KR Market Redevelopment - Architectural Thesis 2022

Declaration

The research and work embodied in this document is part of a Final year architecture thesis, carried out by the undersigned as a part of the Fifth Year, Tenth Semester (2022) design studio of the Undergraduate Program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India.

The work has been done under the supervision of thesis guides Ar. Anamika Bagchi (Design and Research guide) and Ar Sushil Aggarwal (Design and Technology guide) and studio coordinators Dr. Jaya Kumar and Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover.

The undersigned hereby declares that this is his original work and has not been plagiarized, in part or full, from any source, and that this work has not been submitted for any purpose in any other University.

Akshita Kabra A/3012/2017 May, 2022 Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India.

Certificate

This thesis, titled ‘KR Market Redevelopment: the new age city market’ by Akshita Kabra, roll no. A/3012/2017, was carried out during the Fifth Year, Tenth Semester (2022) design studio of the Undergraduate Program in the Department of Architecture, under our guidance during January - May 2022.

On completion of the report in all aspects and based on the declaration by the candidate above, we provisionally accept this thesis report and forward the same to the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India.

May 2022

Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India.

Ar. Anamika Bagchi

Ar Sushil Aggarwal

Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover

Thesis co-ordinator

Thesis guide (Design and Research)

Thesis guide (Design and Technology)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my thesis guides Ar Sushil Aggarwal and Ar. Anamika Bagchi for guiding me through the research and design process. I would also like to thank Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover and other faculty members for their valuable inputs during studios. I would like to express my gratitude towards my friends for their insights, critiques and constant help.

Finally, I would like to thank my family for giving constant strength and support.

AbstractThe project chosen is Redevelopment of Krishna Rajendra Market (K.R. Market). KR Market has served Bangalore city since time immemorial - it has seen the city transition from bullock carts and colonial rule to the Information Technology hub it is today. Through this tremendous change, the site and building have seen an increase in pressure and revolution in movement systems. Thus this market, which is one of the largest flower markets in Asia no longer functions as smoothly as it should. This has led to a loss in visitors and terrible conditions for the vendors. No longer do people look at this culturally significant, historic commercial space as a public space. Even though the produce keeps the city running, the relevance of the historic precinct and the cultural significance is getting lost in translation. The space also does not accommodate for the updated functioning of the market. Therefore, there is a scope to enhance the urban experience of city markets as these are public spaces which have been significant throughout time and offer space for social interaction, create meaning, cultural association and sense of place for all stakeholders. Revitalization of these spaces restores its position in the city’s economy, public life and culture, consequently

becoming an asset for the future. A redevelopment proposal project for KR market poses a unique problem in itself. It poses the question of how a neighbourhood & commercial center that has a unique identity & essence, and holds a recognisable image of the city, be redeveloped to cater to the changing socioeconomic & physical conditions yet retain its original essence.

The market attracts customers from far for the unique retail that it offers. The essence of it is largely governed by the unique retail that it offers, the market dynamics between the informal - formal and the appropriation of the market space in multiple ways by the users. This thesis explores the approach that needs to be applied to redevelopment of such an active & unique commercial center. The project proposes to identify this ‘essence’ of the market and balance it with the need for ‘creation a new identity’. It also explores the dynamics of the relationship of informal and formal trade and how that dynamics inform the design. The thesis also explores Markets as a public spaces that is a backdrop for multiple activities and serves a diverse group of people.

Introduction & Proposition Research Literature study

i. Project background ii. Areas of research iii. Thesis proposition iv. Relevance iv. Project brief v. Project Information vi. Project proposal

2 3 3 4 5 6 7

Part 1 : Public Space Part 2 : Redevelopment

Area Programme Generation & Analysis Site Study Information & Analysis

Part 3 : Market Typology

Part 4 : Flower Market

Part 5: City and Existing Market

Part 6: Case study selection

Part 7: Case Studies i. Municipal Market, Goa ii. Taipei Flower Wholesale iii. Santa Caterina Market

12 18 20 24 30 40 42 48 56

i. Project Vision ii. User Group Analysis iii. Programme Components iv. Adjacencies iv. Building Organization

66 67 68 72 73

Part 1 : Site and Context

Part 2 : Grain Analysis

Part 3 : Movement Part 4 : Space Syntax Part 5: Architecture Part 6: Current Market Part 7: Climatology

Part 8: SWOT

76 82 83 88 90 92 96 98

List of Figures

Figure 1 Historic KR Market Source: hindu

Figure 2 Present Day KR Market Source: wikipedia

Figure 3 Bangalore Source: wikipedia

Figure 5 Site Source: author

Figure 4 Petta Area Source: google earth

Figure 6 Project Proposal by Jana Urban Space Source: Jana USP

Figure 7 Good public place Source: PPS

Figure 8 Living Heritage Factors Source: Living Heritage Sites programme

Figure 9 Integrating the site and the city Source: City of Boston tactical public realm guidelines (2018)

Figure 11 Relationship between formal and informal Source: nextcity.org

Figure 10 Relationship between formal and informal Source: Author

Figure 12 Goals of Redevelopment according to DUAC

Source: Vanya Jain (2021)

Figure 13 Benefits od Public Markets (PPS)

Figure 14 Wholesale economics Source: PPS

Figure 15 Retail economics Source: PPS

Figure 16 Spatial Relations in a market (Vanya Jain, 2021)

Figure 17 Lal Bagh Flower Show Source: Author

Figure 18 Economics of flower market Source: Author

Figure 19 Economics of flower market Source: Author

Figure 20 Economics of flower market Source: Author

Figure 22 Economics of flower market Source: Author

Figure 21 Flower garlands on display Source: google images

Figure 23 Categorisation of Bangalore city into centres, corridors wedges and peripheries. Source: WRI

Figure 24 Site Pictures. Source: Author

Figure 25 Site Pictures. Source: Author

Figure 26 Redevelopment Source: Vanya Jain

Figure 27 Market Inferences Source: Author

Figure 28 Market flows Source: Vanya Jain

Figure 29 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa. com

Figure 31 INA market Source: Vipanchi Handa

Figure 30 Santa caterina Market Source: archdaily

Figure 32 Taipei flower market Source: archdaily

Figure 33 Selection of case studies Source: Author

Figure 34 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa. com

Figure 35 Panaji heritage area Source: Charles Correa foundation

Figure 36 Context Source: Author

Figure 37 Context Source: Author

Figure 38 Facade Source: google images

Figure 39 Muncipal Market plan Source: Author

Figure 40 Muncipal Market section Source: Author

Figure 42 Zoning of shops Source: Author Figure 41 Arrangement of shops Source: Vipanchi Handa

Figure 44 Movement Systems Source: Author

Figure 43 Zoning of shops Source: Author

Figure 45 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa. com

Figure 46 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa. com

Figure 47 Taipei Flower wholesale market Source: Archdaily

Figure 52 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Figure 50 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Figure 48 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Figure 49 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Figure 51 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Figure 54 Taipei Flower wholesale context Source: Author

Figure 53 Taipei Flower wholesale before after Source:

Archdaily

Figure 55 Taipei Flower wholesale site Source: Archdaily, Author

Figure 56 Taipei Flower wholesale program and functioning Source: Archdaily, Author

Figure 57 Taipei Flower wholesale ground floor

Source: Archdaily, Author

Figure 58 Taipei Flower wholesale first floor Source: Archdaily, Author

Figure 59 Taipei Flower wholesale Source: Archdaily Figure 60 Taipei Flower wholesale greenhouse

Source: Archdaily Figure 61 Taipei Flower wholesale greenhouse Source: Archdaily

Figure 62 Santa Caterina Market Source: Archdaily Figure 63 Santa Caterina Market archival images

Source: Archdaily

Figure 66 Santa Caterina Market archival images Source: Archdaily

Figure 64 Santa Caterina Market images Source: Archdaily

Figure 65 Santa Caterina Market elevation Source: Archdaily

Figure 67 Santa Caterina Market context Source: Author

Figure 69 Santa Caterina Market urban realm

Source: Archdaily

Figure 68 Santa Caterina Market urban realm

Source: Author

Figure 70 Santa Caterina Market ground plan zoning Source: Author

Figure 71 Santa Caterina Market ground plan movement Source: Author

Figure 72 Santa Caterina Market roof structure Source: Archdaily

Figure 73 Santa Caterina Market roof structure Source: Archdaily Figure 74 Santa Caterina Market images Source:

Archdaily

Figure 75 Distribution of produce in KR Market Source: Jana Usp

Figure 76 User needs and Program Source: Jana Usp

Figure 77 Area program Source: Author

Figure 78 Adjacency diagram Source: Author

Figure 79 Building Organization Diagram Source: Author

Figure 80 Site and Context Source: Author

Figure 81 Landuse Map Source: BDA

Figure 82 Transport connectivity Source: Janausp, Author

Figure 84 Heritage corridor in Bangalore Source: historicbangalore

Figure 83 Chickpette and KR Market Source: Janausp, Author

Figure 85 Context plan Source: Author

Figure 86 Site plan Source: Author

Figure 87 Grain Analysis Source: Author

Figure 88 Grain Analysis Source: Author

Figure 89 Traffic Analysis Source: Author

Figure 90 Movement patterns Source: Author

Figure 91 Movement patterns Source: Author

Figure 92 Pedestrian Movement patterns Source: Author

Figure 93 KR Market context markets Source: Author

Figure 94 KR Market activity mapping Source: Author

Figure 95 Space syntax Analysis Source: Author

Figure 96 Space syntax Analysis Source: Author

Figure 97 Visibility Mapping Source: Author

Figure 98 KR Market Context Source: google images

Figure 101 KR Market Archival images Source: google images

Figure 99 Original KR Market at its inception Source: google images

Figure 100 Current condition of KR Market: Heritage Clock tower and Market building Source: Monisha Raju

Figure 102 Current condition of KR Market zoning Source: Author

Figure 103 Current condition of KR Market cluster Source: Author

Figure 104 Waste collection cluster Source: Author

Figure 105 Services Source: Author

Figure 106 Waste mapping Source: Author

Figure 107 Climate Analysis Source: Author

Figure 109 Skymatrix Source: Author

Figure 108 Wind Analysis Source: Author

Figure 110 Sunpath Source: Author

Figure 111 Psychometric chart Source: Author

Figure 113 Ferrocement Channel detail Source: Kamya Khurana

Figure 112 Psychometric chart Source: bmtpc

Figure 115 Typical structural layout Source: Author

Figure 114 Typical section through waffle slab - column free spaces Source: Author

Figure 116 Types of spaceframes Source: https://www. constrofacilitator.com/

Figure 117 Types of spaceframes Source: https://www. constrofacilitator.com/

Figure 118 Roof Structures Source: Author

Figure 120 Roof Structures Source: santiagocalatrava. com

Figure 119 Roof Structures Source: Author

Figure 121 Greenhouse in project Source: Author

Figure 122 Seating Arrangement- Sectional View. Source (Ward 2019)

Figure 123 Modularity Source: 3xn.com

Figure 124 Modularity Source: Author

Figure 125 Materiality Source: google images

Figure 126 DEWATS System Source: CDDindia.org

Figure 127 DEWATS System Source: Author

Figure 128 Waste Collection Source: Author

Figure 129 Waste recycling Source: Author

Figure 130 Aerobic composting Source: thanal.co.in

Figure 131 Aerobic composting Source: thanal.co.in

Figure 132 Electricity Generation Source: Gresek 2014

Figure 133 Rain water harvesting Source: Richards et al. 2021

Figure 134 Classification system and properties

Figure 135 Diagram highlighting the various layers & components. Once the drainage and waterproofing membrane are designed well, they can be installed on top of a kind of decking system - be it wood, concrete or steel.

Figure 136 Advantages of green roof system

Figure 137 Comparison of heat balance on the roof of TCI building : with and without a green roof. Green roof allows for cooler temp. throughout the year

Figure 139 Thermal zoning applied in NUS School of Design and Environment, by Serie Architects.

Figure 138 Working principle of Adaptive HVAC system. It uses both mechanical and natural ventilationthereby allowing openings/windows.

Figure 140 Technical differences between the conventional and adpative comfort HVAC system

Figure 141 Radiation Analysis Source: Author

Figure 142 Daylight Analysis Source: Author

Figure 143 Sunpath Analysis Source: Author

Figure 145 Wind Comfort Source: Author

Figure 144 Wind Analysis Source: Author

Figure 146 Microclimate Analysis Source: Author

Figure 147 Wheelchair Accessibility standards Source: NBC

Figure 148 Wheelchair Accessibility standards Source: NBC

Figure 149 Fire exits and fire tender path Source: Author

Figure 150 Open Space security measures Source: Vanya Jain, 2021

Figure 151 Site analysis Design drivers Source: Author

Figure 152 Shop unit Design drivers Source: Author

Figure 153 Shop arrangement Design drivers Source: Author

Figure 154 Design Concepts Source: Author

Figure 155 Design Concepts Source: Author

Figure 156 Planning Approach Source: Author

Figure 157 Form development Source: Author

Figure 158 Zoning Source: Author

Figure 159 Site Planning Options Source: Author

Chapter 1 Introduction

i. Project background ii. Areas of research iii. Thesis proposition iv. Relevance iv. Project brief v. Project Information vi. Project proposal

Akshita Kabra

Project Background

Bangalore is a metropolis that has grown exponentially in every form. The increase in population has altered the demands on public spaces. The cosmopolitan image that follows urbanization leads to a creation of many social spaces like food courts, malls, cafés and pubs, but public spaces and historic centres have a pertinent role to play in bridging this gap and bringing the city together - socially, economically, culturally and provide an identity to the city. Despite their importance, public spaces are often poorly integrated or neglected in urban development. They have become a precious resource - increasingly elusive in the concrete jungle of a metropolitan city.

