildings at C to accommodate the former residents living at A and B.
Existing Building Distribution
Existing Drainage System
1-storey Building 2-storey Building 3-storey Building Unknown
Proposal Building Distribution
Proposal Drainage System
1-storey Building 2-storey Building 3-storey Building 6-storey Building Unknown
209
Covered Drainage Network Partial Drainage Network Coinfluence Point
Primary Drainage Network Secondary Drainage Network Partial Drainage Direction Coinfluence Point Bioretention Nodes
STRATEGY 01 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY
A' 7
8
5 10
1 6 4
9
2 3
A
B' 1 2 3 4 5
Floating Green Isand Ecological Detention Pond Wonderful Wetlands Marsh Lands Rain Garden
6 7 8 9 10
Exploration Potoon Advanture Platform Riverbank Biorentation Swale Carparking Grassconcret Secondary Canal
Section A-A'
Vehicle Drainage Porous Floating Porous Lanes Gravel Path Green Isand Gravel Path Detention Marsh Lands Detention
Secondary Canal Riverbank
Vehicle Lane
Exploration Potoon
Section B-B'
Vehicle Lanes
210
Advanture Platform Rain Garden
Porous Gravel Path
Floating Green Isand Detention Pond
Exploration Potoon
Marsh Lands Detention Pond with
Porous Pavers
Drainage
STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY D
5
1
1
C'
10
4
2
2
3 2
3
9
4
C
11
1 5
1 2 3 4 5
Porous Gravel Path Ecological Creek Vegetated Swale Children Wood Play Hedgerow
7 6 8
D' 1 2 3 4 5
Section C-C'
Porous Gravel Entrance Central Wetland Ecological Dentation Pond Crosswalk Pier Picnic Dock
6 7 8 9 10 11
Vehicle Lanes Drainage Porous Gravel Path
Multiple-use Sand Filter Vegetated Swale Porous Gravel Path Riverbank Biorentation Swale Carparking Grassconcret Secondary Canal
Lawn Vegetated Porous Area Swale Gravel Path Porous Ecological Porous Pavers Gravel Path Creek
Section D-D'
Porous Gravel Ecological Central Wetland Entrance Detention Pond Crosswalk
211
Central Wetland
Ecological Dentation Pond
Porous Gravel Entrance Drainage
Multiple-use Sand Filter
Picnic Dock
Vegetated Swale
Porous Gravel Path
STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY 8 10 4
2 F
3
1
9 12
5
11 13
6
7
14 E'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rain Garden Perching Logs Hopping Stems Wood Slide Colorful Plastic Sand Filter Flower Bed
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Porous Leisure Platform Adventure Playground Biorentation Swale Educational Creek Children Wood Play Terrace Rain Garden Hedgerow
Vehicle Lane Hedgerow Drainage
Primary School
Terrace Rain Garden
Hedgerow Porous Pavers
212
Porous Educational Educational Drainage Gravel Path Creek Creek Children Porous Bioretention Wood Play Gravel Path Swale
Fine Sand Perching Rain Garden Logs
Colorful Plastic
Wood Slide
Hedgerow Drainage
Bioretention
Advanture Platform
STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY Biorentation swales for narrow spaces
Rain Garden for wide spaces Overflow inlet
Curb beyond Curb cut
Extended detention zone
Functional vegetation supports
Paving Gravel base Soil mixture 50% Sand, 30% Topsoil,
Extended detention
Reinforced concrete Perforated pipe connecting Gravel pipe bed
Filter layer (sandy loam) Transition layer Drainage layer (fine Perforated subsoil Geotexile layer
Gravel base Treated water and overflow
Biorentation Swales Cross Section
Curb cut Concrete curb Overflow catchment
Detention Element
Soil mixture 50% Sand, 30% Topsoil, Gravel pipe bed Perforated pipe connecting
Sedimentation
Filtration
Biological Uptake
Reinforced concrete Gravel base
Biorentation Swales Long Section
Conveyance Element
Detention Element
Sedimentation
Filtration
Biological Uptake
200-300mm
Outer or Higher Zone
Middle Zone Normal soil
Lowest Zone Filter Media
Middle Zone
Middle Zone Plants (A little drier but still tolerates fluctuating water levels)
Lowest Zone Plants ďź&#x2C6;Specious adapted to standing and fluctuating water levelsďź&#x2030;
Costus woodsonii Maas (Red Button Ginger) Ilex cymosa Blume (Marsh Holly) Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm (Shore Laurel) Cenchrus purpurascens Thunb. (Swamp Foxtail) Crytosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott (Swamp Taro) Vaccinium corymbosum 'Bluecrop' (Highbush Blueberry) Physostegia virginiana 'Alba' (Obedient Plant) Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.) Rehd. (Shining Oak)
Crinum 'Menehune' (Red Swanp Lily) Centratherum punctatum (Brazil Button Flower) Ipomoea aquatica Forssk (Water Convolvulus) Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush) Chrysopogen zizanioiders (L.) Roberty (Vetivergrass) Thalia geniculata L. (Swamp Lily) Eupatorium spp. (Joe-pye Weed) Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed)
Outer or Higher Zone Outer or Higher Zone Plants (Species adapted to drier conditions)
Galphimia glauca Lav. (Shower of Gold) Ipomoea pes-caprae (Beach morning glory) Acrostichum aureum L. (Leather Fern) Pinus merkusii (Two-needled Pine) Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaetn. (Wild Almond) Barringtonia racemosa (Freshwater Mangrove) Avicennia alba (Api Api) Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (Swamp Cypress)
Plant are essential for facilitating the effective removal of nutrients and stormwater pollutants, removing water through evapotransipration, creating pathways for infiltration and helping to stavilize soil. 213
VISION Vision 01
Exploration Potoon Marsh Land
Secondary Canal
Porous Gravel Path
Ecological Detention Pond
Floating Green Island
Wetland
Advanture Platform
Rain Garden
Vision 02
Porous Gravel Path Riverbank Bioretention Swale
214
Multiple-use Sand Filter Picnic Dock
Porous Gravel Entrance Secondary Canal
Crosswalk Pier Ecological Detention Pond
Wetland
VISION Vision 03
Ecological Hodgerow
Educational Creek Terrace Rain Garden
Bioretention Swale
Children Wood Play
Bird View
215
SITE IMAGES OR YOUR PERSPECTIVE IMAGES
216
LIVE WITH WATER XIAO Xinyan
Jakarta has become increasingly vulnerable due to various conflicts, and recent heavy rains have even caused major disruptions. Therefore, this plan will assess that where are the most vulnerable points, and then relieve the pressure caused by the storm water through a series of landscape strategies, such securing green space for water absorption, and redesign evacuation system. The goal is allowing people to have safer choices when facing heavy rains or floods based on the truth that they have already gotten used to water.
217
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
218
219
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
220
221
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
222
223
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
224
225
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
226
227
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
228
229
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
0
230
20
40
100m
231
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
232
233
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
234
235
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
236
237
LIVE WITH WATER A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION
238
239
240
REBIRTH RIVER _ LANDSCAPE DESIGN FOR RIVER RESTORATION BASED ON SEDIMENT COLLECTION AND MANAGING IN CANGKARENG DRAIN, JAKARTA BARAT FENG Zihan (Abstract: The flooding problem is an ongoing challenge in Jakarta. The design aims to solve the damage of sediment deposition to drainage function in the river and Create an adaptable river landscape to challenge irregular changes in water levels.) Since the start of the rainy season ten years ago, heavy rains in Jakarta have caused Many people became homeless and lost a lot of property. In recent years, 40 percent of the city to fall below sea level and the ground to keep sinking, due to geographical reasons and overexploitation of groundwater. All of these factors caused serious flooding. The design site, Cangkareng Drain, is an important link in the drainage facilities of Jakarta Barat. The surrounding area is very densely populated with residents and factories. In case of a flood, the damage will be devastating. In contrast to the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan to widen the river, The design focuses on how to maintain the current channel width, using natural segregation to separate and remove sediment to achieve or exceed the carrying capacity of the widening channel plan. Firstly, I plan to divert the river into vacant land, meandering its flow path. Secondly, three sedimentation zones are set at the beginning of the designed channel. Regarding the sedimentation strategy of sediments, I did some simulation analysis. The result shows that there have some difference in flow rates on both sides of the curved channel, the clear water will be discharged from the outer channel which has faster water velocity, while the sediment will be deposited on the inner side and eventually deposited in the sediment pool. After a period of time, the sediment will be excavated on the inner side of the channel through manual intervention to reduce the problem of excessive sediment in the water. At the same time, the design also provides much needed public space, like fitness track and a museum for the use of the surrounding residents. The peninsula on the east side is designed to be work well together with flooding, and can partially replenish the shallow groundwater pumped out by people. It is known that the flooding issue in Jakarta has been affecting the society and environment in many ways and wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be completely solved in the near future. So I want to bring realistic and effective changes to the surroundings. And hopefully, it turns out to be sustainable.
241
ISSUE BACKGROUND
01 35-40% of channel capacity is lost due upstrem to sediment deposition
soil erosion farming activities
downstrem 20%
10%
03
6500-7000 t 20%
50%
of garbage are produced in the river every day, the main source of which is household garbage
02
30-70 cm
of water depth on municipal roads during flood season
More than 60 percent of Jakarta's residents depend on groundwater.This provides nearly two-thirds of the city’s water consumption, around 630 million cubic metres out of 1 billion m3/year.
12 centimetres of land is sinking every year in Jakarta, especially in northern parts of the city
04
shallow groundwater
RIVER PROBLEM LOCATION
source:http://theconversation.com/why-the-rich-in-jakarta-have-better-access-to-water-than-the-poor-its-not-the-piped-network-91658 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49481090
NATURAL REVETMENT (DAMAGED):
Revetments, lacking protection from natural vegetation, are vulnerable to flooding and are a major source of sediment in downstream waterways
FARMING SPACE:
The lack of vegetation surrounding the natural and unreinforced channel, adjacent to the urban farmland system, is one of the reasons why the channel carries a lot of sediment during the rainy season
GARBAGE:
The ubiquitous garbage is carried downstream by the river, causing serious channel congestion.During periods of continuous rainfall, even severe flooding can occur
WATER POLLUTION:
Uncontrolled discharge of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater leads to eutrophication of water body and serious bed hardening. At present, the river carrying capacity is far lower than the designed level
Legend: Water Gate Water Tower Potential Erosion Area Pump House River Site Location
242
FRESHWATER PUMP STATION:
Groundwater extracted by water pumps is the main source of urban domestic water
PUMP STATION:
Pumps arranged at the junction of inland and external rivers, which are responsible for the flood discharge function of inland rivers
REINFORCED CHANNEL:
The part of a river where Banks have been staked and reinforced by concrete
‘SINKING RIVER’:
The phenomenon that the water level of the main channel is higher than that of the inland river due to sediment deposition
Legends: Water Gate Pump House River Reinforced River (with embankment) Sinking River (water level below main channel) Site Location
POTENTIAL FLOODING AREASPOTENTIAL FLOODING AREAS WWW RIVER
Site elevation data
Data source: http://www.gscloud.cn/wps
4%-5% land being used for landscape purposes 390mm Average annual rainfall
WWW RIVER
157.9 Days Average annual rainfall days
WWW RIVER
243
20,000 People/km2 Long settled here
BACKGROUND DATA Sediment record 20,000
unh
now
lost
1800
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
Data source: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49481090
Effects of tides on changes in river water levels
high tide
8m
Âą0.5
Wate
cont 6.5m
low tide 0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
Data source: https://zh.tideschart.com/Indonesia/Jakarta/
Average annual rainfall (2016-2019)
2.1k
503mm
500mm
Catc
400mm
cont
300mm 200mm 100mm jan
244
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
River sedimentation
healthy riverbed
w contains 20,000 t silt
t 35%-40% design capacity
5.5m
Normally, rivers flow at extremely low rates
6.5m
5M
At high water levels, there is almost no extra room for the river to withstand flooding
er level difference
tains 114,000 m3 water 5m
When the water level is low, the river can flow normally and has good drainage performance
km2
+114,000 m3
30%
600,000 m3 water
chment area
need be considered
tains 2,000,000 m3 water
jul
48mm aug
sep
714,000 m3 water
oct
nov
dec Data source: https://zh.weatherspark.com/
245
CURRENT RIVER SECTION RIVER DIRECTION
1660m
6
ROAD
5
ROAD
1310m ROAD
ROAD
ROAD
Jakarta river widening project 960m 3m
4m
4 ROAD
ROAD
620m
3 54m
ROAD
ROAD
61m
ROAD PARK
Data sourceďź&#x161;https://jakartasatu.jakarta.go.id/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ee9940006aae4a268716c11abf64565b
2
320m ROAD
ROAD PARK
1
0m DAM structure ROAD
ROAD
DAM
Pump stations
Plan river width limit
CURRENT RIVER SECTION design strategies
design process straight channel sediment distribution
01 reroute river & collect the sediment existing river
designed river channel rge tunnel
Change to bend channel
flooding discha
sediment distribution
seperate the sediment & water 02 Creating water bufferzone
25%
20%
30% sediment distribution
sediment pool 3
Creating sediment pools sediment pool 2 sediment pool 1
+40~60% water capacity Periodic clearing of sediment replenish groundwater
246
25%
WATER MODEL SIMULATION Velocity.(simulation ti
Velocity.(simulation time:335s) 1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
1
25
25 (10m)
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
10
5
5
5
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 55 (10m)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
1 1
5
10
15
Shear Stress Excess.(simulation time:335s) 1
5
10
15
1
Shear Stress Excess.( 1
25
25 (10m)
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
10
5
5
5
1 1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 55 (10m)
Velocity.(simulation time:51s) 1
5
1 1
Velocity.(simulation ti 10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
1
25
25 (10m)
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
10
5
5
5
1 1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 55 (10m)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Shear Stress Excess.(simulation time:51s) 1
5
10
15
1 1
Shear Stress Excess.( 1
25
25 (10m)
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
10
5
5
5
1 1
247
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 55 (10m)
1 1
Velocity.(simulation time:362s) 1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
5 (10m)
25
25 (10m)
0
20
20
5
15
15
0
10
10
5
5
5
1 m)
1 1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 55 (10m)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Shear Stress Excess.(simulation time:362s) 1
5 (10m)
030
35
40
45
50
5
10
15
25 (10m)
10
5
5
35
40
45
50
Velocity.(simulation time:362s)
20 55
15
0
1 30 m)
5
25
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20
55
25 (10m)
25
25 (10m)
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
10
5
5
5
1 1 55 (10m) 1
1
5
1
10
15
5
20
10
15
25
20
30
25
35
30
35
30
35
40
40
50
1 55 (10m)
45
50
55
50
10
5
1 55 (10m)
45
45
15
Shear Stress Excess.(simulation time:362s) 30
35
40
45
50
55
Velocity.(simulation time:177s) 1
5 (10m)
25
0
20
5
030
40
45
50
10
5
1
10
20
15
35
25 (10m)
25
5
15
10
20
15
20
25
25
30
35
40
40
45
25 (10m)
50
55
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
10
5
5
5
1 55 (10m)
1 1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 55 (10m)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
25 (10m)
20
15
10
Velocity.(simulation time:177s) 30
35
40
45
50
5
55
5
1 m)
1
1
5
25 (10m)
25
25 (10m)
20
20
20
1
5
10
15
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5
1 55 (10m)
50
15
15
Shear Stress Excess.(simulation time:177s) 1
5 (10m)
25
030
35
40
45
50
30
35
40
45
50
20
10
5
10
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
10
50
55
5
1 55 (10m)
5
1 1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 55 (10m)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
25 (10m)
20
Shear Stress Excess.(simulation time:177s) 55
5
15
0
10
5
30
1
40
45
248
50
10
15
25 (10m)
25
25 (10m) 15
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
10
5
1 35
5
10
5
1 m)
1
1 55 (10m)
5
5
5
10
1
15 1
20 5
25 10
15
30 20
35 25
30
40 35
45 40
45
50 50
5
1 55 (10m)
1 55 (10m)
WATER MODEL SIMULATION General river section
26
25
17
23
26
20
25
19
16
21
22
24
15
18
17
23 20
14
19
8
9
18
15
13
3 4
Reduce water impact Reduce water impact
16 21
22
24
8
5
450m
River sections
6
2
300m
12 7
Natural sedimentation Natural sedimentation
10
1
11
Water direction
River sections
6
1250m
750m 1050m
1250m
900m
750m 1050m
350m
900m
100m
600m
200m
350m
0m
500m
100m
Water direction
600m
River basin length
300m
24 25 23 24
1150m
7 8
22 23 1000m
21 22 20 21
1000m
19 20
6 7 850m
18 19
5 6 150m
4
17
850m
18
5 150m
3
750m
16
17
4 speed up the flow speed up the flow
5
1150m
9 10 8 9
11
Water direction
2526
10 11
13
10
4
12 13
450m
12
9 7
3
1
26
11 12
14 2
13
15
2 0m
3 1
750m
16
650m
2
14 Scale: 1:1000
15
legend:
200m 0m
500m
Water direction
River basin length
sediment distribution 0m
water body
1
650m
14 350m Scale: 1:1000
350m
legend: sediment distribution 300m
water body
300m
350m
Water direction
300m
50m
150m
250m
350m 200m
100m 300m 150m
250m
Water direction 50m
Wetland channel sections
200m
250m 350m
200m 300m
200m 300m
150m 250m
150m 250m
100m
100m
200m
200m 50m
50m
150m
150m 0m
0m
100m
100m
50m
0m
Scale: 1:600
50m
0m
Wetland channel sections Scale: 1:600
249
Flooding season
0m
250m 350m
Flooding season
0m 100m
Ordinary water-level Ordinary water-level
General river section- (wetland part)
Masterplan of Jakarta Cengkareng Drain Park
(Ordinary water-level)
1 13
2
28 3
14 4
12
15
29 18
11 17 16
33
9
5 21 7
6
8 22 31
30
250
10
0
23
46
92m
N
26
32
25
20 23 19
27
251
24
01.Outlet of drainage tunnel 02.Northwest entrance of the park 03.West entrance management house 04.Circular fitness track 01 05.Southwest entrance of the park 06.Viewing walkway 07.Sediment deposit pool 01 08.Sediment deposit pool 02 09.Sediment deposit pool 03 10.Museum of water conservation 11.Hydrophilic wooden plank road 12.Viewing wooden deck 13.Car park 14.Landscape bridge 15.Ornamental flower planting area 16.Central forest 17.Wetland 18.Tidal wetlands 19.Protected secondary forest 20. Circular fitness runway 02 21.The botanical garden 22.Civic square 23.Ecological artificial islands 24.Segregation greenbelt 25.East entrance of the park 26.Northeast Pedestrian entrance 27.South entrance of the park 28.North entrance management house 29.Flood discharge underground tunnel 30.Flood discharge tunnel entrance 31.Inlet of sedimentary channel 32.Protected secondary forest 33.Wetland walkway
CONSTRUCTION PLANNING Site construction sequence
forth stage(2year later) third stage(1.5year later) third stage(1.5year later)
first stage
second stage(1 year later)
first stage first stage: transfer the sediment nearby
Node perspectiveďź&#x2C6;sediment pool)
sediment pool
sedimen
252
pedestrain bridge
sediment pool
nt treatment house
rainforced riverwall 253
et
ide r oadn outs
& ri verb ur li nes cont o
d r roa
inne
w oo den walk path
run
buil
way
ding
s
ase
park layout
Masterplan of Jakarta Cengkareng Drain Park
(Flooding season)
1 13
2
28 3
14 4
12
15
29 18
11 17 16
33
9
5 21 7
6
8 22 31
30
254
10
0
23
46
92m
N
26
32
25
20 23 19
27
255
24
01.Outlet of drainage tunnel 02.Northwest entrance of the park 03.West entrance management house 04.Circular fitness track 01 05.Southwest entrance of the park 06.Viewing walkway 07.Sediment deposit pool 01 08.Sediment deposit pool 02 09.Sediment deposit pool 03 10.Museum of water conservation 11.Hydrophilic wooden plank road 12.Viewing wooden deck 13.Car park 14.Landscape bridge 15.Ornamental flower planting area 16.Central forest 17.Wetland 18.Tidal wetlands 19.Protected secondary forest 20. Circular fitness runway 02 21.The botanical garden 22.Civic square 23.Ecological artificial islands 24.Segregation greenbelt 25.East entrance of the park 26.Northeast Pedestrian entrance 27.South entrance of the park 28.North entrance management house 29.Flood discharge underground tunnel 30.Flood discharge tunnel entrance 31.Inlet of sedimentary channel 32.Protected secondary forest 33.Wetland walkway
a-aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; section
forest excavator
freshwater creek sediment pool
Reinforced riverbase
b-bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; section
Open wooden platform ornamental flpwer planting area freshwater creek flooding discharge tunnel
256
1250m 750m
aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
1050m
900m
car park bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 350m
600m
100m
b
200m 0m
a Water direction
wilding island
n exercise space
forest
257
500m
258
HOME AGAIN ZHANG Bingqian
The site is located in the northwest of Jakarta, adjacent to Kali Canal. It is a kampung with a history of more than 60 years. The study found that the Kali River has been widened in 2015, resulting in the forced demolition of more than 300 families in the surrounding area and moved to the new residential community along Daan Mogot Street, nearly 7km away. Since many residents were unwilling to be demolished and did not want to move to new tall buildings, this issue intensified the conflict between the government and residents, leaving the remaining people still living by the Kali River without a sense of belonging. At the same time, in Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2030 plan, the road along the Kali River will be rebuilt and widened to become a secondary road, which means their home will face demolition as well. Therefore, it is inevitable for them to leave, and, Jakarta â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s violent resistance to relocation shows that new living conditions must be carefully considered. This project aims to provide a new living environment that can provide them with the sense of belonging. The new residence will enable them to adapt to the high-rise building and participate in social production, resulting them treating it as home rather than a temporary residence. Through field investigation, it is found that in kampung, people manage themselves through the RT and RW system, which is one of the reasons why they do not want to move. Secondly, their income comes from each other, only a few people are factory workers, more than 40% of the households are engaged in informal sales activities like street vendors. In addition, it has many outdoor activities. And Kali River as their public area has become part of their daily lives. This design will reconsider people â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resettlement issues, making the site close to the river, and create different landscapes by introducing water from the river into residential and agricultural area. For better agricultural production, it is determined the most suitable cultivated land through sunshine analysis. And rivers introduced will provide the irrigation. In terms of living environment, the river will flow along each building to give people the familiar feeling of still living on the banks of the river. After satisfying self-sufficiency, they can obtain the sense of ownership and belonging again. At the same time, using farming activities as a catalyst can enhance sense of community, financial support, education, and branding.