Historic towns often exhibit a rich mixture of social, cultural, architectural and historical heritage values (Cohen, 1999, Cullen, 1961). Streetscapes, urban fabrics, and structures, on the other hand, are evolving and changing to meet the needs of stakeholders, while the function of urbanization in conserving the environment’s heritage qualities is overlooked. In this context, it becomes even more necessary to recognize the complex heritage and resulting culture of a constantly expanding global metropolis to ensure that there is a collective responsibility of the stakeholders in safeguarding of the meanings, attributes and values of heritage spaces in the city. These historic city centres are not only valuable old assets but

opportunities for revitalization of local economic development and national cultural identity.

As a city undergoes rapid urban growth, the relationship of public spaces with the citizens evolves. This becomes even more pertinent in the case of historically significant public spaces which have had a connect with the citizens throughout the city’s evolution. Thus these spaces must evolve with time to maintain their significance and value.

Earlier city markets were considered as a place which offered interactive spaces, brought different cultures together, gave us an urban experience and life quality thus transforming the image of a city by creating a sense of place and culture.

City markets, though a strictly commercial activity, offered under layers of social spaces, cultural value and historical significance. But now, they are known for congestions, encroachments and diminishing built forms. There is no area which offers such urban space and culture to make it come alive.

Therefore, there is a scope to enhance the urban experience of city markets as these are public spaces which have been significant throughout time and offer space for social interaction, create meaning, cultural association and sense

of place for all stakeholders. Revitalization of these spaces

restores its position in the city’s economy, public life and culture, consequently becoming an asset for the future.

The following areas have been identified as the broad areas of research which inform and guide this project.

Re-imagining city wholesale markets:

• Evolution and present state of markets

• Revival and upgradation of city markets

• Change in program, technology to keep up with the times

• Accommodating for future change, flexible planning

New type of social area:

• How can it be made relevant, productive and selfsustaining?

• How can architecture help increase safety and accessibility of these spaces?

• Design of spaces capable of serving multiple functions

• Achieving a balance of informality in formality.

Proposition

Can a culturally significant flower market be re-imagined as more than just a flower market and provide myriad experiences for the city?

A market that is envisioned not just as a working market but also as a market that can adapt to the changing needs of a growing city but also a cultural destination, urban connector, an amenity for the city - and an inspiring icon in the Bangalore skyline.

The project looks to rethink the role of a city market in an urban structure as the new type of social area - a space where in the social, historical and cultural come together with the commercial.

Akshita Kabra

Relevance

The way we live has changed, our needs have changed, our experiences have changed and the city has also changed then how can old city markets remain stagnant?

KR Market has served the city since time immemorial - it has seen the city transition from bullock carts and colonial rule to the Information Technology hub it is today. Through this tremendous change, the site and building have seen an increase in pressure and revolution in movement systems. Thus this market, which is one of the largest flower markets in Asia no longer functions as smoothly as it should. This has led to a loss in visitors and terrible conditions for the vendors. No longer do people look at this culturally significant, historic commercial space as a public space. Even though the produce keeps the city running, the relevance of the historic precinct and the cultural significance is getting lost in translation. The space also does not accommodate for the updated functioning of the market. Thus it is pertinent to upgrade the market to the modern ways of living to restore its significance and ensuring the market culture set by KR Market translates into the future.

Figure 1 Historic KR Market Source: hindu Figure 2 Present Day KR Market Source: wikipedia

Project Brief Aim

To design upgraded facilities for the Bangalore city market to ensure public engagement and restoration of its significance in the city’s public spaces. It seeks to match the historic market with international standards to ensure its smooth functioning and that it caters to the immense pressure it faces, while also accounting for its future growth and relevance. The thesis aims to translate a city market for the modern metropolitan city.

Scope

To understand the quality of space a bazaar offers and its role in the cityscape

To study and understand the nature of activities and functioning of the city market and its built implications

To understand the implication of the built market on the city - in terms of association with the city, availability of public spaces, implications on its heritage value and what it can give back to the city

To ensure smooth functioning at an urban level and connect it with the city sufficiently

To design a space that translates a old city market for the modern city

To integrate and enhance its social, cultural and historic value along with its commercial value

To integrate features to ensure its significance in the future

To include programmes that encourage public engagement and create a node for the city.

Challenges

Address the issues in current market functioning

Integrate it in the heritage corridor

Address the issues of continuous increase in pressure

Akshita Kabra

Project Information

Development Controls

Site Location: Chickpette, Bangalore

Client: Bangalore Smart City + BBMP

Site Area: 28,000 sqm + 2000 sqm

Land Use: Commercial Building Typology: Market and Public Functions

FAR: 2

Ground Coverage: 50%

Height Restrictions: 18m

K R Market locally also known as City Market is Bengaluru’s oldest and busiest market place. It is a part of the Petta zone, the seed and centre of Bangalore - the oldest part of the city. A whole sale cum retail market - it houses the famous flower market, as well as vegetable, meat vendors and metal fittings stores, The rapid increase in population has led to rise in demands and strain in existing public infrastructure, including this historic market. M

Set Backs: 4 m all around

Basement Restrictions: upto 4 levels

Proposed Built Up: 45,000 sqm

Figure 5 Site Source: author

Figure 3 Bangalore Source: wikipedia

Figure 4 Petta Area Source: google earth Bus Terminal

Current Market Heritage building Public Plaza

Project proposal

The project proposes a redevelopment of the area to create a urban public space for the city, relevant to the present times while respecting the heritage and history of the site. The proposal consists of creation of a market place extending from the heritage building, a bus terminus, organization of the space to create a public plaza - an interface between the market and the city as well as a much needed recreational zone in the old city as well as connecting the nodes via bridges and sky walks to generate a organized experience.

Akshita Kabra

Figure 6 Project Proposal by Jana Urban Space Source: Jana USP

Chapter 2.1

Background Research

Part 1 : Public Space

i. Place-making Strategies

ii. Living Heritage iii. Formality - Informality Part 2 : Redevelopment

i. Definition ii. Objectives iii. Challenges Part 3 : Market Typology

i. Success of a market ii. Economics of retail iii. Market Organization iv. Food Market Part 4 : Flower Market i. Flori-culture, Bangalore ii. Patterns of activity iii. Stakeholders in process iv. Design considerations

Part 5: City and Existing Market

Akshita

Objectives of Research

01. Understanding the design of public-spaces and place-making with respect to living heritage.

02. Understanding the process of Redevelopment and its challenges and the ‘appropriate’ approach.

03. Understand why markets are important and what makes them successful.

04. What are the factors that aid the growth of certain market and help them perform better than others?

05. Understand the coexistence of informal retail and small-scale retail with larger establishments. Can the market be designed for informality?

06. To explore spatial possibilities and organizations in a market complex.

07. Understanding the patterns of activity, functioning and flows of a flower market.

08. Understanding the gap between the modern floriculture industry and the architecture of flower markets.

09. Understanding the existing market and established relationships.

1.

Areas of Research: Public Space and Heritage

Public Space

Placemaking

Sense of Place

Formality - Informality

2.

Process of Redevelopment

Redevelopment

Challenges to the approach Approach to redevelopment Phases to redevelopment

3.

Market Typology

Market Importance

Success of a market Economics of retail

Types of retail and their organization Functioning of a food market

User Groups catered to and their motives

Relationships with a city Historic Markets in India

4.

Project and Site

Bangalore Petta Zone

Evolution of KR Market with the city

Change in experience

Heritage and the city Experience of heritage Citizen and the city Protection of Heritage in Urban Growth

Market Flows Stakeholders Middlemen Social networks Transfer of produce Waster Management

Flower Market Cultural Significance Daily Use Garden city/Flower fields Maintenance Growth Disposal

KR Market Activities

Vendor and shop types Services

Cause for congestion Rejection of Upper floors

Vendor day to day cycle

Use of public transport

Festivals and Weekends Space syntax

Akshita Kabra

Public Space and the city

Place making strategies and identity

Being commonly accessed space that citizens as well as tourists interact with, public spaces are integral to the image of a city.

They contribute to the socio-cultural character of a city and are essential in giving it a lively urban character, identifying Bangalore beyond its commercial value as the IT capital. These spaces help generate a common local identity and inter-personal relationships by bridging various communities and groups.

The lack of thoughtful and imaginative planning to keep up with the exponential growth of Bangalore along with a general lack of appreciable spaces creates a rather derelict environment, and thereby a huge gap between the civic needs and the requirements aspirations of the citizens utilising them.

Public Spaces in the traditional sense are gradually losing their relevance since they have to compete with the virtual and screen culture, owing to advancements in technology, media and entertainment, thus physical spaces need to provide more than before. The privatisation of ‘leisure and recreational spaces’ has further accentuated the problemchowks and bazaars are being replaced with malls and superstores, making access to public spaces more and more exclusive.

It is pertinent to reactivate public spaces to better serve community functions by rethinking their design and offering an irreplaceable experience. These interventions are critical as catalysts for the rejuvenation of surrounding areas as well as the city as a whole. They can help extend the boundaries of the cultural fabric of the city.

What makes a great place?

What makes a successful place?

PPS evaluated thousands of public spaces around the world and discovered that the most successful ones have the following characteristics: they are accessible; people are engaged in activities there; the space is comfortable and has a positive image; and, finally, it is a sociable place: one where people meet each other.

Access and Linkages

A successful public space is easy to get to and get through; it is visible both from a distance and up close.

Comfort and Image

Comfort includes perceptions about safety, cleanliness, and the availability of places to sit

User and Activities

Having something to do gives people a reason to come to a place - and return.

Sociability

When people see friends, meet and greet their neighbours, and feel comfortable interacting with strangers, they tend to feel a stronger sense of place (PPS)

Akshita Kabra

Figure 7 Good public place Source: PPS

Living Heritage

Experience of heritage and its role as a public space

Heritage is beyond just monuments. It consists of cultural, natural, tangible as well as intangible elements, and is a continuously evolving resource that drives identity, memory and sense of place and has a crucial role to play in sustainable development. It supports social cohesion, fosters socio-economic regeneration and supports social well-being, and parallelly improves the appeal of regions. Heritage is a fragile non-renewable resource for current and future generations. (ICOMOS, n.d.)

People-centred approaches to conservation do not look at heritage as an isolated entity that is a waste of resources. Instead, it is viewed as a potential community space and activity - thereby creating meaning for society as well as gaining support for its protection.

Charles Peers, Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments wrote in 1913 (Emerick 2003): ‘There is a great distinction between buildings which are still occupied and buildings which are in ruins. Buildings which are in use are still adding to their history; they are alive. Buildings which are in Ruin are dead; their history is ended... You have to perpetuate them as a living building, one adapted to the use of the present generation, but which has a history to be preserved’.

Living heritage is a core idea to the people centred approach - it is categorized by ongoing use by its associated community for its original purpose or a derivative. It is subject to a continuous process of evolution as it is engrained in the living nature of the heritage space so as to maintain a continuity of community connections. Therefore the connected communities take responsibility to maintain it, as well as benefit from it.

Living Heritage Sites programme has defined “continuity” in terms of continuity of function of the heritage building/site - supplemented by

1. Continuity of community connections

2. Continuity of cultural expressions (tangible and intangible)

3. Continuity of care

Figure 8 Living Heritage Factors Source: Living Heritage Sites programme

Market as Public Space

Formality and Informality as a tool of place making

Historically our towns and cities grew up around markets, which served as our original civic centres. However, With the onset of Malls,Supermarkets this was lost. But it resulted in creating poor public spaces. There is a need to therefore, go back to creating Markets as centres of Community development.

Some of the important of Public Markets are as follows:

Vibrant Markets Catalyze Neighborhood Development Strengthen Local Identity

The spin-off benefits of markets are numerous. But, perhaps most important is the way markets serve as public gathering places for people from different ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic communities.

Urban market systems in the 21st century can be vital centres of exchange connecting rural and urban environments and places that anchor local culture and social life for all residents.

While the atmosphere of a lively market can seem magical, it’s important to remember that a great place rarely happens by accident. One needs to intentionally plan public markets so that they can meet their full potential as public spaces

Key Takeaway #1: A Great Marketplace has Plenty To Do

To draw in a variety of people throughout the day, week, and year, a market should host a multitude of activities and uses.

Key Takeaway #3: Welcome the People

Most Likely to be Excluded from the Market.

If you want a vibrant market, focus on the needs of the most vulnerable visitors.

Key Takeaway #2: Facilitate Access & Linkages to Your Market.

Even when a market offers lots of reasons why people should visit, it also has to consider how people get to the market.

Key

Takeaway

#4: The Market Is a Place for Gathering

A Market City considers how its markets can facilitate people coming together through community building efforts, regular usage.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis

Static and kinetic city.

Most marketplaces have a sense of completeness or centerdness, and a sense of place (Hester 2006). They frequently contain an interior market place that is both distinct from and reflective of the surrounding urban surroundings. While the permanency of design is important, the design should also be flexible. A resilient market design must be adaptive and accommodating. Seeing the marketplace as a dynamic process is an essential aspect of any successful design and management process. The sedentary areas of reflection should be integrated with the spaces of movement and social encounter enables by the interplay between the promenade and the market landscape. People should be encouraged to appreciate the market as a more spontaneous public area rather than feeling pressured to buy products, thus social spaces become pertinent. A set of acts, in addition to smart design, contributes to the creation of successful marketplaces. Design alone is insufficient, resulting in over-programmed and sterile marketplaces.