259
LANDUSE MAP Location of the Kedaung Kali Angke
The site is located in the northwest of Jakarta, adjacent to Kali Canal. It is a kampung with a history of more than 60 years.
Landuse of the Kedaung Kali Angke
The kampung village consists of the school, shops, family industries, kindergarten, and the mosque.
260
RELOCATION HISTORY MAP From 2015 (in history) to 2020(in the future) 2030 City Plan: Road Expansion
Building
Kampung
2015 Kali River Expansion
Relocation Condition
139 families Kali Canal 2019-2030
Relocation Route
322 families Kali Canal 2014-2015 Daan Mogot
7.2Km
Resettlement Family
461 families Kali Canal 2015-2030
Kampung map near Kali River
LOCATIONS IN MEMORY Open spaces in kampung
261
RIPARIAN SPACE ACTIVITIES Kali River bank is the main open space
Kali River is not only the landscape unit, but also the open space for residents. People gather along the river to interact with each other.
RIPARIAN SPACE ACTIVITIES Kali River bank is the main open space
Kampung resident
Kali River
262
KAMPUNG SOCIAL DISTANCE Activities in kampung
Kampung resident Water tank
Hawker
Pipe
Sewer
Pipe
Waste water tank
Waste water tank
Residents use the water tank as daily life water use. and there is the underground tank used as wastewater storage.
263
ACTIVITIES IN KAMPUNG Hawkerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s route connects the important places.
play with water houses along river fishing 2.CHANGE .CHANGE OF LIFE NEAR RIVER
Legend Text (Minimum 5pt) XX XX XX
1.LOSS .LOSS OF PUBLIC SPACE
playground chatting corner flexible space 264
neighbou shops communi
3.LOSS OF
ISSUES IN RELOCATION From Kampung places to Highrise building
Compared with the rich activities in the kampung, the new settlement will meet the needs of people to communicate, and also affects the income of the shop.
urs
ity
F NEIGHBOURHOOD RELATIONSHIP
4.LOSS .LOSS OF PRODUCTION MODE
shopkeeper gas&water vegetable selling industry workers 265
APPLY KAMPUNG NEEDS TO RESETTLEMENT Combine the needs of kampung with the space in new residential area
This design combines the characteristics and activities of the kampung with a new way of living to provide suitable sites for future development of residents, hoping to provide a more suitable environment.
Demands of Kampung Residents Farming
Production methods Production
Legend Text (Minimum 5pt) XX XX XX
Sell
Activity
Trade
Festival
O
L Management
266
Organize
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Sub Heading - 10pt (Sentence Case)
Space needs
Role
land
Farm
Legend Text (Minimum 5pt) XX XX XX
t
Marke
Open
Living
d
groun
g
Buildin
267
DESIGN IDEAS Agricultural and Residential Integration System Using the farming production not only produce the vegetable and fruits, but also the increase of waste and pollution.
SECTION OF DESIGN Shade arrangement
268
SUNSHINE ANALYSIS
SUNSHINE ANALYSIS
by changing the location of buildings
Step 1.
Ord
inar
Step 2.
yR
Buil
esid
din
gs
on
Step 3.
enti
Div
al A
one
ers
rea
Step 4.
Cha
e liv
ngin
side
gB
uild
ing
ing
spa
Orie
ce
nta
tion
SUN TRACK ANALYSIS from 22/12 to 22/06 12
11
10 13
9
14
8
15
-150°
-135°
7
-165°
N
South 15°
165°
-120°
16
-15° -30°
30°
150°
6
-105°
-45°
45°
135° 17
East
-60°
60°
-75°
18
120° -75°
75°
105°
-60°
West
-45°
E
W 105°
13
14
15
12
11
10 8 7 6
-120°
120°
75°
-30°
-135°
135°
60°
-15°
-150°
150° 165°
45°
North 15°
11 h 10 h 9h 8h 7h 6h 5h 4h 3h 2h 1h 0h
269
-105°
9
16 17 18
S
-165°
30°
Step 5. 22/12 Winter Solstice
22/06 Summer Solstice 11 h 10 h 9h 8h 7h 6h 5h 4h 3h 2h 1h 0h
9h 8h 7h 6h 5h 4h 3h 2h 1h 0h
Start Time: 12/22 6:00:00 End Time : 6/22 18:00:00 LAT: -6°-8'-44" LON: 106°45'17"
MASTER PLAN along Kali River
a. Kali River
Body Text - 8pt font size, 11pt leading space (Sentence Case)
K J I . 22
a
l
i
R
K r i s t a l
1F
21
8F
d
1
2
o
a
13
b. Kampung area
R
3 8F
w
2
8F
N
e
4
8F
8
14
12 18
c. Kampung Area 270
d. Master plan of site
1F
LOCATION new site selection The ne site will be along the Kali river and equiped with the basic needs of the residents.
A. Location of the new site
N
Site Seletion Origin New Site
0
10
25
50M
B. Legend Residential Area
R
i
v
e
1
r
2
R o a d
3 4 19
5 6
1F
17
7
Building 1 Building 2 Building 3 Building 4 Building 5 Building 6 Building 7
Planting beds for Building
9
Pond with Rain garden
a
10
Open Space for Building
o
11
Planting Garden
R
12
Parking lot
13
Open Space
14
Market
w
15
Community Center
e
16
Primary School
17
Farming Research Center
18
Fruit Tree
19
Fruit Tree
20
Farming Land
21
Street Vendor
22
Sewage Treatment
d
8
N
Open Space
20
7 5
8F
8F
9
F
15
2F
3F
16
11 6
8F
10
N
e
271
w
R
o
a
d
e. legend
AERIAL VIEW show three-dimensional structure of the site From the aerial view, the layout helps to make the maximum of the sunshine area for planting. Besides, it produce the shade, partial shade and patial sunshine area.
272
Aerial view direction view also from the Kali river
273
SUNSHINE LAYOUT Produce area from shade to sunshine
The distribution of the farming land is a tributary of Kali River.
Different open spaces along the river
Planting beds for each building
274
Parking lot
FARMLAND DISTRIBUTION Relatively fair division scheme
OPEN SPACE
r.
Restore kampung life
Open Space
275
Center of
Ponds/Open space for
Community
Community
Planting Garden for Public
PLANTING PLAN Different planting methods
276
PLANTING LANDSCAPE Farming perspectives
Visiting perspectives
Living perspectives
277
DETAIL DESIGN Farming land Each building with a unit of farmland system
Drainage bank Use wood and rock to build the sewage system along the farmland.
278
RECYCLEING Slope Use old paper ... to build the division of each land.
Vision position
279
PERSPECTIVES Farmers view
280
FARMING ROUTE Farming related activities Farming activities are the main activities in this land and it contributes to the whole landscape, by planting and manage the lands.
281
PERSPECTIVES Visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; view
282
VISITORSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ROUTE Visiting related activities
283
PERSPECTIVES Residents view From community center to the sewage treatment station
284
RESIDENTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ROUTE Living related activities
285
ACTIVITIES People have different roles in the site, and the will meet at each public spaces, such as research center, market and community center. Farmer/Vendor
1
2 3
H
Roo
-Bu ome ildin g
fP -Bu lanting ildin g
Pla
n
tin -Op g beds en spa ce
Residents
1
4 6 5
7
2 Fa
3
rm -Fa ing rmla n
R
-Ro et Vend ads or ide
esti -Fa ng rmla
d
H
-Bu ome ildin g
Stre
nd
8 4
W
-Ou orking tsid e
6
e -1s tings t flo or
5
1
P
lan -Op ting en spa
3
Visitors
Me
ce
W
an -Fa dering rm land
R
esti -Riv ng ers id
4
e
Tak e
7
le
sso earc ns h ce n
Res
ter
2 Park
-Pa
ing
rkin
Fa
g lo
rm -Fa ing rmla n
t
d
-1s
king
t flo
Ha
vin Res g lesso earc n h ce
6
5 Ma
M
ee -1s tings t flo or
foo
or
d
nte
r M
ea -Co ls mm u
nity
2
3
R
esti -Riv ng ers id
cen
7
e
ter
8
1 7
Vis it
2
-Op ing en spa
1
3
O
ce
9
rde -Ho r Onlin e me
5
Ord e this r veg are etab a O les nlin fro m e
7 4 7
4
5
5
1
6
8
7
6 3 2
6
4
8
286
PERSPECTIVE 1 Community center The visions from day to night shows that the market and community center produce the ideal open space for the residence.
287
288
PERSPECTIVE 2 Farmland and research center
The wok on the land will lead to the unique landscape in the urban area.
289
290
PERSPECTIVE 3 Market
The residential area can support itself by producing food and experience of farming activities.
291
292
BEYOND THE [ D E ] FENCE Deterring crime & Building communities around river Apuran Ekta Rakholiya
The project concern start from very personal experiences during site visit regarding theft and presence of rehab centers. Through further studies, it is found that Indonesia was formally a transit country for drugs, with much of its supply coming from Europe and other parts of Asia.1 But During the last five years, the domestic manufacture of crystal math has increased and is predicted that Indonesia will soon rival Europe as a provider for the world’s MDMA consumption.2 This indicates high presence of organized crime and certainly unfolding prominently in Jakarta. Looking further into the issue, it is found that usually young adults of age group 15 to 35 tend to engage in such organized crime. Most of them are either unemployed youth or migrant workers. Digging deeper into what motivates them to engage in the drug trade, three major factors are found : 1. Quick money making - hence helps to achieve financial independence, 2. Strong sense of Community and brotherhood - as they are often unwelcomed lone migrants in the Urban centers3 3. Addiction Hence, the project aim is to create systems that not only deter crime but make a gradual transition towards healthier transformation of the society. This is done through three major strategies largely borrowed from theory “Defensible spaces : Crime prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) ”. This is achieved through three major strategies. 1. System Creations : To create cohesive society environment through job creation and social activities ; 2. Land use appropriation: To develop mix landuse and carefully re-laying road network to decrease the blind spots ; 3. On the ground : By transforming four different zones along the stretch of rive as per the immediate neighbourhood context. Drug trade is not just an urban problem but a “Landscape issue” as well. When the cities act as breeding ground for drug trade - in the backdrop, large mass of rural land is transformed to cultivate the plants used for these stimulants. I believe, the solution to this also lies in Urban landscapes reforms. The proposed design interventions make an attempt to act as a circuit breaker for smuggling issues in urban centers by creating better opportunities for social well being and financial independence of the people engaged in this risky industry. As the title suggests, the quest is to explore the idea of “Fence”; the notion of boundary and [de] fence i.e. the idea of “un-fencing” with the aim of “defence” against crime. Responding to the rapidly rising organized crime in Jakarta (especially the drug trade & narcotics addiction), this project aims to transform the four different zones around the portion of river Kali Apuran into a vibrant space that not only act as a programmatic defense against existing crime, but also provide opportunity to achieve social well-being and financial Independence, hence making a move towards a better tomorrow. On a broader spectrum, the proposal tend to touch upon defense against rising economic inequality and flood issues as well.
293
SITE EXPERIENCE & CRIME IN JAKARTA Further study into crime issues in Jakarta
Day 1// First day - first hour on site, Day 3// One of the team member Everyday// During daily site visits, UI team member’s phone got snatched received offer for the substance students protect us as bodygaurds. trade. Few member at front & few walking behind the whole group.
Hidden indicators// “Stop Narcotics” Out of bound zones// The area which we were denied to visit. signage around neighbourhood Apparently, it is breeding ground for drug dealers and the dealing areas indicating presnce of narcotics tend to happen in empty streets of formal settlement. and rehabe centers.
Crime issues and inequality in Jakarta// Drastic change in safety during day and night 294
Mapping Illicit trade// Data is accessed through seizures, law enforcement data and cross comparision with parallel legal markets Source// OECD task force on countering Illicit trade
OVERVIEW OF THE ISSUE sdsf
As the title suggests, the quest is to explore the idea of “Fence”; the notion of boundary and [de] fence i.e. the idea of “un-fencing” with the aim of “defence” against crime. Responding to the rapidly rising organized crime in Jakarta (especially the drug trade & narcotics addiction), this project aims to transform the four different zones around the portion of river Kali Apuran into a vibrant space that not only act as a programmatic defense against existing crime, but also provide opportunity to achieve social well-being and financial Independence, hence making a move towards a better tomorrow. On a broader spectrum, the proposal tend to touch upon defense against rising economic inequality and flood issues as well.
295
PROGRAMMATIC VISION Beyond the [de]fence
296
PROGRAMMATIC VISION AND EXISTING LANDUSE sdsf
297
PROPOSED LANDUSE
298
sdsf
299
ZONE 1 // BRIDGING THE GAP
300
sdsf
301
ZONE 2 // TENDING THE LAND
302
sdsf
303
ZONE 3 // RECREATING OPPORTUNITIES
304
sdsf
305
ZONE 4 // SHARED SPACES
306
sdsf
307
308
RECONFIGURATION OF RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE Written by CHENG Jing
Abstract By reconfiguring the land use to add and design green space, and increase the human activity function, to assume the role of communication and connection. Finally connecting that separates the density community. The river, North of Kali Angke, now is sandwiched between factories and residential areas. The hard revetment leads to poor water sensitivity with the monotonous landscape, lack of connection road, and vegetation. The land use around the riverbank, in addition to residential areas and factories, there are large areas of undeveloped land and landfills. The utilization rate of these areas is extremely low. Meanwhile, residential areas are densely populated and closed with a severe lack of open space. From what has been discussed above, there is insufficient space for daily activities and communication of the residents, resulting in the disconnection between the communities. Under Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2030 Masterplan, factories around the river will be turned into green trading and office areas. The closure of factories and the addition of residential areas have created new opportunities for riverbanks. But the government plan simply widens the river and increases the number of residential areas, leaving little to the landscape imagination. The main purpose of the project is to modify the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2030 Masterplan with the existing land use to increase the riparian space and community open space. All this space will take on the role of community connection after landscape modification. The first step is to the reconfiguration of the riparian and community open space by analyzing the government plans and existing site conditions. For the riparian corridor, where there are already dense residential areas, the hard revetment shall be retained to maintain the existing residential space. In the middle section of the river, the two banks are undeveloped areas and factories, according to the runoff direction the south bank is selected as the segments suitable part of the river to widen and enrich the landscape. For the planned green space, increase the available green space by selecting the unused space in the new green office area. In summary, according to the revised planning, riparian expansion and the site condition increase the available green space. As the amount of green space increases, a green space system is formed, connecting the communities. Then, according to the new green space system, a landscape bridge is built on both sides of the riverside green space to connect the two sides and form a new pedestrian system. The road system and pedestrian system based on the new planned green space system also play the role of connecting the community. These green spaces will assume the responsibility for urban parks, playgrounds, and other activities of the residents. As the volume of residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activity and communication increases, the connectivity of the community will increase, ultimately eliminating the community disconnection.
309
RECONFIGURATION OF RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE BASEMAP Satellite image
Building density
High density residential area in the west part of the river Human flow&Disconnection Vehical flow
SECTION Existing Waterfront spatial change and disconnection
ISSUE Community Disconnection Lack of public space Monotonous riparian landscape
310
RECONFIGURATION OF RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE LANDUSE Existing landuse
Government MASTERPLAN OF JAKARDA 2030
Blocked community, undeveloped area, and industry Revised plan
Community inner green space Water flow
Decide the location about widening the river Unused spcae
Community surrounding green space increased
Adequate green space Connection system
Limitation Building Residential Flat Water Industry Greenspace Service building Education
Pedestrain Vehical Building
µ 0
311
150
Green Space Water Meters 300
Industry
1
2 3
4
312
MASTERPLAN
5
6
313
PERSPECTIVE
1 Intersection of two river
2 Introduce the water into community
4
3 Stepped water sensitive platform
Water sensitive platform
6
5 Meandering walkway
314
Connection of the two riverside park
SECTION Before
Narrow、Monotonous and Hardscaope
AERIAL VIEW
315
Government
Widen、Monotonous and Hardscaope
After
Widen、Multiple and Softscaope
316
REGENERATION OF THE VERNACULAR WATER LANDSCAPE TANAKA Mamiko
Each city or region has a historical process that is continuous from its inception to the present. By discovering the modern meaning and illuminating it, we can find clues to create unique values. Based on this belief, I proposed regeneration of the vernacular water landscape in Jakarta. After independence, Jakarta has been transforming for over 60 years. Through urban development, water has slowly evaporated from the mental map of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents. The industrial transformation and the change in lifestyle create a distance between people and water. At the same time, the change of land use and complex roads covered by asphalt weaken the presence of water from the topography. As a result, water culture has been altered to be a frustrating issue. Additionally, the current water management ways cause social and environmental problems while keeping the water away from humans. Therefore, based on the historical analysis, the interview, and the current land use, I proposed a floodable park and new types of agricultural communities with new water flow which would flow from west to north in the site. Both programs would create opportunities to appreciate water in life while managing flooding. In addition, in the intersection area, all people, including who belongs to different types of communities, could build an interactive relationship between themselves. That would enhance the sustainability and resilience on the site. From the satellite map of 2004, I extracted the previous paddy field pattern. The pattern color suggests the subtle height difference and possibility of flood. I used this pattern for the master plan to rekindle historical connection. In order, I designed the topography, water flow, zoning, and land use by using it. In short, expanding the project based on the historical analysis in each site, water would penetrate lifestyle and topography like the vein. That would create a more sustainable and resilient society in Jakarta .