Markets that are successful have a life of their own, creating a distinct sense of discovery, festivity, and delight. Markets are transient and ephemeral uses

Figure 9 Integrating the site and the city Source: City of Boston tactical public realm guidelines (2018)

of space by their very nature, but smart design, legislation, programming, and management may reduce displacement susceptibility.

In the book ‘Rethinking the informal city’, Rahul Mehrotra describes the traditional form of the ‘static’ city (formal) understood as a built, permanent environment, as the background of the ‘kinetic’ landscape (informal) of an informal city that is temporary, cannot be coded, and is in continuous movement. Thus, in the contemporary urban landscape, both formal and informal spheres coexist. The ‘static’ city and the ‘kinetic’ city can establish a much more complex spatial and immaterial relationship than their physical manifestation. This relation defines a space included between formal and informal that is fluid and ambiguous, characterised by processes that are difficult to decode, map or subdivide.

Mehrotra, says the challenge is to design keeping in mind that complex duality of informal and formal exists and it needs to be recognised. Public spaces in the city are ‘neutral ground’ on which the static and the kinetic intersect. In India, the formal economy and its static structures are dependent on informal economy and its kinetic structures. (Mehrotra 2008).

Akshita Kabra

How do you deal with informality?

Figure 10 Relationship between formal and informal Source: Author

Figure 11 Relationship between formal and informal Source: nextcity.org

Redevelopment

Definitions, objectives and challenges

Definition

Redevelopment - demolishing the present and building something that has more built up area and is in sync with its surroundings, functionally - functional and inclusive. Many times the existing built is dilapidated and can’t be used or is not built up to the potential of the land it occupies.

A city is built over centuries, we transform it and it transforms our way of living. Our cities become richer with this cycle of change and variety of old and new building. Yet there is no “one size fits all” approach when looking for an approach to redevelopment. (Urban regeneration report, worldbank.org,2016)

Change is inevitable but a conscious change and sensitive change is the key for an inclusive, functional and healthy city.

Objectives for Redevelopment

Transformation in the urban fabric of Bangalore was influenced by vivid administrative liabilities, cross cultural traditions, planning interventions and disease mitigation throughout the centuries. Redevelopment is a futuristic concept which plans to accommodate the present and make provision for the future needs, and to provide an environment that meets the social, psychological and the physical needs of the people (Erfani, 2020). While redeveloping a significant area of the city, it is important to respond to the original buildings. It is important to take the essence of the existing in terms of volume/ functionality/ structure as well as functions and activities to understand the program which shall flourish in the given setting. Redevelopment should incorporate preservation of historical assets, public space design, promotion of environmental justice as well as social services for the adjacent residents.

Challenges to Redevelopment Operational Issues

As the process of redevelopment includes demolishing of existing buildings therefore the problem of relocating the active functions of the existing site arises. A make-shift arrangement

is problematic from the view of change of market dynamic, time spent on shifting and rehabilitating the new space and economy.

Possible solution to this are:

1. Vendors are provided adequate compensation for the loss of sales during reconstruction period.

2. Relocated to a makeshift market.

3. Redevelopment in phases (modules).

Stakeholders involved:

1. Owner of Property - Owners pool land/ownership

2. Tenants rent out spaces/ Get compensated by receiving a portion of the redeveloped parcel.

3.Developer - Developer redevelops the markets and returns the share of the owner.

Sells / rents out the rest to recover costs of the project.

4. Government agency that oversees/regulates redevelopment

One of the major critiques against urban redevelopment is that it often enables gentrification- if not by causing large-scale evictions, then by changing the social character of an area.

However, cities must encourage growth, embrace change, and provide a sense of continuity. The question is how can this be done while accommodating local communities, cultures and aspirations?

Akshita Kabra

Figure 12 Goals of Redevelopment according to DUAC Source: Vanya Jain (2021)

Market Typology

Success of a market

Figure 13 Benefits od Public Markets (PPS)

What is a successful market?

Retail has pursued the public with such voracity that the urban can no longer be understood without it (Koolhaas and Chung, 2001). Market places are an integral part of the structure of the city. They are often landmarks and the center of activity, these public gathering places are inextricably related to the potential for economic opportunity and upward mobility of lower-income group. Markets are also a way of enhancing social integration in public spaces and encouraging upward mobility. They also bring people of different ethnic groups and incomes together. (PPS,2016)

A successful market is one that succeeds in both its economic and social aspects and can sustain both over the long term (Project for public spaces).

A successful market consists of the following processes:

1. Market is a socio-economic process

2. Markets as flow systems for goods and people

3. Markets as expressions of public interaction

4. Markets as organizations for the sale of goods

A market is made of three different layers that put together create it as a unity:

• The physical dimension defined by the space in which the main activities are held,

• The social dimension created by the multitude of people participating in the activities,

• The economic dimension, found in the entire idea of consumption inside the market. (PPS,2011)

Economics of Retail

Flows and stakeholders

Economic relations in a market can be expressed as a continuum between formal and informal for example Production, distribution and supply of formal retail makes use of informal employment. Linkages of the informal economy with the formal economy are dynamic (Chen, 2007). Illustrates how the process of wholesaling operates. Without wholesalers, retailer would need to purchase directly from farmers, involving many minor transactions. With both rural assembly and wholesale markets, the number of transactions is reduced and the marketing process simplified. In this case, the retailer does not need to concern himself with any of the sorting, reassembly or distribution functions and concentrates solely on selling to consumers.

The main methods for sales of fresh fruit, vegetables and flowers are either by private treaty, by commission sales or by auction.

1. Private Treaty: Direct interaction between buyer and seller with the buyer renting the vending space and setting their own price.

2. Commission Sales: The procedure adopted for commission sales is similar to that used in a private treaty agreement, except that the producer is not there in person

3. Auction

This aims to attract a large number of buyers who wish to purchase goods at a competitive price. The auctioneer starts at a maximum price which keeps dropping at regular intervals - ensures fast sale of flowers.

Figure 15 Retail economics Source: PPS

Akshita Kabra

Figure 14 Wholesale economics Source: PPS

Market Organization

Layout and zoning

It may look chaotic but there are principles underlying the decisions made by both pavement vendors and mobile vendors (street hawkers in traffic) for their location of choice. These relate to the speed of passer-by and potential customers – both wheeled and heeled ( Bhan, 2017)

Elements and Organization

Street market

1. Development process

Simplest type of market to develop in both urban and rural areas as it makes use of existing infrastructure - Iow level of investment

Easiest to manage with dedicated pedestrian street or with stalls arranged along a single side of the street. Most disruptive on cross roads

Close integration into the fabric and functions of a town

4. Site organization

Cannot be easily managed as a separate facility. Not suitable for wholesale.

Square market

2. Access/circulation 2. Access/circulation

3. Use as public spaces 3. Use as public spaces

1. Development process

Requires a dedicated public square to be available. Transition to permanent facilities easy.

Delivery access from roads bounding square easy. Separate parking area required near exit of square.

Forms a natural focus to urban areas other urban functions such as parks and sitting areas can be integrated into the market layout. Multiple use of space possible after market hours.

4. Site organization

Small squares - customer circulation on outside; Large squares - customer circulation on inside. Easier to arrange for the accommodation of temporary users and for the provision of semipermanent stalls

Spatial Relations

The entrance to the retail complex majorly influences the location and grouping of the informal vendors within a market space. In open markets, customers will often come from nodal points of transport such as a bus stop/ public transportation hub (metro) or from the direction of a more densely populated area. It is preferable for staple or principal products to be located away from these approach points so that customers can be drawn into the market (PPS, 2011).

1. Anchor:

Any function that draws shoppers, (large store/ concentration of small stores & Hawkers) whose business other stores then benefit from (PPS, 2011). 2. Magnet: Attracts for other, non-commercial reasons. It could be a ‘sense of place’ of the market itself. (PPS, 2011).

3. Legibility:

It is the degree to which the designed features of the environment aid people in creating an effective mental image, or “cognitive map” of the spatial relationships within a building. Legibility is an important factor in retail that helps in navigability and wayfinding (PPS. 2016).

4. Permeability and pedestrian connections: Accessibility or visibility constitute Permeability (Keun, 2006). Access and visibility are both important for any retail establishment to work.

5. Promotion:

Figure 16 Spatial Relations

in

a market (Vanya Jain, 2021)

The market Facade is guided by the billboards, signages and banners. The elevation needs to be designed to provide promotional signage which can be viewed from different parts of the site to avoid unorganised and cluttered arrangement.

Akshita Kabra

Floriculture

The industry and the city of Bangalore

Karnataka is the leader in floriculture, accounting for 75% of India’s total flower production. The state has the highest area under modern cut flowers, and 40 flower growing and exporting units. The country’s first and only flower auction centre is located in Karnataka.

The high-value crops grown in green houses are cultivated under controlled conditions, protected from pests, diseases, wind and humidity. Popular flowers used in the modern floriculture that are in demand are roses, anthurium, gerbera, gladioli, orchids, carnations and bird of paradise grown in poly houses.

The production of flowers is estimated to be nearly 300,000 metric tonnes of loose flowers and over 500 million cut flowers with stem. Krishna Rajendra Market accounts for a trade of Rs.2 Lakh in flowers on a daily basis, the highest in India.

Flower farming is very popular in Bangalore. There are many reason for it. Some of them are: Good climate suitable for flower farming; Availability of local market- KR Flower market; Flower Auction Centre in Bangalore- it enables the farmers to get better prices; Government subsidy in setting up of green house for flower cultivation.

The areas popular in flower farming near Bangalore are- Anekal, Hosur, Dankanikottai, Attibele, Chikkaballapura, Doddaballapura, Sharjapura, etc. All these areas are well connected to the Bangalore city. Major export destinations include USA, Netherlands, UK, Germany and UAE.

Figure 17 Lal Bagh Flower Show Source: Author

Export Organisations (2nd tier suppliers) Seeds, Industries

FARMER DIRECT EXPORT

3 PL Providers

Farmers

Activity

Patterns and process involved in a flower market

EXPORT MARKET

Wholesale Markets

DOMESTIC MARKET

Retailers

Consumers Waste collection Services

The flower sup[ply chain is similar to the food supply chain (perishable produce).

The process starts with the farmers who after procuring resources from suppliers produce flowers which are further harvested, graded, sorted and packed. They either sell directly in a wholesale market or to a commission agent who sells it forward. Wholesale shop owners and traders procure from these agents or farmers through an informal auction system or tie ups and sell it to retailers like florists, event decorators, temple vendors, for festivals and special occasions.

Flower trade chain is often dictated by fluctuating demand along with environmental factors such as sensitivity, perishability of products, uncertainty in harvest and production yield.

In India marketing of flowers is not done in a systematic manner. In most of the Indian cites, flowers are brought to wholesale markets from various farming villages and operate in open yards. Many markets even lack basic facilities like clean toilets, water supply and cold storage facilities. The packaging, transportation of flowers from the farms are unscientific and disorganised as well.

Akshita Kabra

Figure 18 Economics of flower market Source: Author

Flowers are cultivated by growers.

Loose Flowers Cut Flowers

Sorted and graded post harvest

Threaded into garlands for transport

Purchased by aarathis and sent to KR Market

Flowers are cultivated by growers.

Sorted and graded post harvest

Packed individually in paper jackets

Purchased by aarathis and sent to market

Transported by palledars

Sent to airport Sent to airport

Purchased by exporters

Auctioned off to exporters

Packed into baskets with ice Kept in cold storage in jackets

Displayed for auction

Transported by palledars to shop

Purchased by wholesalers

Stored and refreshed Weighed and sold Sold by number

Packed with paper jackets

Purchased by wholesalers

Sorted and made into garlands

Stored in baskets Sold by length Sold by length

Sorted and made into bouquets Stored in baskets

Purchased by decorators

Purchased by decorators

They are the types of flowers that are usually harvested without the stalk and hence are used to make garlands, gajras, etc. They comprise of flowers like marigold, tuberose, hibiscus, etc. The sale of loose flowers is the biggest drivers of the market.

Throughout the market there are different clusters of open spots for retailers. Some have a temporary shade others are in the open. Each spot is occupied by five to six people every day. Most vendors are wholesalers who sell them in bulk, on weight. They are stores of about 30sqm. Not only are loose flowers purchased by buyers, a large part is sold internally within the market to the bouquet makers and the packers. They are also purchased in bulk daily by the temples of the city.

They are the types of flowers that are usually harvested with in clusters or spikes or with the stem and used to make bouquets and in floral decorations. They comprise of flowers like rose, gladiolus, gerbera, orchids, etc. The cut flowers are sold in the permanent stalls in the market. The flowers are sold piece wise because of their high cost. The shops run the whole day. They are mainly sold within the city to weddings decorators, florist shops and hotels. A large quantity of the flower sold are imported by air and train from various states from all over India. Each of these shops have their own or shared walk in freezer in the market to store the expensive flowers for upto ten days. A greenhouse too is required for the sensitive flowers which need a controlled environment and sunlight to remain fresh.

Figure 19 Economics of flower market Source: Author Figure 20 Economics of flower market Source: Author

Cut Flowers displayed in cold storage

Auction System Flower Decorations

Bidding price decided by market trends

Bidding starts at maximum price

Sorted and packed within cartons with ice

Price lowered after time interval

The Dutch auction method serves to achieve the highest possible price within the shortest possible time, ideal when dealing with a perishable product such as cut flowers. The auctioneer begins each sale with a predetermined highest asking price, lowering it until a bid is made or a reserve price is reached.

Prices are shown on a clock and buyers typically have mere seconds to make a decision. They would often have to rely solely on their intuition to make these decisions. To avoid losing a particular lot, buyers will often stop the clock at a higher price than they would have offered in competitive bidding. This resulted in the auction being able to clear out, on average, 25 minutes earlier each day. Thus, flowers sold could be shipped off sooner to their customers. It also offers the possibility to auction off more flowers in the current time scheduled; thus, more buyers can obtain the flowers they need. (Steen, 2010)

The market has a large group of artisans who make a variety of floral decorations within the market.

The artisans have a decades old tradition of passing on their craft, and each shop will employ 2 - 6 people where at least some will be teenage apprentices in training.

The flower decorations are also sold in the permanent shops that occur along side the loose flower wholesale vendors, feeding off their customer base. These are the largest shops in the market since they require the floor space to lay out the structure for the flower decorations. The shops are fitted with a system of ropes that are used to actually thread the garlands.

Bought by party

BID Not Bought Sent to airport

Figure 21 Flower garlands on display Source: google images

Figure 22 Economics of flower market Source: Author

Stakeholders

The industry and the city of Bangalore

THE GROWER THE WHOLESALER THE AARATHI

The farmers near Bangalore grow the flowers (seasonal in the plains and exotic in controlled green houses). After harvest, they are sorted, graded and parceled either as cut stems or loose flowers.

The commission agents (aarathis) buy the flower produce from the farmers directly and sell it to the wholesale traders for a cut. This requires trust between the three parties.

The traders who purchase large bulks of flowers from the farmers (or aarathis), pack them in huge sacks and transport to KR Market via trains and buses. They sell in bulk to retailers, florists and general public,

THE PALLEDARS

They are porters who work inside the market throughout its functioning hours, carrying huge loads of flowers from unloading docks to wholesalers as well as to the customer’s vehicles.

Usually flower shop owners across the city, florists, event organizers. Since KR Market is the biggest and only wholesale flower market in Bangalore, customers are from across the city and neighbors.

THE PACKERS

They are laborers who work for wholesale traders and help in packaging flowers. Assortments of flowers are carefully weighed and layered with ice depending on their fragility and travel time.

THE ARTISAN THE KAIC

They are usually garland makers (mostly women) who purchase flowers from the wholesalers. They make bouquets and garlands with flowers combined with paper, fabric etc on site.

THE RETAILER THE FMC

The Flower Marketing Committee acts a regulating body between KAIC and market users (traders). They form the administration within the market complex and ensure smooth functioning.

Karnataka Agro-Industries Corporation encomapses the floriculture industry of Bangalore and ensures regulation of purchase, sale, storage and processing of agricultural products.

Design considerations

Requirements of a wholesale market

A basic issue to resolve in the detailed design of a market will be to determine the number and distribution of sales spaces required and whether these need to be accommodated in open air stalls or within purpose-built market buildings. The facilities needed and affordable by fruit and vegetable sellers, for example, will be much simpler than those of traders with higher-value goods such as clothing who will invariably demand lockup facilities. There has to be a clear relationship between the rent or fees charged and the type of facilities provided.

In arid climates, and to some extent the tropics, it may be appropriate to use internal open courtyards within market buildings. This provides a way of improving comfort conditions by allowing cross-ventilation. If the courtyard is too enclosed there is probability of it being “dead” and this can be avoided by opening it up to the activities of the building. The spaces can be used as sitting areas, overspill selling spaces or the courtyard can form part of the entry to the building. Many traditional Arab sooks use this type of plan very effectively.

Enclosed or covered market buildings should preferably be thought of as covered-over streets. To encourage people to use the space the market should have highly visible and wide entrances, positioned so that it is possible for the public to immediately grasp how to enter the building. The plan form may be virtually identical i.e. a defined space with limited entrances, with a main walkway and a series of minor walkways or aisles, connected together by cross aisles. The differences arise because of the degree of enclosure, the different intensity of use of the spaces (a rural market would not expect to be used as efficiently as an urban market) and the site-specific circumstances. The latter, which would include factors like the shape and slope of a site, its relation to surrounding land uses and road systems, is often the greatest influence on the shape of the development.

It is important not to create dead-ends within market layouts. The paths or routes which form the market’s internal street system should be laid out so that they connect through a series of busy intermediate spaces in which cafes and other public facilities are located.

Akshita Kabra

The City and the Market

Bangalore and the city market’s role

As of the 2010s, Bangalore was the first city in Karnataka state to reach a population exceeding 1 million, so that the urbanization pattern of Karnataka is primarily concentrated in Bangalore’s large metropolitan area. The city’s rapid population growth has had three primary drivers, which have remained relatively stable over the years. These primary constants, as shown for the years from 1981 to 2001 in the figure, are natural increase, inmigration, and jurisdictional change (Sudhira & Nagendra, 2013).

In 2017, the World Resources Institute (WRI) developed a map for Bangalore city, which categorizes its geographic regions into four types: centers, corridors, wedges, and peripheries (Pai & Dhindaw, 2017), as shown in Figure *. Centers are defined in terms of economic agglomeration, usually incorporating traditional markets. Informal economies dominate these markets, which are typically characterized by street vending. These vendors travel to the city from neighboring villages and agricultural areas to trade their products, and return to their villages once their products are sold out.

One such center is known as the Pete area, in which K. R. Market is an important hub for informal activities. It was started as a dedicated platform was created for vendors to sell their products. The platform was named Siddikatte, meaning “public platform” in the local language. Vendors came from Andhra Pradesh, North Karnataka, South Karnataka, Kolar, and other places to sell their wares, which included clothes, utensils, household items, and fruits and vegetables and most importantly, flowers. This historic market has witnessed and driven the growth of the city.

A key challenge for users is the increase in demand for goods sold in informal markets due to the ever-increasing population. This growth in demand in turn leads to an increase in the number of street vendors, who do not have access to adequate facilities or infrastructure. This leads to bustling and chaotic streets which overflow onto main thoroughfares, leading to disturbances in the local traffic flow and creating additional congestion. The result is that vendors continue to vend illegally wherever they find space, creating

disturbances for pedestrians and along adjacent roads. According to statistics provided by the government of India, there are an estimated 10 million street vendors operating on the Indian subcontinent, of whom 30,000 work out of Bangalore.

Issues faced by informal vendors in KR Market:

1. Social and economic insecurity of street vendors: The primary challenge is that currently, none of these streets are under regulation, meaning that no streets are dedicated specifically to either hawkers or vehicles. Even vendors whose family members have been vending for 100 years or more have no claim on the land, as any market area belongs to the public per the Indian constitution. Vendors who conduct business all day on the street go home with no security that they can come back the next day to do their business. Due to this insecurity, many vendors remain on these streets even at night.

2. Lack of visibility due to inefficient spatial arrangement of vendors: Observations during site visits and interviews of vendors reveal that their business is highly dependent on their visibility. For every hawker, the non-negotiable factor for good business is visibility. In this primarily commercial area, buyers and sellers come daily from all over Bangalore to the Pete area. It is therefore necessary for any vendor that his or her stall or display be visible to passers-by.

Akshita Kabra

Figure 23 Categorisation of Bangalore city into centres, corridors wedges and peripheries. Source: WRI

Existing Market

KR Market, Chickpette Bangalore

Figure 24 Site Pictures. Source: Author

Akshita Kabra

Thesis

Existing Market

KR Market, Chickpette Bangalore

Figure 25 Site Pictures. Source: Author

Akshita Kabra

Thesis

Inferences

REDEVELOPMENT INFORMALITY - FORMALITY

1.1. Site Specific Design

2.1. Generated around strong economically active edges.

1.2. Upgradation of Physical infrastructure

2.2. Design must be adaptive and accommodating - just basic infrastructure to allow for transformation

1.3. Ecological Conservation

2.3. Requires diversity in shape and size.

1.4. Upgradation of technology

1.5. Revitalisation of City Core 1.6. Heritage Conservation

1.7. Non-Motorised Streets

1.8. Pedestrian Friendly Environment

1.9. Adequate Vehicular Parking Spaces

1.10. Solid Waste Management

Figure 26 Redevelopment

Source: Vanya Jain

2.4. Proximity to a public space or plaza- visibility here is most important

2.5. Street vendors are attracted to pedestrian flows rather than concentrations

26. The street market function works best when competitive selling occurs - zoning and clustering needs to be done accordingly..

Figure 27 Market Inferences Source: Author

RETAIL MOVEMENTS PUBLIC SPACE

3.1. Formal retail typologies are supported by “Anchor Stores” and eatery outlets which draw shoppers

3.2. Another important aspect is the “Magnet”- which is not task oriented - for leisure and experience.

3.3. Green components are often appreciated in an open market typology (missing in a mall)

3.4. A formal built-up market should have easy access routes via vehicles as well as ample parking

3.5. Another important aspect is legibility, wherein the plan should be easy to remember and navigate, - placemaking devices

3.6. It is important to allow visibility of shops as well as their advertising.

4.1. To draw in a variety of people throughout the day, week, and year, a market should host a multitude of activities and uses.

4.2. Facilitate Access & Linkages to Your Market.

Even when a market offers lots of reasons why people should visit, it also has to consider how people get to the market.

4.3. Welcome the People Most Likely to be Excluded from the Market. If you want a vibrant market, focus on the needs of the most vulnerable visitors.

4.4. The Market Is a Place for Gathering A Market City considers how its markets can facilitate people coming together through community building efforts, regular usage.

4.5. Vital centers of exchange connecting rural and urban environments.

4.6. It is subject to a continuous process of evolution as it is engrained in the living nature of the heritage space so as to maintain a continuity of community connections.

Figure 28 Market flows

Source: Vanya Jain

Akshita Kabra

Chapter 2.2 Case Studies

Part 1 : Case Studies

i. Selection of Case Studies

ii. Parameters of study

iii. Case 1: Municipal Market Goa

iv. Case 2: Taipei Flower Wholesale Market

v. Case 3: Santa Caterina Market

vi. Comparative Analysis

Part 2 : Case Examples

i. International Auction of Flowers Bangalore

ii. Sydney Fish Market iii. Raichung Flower Market

Part 3 : Design Directives

Akshita Kabra

Case Studies: Municipal Market

Goa

INA Market New Delhi

Figure 29 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa.com

Santa Catarenia Market Barcelona

Figure 30 Santa caterina Market Source: archdaily

Figure 31 INA market Source: Vipanchi Handa

Taipei Flower Wholesale Market, Taipei

Figure 32 Taipei flower market Source: archdaily

Selection of Case Studies:

PARAMETERS OF SELECTION

Scale and Built Up User Group

Municipal Market Goa

INA Market New Delhi Santa Catarenia Market Barcelona Taipei Flower Wholesale Market

Context Approach Planning and Zoning Programme Spatial Responses Functioning Technology

Figure 33 Selection of case studies Source: Author

Akshita Kabra

Municipal Market

City market, Goa

PROJECT FACT FILE ABOUT

Location

Rua Heliodoro

Salgado Panaji, Goa

Year 2004 Program

Fruit

It is a redevelopment project of an existing active public market in the heart of the city of Panaji and is its main grocery market.

Previously, it existed as a 8000sqm busy market with vendors spilling all over. Its area was doubled and the market reconstructed to update itself to the current city of Panaji, thus organizing the vending. It is now one of the most successful formal vending complex in India.

Heritage precinct

The site lies in the heritage precinct of Panaji which contains traditional Portuguese housing, multiple city markets, administrative buildings as well as public plazas. The area is densely built with narrow roads along a sea promenade - enjoying ample public space and footfall.

The Municipal market building is thus inspired by the traditional Portuguese Architecture and emulated in the same way to allow coherence with context.

The building is served by two main Roads - Brazil road and Bernado Guenes.

The main entry is from the south while the service entry comes in from the north.

The site is well connected to all parts of Panaji via two bus stands within walking distance.

The context is completely commercial and institutional. The market sits in conjunction with a mall and the traditional city markets.

Porous

Being a city market in the midst of other open air markets - it is porous from all edges to allow for maximum pedestrian inflow despite being in a single building. There are two main entrances and multiple smaller entrances.

Figure 35 Panaji heritage area Source: Charles Correa foundation

Figure 38 Facade Source: google images

ZONING AND PROGRAM

Views

The atrium ensures that the upper floor is visible from the ground - very important for markets.

Key Shop type Shop Area Total Area

A type (with storage) 33 sqm 1425 sqm

A1 type (level storage) 33 sqm 638 sqm

B type (with storage) 28, 5 sqm 765 sqm

C type (No storage) 10, 5 sqm, 1544 sqm

D type 10, 5 sqm 312 sqm

D1 type (movable vendors) 4 sqm 312 sqm

Types of shops and

Built up Area:

Basement = 3089 sq.m Ground floor = 3176 sq.m

Mezzanine = 534.48 sq.m. First floor = 2490 sq.m Second floor = 680 sq.m

Parking : 71 cars, 32 scooters

clustering

A range of Shop sizes and types is provided to accommodate varying types of goods and services. Shop sizes range from 4 sqm platforms to 30 sq.m shops

Large and Formal Shops kept inward and on upper floors. The Majority - Informal/ Open retail kept at the center. Visible and Accessible easily.