317
ANALYSIS Issue and Background Nowadays, water culture has been altered to be a frustrating issue. People disconnect with water physically and mentally. However, due to frequency, people perceived floods in the delta areas as natural and normal. Primary industries such as agriculture and fisheries, were operated based on natural cycles including floods.
Issue Disconnection with Water 1. Negative images for water and rivers 2. Missing opportunities to appreciate water in life 3. Physical distances from river and oceans
Background Geographical Condition
318
ANALYSIS City Scale Analysis Historically, people used to be living with water in Jakarta. During the colonial era, the offensive approach towards nature and water brought from Dutch implemented.The Ciliwung River was diverted through a network of irrigation channels, spilling into the agriculture areas. After independence,
Used to be Living with Water
Transition of Water Management Way Jayakarta The Javanese kingdoms avoided low lands. Wetland
Colonial Era Canal System 1.Overflowed water from the hinterland to prevent upstream flooding. 2.Transported goods to inland area by small ships and boats 1.Provided the city with water when the flow of the Cilliwung river coud fall. Challenged controlling flood while actively utilizing water Paddy Fields and Aerable Lands
After Independence River Normalization 1. Widen the river and the roads. 2. Cover the riverbank by concrete 3. Evict the Kampong residents Keep the water away from humans
Urban Development
319
ANALYSIS Neighbourhood Scale Analysis From the previous satellite maps, I analyzed the transistion of greenery and water on the site. Continuous housing development has eliminated the rich greenery and create distance from water.
Transition of Greenery and Water 2004
2012
Mosaic of Land Cover
Loss of Paddy Field Residential Development
2010
2018
River Normalization(West) Residential Development
River Normalization(West) Creation of new types of Greenery
Current Land Use and Human Circulation Under Planning 1) Kampong Relocation 2) Casa Jardin Residence Expansion
3) Zoning Map 2014
320
Legend Land Use Gated Community Kampong Other Residential Industries Others
Human Circulation Main Flow Gated Community Flow Kampong Flow Residential Flow
ANALYSIS Design Concept Through the agricultural process, all types of residents could appreciate nature and water. That would promote sustainability by local consumption of what is produced locally. In the urban floodable park, people could enjoy water activites and feel relaxed along the river. The park would serve as flood control eservoir. That would enhance the resilience on the site.
Urban Floodable Park and Urban Agricultural Communities Kampong Relocation Area Other Residential Area
CE NK AR E
NG
DR AIN
Sustainable and Resilience Rain Garden Paddy Field, Wetland Treatment Pond
Intersection Area
Reservoiur
Floodable Park
Farm Pond
Gated Community Area
Urban Agricultural Communities
Urban Floodable Park
Agricultural Process
Activity List Observe and Touch Nature
Cultivate
Harvest
Consume
Ă&#x2014;
Catch Fish
Fishing
Process
Catch Insects
Watch Birds
Take Photos
Enjoy Sports and Exercise
Blessings of Nature Eat
Jogging
Walking
Orchard
Paddy Field
Cycling
Footsal
Badminton
Feel Refreshed and Communicate
Sell Field
Natural Song
Sitting
Meditation
Vendor
Eco Education
Growth Cycle and Harvest Calendor Rambutan
Salak
Jeruk Bali
Kesemek
Melon
Mango
Durian
Banana
Orange
Fruit
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Planting
Vegetable
321
Year Around First Crop Second Crop Third Crop
Paddy Field Mid Season
Chili
Cabbage
Tomato
Soy Bean
Bayam
Coriander
Harvest Red Onion
Chinese Cabbage
Carrot
Onion
Paprica
Cassava
Corn
Ginger
Cucumbers Bean Petai
Mustard Green
Sweet Potato Zucchini
Peanuts
MASTER PLAN AND DESIGN STRATEGY Succeed Previous Paddy Field Pattern From the satellite map of 2004, I extracted the previous paddy field pattern. The pattern color suggests the subtle height difference and possibility of flood. I used this pattern for the master plan to rekindle historical connection.
Intersection Area
322
Land Use Fish Pond Wetland Paddy Field Agricultural Field Orchard Lawn Residential Others
Land Use
Area Gated Commuity Kampong Other Residenctial Park Plot Innundation Innundation(flood) Park Area Non Innundation Kampong Other Residential Residential Gated Community Area Public
Zoning
Water Flow Main Waterway Sub Waterway Reservoir Farm Pond Treatment Pond
Water Flow
Elevation(m) 3.0 ~ 3.9 2.0 ~ 2.9
Non-Innundation
1.0 ~ 1.9 Innundation(Flood) 0 ~ 0.9 -1.0 ~ -0.1 -2.0 ~ -1.1 Innundation(Usual) ~ -2.1
Topography
Satellite Map 2004 0
323
20
50
100 (m)
Aďż˝
Market Square Factory workers come to buy lunch from the opposite bank.
Cďż˝ Paddy Field
Play Field
Parking Space (motorcycle)
Wash Space and Dry Field
Canoe Deck
Garbage Dump
Purification Pond Primary Sedimentation Tank
This terrace is close to the water surface.
Riverside Terrace
A
Public Sanitary
Secondary Sedimentation Tank Pocket Park Small Pond
Final Sedimentation Tank
Promnade
Riverside Walk Work Hut
Rain Garden
Community Plaza Community Garden
Morning market is opened on the weekend. Food vendors are gathering every day.
Edible Garden Paddy Field
Restaurant and Shop Residents consume the agricultural product loccally at the restraunt and the shop.
Orchard
Farm Pond The pond serves as a boundary.
Community Center
Management Office
All types of residents interact with each other. A Harvest festival and the wedding ceremonies are held on the front lawn.
Gate
Farm Pond
Riverside Terrace This terrace is close to the water surface.
Paddy Field
Rest Area and Work Hut
C
Waterway
Farm Pond
The pond serves as a boundary.
Park Center This building serves as a local information center and rest area.
Fish Pond
Rest Area and Work Hut
Farm Pond
Paddy Field
Community Park Park Pavillion
This is a park for residents of the gated communities.
People can learn about the history o the site and the natural environmen and flooding.
Farm Pond Line of Trees Along the main street of the gated community, trees, including the exsiting ones, are lined up.
Intersection Area Section Vegetable Field (Gated Community)
C
324
Farm Pond
Orchard
Community Center
INTERSECTION AREA PLAN AND SECTION
Riverside Board Riverside Terrace
Canoe Deck
Kampong Area Section
Stepping Stones
B�
Promenade
Outside Kitchen
Wash Space and Dry Field
Paddy Field
A
A’ B
Wetland
Floodable Park Section
of nt
Wetland
Lawn Field
B’ B
Edible Garden
Promenade
Treatment Pond
Play Ground
C’
325
PERSPECTIVE Orchard handing down the memory of the land
At the center of the intersection area, I proposed the orchar area. Fruits attract both people and wild animals, and some trees have a long harvesting cycle. The orchard would become a place to handing down the memory of the land. 326
PERSPECTIVE Urban floodable park enhancing the resilience on the site.
People would get in touch with nature and water.
The riverbed and wetland would enhance flood resilience.
327
328
SPACES IN AND BETWEEN: A LANDSCAPE APPROACH FOR A COHESIVE MIXED CLASS COMMUNITY Shao Zhongran A settlement started to thrive in the northeast corner of nowadays Kedaung Kali Angke since the 1980s as the city of Jakarta sprawled. However, the community gradually split up as the public space encroached by the houses when the population boosted. The situation got even worsened after the government expanded the canal Kali Apuran in the year 2014. People feel disconnected with others living on the other side of the canal, and the tension between different classes is soaring. This proposal aims to provide an alternative for those settlements with familiar challenges through three strategies. The first imperative is inserting public spaces functionally into the community. According to the study of residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; behavior pattern, people live in different parts of the site have their own preference for the public space. The ones living along the canal reckon on a re-connection with another side. Most lower-class families in the kampung have to share water and sanitary facilities with others while such space is currently disorganized, so they prefer more space with infrastructures among the kampungs. The higher-class families have larger private living space, in comparison, they show more interest in space with unique features like fitness, entertainment, and meditation. Tiny unutilized spaces are supposed to turn to venues to bring the community together through this strategy. In the second strategy, the existing road networks are renovated to improve connections between public spaces created. Partially uncovered drainage, undecorated front door area, lack of street greenery, and monotone paving styles make the existing road system a dull space for the residents. To transform the roads into an authentic zone for living and extend peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s range of movement, different types of roads are given their own identities by reforming the sections and adding road infrastructures. The paving varies in specific segments to indicate the public spaces surrounding. Also, the roads present motorists and drivers with a succession of both physical and visual restraints designed to encourage slow driving which also make it friendly to pedestrians. The third strategy is about reforming buildings and structures. The RW office and the mosque are the buildings tend to have the greatest impact upon the community in the village. Extending the function of the RW office into a community center and making a physical upgrade of both can help create hotspots in the village. Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more, to boost the north-south connection in the village and highlight the two public buildings, a 1-storey high footbridge is proposed between them, with a roof garden and roof platform along the route. By creating the system of patches-network-hotspots, the proposal integrates the kampung village to a livable place as well as a cohesive community for people with different backgrounds in a regional context.
329
SITE LOCATION Jakarta, Indonesia
Cengkareng, West Jakarta
Northwest of Keduang Kali Angke Area: 5.1 ha
Mosque canal
Cengkareng Drain canal RW Office SDN elementary school
Motorcycle parking shed
CRITICAL ISSUE AND VISION Informal settlements crowded along the canal, residents were united.