Functions allow for spillage to attract more shops.

The vertical zoning is based on Perishables and Non perishables. Fresh items are sold on the ground floor for easier servicing and continuous loading unloading. Commodities go above.

Fruit/Vegetable Shops

Commercial Shops Parking

Figure 42 Zoning of shops Source: Author

Atrium

Plaza

Figure 39 Muncipal Market plan Source: Author

Figure 40 Muncipal Market section Source: Author

Figure 41 Arrangement of shops

Source: Vipanchi Handa

MOVEMENT SYSTEMS

Figure 44 Movement Systems Source: Author

Pedestrian movement

Main Entry Main Road

Compost

Brazil Road Bernoda Guenes

2m Wide entrance. Entry for customers on all four sides Entrance from basement through South entry gate. 2.5 M wide stair case from the central court to upper floors.

Grid Like arrangement of linear rows of shops on Ground floor. Loop like liner movement along court on First floor.

Vehicular movement

The building is served by two main Roads - Brazil road and Bernado Guenes.

One - Way Traffic movement on three sides, minimising Vehicular Conflicts.

Loading/unloading area and Vehicular entry for customers at the rear end.

Figure 43 Zoning of shops

Source: Author

SPATIAL CHARACTER

Figure 45 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa.com

TECHNOLOGY DESIGN DIRECTIVES

Daylighting and ventilation

Windows and openings provided on both floors (breaking continuity of shops) on all facades for cross ventilation.

Roof designed appropriately - sloped, considering the excessive Rain in Goa.

Reduction in electricity usage

Compost

Waste is collected and segregated for composting. Collected by Agricultural Department.

About 20 tons of waste is collected each week

STP - 600cum a day

Cold storage

Open Plan

This allows for flexible arrangement of vendors and a scope to accommodate growth. This plays a very important role especially during festival season.

Movement Paths

Pedestrian movement is kept seamless and the building is made porous to associate it with the context.

Vehicular Movement

It is restricted to one way flow to avoid congestion and segregates completely

Zoning and Clustering

The shops are arranged in a grid like fashion with staircases in between thus creating a series of nodes and making navigation easier.

Simple circulation paths around them.

Similar shops are zoned together to allow for more growth as well as competitive vending.

Daylighting and Ventilation

Atrium to act as a visual connector.

Shop sizes and storage requirements.

Retention of public character

Basic cold storage provided on upper floor for fruit and vegetable preservation Figure 46 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa.com

Creating a public realm via murals, workshops and temporary exhibitions.

Taipei Flower Wholesale Market

City market, Taipei

PROJECT FACT FILE

Location Neihu Taipei City Year 2012

ABOUT

In 2001, the Taipei City Government chose to relocate the Taipei Flower Wholesale Market and transform it into an International Flower Trade Centre.

Contrary to the market’s previous temporal location, the new site is located within an industrial urban context allowing convenient transportation. Subsequently, the new location merges logistical distribution and includes program for exhibition, education, and urban activities.

West of the street is a larger site for cut flowers while the East site is reserved for the sale of plants. A bridge connects the two sites allowing commercial opportunities and diversifying the commuter experience. This new flower market aims to unite logistic industry, retail, tourism, and education as a new hub within the city.

CONCEPT

Contextually, the project is surrounded by logistical industries such as supermarkets and shipping companies.

In comparison, the Flower Market requires large semi-open spaces such as loading areas, circulation for different kinds of vehicles, and large multi-use spaces.

The design strategy is to lift an urban roof containing required programs to cover the semi-open spaces. This gesture serves to separate pedestrians from vehicles while allowing different activities to happen simultaneously.

Massing Strategy

Redevelopment strategies

Separate the blocks of cutting flower and potted plants

Connecting the negative space through landscape

Massing had diminished to create a central public plaza

Extending the public plaza inwards to fragment the block

Design Concepts

The market was opened up to the public in multiple ways to increase porosity

Figure 48 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily Figure 49 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Figure 50 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Figure 51 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Figure 52 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

LOCATION AND CONTEXT MOVEMENTS

The site is located in Neihu, just 20 minutes away from downtown Taipei straddling Ming Shan Street. It is a highly commercial area populated with multiple warehouses and supermarkets. It offers good connectivity with multiple bus stands and a subway station in its vicinity.

The site is located in Neihu, just 20 minutes away from downtown Taipei straddling Ming Shan Street. It is a highly commercial area populated with multiple warehouses and supermarkets. It offers good connectivity with multiple bus stands and a subway station in its vicinity.

PROGRAM AND ZONING

The Program is divided into mainly 4 sections:

Program [West Wing]

This larger site is mainly for cut flower auctions and distribution. The urban roof provides lifted spaces and the opportunity for future expansion. The loading area, auction room, and distribution area are located on the first floor of the North end while the South end houses 163 retail shops. Customers can be brought to the second floor through interior retail areas or exterior landscape access. The second floor provides more public space for flower utility shops, restaurants, and outdoor parking and the main volume on the North end contains all administrative affiliates.

Program [East Wing]

This smaller site is mainly for plant auctions and distribution. The first floor contains 86 retail shops and parking while the second floor accommodates a greenhouse, auction room, distribution space, storage area, and exhibition spaces.

The different kind of stores that exist are segregated in the program to allow clustering and creating zones.

Circulation does not cross

The service circulation of different kinds of vendors, visitor vehicular circulation and larger trucks are segregated to ensure smooth functioning as there are only two roads surround site and two entry exit points.

Figure 56 Taipei Flower wholesale program and functioning Source: Archdaily,

Figure 57 Taipei Flower wholesale ground floor Source: Archdaily, Author

Figure 58 Taipei Flower wholesale first floor Source: Archdaily, Author

SPATIAL CHARACTERISTIC

Public plaza stepping up to upper levels Colourful Facade Bridge connection

TECHNOLOGY DESIGN DIRECTIVES

Urban Strategies

The urban strategies of place-making, making a global icon, iconic facade and creating connections

Pedestrian Movement

The clever way of taking the pedestrians seamlessly through landscaped plazas and ramps to the upper floors while not taking away from the lower floor market.

Visibility

Rethinking the visibility of markets in the modern context. The architects have ensured that all components remain visible and accessible from the outside by sandwiching parking in between.

Traditional floral greenhouses incorporate lightweight structures with mountainshaped roofs. However, this is a disadvantage when considering wind resistance and weather durability. To achieve the functions of both greenhouse and international exhibition, the new mountain shape is reflected in a large-span curtain wall system with efficient drainage.

Components of the structure contain tree-shaped columns (21.9 and 32.4 cm in radius), wind-resistance support columns with CNC scattered openings, and the curtain wall system roof. Roof beams are supported by the tree-shaped columns and hung under the curtain roof. The span and

the height of the greenhouse efficiently allows both plant incubation and exhibition functions. This main structural system employs aluminum frame details and glass for a lightweight transparent feel.

Incorporation of semi open spaces

Markets function the best in semi open spaces so as to allow adequate light and ventilation for the sustenance of products. This is accomplished through the dramatic gesture of the urban roof.

Zoning of program

Segregation of pedestrian and vehicular circulation to avoid clashes, congestion and allow for a good pedestrian experience.

Figure 60 Taipei Flower wholesale greenhouse Source: Archdaily

Figure 61 Taipei Flower wholesale greenhouse Source: Archdaily

Santa Caterina Market

Barcelona, Spain

PROJECT FACT FILE

Location

Avinguda de Francesc Cambó, Barcelona, Spain Year 2005

Site Area 8000 sqm Ground Coverage 60%

Built Up - Market 8300 sqm FAR 1

Architect Enric Miralles, Benedetta Tagliabue

Program

Wholesale Market Auction Area Housing Museum Eateries Organic waste disposal

ABOUT

The Santa Caterina Market was redesigned on the site of an older covered market to help revitalize the surrounding community. The building’s materials and spaces reflect a new modern life, but also respect the historically-rich site and culture. EMBT created an undulating, multicolored ceramic tile roof to cover the large marketplace and capture the public’s attention. The colors represent the vibrant fruits and vegetables available inside the building.

The building’s iconic, encapsulating roof helped in making it a prominent civic structure, something that my market strives for. I would also like to research the architect’s urban renewal plan, which encompassed the surrounding streets and plazas around the market. This revitalization plan was immensely successful and renewed one of Barcelona’s worst neighborhoods with vitality.

HISTORY AND REVITALISATION

Located in the middle of Ciutat Vella, in the Sant Pere, Santa Caterina and La Ribera neighbourhoods the Santa Caterina Market has been a privileged witness in the history of Barcelona. This was the first covered market in the city. It was about installing it in the center of the city, two steps from the cathedral and to build a market dedicated to wholesale trade, including the sale of meat.

The market was extended many times which led to the demolition of the cathedral on site, till finally it had to be renovated to match with modern technology and retain its city centre status.

The market underwent a comprehensive remodelling between 1997 and 2004, The most significant changes in this reform was the new coloured roof, inspired by Gaudi. In the course of the works, various archaeological remains of the old convent appeared, which can now be seen in the basement of the market, as part of the

Museum. The architects left the previous facade intact on 3 edges of the side as an ode to the original traditional architecture. The series of arches form a grand entrance and still remain relevant in today’s context.

The roof is a grand gesture inspired by Gaudi’s principles of organic architecture.

The combination and contrast of the historical building and the modern roof best represents the cultural amalgamation Barcelona is.

Figure 63 Santa Caterina Market archival images Source: Archdaily

Figure 66 Santa Caterina Market archival images Source: Archdaily

Figure 64 Santa Caterina Market images Source: Archdaily

Figure 65 Santa Caterina Market elevation Source: Archdaily

LOCATION AND CONTEXT

The market lies in Ciutat Vella - the historic centre of Barcelona. It is a densely built area with multiple institutional, commercial and historic centres interspersed with residential buildings.

Ciutat Vella, is a city in itself. Its multiple historic centres makes the present planning is unable to manage the complexity of the situation.

The market serves as a centre between the two main cathedrals of Barcelona so offers scope of being a public space in the dense centre.

The program is thus derived to serve this purpose and is a mix of typologies.

The new market does not interrupt or widen the existing narrow streets surrounding the site. It retains the front plaza and creates a new more intimate plaza cut into the rear of the site, bringing in additional light and open space.

The edges of the site are left open to make the streets wider and are brought in as paths to make it a seamless urban space.

The market interior uses the same granite paving as the city streets in order to denote the space as public realm.

Store Museum of History

Pizza Restaurant

Picasso Museum

Museum of Chocolate Supermarket

Theatre Moco Museum

Basilica de Santa Maria

Santa Caterina Market

Cathedral de Barcelona

Figure 67 Santa Caterina Market context Source: Author

Figure 68 Santa Caterina Market urban realm Source: Author

Figure 69 Santa Caterina Market urban realm Source: Archdaily

ZONING AND MOVEMENT

Market - 2500 sqm

Each small stall - 15 sqm Large Stall- 150 sqm

Supermarket - 100 sqm

Eateries - 762 sqm

Services - 450 sqm Compost - 100 sqm

Museum - 360 sqm

Basement area - 7000sqm (loading dock, parking)

INFERENCES

Program is denser towards the front - in conjunction with the main road, main pedestrian flow and connection to the public centres

This built opens into a sheltered plaza which acts as a open space for light and ventilation in a dense neighbourhood

Vehicular movement is poorly managed, with the vehicular and pedestrian paths crossing.

Pathways are meandering in this open plan making the movement systems more memorable

STRUCTURE

The market structure of Santa Caterina consists of a set of irregular wooden vaults, some triarticulate biarticulates, which are supported by steel beams of section and variable guideline, supported, in turn, in beams and concrete pillars. A set of three large arches with more than 40 meters of light centrally hold the triangulated steel beams to prevent their descent.

The central part does not retain any structure of the old market, in contrast the lateral aisles, with 14m of light, keep the old trunks, some have been repaired and others had to be replaced. The structure of the roof consists mainly of wooden arches joined by metal beams type V that in some places are visible and in others hidden. The cover made with treated pine wood and an envigado sandwich of 2 layers of wood pine (wood of Flanders) machimbrado and other 2 of the same wood separated by slats of 4×4 with wool of rock following the form of the supporting arches and crossing them On a diagonal, is supported by two post-tensioned beams of 43x72m resting on two parallel pillars. Above these arches extends a splint that serves as the basis for the placement of the ceramic pieces of the cover.

Figure 72 Santa Caterina Market roof structure Source: Archdaily

Figure 73 Santa Caterina Market roof structure Source: Archdaily

SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

DESIGN DIRECTIVES

Treatment of historic natureThe historic facade of the market is preserved as it is a reminder of the original construction and is worked around and incorporated into the new market.

The entrances are defined by this facade and make it an interesting experience of moving between timelines.

Rear

The new roof hovers over the neoclassical onedramatic entry

Interior Market

It is a huge column free space in an open plan. Stalls are scattered all over while creating organic paths. The interiors are in warm wood tones. The roof modulates to different heights creating a variety of spaces.

Integration of Urban RealmThe streets and the public interface is seamlessly brought inside to re emphasize that the market forms a part of the public realm.

Space is left at all edges to accommodate spillage as well as make the narrow streets seem wider.

PlazasDespite being in a dense area, the building incorporates multiple scales of plazas to bring in light as well as create public spaces for interaction. They also act as flexible spaces.

Open PlanMakes the space seem bigger Allows for flexible arrangement of shop modules.

Program density thins out from front to back edge.

Main entrance

Case Studies

Municipal Market, Goa Santa Catarenia Market Barcelona Taipei Flower Wholesale Market, Taipei

Site Area 13,778 sqm Built Up 21,830 sqm

Program: Fruit and vegetable market, Flower market, Fish market, Commodities, Non perishables, Event space Eateries, Waste management,

Zoning and Circulation

Site Area 8000 sqm Built Up 8300 sq Program: Wholesale Market, Auction Area, Housing, Museum, Eateries, Organic waste disposal

Zoning and Circulation

Site Area 29,700 sqm Built Up 36,810 sqm Program: Cut Flower Market, Auction Area, Education facilities

Greenhouse, Eateries, Cold storage

Zoning and Circulation

Large and Formal Shops kept inward and on upper floors. The Majority - Informal/ Open retail kept at the center. Visible and Accessible easily.

Program is denser towards the front - in conjunction with the main road, main pedestrian flow and connection to the public centres

The circulation of different kinds of vendors, visitor vehicular circulation and larger trucks are segregated to ensure smooth functioning.

Sections and visibility

Sections and visibility

Sections and visibility

Urban strategy Urban strategy Urban strategy

Segregating service and vehicular movement

Placemaking and Experience

Creating a public realm via murals, workshops and temporary exhibitions.

Extension of the urban edges into the built in the form of streets

Placemaking and Experience

The combination and contrast of the historical building and the modern roof best represents the cultural amalgamation Barcelona is. The roof is a grand gesture inspired by Gaudi’s organic

Vertical segregation of movement systems

Placemaking and Experience

Includes a greenhouse for cut flowers. Used for incubation as well as exhibition purposes. Experience different aspects of a flower facility - hero is the produce.

Municipal Market, Goa

Santa Catarenia Market Barcelona Taipei Flower Wholesale Market, Taipei

Chapter 3

Area Programme

i. Project Vision

ii. User Group Analysis

iii. Programme Components iv. Adjacencies iv. Building Organization v. Programme breakup

Akshita Kabra

Project and Users

The project proposes a redevelopment of the area to create a urban public space for the city, relevant to the present times while respecting the heritage and history of the site. The proposal consists of creation of a market place extending from the heritage building, a bus terminus, organization of the space to create a public plaza - an interface between the market and the city as well as a much needed recreational zone in the old city as well as connecting the nodes via bridges and sky walks to generate a organized experience.

Program: Market Spaces: Flower Vendors Vegetable Market Farmers Market Greens Market Metal and Fittings Meat Market

Auction Areas

Temporary Mela Space Open Air Vending

Loading and Unloading Dock Waste Management Cold Storage Composting Public Plaza Public amenities Food Court Co living Office Skill Centre

City Market Bus Terminus

User Groups: Shopkeepers Informal vendors Employees Shoppers (vendors) Shoppers (visitors)

Residents

Figure 75 Distribution of produce in KR Market Source: Jana Usp

User Needs to derive program

Figure 76 User needs and Program Source: Jana Usp

Flower Market

1 Fruits and Vegetable Shops

Pod Vendors 550 4 2200

Retail type A 15 10 150 Retail type B 15 12 180 Retail type C 15 15 225 Storage Shops 10 30 300

Wholesale Shops 20 50 1000 2 Non Perishables

Retail type A 50 10 500 Retail type B 30 12 360 Retail type C 20 15 300 Storage Shops 20 30 600 3 Cold Storage 3000 Total 8815 Adding 40% for circulation, toilets, support 3526 Total 12341

1 Shops

Pod vendors 100 4 400

Retail Type A 35 10 350 Retail Type B 50 12 600 Retail Type C 65 15 975

Wholesale Shops 50 30 1500 2 Sorting and Grading Facility (15%) 574 3 Cold Storage (Loose flowers) 1000 4 Greenhouse 1600 Based on Taipei Flower Market 5 Exhibition Space 600 @1.5 sqm per person for 400 Total 7599

Auction Area

Space

Security Control 1 15 15

Engineering Dept 1 75 75

Sanitary Inspector 3 25 75 Store 2 20 40

IFAB Office 1 75 75 Bank 1 50 50

ATM 5 10 50 Total 915

Adding 40% for circulation, toilets, support 366

Total 965

Accomodation facility

Lobby 1 30 30 Common Area 1 60 60 2 sq. mt. per resident for at least 25% of the hostel strength, subject to a maximum of 60 sq. mt

Common Kitchen with dining Area 1 40 40 1 sq. mt. per resident for 50% of the hostel strength, subject to a maximum of 40 sq. mt.

Hostel 20 48 960 6 sqm per person

Total 1090

Akshita Kabra

Background Research

SITE LOCATION

The site is located in central Bangalore in the historic petta precinct which is primarily commercial in nature. The narrow roads, spilling with hawkers and shops, areas alive all through the day, the dense built interspersed with large green areas and dotted with colonial buildings are the characteristics of the area.

Bangalore and Petta Area

Petta Area and KR Market

Central Business District KR Market

Figure 80 Site and Context Source: Author

SITE AND THE CITY

Since the users as well as vendors use public transit to arrive at the site, it is pertinent to be well connected with the city. Site is connected to the city through Mysore Road and Avenue Road.

Railway lines, major bus stands are all in proximity.

City Railway Station: 2.6 km

Majestic City Bus stand: 2 km Kalasipalyam Bus Stand: 1.5 km

KR Market Metro station: 400 m

The metro directly connects the market to other business centres such as Majestic, MG Road, Chickpette, Jayanagar, Yashwantpur, Peenya.

Modes of transit used by vendors to connect to site.

source: Jana usp

Figure 82 Transport connectivity

Source: Janausp, Author

SITE AND THE PRECINCT

Heritage Walk:

Proposed Heritage Corridor in Bangalore is to run from Bangalore Fort to Bangalore Palace, viewing tidbits of history in a timeline. KR Market

lies right at its inception - this will being a new user group - tourists/ enthusiasts who come to enjoy the cultural significance of the space

Context:

Located in the Bangalore Pette. Pette developed around two major axis: the doddapette (big market) road and the chickpette (small market) road. There were a series of markets along the way. KR Market, the biggest one was the landmark end of the doddapette road.

Thus it was an important public space and landmark since its inception. Located opposite Bangalore Fort.

KEY

Tipu Sultan Palace Bangalore Fort KR Market

Ranganatha Temple Mysore Circle Bangalore University central college Freedom Park Cubbon Park Raj Bhavan Vidhan Soudha High Court Bangalore Museum Carlton House Pump House Nilton House Mount Carmel College Bangalore Palace

Akshita Kabra | Thesis

Figure 83 Chickpette and KR Market Source: Janausp, Author

Figure 84 Heritage corridor in Bangalore Source: historicbangalore

Site and Surroundings

Clock Tower

Bangalore City Post Office

Hoskote Bus Stand

Jamia Masjid City Mosque

KR Masjid

KR Market Metro Station

Sunday Market

Silver Jubilee Park

Government Dental College

Victoria Hospital Bangalore Fort Centenary Building

Vanivilas hospital

Tipu Sultan’s Palace

Kalasipalyam Bus Stand

SITE Development Controls

Site Location: Chickpette, Bangalore

Client: Bangalore Smart City + BBMP

Site Area: 30,000 sqm

Land Use: Commercial

Building Typology: Market and Public Functions

FAR: 2

Ground Coverage: 50%

Height Restrictions: 18m

Set Backs: 6 m all around

ECS: 1 in 150

Basement Restrictions: 4 levels

Figure 86 Site plan Source: Author

Kabra

GRAIN ANALYSIS

FIGURE GROUND ANALYSIS

The area is divided into different sized and shaped pockets in an organic manner by thin streets. One can clearly see the primary roads, secondary streets and thin tertiary streets.

The streets are not clean geometric lines but rather toothed with the built spilling into them - showing the great porosity of the built and the streets and their thick inter-relationship.

The built follows the organic pattern set forward by the streets. They are densely packed by small buildings which overlook each other. They are strongly dependent on each other as well as the streets. Very few open spaces relieve them and one can clearly see the congestion. There is a clear distinction between the commercial shops in the Petta area and the institutional buildings. The latter are large buildings with courtyards set within gardens in rather isolated large parcels of land.

Figure 87 Grain Analysis Source: Author

Figure 88 Grain Analysis Source: Author

VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

AND TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

A variety of vehicles operate simultaneously - private cars, trucks and lorries, tempos carrying goods, rickshaws and a huge number of two wheelers.

Although the walls are sufficiently wide, due to encroachment by hawkers it is densely congested.

The presence of organic roads, highway as well as multiple intersections causes confusing navigation and slow movement of large vehicles.

Legend:

GundopanthRoad

Highway running overhead 45 m wide

Primary arterial road 30m wide

Secondary road 18m wide

Tertiary road 12m wide

Points of congestion

Figure 89 Traffic Analysis Source: Au-

CONGESTION AND CONFLICT ZONES

Inferences:

Flyover above

One way movement below

The flyover causes a flurry of movement in front of the site which is hampered by the heavy pedestrian movement. The ramp up and down from the flyover opens up in front of the site causing the traffic to be split in many lanes.

Inferences:

One way movement

Two way movement

The Avenue road- Mysore Road junction is a meeting point between two high traffic roads as well as an intersection of 6 right of ways. There are no clear demarcations of movement paths and only one traffic light.

Bus stop next to site adjacent to a sharp turn causes further congestion.

Figure 90 Movement patterns Source: Author Figure 91 Movement patterns Source: Author

PUBLIC TRANSIT AND PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIVITY

Pedestrian movement approaches site on three faces and thus the building must be designed for this experience.

Major Pedestrian traffic inflows from the bus stop edge.

Most pedestrian traffic arrives from the points of public transitpoints of congestion, maximum visibility.

Legend:

Pedestrian movement from metro station

Pedestrian movement from bus stop

Pedestrian movement from market

Metro line (underground)

Metro exits

Bus stop

Auto stand

Parking area

Metro (underground)

Figure 92 Pedestrian Movement patterns Source: Author

Akshita Kabra

MARKET PRECINCT

Inferences:

Legend:

Fruit, Vegetable and Flower Market

Clothes Market Meat Market Shoe and Leather Market Grains Market Religious Item Market Electrical Market Book Market Food Street

The KR Market complex lies in conjunction with the other markets in the Petta area. Being connected to other commercial centres in the vicinity through a cheap and accessible mode of transport provides KR Market a larger customer base and opportunities. It makes the shopping experience more wholesome as everything under the sun is found around in the area.

Lack of public spaces of rest and pause as well as food stalls to cater to the huge crowds coming in. The site can provide ample opportunity for social spaces.

Figure 93 KR Market context markets Source: Author

ACTIVITY MAPPING

Figure 94 KR Market activity mapping Source: Author

Weekday morning Weekend

Weekday evening Festivals

Akshita Kabra

CONNECTIVITY

AXIAL MAP INTEGRATED AXIAL MAP

Figure 95 Space syntax Analysis

Source: Author

Inferences:

Connectivity accounts for all direct connections each street has to other streets in its immediate vicinity. The Mysore Road is the best connected and will therefore bring most of the vehicular traffic.

Figure 96 Space syntax Analysis

Source: Author

Inferences:

1000000m 1000000m

A global integration analysis calculates how spatially integrated a street axis, i.e. axial line, is relative to all other streets in the system.

The site should therefore by very visible to it. Avenue Road is the next highest.

Avenue road is the most integrated road in the system - a lot of pedestrian movement will occur on this road - vendors on this path will have the most visibility.

VISIBILITY MAPPING

Inferences:

Visibility is the non negotiable factor for most vendors (especially informal) and thus a market will be successful only if one keeps that in mind and follows it to organize the vendors. The visibility mapping of the site reveals that the junction of the bus stand is the most visible point in the system - this is why most vendors flock to this intersection and cause further congestion. People have to be brought into the site from that point. The diagonal cutting across the site are the most visible area inside the site - can act as the retail spine and should hold maximum frontage (other than the exterior faces)

Figure 97 Visibility Mapping

Source: Author

Akshita Kabra

ARCHITECTURAL VOCABULARY AROUND SITE

Metro Station:

The Chickpet Metro station, closest to site is an underground station with small sized single storey structures to mark its entrances. The station is covered in murals depicting the activities of the market, inside the rich history of the market is displayed in a series of photo board.

Hospitals: a. Victoria Hospital b. Vani Vilas Hospital

Built during the colonial period, the hospitals are heavy stone buildings in the Indo Sarcenic style that we see is prevalent in the Central Business District. Series of arches define its ground floor while an intricate balcony lies on the first.

Jamia Masjid: The biggest and most important mosque in Bangalore, it is a stunning white marble building with very intricate details. It has ornate granite pillars and an impressive front facade - can house up-to 10,000 people at a time.

Commissioned by the Nizams of Hyderabad in 1940.

Market:

The surrounding streets of KR Market all host street shopping in two - three floored buildings. The shops and hawkers spill into the streets which are characterized with multiple hoardings.

Figure 98 KR Market Context Source: google images

ARCHITECTURAL VOCABULARY OF EXISTING SITE

Inferences: The Kirshna Rajendra Market, when founded was a series of platforms arranged neatly around multiple market squares that stretched on a site behind the clock tower. It was known as the ‘Siddikatte’ - meaning public platform.

The clock tower built by the Wodeyar Kings is a building made in the Neo Classical Indo Sarcenic architecture - a load bearing brick masonry structure in the characteristic red plaster.