2
Houses along the canal were demolished, families moved away.
m
2014
10
m
Expansion of canal Kali Apuran - People along Kali Apuran feel more connected to the people on the other side than the people who lives in housing blocks of higher class. - The relationship between classes deteriorated after the expansion of the canal in 2014. - The people in the kampung are relatively independent, and do not really engaged in community activities of the region.
330
3 household types
Upper-middle class house
Lower-middle class house
Informal settlements
Private sanitary facilities; big private courtyard fenced.
Private sanitary facilities; Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have much space for courtyards;
People share public sanitary facilities; Blocks divided by alleys; highest population density.
7.2%
8.8%
higher-middle class lower-middle class informal settlement (kampung)
52.6%
60.1%
38.6%
Area of 3 household types
lack of cohesion in mixed-class area
32.7%
Quantity of houses
Unite people beyond both physical and socio-economic barriers public living space range of movement
Current 331
Vision
SITE ANALYSIS Type of space Unutilized space tiny and sporadic
Group Floor level
1 floor 2 floor 3 floor
Time residential
Land use
shop + residential shop school water & gas shop home factory
Type of activity
mosque pumping station office
Traffic flow
Accessbility car and motorcycle allowed motorcycle allowed
Road hierarchy
primary (>6 m) secondary (5-6 m) tertiary (3-5 m) alley (1-2.5 m)
Drainage
covered uncovered/partially covered
Road material
mud and gravel cement asphalt
332
Space requirem
Chatting & re Wa F Enterta Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS public living space in bank of the canal the kampung
RW office
mosque
elementary school
vehicular roads
chat
pray
play, vendor
children playing
kampung alley
12 pm
9 pm
y chat, laundry
ments
elaxing ashing Fitness aining s area
333
chat, play along the canal
chat, play
STRATEGY PROPOSAL 1. Inserting public spaces
facilitate
connect improve
2. Improving road connections
connect
Patches
Network
3. Reforming buildings and structure
Hotspot
334
MASTER PLAN
FL-1 rubber paving, mixed colour FL-2 stone floor, irregular FL-3 polywood lumber FL-4 concrete drainage tile, grey FL-5 grass paving blocks FL-6 ashlar brick floor, dark tone FL-7 stretcher bond tile, mixed red FL-8 herringbone tile, mixed grey FL-9 cobblestone, beige FL-10 running bond stone, pink tone
335
STRATEGY 1- PATCHES: INSERTING PUBLIC SPACES Public living spaces among the kampung Public living space I
Public living space II
Public living space III
336
Tiny unutilized spaces are sporadically transformed into venues to bring the community together according to the study upon residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; behavior pattern.
Among higher-middle & lower-middle class houses Sunken platform
Fitness area
Around the elementary school Public living space II
337
STRATEGY 2- NETWORK: IMPROVING ROAD CONNECTIONS before
after
no entry for cars cars allowed
Jl. Zamrud II
Jl. Zambrud
338
Roads are given identities by reforming the sections and adding road infrastructures. Varying road paving and programs present motorists and drivers with a succession of both physical and visual restraints designed to encourage slow driving which also make guidance for pedestrians to nearby public spaces.
Jl. Badar
Jl. Badar
339
STRATEGY 3- HOTSPOTS: REFORMING BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURE Making physical upgrades of the mosque and extending the functionality of the RW (Rukun Warga, the division of regions under the Village) office into a community center can help unite all residents. To boost the north-south connection and highlight the two buildings having the greatest impact upon the community, a 1-storey high footbridge is proposed between them with a platform and a roof garden along the route.
mosque public living space scaffolding roof garden community center (RW Office)
340
PATCH - NETWORK - HOTSPOT Color spectrum & Section
Aerial view
341
342
343
344
VIBRANT STREETS A Street-led Approach to an Improved Communal Fabric Poornima Bargotra In most kampungs, the street is a channel of movement, a communication space, a place of social and commercial encounters, and most of all, the only public space available. It has a symbolic value, holding an importance as a ceremonial space in the neighbourhood. They tend to be multifunctional and multi-layered instead of clearly zoned areas of uses and types, further resonating the vibrancy of these shared streets. The chosen site is located in Kedaung Kali Angke, a neighbourhood situated in the North West part of the dense city of Jakarta, Indonesia. With an area of 3.1ha and about 250 households, it comprises of diverse housing and road typologies. Through the adoption of multiple strategies, the aim of this project is to leverage the dynamic nature of the streets as natural conduits of the kampung, and reinvigorate the overall neighbourhood and kampung fabric through a “bang for the buck” approach. It is to look at streets as not just a physical entity for mobility and connectivity, but also as the familiar public realm where social, cultural and economic activities thrive efficiently. The first strategy is to redefine the streets by looking at how the residents tend to use the space. It is done by studying the current human activities and chalking out possible scenarios for new layers of active programming accordingly – by the use of various placemaking tools focusing on recreational, educational, economic and cultural necessities. These tools are designed with keeping the existing essence of multi-functionality in mind. This overall approach will also act as “social equalisers” which will bring households together, and further enable and provide space for activities while maintaining the integrity of the existing socio-economic conditions. The second strategy is to re-imagine new road typologies by proposing effective changes to the existing that can be prioritised according to the level of intervention and improvement, thus determining the cost factor. A mix of various approaches- comprising of road widening, tactical redefinition of road directionality and typology are set out to enhance the streetscape in terms of a planning standpoint. Road and green infrastructure tools are used – for example, introducing rain gardens, vegetated swales and permeable paving strategically. The third strategy is to formalise certain parts of the streets to create designated activity zones by studying the present typology of building uses, their locations and conditions. This approach will ensure that the parts of the streets selected for improvement are actually the ones that are likely to generate the highest impact on the optimisation of the land use - where the residents benefit not just socially, but also economically by now allowing space for commercial activities. By carrying out the above strategies and the various tools - the design envisions a street led approach to an improved communal fabric, while also trying to achieve the most impact out of the least invasive and costly interventions. The proposal can also become a possible model that can be adaptable to other similar sites.
345
BACKGROUND Streets as an opportunity for improvement Shared Streets - A linear connection that facilitates multiple activities STREET AS
STREET AS
STREET AS
A GATHERING
PLAYGROUND
WEDDING VENUE
PLACE
STREET AS COMMUNITY GARDEN
Importance of Streets A framework
Why streets? In most kampungs, the street is a channel of movement, a communication space, a place of social and commercial encounters, and most of all, the only public space available. It has a symbolic value, holding an importance as a ceremonial space in the neighbourhood. They tend to be multi-functional and multi-layered instead of clearly zoned areas of uses and types, further resonating the vibrancy of these shared streets.
346
PRESENT ACTIVITY ANALYSIS Classifying activities in the stsreets of Jakarta Kampungs
Activity Framework These activities happen along roads and streets, depending on their size and proximity to areas such as mosques, schools or even the waterfront. After studying these existing activities, three main design strategies come in to play.
347
SITE LOCATION Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke Housing types in site: Informal settlements - 1-2 storey semi-permanent housing - Direct connection to the streets - Houses usually divided by alleyways - Sharing of facilities
CITY Jakarta, Indonesia
Lower middle class housing - Gated houses with no open space - Spill out as a semi private space (usually for gardening)
NORTH
Upper middle class housing - Gated houses with courtyard - Lined along the main road, close to school & convenience stores
Gated houses w/ developed road infrastructure
WEST
CENTRAL
NEIGHBORHOOD Kedaung Kali Angke, West Jakarta A
Selected site data:
pur
250+ households Total Area: 3.1ha Population: 1000 (approx.) River edge condition on West & South side
an
SOUTH
Riv
EAST
Showing general road density and road structure
Drain
er
ren
g
low density
kenv
Pe
Moo
sin
gR
ive
r
Ce
ng
ka
high density
art D
rain
Bound by drains & rivers on all four sides
Neighbourhood scale data: Total Area of neighbourhood: 261 hectares Total Population: 36100 With 10 RWâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (Division of regions under the village)
The chosen site is located in Kedaung Kali Angke, a neighbourhood situated in the North West part of the dense city of Jakarta.
Design concept & strategies Along Apuran
Shopfront
Shopfront
Mosque
Primary school
Shopfront
Along Cengkareng
STRATEGY 01:
STRATEGY 02:
STRATEGY 03:
Chalk out new activities by studying existing
Re-imagine new road typologies by proposing
Formalize parts of the streets to create
activities
effective changes to the existing.
designated activity zones by studying the
Thinking: Introduce placemaking tools focusing on
Thinking: Road widening, tactical redefinition of
recreational, educational, economic and cultural
road directionality & infrastructure improvement
present typology of building uses.
necessities.
Thinking: Connecting these buildings to the streets through paving change, delineation strategies and appropriate placemaking introduction.
348
ROAD & BUILDING USES STUDY Analysis - existing road typology
7.5m
ain reng dr 2.5m cengka ide 50m w
Ap an
ur
Primary Road
tion vegeta neous cut off s g in build expansion due to
sponta
ve
Ri r Jl.
Jl.
ad
mud ro
Za
7.0m
Secondary Road
ud
br
Jl. Zamrud
m
Jl. Kapuk Pulo
river apuran e 10m wid
Jl.
Cengkareng Drain
n ra pu li A I I d ru
m
Ka
Za
Jl. Mustika
nting
de pla
roadsi
a
tion are
recrea
potted
Jl. Biduri Bulan
3.0-6.0m
Tertiary Road back of
Jl. Kristal
plants
cing use fa
y the alle
ho
Alleyways 0.9-1.5m
Analysis - existing building uses
n ra
u Ap
Economic impact: Opportunity for shop-front decks
r ve
Ri
Cengkareng Drain
Strategy: Using the existing building uses to study where certain insertions can be made - where the residents benefit not just socially, but also economically by now allowing space for commercial activities. Cultural impact: Opportunity for mosque plazas Primary School & Kindergarten Shops (Convenience Stores) Mixed Used (Including warungs)
Educational & economic impact: Opportunity for street vendors & schoolyards
Mosque Office (RW & Law Office) Water & Gas Shop Open Space Residential
349
STRATEGY 01 Chalk out new activities by studying existing activities
350
The first strategy is to redefine the streets by looking at how the residents tend to use the space. It is done by studying the current human activities and chalking out possible scenarios for new layers of active programming accordingly â&#x20AC;&#x201C; by the use of various placemaking tools focusing on recreational, educational, economic and cultural necessities.
351
STRATEGY 02 Re-imagine new road typologies by proposing changes to the existing One of the strategies is to re-imagine new road typologies by proposing effective changes to the existing roads. A mix of various approaches- Giving more space for pedestrian on roads by the tactical redefinition of road directionality and typology are set out to enhance the streetscape in terms of a planning standpoint. Road and green infrastructure tools are used â&#x20AC;&#x201C; for example, introducing rain gardens, sidewalks and permeable paving strategically. More space for public -Swales -Community Gardens -Pathways 6m
3m
Reducing road widths Change in directionality accordingly
Current Road Typology Existing roads Road directionality
Converting primary roads along waterway to pedestrianized communal streets
Reducing tertiary roads to one way, giving more space for public space
Proposed Road Typology Re-imagined road typology by reducing width and re-configuringRoads road directionality Existing Green/public space gained due to narrowing
Benefits of re-configuration of road
of roads
typology:
Newly introduced communal public streets
Increase in public space: 45%
Road directionality
352
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE TOOLS Break-outs
Stormwater Planter
Permeable Paver
For larger root space
For roadside greenery
To be used in alleyways, parking lots & newly introduced sidewalks
Permeable Asphalt To be used in primary roads Covered tree trench
Rain Garden
For tertiary roads with minimal space
For planting areas along the river
Permeable Concrete Permeable
To be used in tertiary roads & event areas (colored concrete)
concrete Stormwater
Rain
Planter Grasscrete permeable pavers
Garden
for parking areas Permeable asphalt
Other Street Tools
n
rai
gD
ren ka
ng
Ce Crossings
Chicanes
Speed table & Crossings
To slow traffic
For safe pedestrian access
Bump-outs
Speed bump & Water table
To delineate parking areas
To slow traffic & direct water
Permeable Pavers
Example - Application of the tools
353
MASTER PLAN Apuran Multi-Functional Scape
By carrying out the different strategies and the various tools - the design envisions a street led approach to an improved communal fabric, while also trying to achieve the most impact out of the least invasive and costly interventions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; but still respecting the existing activities. The design plan highlights these various interventions.
Cengkareng Walk
Shopfront
Streets
Shopfront
Mosque Shopfront
Primary School
0
354
10
20
50m
Mosque Govt Office
STRATEGY 03 Formalizing sections of streets according to existing building uses
0
5m
Section AA’* Along Tertiary road (Jl. Badar) near primary school
Section BB’* 0 5m Along proposed communal street & existing primary road (Jl. Zamrud)
Section CC’* 0 5m Along Kali Apuran (primary road) converted into a communal street with alleyway connections *Refer to masterplan on left for location of these sections 355
ESSENCE OF MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY As the road along Cengkareng drain is now transformed into a fully pedestrianised zone, the design envisions to be multi-functional throughout the length of the street, with change in paving and placemaking playing a major role. Tools such as fishing pavilions, waterfront steps and picnic areas are proposed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; paying homage to how people already use this space.
3 9
3
7
6
1
10 2
5
8
4
11
1. Existing Road (7.0m) 2. Proposed parking area 3. Existing roadside greenery 4. Street front steps 5. Flexible schoolyard 6. Waterfront seating 7. Fishing pavilion 8. Lookout deck 9. Picnic area 10. Bike path - 3.0m (integrated with existing covered drain) 11. Waterfront steps
4
3
2 1
1. Weekend market deck 2. Flexible schoolyard as an extension to the market (multi-functional space) 3. Weekend fish market 4. Weekend picnic
356
8m
3m 2m
Flexible area with permeable paving & floor markings that can be changed accordingly
FLEXIBLE SCHOOLYARD
PLAYING
GATHERING
Activity Spatial Elements Location
PLAYING
GATHERING
SEATING
SPECIAL PAVING
COMMUNAL STREET
Complexity
LEARNING
Age Group Steps bringing people closer to the waterfront
Activity RELAXING
Spatial Elements
FISHING
GATHERING
SEATING
Location RIVERFRONT
Complexity
WATERFRONT STEPS
Age Group RELAXING
FISHING
GATHERING
Lighting & way-finding integration
PICNIC AREA
RELAXING
GATHERING
Activity Spatial Elements
RELAXING
GATHERING
SEATING
LIGHTING
RIVERFRONT
COMMUNAL STREET
SELLING
GATHERING
SEATING
PAVILION
Location Complexity
BUSKING
WAYFINDING
Age Group Lightweight low cost tensile structure
Activity Spatial Elements
FISH MARKET
Location RIVERFRONT
SELLING
GATHERING
Complexity
FISHING
Age Group Space for temporary structures
Activity Spatial Elements
GATHERING
VENDING
SPECIAL PAVING
RECYCLED MATERIAL
Location
MARKET DECK
RIVERFRONT
357 GATHERING
VENDING
RELAXING
Complexity Age Group
TEMP. PAVILION
ARTISTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S IMPRESSION Bringing the elements together
By carrying out the design strategies, the design envisions to improve streets but still staying true to the basic essence of these streets - which comprises of the existing human activities. The artistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impression here shows how some of these placemaking tools and elements come together - with a design derived from the people and designed for the people. 358
359
360
LIVABLE RIVERSPACE Lim Wenfa
Observation shows that activities conducted along the streetscape of Kedaung Kali Angke were disorganized. These disordered activities mismatch the way how public space should be designed and how people are using it. Fishing being one of those common activities along the streetscape was, in fact, a supplementary food source for the locals. Despite knowing that the rivers are polluted, some local continues to fish for food while some treated it as a form of leisure. According to research, water quality would gradually improve by 2026 due to the implementation of processing household wastewater before pumping into the rivers started in 2019. Therefore, it is highly encouraged to put this implementation into good use by concurrently reinvigorate the aquatic habitat of the river. This would benefit the supplementary food source and as well provides ecological values/hotspots to the region. As such, the project focuses on fishing as the design driver and aquatic habitat creation to inform the spatial design. The project also envisioned to enable human access to above the riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space through integration with the process of aquatic habitat creation. Cengkareng river is chosen as the foundational river as most of the activities can be found clustering there. Elevated decks will be implemented as integration to the aquatic habitat to create elevated space for activities such as kiosk market, fishing, and other community events. The spatial designs will be driven by the creation of aquatic habitat in 3 intervention segments. In the first segment, to mimic a calm aquatic environment that will improve the fish population, half of the existing park will be merged with the river into a wetland park. This wetland park not only filters but also reduces the flow of water. The wetland park will also serve as an attraction to attract users with its openness and access to clean water to conduct a wider range of outdoor activities. In the second segment, the second half of the existing park will be integrated with the elevated kiosk market to provide seating space for users. The vertical supporting structure of the elevated decks will be attached with artificial aquatic habitat modules made from recycled materials to create a favorable environment for fishes to mingles and refuge. While this artificial habitat module primarily functions are to mimic the aquatic environment, they also trap solid wastes and can be easily removed and maintained. In the last segment, elevated fishing space will be extended to the mid-river to enhance fishing productivity. Fishing rod holders, benches, and wider spaces will be installed to enhances the fishing experience. Series of sponge vegetations will also be introduced to provide foods and hiding spots for fishes while distanced exposed water surfaces away from the riverbank to prevent unintended fishing activity. From this project, the idea of using the riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space to create new spaces for activities and therefore reorganize an otherwise disordered streetscape can be applied to other similar contexts in Jakarta.
361
SITE ANALYSIS Street Activities Map
Project Location
Legend Football court Non-sheltered restpoint Sheltered restpoint Biker restpoint Poultry cages Rubbish point Plastic collection Mass garbage collection Groundcable installation Fruit stalls Food stalls/Kiosks Fishing Playground Lawn maintenance Flower stall/Gardening
Ownership Map
Legend Land owned by residents Land owned by government Unlisted land
Neighbourhood Scale Context 362
PROJECT FOCUS Fishing Activity
Fishing despite raining
Fishing along riverbank
Fishes caught are kept in tank
Net fishing
Fishing, despite knowing that the fish they eat was contaminated by polluted water. “The fish doesn’t taste good anymore, we eat it because we have to fill our stomachs with food.” Channel NewsAsia (CNA), 2018 The government developed the Jakarta Sewerage System (JSS) to process household waste water before pumped into rivers. The system is expected to reduce pollution in Jakarta’s 13 rivers. The construction can begin in 2020. The project is set to finish in 2026. The Jakarta Post, 2018
PROJECT VISION
Reinvigorate Aquatic Habitat
Fishing as the design driver
363
Aquatic habitat creation informs spatial design
Enabling human access to above river’s space
CHOSEN SITE LOCATION Cengkareng River
Before
CHOSEN SITE CONTEXT
Preschool
Playground
Plant stalls
364
DESIGN PROCESSES
More activity spaces created
Expansion of green area
Opens to water bodies
Expansion of waterspace
More accessibility
365
MASTERPLAN 366
DESIGN PROCESSES
Fishes
FOCUS AREA
367
WETLAND PARK A calm aquatic environment that will improve fish population, half of the existing park will be merged with the river into a wetland park. This wetland park not only filter but also reduces flow of water. The wetland park will also serve as an attraction to attracts users with its openness and access to clean water to conduct a wider range of outdoor activities.
SECTION A-A
Typha angustifolia
368
Colocasia esculenta
Juncus effusus
Heteranthera dubia
Before
369
KIOSK MARKET & AQUATIC HABITAT CREATION Second half of the existing park will be integrated with the elevated kiosk market to provide seating space for users. Vertical supporting structure of the elevated decks will be attached with artificial aquatic habitat modules made from recycled materials to create a favourable environment for fishes to mingles and refuge. While this artificial habitat modules primarily functions are to mimic the aquatic environment, they also trap solid wastes and can be easily removed and maintained.