The new market building is a RCC frame structure in a poor condition.

Akshita Kabra

Figure 99 Original KR Market at its inception Source: google images Figure 100 Current condition of KR Market: Heritage Clock tower and Market building Source: Monisha Raju

Figure 101 KR Market Archival images Source: google images

Inferences:

The current market planning fails on multiple levels:

Most visible point of site has little to no frontage - only corners

Entrances lead to dead ends - not porous. Upper circulation placed at these dead ends, thus not visible once inside the market.

The diagonal arrangement of stores blocks one’s view of the atriums and we can only see one aisle at a time.

Navigating to the central atrium is a complicated path.

One can not view the aisles walking on the main exterior circulation loop

Further, markets are not clustered according to what they sell - causes one to feel lost and impossible to locate themselves.

Figure 103 Current condition of KR Market cluster Source: Author

SERVICE CONNECTIONS

Waste is collected onto the corner of the site in a landfill manner. Absence of composting or post processing of waste leaves it as a stinky mess, isolating an important corner of the site. Smaller pick up trucks are parked under the flyover who pick them up regularly.

Services are placed on the edge of the site for easier access externally from site by the service vehicles. The path for their access and the access to the services in the basement are on two edges of the site - not ideal.

Waste management

Electrical and water services

Waste collection area Pick up truck parking Waste trucks movement

Toilet block Transformer Service vehicle to basement Service vehicle

Figure 104 Waste collection cluster Source: Author Figure 105 Services Source: Author

CURRENT MARKET WASTE COLLECTION

Waste is collected onto the corner of the site in a landfill manner. Absence of composting or post processing of waste leaves it as a stinky mess, isolating an important corner of the site.

Organic waste is strewn around the shops of fruits, vegetables and greens - rendering the entire road filthy and difficult to navigate.

Akshita Kabra

SUN AND CLIMATE - BANGALORE

Temperature Humidity

Ambient temperature of Bangalore is comfortable except for being mildly hot during the day in the months of March to May. Can be countered by shading and ventilation.

Humidity and rainfall is high in Bangalore - with comfortable ranges during the day. Can be countered with proper natural ventilation.

Thermal condition

Thermal comfort in Bangalore is neutral except for being mildly hot during the day in the months of March to May. Can be countered by shading and ventilation.

Figure 107 Climate Analysis Source: Au-

SUN AND CLIMATE

Wind Rose Sky Matrix Sun Path

The primary wind direction in Bangalore is East - West.

Winds are comfortable - not too hot, mild speed. Design should maximize natural ventilation by orienting openings along the east west direction.

Maximum radiation occurs overheadgreen terraces will be effective. Hot on the east and west faces - orient building to maximize north-south faces.

Akshita Kabra

Figure 108 Wind Analysis Source: Author

Figure 109 Skymatrix Source: Author

Figure 110 Sunpath Source: Author

PSYCHOMETRIC CHART

Almost all hours in Bangalore are comfortable with an exception for a few. Passive strategies like capturing internal heat, natural ventilation and occupant use of fans can make all the hours 100% comfortable.

Capture internal heat Natural ventilation

Occupant use of fans

Figure 111 Psychometric chart Source: Author

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREATS

Market has its own unique identity defined by the unique shopping experience that it offers.

Market has historically been the central city market of Bangalore and will continue to be so.

Receives a high footfall. Good connectivity through multiple modes of transport.

Has two sides facing major roads. Strong street frontage.

Formal and informal co-exist Is connected to other commercial centers by public transport.

Increased stress on infrastructure due to unplanned spread of commercial activities.

Vehicular Congestion.

Pedestrian crossings are difficult to navigate.

Terrible waste management.

Improper maintenance of shared spaces and services.

Encroachment of Public space.

No use of higher levels of building.

Informal retail is not recognized

Metro connecting KR Market to other highly active market centres has increased the catchment to a wider retail audience.

Scope for greater activity and public uses to be incorporated.

Rich connect with locals and city level customers.

Street frontage is high.

A designed change of pedestrian and vehicular circulation can facilitate smoother traffic movement.

Scope for re-interpreting and strengthening the formalinformal dynamic.

Metro connecting KR Market to other highly active market centres has increased the catchment to a wider retail audience.

Scope for greater activity and public uses to be incorporated.

Rich connect with locals and city level customers.

Street frontage is high.

A designed change of pedestrian and vehicular circulation can facilitate smoother traffic movement.

Scope for re-interpreting and strengthening the formalinformal dynamic.

Akshita Kabra

Chapter 5 Technology

i. Areas of research

Part 1 : Structure

i. Composite structures ii. Waffle slab structures iii. Tensile resting structures iv. Spanning structures v. Auction room structures vi. Modular stall units

Part 2 : Services technology

i. Occupancy Calculations ii. Waste water treatment systems iii. Waste management v. Electricity load calculations vi. Cold Storage Part 3: Sustainability Measures

i. Passive cooling strategies ii. Adaptive HVAC system iii. Green Roofing system vi. Rainwater Management vii. Kinetic Energy generation viii. Griha Evaluations

Part 4: Safety

Akshita Kabra

Areas of Research Technology Drivers

In relation to the vision and design of the various spaces of the project, the following topics have been identified as areas of research for thesis technology :

1. Structures

i. Large span structures

What structural systems can be executed within time constraints

What are the various structural systems available to get large, column free spaces?

Spans possible by using composite columns structure ?

Is it possible to have load on top of large span structures?

What structures can cover large open courts in a column free manner?

ii. Modularity

What systems of modularity can be adopted for quick construction?

What systems of shop units can be adopted for increased flexibility?

ii. Alternative materials of constructions

What are the local building materials available in Bangalore?

3. Services

i.

Waste Management

How can huge amounts of waste be transported to disposal point effectively?

How can waste be treated to ensure no smell?

How can waste be recycled into saleable products?

How can waste become an asset to the market?

ii. Water Requirements

How can waste water be reused effectively?

How can landscape be integrated with water consumption

iii. HVAC system requirements

Sustainable options and applicability

Open loop systems - Hybrid systems with natural ventilation?

iv. Cold Storage

3. Sustainability

Sustainability can be addressed at two levels : a) through using passive design techniques and b) incorporating active design features.

Thus, the following topics are identified as the areas of research:

Passive ventilation systems

Green roofing

Water & Electricity generation potential

Waste recycling

Local materials pallete

4. Safety i. Fire codes and norms

Retail, Skill centre, Accomodation

ii. Universal accessibility standards and requirements

iii. Safety and Security Crime prevention through Design

Kabra

Akshita

COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

Advantage : High clear space, Quick Construction

Working Mechanism :

The building system uses pre-cast ferrocement roofing channels of a segmental arch profile which are placed adjacent to each other and spanning over two supports. After partly filling the valley between channels with concrete, the channels form an idealized T-beam and are able to carry the load of a roof / floor. Ferrocement comprises of a uniform distribution of reinforcement by use of chicken wire mesh and welded mesh encapsulated in rich cement mortar, thereby achieving significant reduction in both steel reinforcement and dead weight of roof. This composition provides a more uniform distribution of strength as compared to RCC.

Advantages :

• Ferrocement channel roof provides light weight roofing – 60% reduction in dead weight as compare to RCC

• Pre-casting of roof leads to substantial reduction in construction time

• 20% saving in cost possible because of reduction in steel quantity and elimination of coarse aggregates and shuttering

• Creates employment as the roof components can be locally produced and delivered through micro level enterprise.

• Much better quality control can be maintained during prefabrication

• Versatile technology – w.r.t profiles of roofing channels (subject to structural design)

Application in the project : Retail buildings

Figure 112 Psychometric chart Source: bmtpc

Figure 113 Ferrocement Channel detail Source: Kamya Khurana

Figure 115 Typical structural layout Source: Author

WAFFLE SLAB STRUCTURES

Advantage : Large column free spans on top of each other

Application in the project : Service Block, Skill centre and Accommodation

i. In an attempt to save up on space, it would be ideal to have a system which allows stacking up of - large column free spaces - vertically. iii. Made up of an interesting pattern, the exposed structure can be used as a subdued neutral finish in many large public spaces such as foyers

Waffle slabs are two-way concrete slabs reinforced by ribs in two directions. They are concrete slabs reinforced by ribs in two directions. They are able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances the flat slabs. The coffered underside can be architecturally desirable and is usually left exposed. Holedeck waffle system - Allows for integration of services within the slabwithout compromising the structural strength

Figure 114 Typical section through waffle slab - column free spaces Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis

SPACE FRAME STRUCTURES

Working Mechanism :

A Space Frame structure can be defined as a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure. It is constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. The Space frames can be used efficiently to cover huge areas with minimum interior supports. They are strong due to the characteristic rigidity of the triangular frame; Flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted along the length of each strut in the form of tension and compression loads. Space Frames are built from correlated members and nodes. The members and nodes are connected by bolts.

Advantages

• Space frame structures are easy for transportation, handle, and stack. It provides low transportation costs.

• Very easy to install on-site due to prefabricated components.

• Suitable for a structure that has a large span.

• It provides minimum deflection.

• The space frame structure also has maximum seismicity.

• It has an excellent span-to-depth ratio.

• It is lightweight and structurally effective.

• Concentrated loads are distributed evenly throughout the structure.

• It has very good acoustic properties. Application in the project : Covering open courts

Figure 116 Types of spaceframes Source: https://www.constrofacilitator.

Typically, the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional supports are required from the skin.

They have a simple arch crosssection. Tetrahedral modules or pyramids are not always required as part of the support for this type of space frame.

They behave like a plate with plane deflections. Shear forces are sustained by diagonals and directed through horizontal bars.

Customized and calculated based on loads - tensile as well as compression.

All elements are in one single layerarranged flat on the surface. Made up of triangular interconnected members. Supports shorter spans.

They usually use space frames. The elements are arranged in two parallel layers at a fixed distance from each other. Diagonal bars linking nodes of both layers in different directions

Figure 117 Types of spaceframes Source: https://www.constrofacilitator.

Placed in three parallel lines connected by diagonals. They are mostly used for large spans. They are always almost flat.

Akshita Kabra

ROOF STRUCTURE

The building’s structure is provided by a steel portal frame that is left exposed across the underside of the roof.

Its geometry defines the locations of triangular skylights - shading from

the harsher south and west sun while allowing for north sun to come in. This casts an interesting shadow pattern over the ground.

The steel framing pattern is done in a geometric fashion of concentric ribs on the pleated structure to culminate in one central depressed pointemulating flower petals. Four tree like columns hold the large span roof up on its four corners.

Figure 118 Roof Structures Source: Author

Figure 119 Roof Structures Source: Author

Figure 120 Roof Structures Source: santiagocalatrava.com

GREENHOUSE STRUCTURE

Humans have always recognized the value of what is now known as controlled environment agriculture, allowing farmers to cultivate plants year-round rather than seasonally. Though they were invented hundreds of years ago, greenhouses continue to be the most popular means of controlled environment agriculture today, with innovations in technology and design having improved both the beauty and efficacy of this typology.

The natural effect of the transparent structure is often supplemented by other equipment designed for ventilation, heating, cooling, and lighting, particularly in commercial or industrial-sized greenhouses.

The Quonset greenhouse, where the pipe arches or trusses are supported by pipe purling running along the length of the greenhouse. In general, the covering material used for this type of greenhouses is polyethylene. Such greenhouses are typically less expensive than the gutter connected greenhouses and are useful when a small isolated cultural area is required. These houses are connected either in free, standing style or arranged in an interlocking ridge and furrow.

AUCTION HOUSE STRUCTURE

Figure 122 Seating Arrangement- Sectional View. Source (Ward 2019)

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Figure 121 Greenhouse in project Source: Author

MODULAR STALLS

A modular framework underpins the functional strategies of the facility and enables representation and ownership of stakeholders and user groups. The flexibility of the modular system enables spaces and places to overlap, change shape and form, to create new and diverse zones for different operations under the one roof.

Modules may be programmed individually or grouped in clusters to allow for diversity not just in use but in scale and shape as well. The building can be programmed with various indoor and outdoor functionalities, depending on the social needs of market users. It allows for interior and exterior spaces to flex, grow and shrink as needs require.

The building becomes a responsive element that changes to meet the current and future needs of the various user groups and stakeholders.

The market stalls are modular, prefabricated, flexible and can be easily transported if required. The stall is made of timber column members and rolling shutters.

The display surface can be pulled and used whenever required.

Figure 123 Modularity Source: 3xn.

Modules on grid

Module arrangement Module modified for purposes

Combinations and usability of module

Figure 124 Modularity Source: Author

Grid

MATERIAL PALETTE

In order to construct sustainably it is imperative that one employs the locally available materials in their design. This is because:

i. Climatologically apt : Materials which have been used over time are employed because they are able to provide the most comfortable indoor environment within the said context. Bangalore has a comfortable climate and thus the use of mechanical cooling/heating can be eliminated

easily.

ii. Low carbon footprint : This ensures that the material - both in its inception and application - causes least harm/impact on the environment. Thus, it is recommended that the materials are sourced locally or from nearby regions - as this would reduce their transportation and thus, save up on the carbon emmissions involved in the process.

Hand chipped Granite Terracotta tiles

It can withstand stress and resists breaking and chipping very effectively. It is not affected by the erosive action of the elements, resistant to fire and water, and can last for years without any degradation. Terracotta is also resistant to mould. Application

Fly Ash : Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Lightweight material - reduces the load of the building, thereby reducing the depth of foundation digging. Re-purposing waste material

Application: Infill blocks : Masonry

Highly durable stone with undulating rough texture, it requires very little maintainance. It also provides protection from UV rays but is brittle and cant withstand a lot of heat.