SECTION B-B
370
Before Series of sponge vegetations will also be introduced to provide foods and hiding spots for fishes while distanced exposed water surface away from the riverbank to prevent unintended fishing activity.
371
KIOSK MARKET & AQUATIC HABITAT CREATION Aquatic habitat devices
Detail 1
Detail 2
372
373
KIOSK MARKET & AQUATIC HABITAT CREATION Aquatic habitat modules
Detail 3
Detail 4
374
No screw/nut Habitat friendly joinery
Before Before
Aquatic habitat devices
CONSTRUCTION DETAIL 375
FISHING DECK & CRUSTACEANS HABITAT CREATION Elevated fishing space will be extended to the mid river to enhance fishing productivity. Fishing rod holders, benches and wider spaces will be installed to enhances fishing experience.
SECTION C-C
376
Before
Aquatic habitat modules
Detail 5
Detail 5
377
REFLECTIONS
378
We had the opportunity to visit Jakarta and work alongside UI students, which was a fruitful collaboration. Studying about the local community was eye opening and I was immediately intrigued by how people use the limited outdoor spaces (in the dense setting of the settlements) and make it their own. This led my project - to design for the community but by investigating impact out of the least invasive and costly interventions. I began to dive a lot into the socio-economic dynamics of the kampung and the multi-functional aspect of spaces. Throughout the process, I learnt to be self-critical, and focus on my rational my time management and prioritization. Excited to use the knowledge gained and see what the next studio has in store! Bargotra Poornima The studio offered me different perspectives on designing an adaptive landscape for Jakarta. Throughout this get to experience the living conditions within the kampung community, neighbourhood conditions as well as venturing out to other parts of Jakarta. This experience opens up opportunities where I can explore various possible design solutions which can better serve the people living in Jakarta. As my project focus on solid waste, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve gained waste production and am excited to apply the knowledge gained from this studio in the upcoming studios as well. Overall, this studio taught me to be analytical throughout the whole design process, to be bold in exploring new landscape design ideas and self-critical on my project work. Carissa Chin Qiwei This semester is an unforgettable one. First of all, I have never been to Jakarta, a big city with chaos and complexity. every day. The city is full of crises as well as opportunities. In addition, the studio course later became an online type because of the pandemic, and our project quickly entered the stage of personal design. This is a big challenge for everyone. We need to communicate the details of the plan with the teacher through video. I have to say it improves the ability to think alone. Finally, I tried large-scale urban shortcomings. I hope I can make progress next time.
Cheng Jing 379
This studio provided an opportunity to explore potentials of Landscape architecture to solve complex level city challenges. This was the first time for me to explore a complex city like Jakarta and confronting issues related to crime. While working on it, I realized that almost every city has those pockets and alleys where these negative activities breed and Landscape design strategy can really provide a solution for transition towards improving the neighbourhood. Though the final design outcome was greatly affected by COVID situation, I am extremely grateful for the guidance from Ervine and Kenya. I feel that this semester I learned a lot at the level of system thinking and social dynamics that shapes the spatial use in public places. Ekta Balubhai Rakholiya I really enjoy the process of the field trip, and the whole experience is very hard, interesting, and even unforgettable. The studio this semester enabled me to complete the design of a river from the perspective of the city-scale. It was a crazy design in a sense because I diverted the river. But it was for this reason that I was driven to study the nature of the river in-depth, to do various simulations to verify my conjecture. I believe that through this studio, I will have a deeper understanding of the laws of the natural river system than before, which also makes me pay more attention to the landscape benefits brought by the whole site design, and make better design decisions in future works.
Feng Zihan In the studio this semester, I decided to choose the topic of flooding management that I have never been exposed to, which was very complex and difficult for me. I had a lot of thinking, searched a lot of data and tried to make the runoff calculation. There were many mistakes and shortcomings in the final results, however, for myself, I harvest and achieved pretty much. This was the most complete design process I have ever made. In the further study, I will try to challenge other landscape issues and improve my design ability.
Han Cong 380
This semester had been a roller-coaster of emotional and stress which I have never experience in any of my pervious studios for the past 4years in NUS. The studio started with a comfortable pace of researching and site visiting and eventually expedited by the second half of the semester. Being naturally slow and lost in thought, I was stuck with my design thinking and couldn’t narrate and convince myself what exactly I wanted to do. Eventually I dropped a few initial explorations and things started geting clearer at last. I wished I could start on the final focus “river ecology” earlier so that I could strengthen my argument and really go deep into it. Nevertheless, I really enjoyed this semester as we get to experiences the kampung’s culture of Jakarta!
Lim Wenfa This semester, I learned a lot about design logical thinking and large-scale design principle. In a preliminary field trip, we went to Jakarta, where I gained the local situation, culture, city life and made new friends. What an unforgettable journey! During my design process, my design topic is wastewater, and I met some problems like professional theoretical knowledge, which involves engineering. It’s a big challenge for me. Fortunately, my tutors gave me a lot of useful suggestions and encouragement. They help me combing design logic and drawing revision. During this pandemic period, our normal face-to-face course cannot continue, but our tutors try their best to improve class quality. Thanks for their efforts! I hope I can study harder and learn more next semester. Lyu Jiawei I want to thank Ervine and Kenya for guiding and supporting me. I’m glad I made it through, although I could not work out the details. This project was a great opportunity for me to think about how to build an interactive relationship between humans and water deeply. I realized that referring to historical things is my fundamental design approach. Overall, through this semester, I have enhanced both my perspective and designing skills.
Mamiko Tanaka 381
This project has been an exciting one to work on, although the semester through the onset and prime of the pandemic was quite challenging. It helped me learn and experiment with the limitations of the scope of my profession. I liked that we were not given a specific site, and our instincts or interests were made to guide us to it. Jakarta was a very good site with lots to learn from and a web of complex challenges.The design process however, was interrupted due to current situation and changing restrictions. With a shift in work patterns and consultations i think i struggled to handle the changing ways of things working. Its been an unconventional journey full of anxiety and ambiguity, and we were lucky to have very understanding and supportive tutors to guide us through. Ruiee Vithal Dhuri This semester is quite special for us due to the COVID-19, but luckily we have made great progress. For me, the biggest challenge is keeping amending my design strategies to make them convincing and then defending my ideas of specific design proposals. This process was hard but turned out to be fruitful. It helps me have a better understanding of logical level in landscape design. I want to give thanks to Ervine and Kenya for putting much effort into their work under this situation. Also, I appreciate the company of our UI friends during our field research in Indonesia.
Shao Zhongran Compared with last studio designing for ecology, this semester I developed much more skills in designing the landscape infrastructure. Identifying the issues and developing the concept is a very resourceful experience, especially when lots of practical situations are considered. For the project itself, I find blue and green matrix can be large and complicated systems, and it requires hierarchical thinking to classify the major function systems inside the matrix, which will help me develop a more reasonable and convincing design idea. Other important knowledge I learnt is about landscape details. Landscape details can be abundant, so I should consider carefully before zooming into the most relative details.
Wang Haobo 382
Generally I really enjoyed this semesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studio. I felt happy that my work could started with a macro methodology analysis then the design was developed step by step based on the analysis. The entire process helped to make my design become more reasonable. Apart from that, climate changes and flooding are the topics I always want to touch and explore, thus Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m satisfied I could do relevant design in real world and got the chance to do field trip in a totally unfamiliar context, which was challenging but interesting. This experience gave me a lot of surprise and more importantly, let me deal with conflicts in a complicated culture. Hopefully I could dig more in this field in the future.
Xiao Xinyan The studio is very close to the real project. We actually went to Jakarta. It is very useful to start from surveying the kampungs and end up with thoughtful designing. It is based on a very good understanding of the site. Among all stuff, the investigation with students in Jakarta has played a very good role in communication. We did it with them and we became good friends. My project is a sensitive topic, but our teachers do not evade it, but encourages me to follow the idea to design in depth. This is an unforgettable journey.
Zhang Bingqian This project gave me a chance to touch on issues like garbage dump that I had never touched before. This semester I learned how to think systematically about the design and completion of the whole project in terms of the timeline, how to integrate the landscape with technology tools, and how to sort the garbage and leachate. I am so grateful for the help and guidance Ervine and Kenya gave me.
Zhang Bingyi 383
I am quite grateful for the guidance from Ervine and Kenya. I think I have a better understanding of design after this Studio through the process of landing (Experience the complex ground conditions of Jakarta), grounding (Detailed analysis and experiential explorations), finding (Discover the potential areas), founding (Propose ways to restructure elements of the city). I learned more targeted analysis and derived my design based on analysis and observation.
Zhang Yifei During our field trip to Jakarta in this semester, I have experienced and learned a lot from this city. It was my first time to take an in-depth conversation to kampong residents, which was quite fresh to me. Meanwhile, it was an excellent opportunity to meet and study with UI students! Apart from that, the crime topic was a big challenge for me as well. Luckily, when I came across a lot of pitfalls during the whole process, thanks to Ervine and Kenya, gave many helpful suggestions to me and led me to the right direction finally. One pity thing is that on account of the epidemic situation, the face-to-face courses have reduced. However, I appreciated all the efforts we have made and happy with my improvement in logical thinking.
Zhong Yixin This semesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studio gives me a brand new experience. The in-depth research in Jakarta made me feel the responsibility as a landscape architect and what I should do to change this situation. In this project, I mainly focus on stormwater management and how to bring new life experience to Jakarta through water. After the detailed analysis, the main issue is obtained and the new design strategy is established. Therefore, I am quite grateful for the guidance from Ervine and Kenya, so that my project can be presented step by step. Compared to last semester, I feel that I have made great progress, although there are still some areas that need to be improved.
Zhou Xianfeng 384
Editors: ZHANG Yifei ZHANG Bingqian WANG Haobo SHAO Zhongran FENG Zihan TANAKA Mamiko Copyright © 2020 Ervine Lin and Kenya Endo (ed.) ISBN: 978-981-14-9850-3
385