Application: Exterior Cladding, Paving

Steel and Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate is a very strong and resilient thermoplastic material. Polycarbonate is also very lightweight and thermally efficient - stabilizes and evens out the temperature of a space, reducing a structure’s carbon footprint. Application - Roof

Akshita Kabra

OCCUPANCY CALCULATIONS

Occupancy Toilet Water Requirement

Sl No Funtion Area Occupancy Population

Sl No Funtion Area Population WCs Male WCs Female Urinals

Sl No Funtion Area Population Flushing Domestic Net consumption

1 Market 13342 3 4447.333333

1.1 Fixed population (10%) 444.7333333 1.2 Visitor population (10%) 4002.6 2 Flower Sorting 3892 20 194.5875 3 Auction 600 1.2 500 4 Restaurants 4543 2.5 1817.2 4.1 Fixed population (10%) 181.72 4.2 Visitor population (10%) 1635.48 5 Admin 1040 10 104 6 Skill Centre 3208 4 802 7 Accomodation 1526 12.5 122.08 Total 7987.200833

1 Market 41416.9 4447 1.1 Fixed population (10%) 445 16 24 16 1.2 Visitor population (10%) 4003 80 80 80 2 Flower Sorting 1705 195 8 12 8 3 Auction 350 500 20 30 20 4 Restaurants 960 1817 4.1 Fixed population (10%) 182 6 8 6 4.2 Visitor population (10%) 1635 32 32 32 5 Admin 90 104 4 4 4 6 Skill Centre 802 16 20 16 7 Accomodation 1526 122 8 12 8 Total 7987 190 222 190

1 Market 13342 4447

1.1 Fixed population (10%) 445 20 5 11118 1.2 Visitor population (10%) 4003 10 5 60039

2 Flower Sorting 3892 195 15 30 8756

3 Auction 600 500 10 5 7500

4 Restaurants 4543 1817

4.1 Fixed population (10%) 182 20 25 8177 4.2 Visitor population (10%) 1635 20 25 73597

5 Admin 1040 104 20 25 4680

6 Skill Centre 3208 802 20 25 36090

7 Accomodation 1526 122 20 120 17091 Total 7987 Total 227049

From thumbrule, capacity of Underground tank

2/3rd of total = capacity = 153.33 cum

Typical size of UGT = 6 x 6 x 4 = 144 cum

Number of tanks required = 2 tanks of typical size

UGT requirement = (6 x 6.5 x 4) x 1 tank

From thumbrule, capacity of Overhead tank

1/3rd of total = capacity = 76.6 cum

Typical size of OHT = 6 x 6 x 4 = 144 cum

Number of tanks required = 1 tank

No of Lifts:

Taking lifts of shaft size 1900 x 1900, which carries 8 people at 2m/s speed.

N = 3 P = 6.4 T = 8

Holding Capacity = 15 % Occupancy = 8060

TOTAL OF 31 Lifts will be required

WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT - DEWATS

DEWATS is a decentralised waste water treatment system using natural bacteria, plants and gravity in stead of electricity and chemicals. Water can be reused for flushing and gardening.

Key Features

80 % lower Operation & Maintenance cost than comparable technologies No electricity required No chemicals added Integrated with landscaping

TOTAL CAPACITY= 230 kLitres

SETTLING TANK DESIGN

Capacity: 5% of total capacity = 12 cubic meter

Depth: 2 Breadth: 2 Length: 3

ANAEROBIC SEPTIC TANK

Capacity: 30% of total capacity = 72 cubic meter

Depth: 4 Breadth: 4 Length: 4.5

ANAEROBIC BAFFLED FILTER REACTOR

Capacity: 30% of total capacity = 72 cubic meter

Depth: 4 Breadth: 4 Length: 4.5

TERTIARY TREATMENT PLANTED FILTER

Capacity: 30% of total capacity = 72 cubic meter

Depth: 1.2 Breadth: 6 Length: 10

Gravel filter

Polishing pond

Akshita Kabra | Thesis

Figure 126 DEWATS System Source: CDDindia.org

Figure 127 DEWATS System Source: Author

WASTE MANAGEMENT

WASTE COLLECTION, SEGREGATION

Figure 128 Waste Collection Source: Author

Instead of the classic and existing process of directly disposing waste, one must intervene at every step of the process to ensure an optimum system with low waste generation and sustainability.

COLLECTION:

It has been reported that improper bin collection practices, collection, transfer and/or transport systems have great effect on the characteristics of the solid wastes.

An optimal route is one that results in the most efficient use of labour and equipment, and selecting such a route accounts for all design variables in a large and complex network which include frequency of collection, haulage distance, type of service, and climate.

Sensors are one of the models of smart solutions for solid waste management. They are used to measure fullness levels of the containers and notify when bins are ready to be emptied.

WASTE TREATMENT - RECYCLING

The flowers that are unfit to sell are usually because of the following reasons:

Restaurants

They get damaged during transportation. They have started to decay. They have started to dry out and hence wont bloom. They don’t have necessary grade of colour, scent or size to be sold along with the bunch. These categories of wastes generated from the flower market itself has a great potential for recycling into sellables which can be sold as souvenirs at an ancillary craft bazaar especially catering to the local and foreign tourists. The process of manufacturing these products also has scope for making workshop sessions with the tourists.

Lvl +3000 Lvl -900

Lvl +300 Lvl +1800

Function Population Waste generated (0.2 kg/capita/day)

Lvl +300

Lvl +600

Market 6959 1392 kg Skill Centre 802 160.4 Accommodation 122 24.4 kg Total waste = 1576.8 kg/day

Greens Plaza

Cut Flower waste generated at stalls

Vegetables Market

Flowers sorted by type and grade

Cut stems, waste vegetables, waste paper

Lvl +00

Cold storage

Cut Flowers

Lvl +300

Compost

Temporary drying area Compost area

Loading Dock

Lvl -900

workshopsRecycledproduct

Cut flowers

Lvl -900

In built collection area in stalls Transport to waste collection point

Figure 129 Waste recycling Source: Author

Sent to compost facility

Drying area

Lvl +00

Manure packaged

Lvl -900

Segregated intoFlowers, Leaves, Cut Stems, Waste vegetables, Waste paper

Separated for:

Loose flower Market

Potpourri, Beadmaking, Gulal making, recycled paper.

Sold to farmers who come to drop vegetables for sale

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22 115

WASTE TREATMENT - COMPOSTING

Aerobic composting (Thumboorzhi model)

With the help of aerobic bins, biodegradable waste can be converted into compost which can then be used for soil conditioning for farming and gardening. In addition to converting the biodegradable waste to non toxic nutrients, aerobic bins don’t pose any associated issues to local residents. Effective maintenance of Aerobic bins would not cause the emission of foul odor and moreover, the heat produced during the process kills pathogens. Aerobic bins are constructed in such a way that it enables proper air circulation, proper draining of leachate and an easy way of collecting biodegradable waste in layers. Furthermore, no turning or mixing of the equipment is required.

Components:

1. Aerobic Bin - Aerobic bin is 4ft x 4ft x 4ft ferro-cement structure used for aerobic composting of biodegradable waste on community level. Requirement: 500 bins = 80 sqm

2. Bars - Sides of Aerobic bins will be fitted with removable bars, each of width 3 inches. The bars, made of ferro-cement, are fitted with a uniform gap of 3 inches in between them. Construction of Aerobic bin with space between the bars provides gaps for sufficient air circulation required for the composting process.

3. Inoculum - Inoculum is a bacterial culture developed by Kerala Agriculture University. Inoculum helps in the creation of Aerobic bacteria which help in composting.

4. Shelter - Aerobic bin should be placed in a well ventilated place with proper protection from rain to prevent moisture. Double roofing system should also be installed in the shelter for efficient air circulation.

Figure 130 Aerobic composting Source: thanal.co.in

Composting not only reduces the amount of waste that must disposed but also converts it to essential nutrients which can be used to improve the soil’s quality.

In the Thumburmoozhi model, microbes convert biodegradable waste to compost while the inoculate provide bacterial consortium for aerobic composting. Air circulation is essential for the proper working of Aerobic bin for which removable bars are placed in a ferro-cement support frame with space in between for adequate air circulation.

The structure of the Aerobic bin is such that 70% of the walls of the Aerobic bin is open and so allows for ventilation which is essential for aerobic composting. Moreover, to accelerate the composting process, diluted inoculum that promotes the growth of aerobic bacteria, is sprayed over each layer.

Biodegradable waste is added in layers with the help of wooden measuring frame (3ft x 3 ft and 6 inch height) and dry leaves are placed around. Equal layers of biodegradable waste and dry leaves are added into the aerobic bin. Dry leaves not only provide carbon for composting, absorb moisture and help in air circulation but also acts as a protective shield from house flies. During the composting process, in addition to compost, compounds like Carbon Dioxide, and Ammonia are produced. The heat produced during the composting process will destroys pathogens and kills plant seeds in the composting mixture.

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Figure 131 Aerobic composting Source: thanal.co.in

ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Solar Panels With a number of terraced surfaces and ample exposure to the sun, the site has the potential of generating electricity using solar power.

Total Site Area: Total Built up Area:

Total Electrical lighting load : Total Electrical lighting load :

33,700 sqm 44,000 sqm

Watt/sqm Calculation : 18.1 12.9 15.5

Market Skill Centre Average :

Total built up x Watt/sqm 44,000 x 15.5 = 6,82,000 watts 682 KW

Electricity Load Thumb rule

Potential Electricity Generated via PV Panels Calculation :

Estimated Roof area: 15577 sqm

Available Roof area: Area req. for 4kw Solar PV System No. of systems that can installed

Total Electricity generated :

7461 sqm 29.8 sqm 7461/29.8 = 257 units 257 x 4 = 1028 KW surpasses site requirement

Figure 132 Electricity Generation Source: Gresek 2014

RAIN WATER CONSERVATION

Water collection + Reuse

Collecting and storing the rain water and re-using and cleaning the water used within the building, can help reduce the water demands of the site.

Rain water harvesting diagram

Percolation pit diagram

Figure 133 Rain water harvesting Source: Richards et al. 2021

Potential Water Harvested Calculation :

Total Site Area:

33,700 sqm

Annual Rainfall: Run-off co-efficient :

Estimated Greens area: Estimated Paved area:

8000 sqm 10123 sqm

Estimated Roof area: Water harvested on Roof area: Water harvested in Green area: Water harvested in paved area: Total rainwater harvested on site : Total water load/demand :

877 mm Roof = 0.9 Paved = 0.8 Greens = 0.3 15,577 sqm 15577 x 0.9 x 877 = 12294 Kilo Litre / Year 8000 x 0.3 x 877 = 2104 Kilo Litre / Year 10123 x 0.8 x 877 = 7102 Kilo Litre / Year = 21,500 Kilo Litre / Year = 230 Kilo Litre / day = 83950 Kilo Litre / year

STP Calculation :

Total Water Demand per day

Diversity factor ( x 0.8) Water sent to STP (85%)

230 kilo litre 184 kilo litre 156 kilo litre

Akshita Kabra | Thesis

GREEN ROOF

Introduction

Green roof is an environmental, social and economical use of the building roof. Green roofs may be installed at any height with an access provided for its maintenance. The planted spaces, may be used to provide human enjoyment and environmental enhancement or energy savings for the users. Broadly, they can be catogorised into two types :

1. Roof gardens : are installed for the access and enjoyment of people. They are also costly to build, require intensive maintenance and are heavy in weight due to the deep soil profiles.

2. Green roofs : are lightweight with thin soil profiles and minimal maintenance requirements. They are cheaper to construct as they are installed for environmental performance and visual improvement only.

The contemporary roof greening systems are however much advanced as they use organic matter instead of soil for the plant growth. The modern green roofs are categorized by the substrate or growing media depth

There are three types of systems - intensive (deep), semiintensive (moderate depth) and extensive (shallow)

Figure 134 Classification system and properties

Figure 135 Diagram highlighting the various layers & components. Once the drainage and waterproofing membrane are designed well, they can be installed on top of a kind of decking system - be it wood, concrete or steel.

After the construction of the roof slab, several layers of waterproofing are applied in order to ensure that there is no leak or dampness in the future. To further assist an easy drainage system, floor drain trays. Once the waterproofing is done, layers of geo-textile fabric is applied. This helps the soil and other medium on top of it, retain their place even water runs through them. Finally, small niches are dug into the subtrate and saplings are planted.

Effectiveness & Limitations

i. Apart from adding to the ‘green’ cover in an increasingly concretised surrounding, vegetated roofs shade and prevent incoming solar radiation from reaching the structure below.

ii. It thereby regulates the internal climate of the building by insulating it against extremes of climate and provide a cooling effect through evaporation of water from its vegetative and soil surfaces.

Figure 136 Advantages of green roof system

iii. By reducing the heat flux through the roof, cooling load and energy consumption of the building may be lowered, leading to monetary savings for the owner.

iv. A low rise building with a high roof to wall ratio benefits the most from a green roof compared to a high rise building that loses energy through the building envelope and glazing.

v. Apart from the thermal advantage, green roof plants purify the air and provide protection to the roof membrane by reducing the direct solar exposure.

Figure 137 Comparison of heat balance on the roof of TCI building : with and without a green roof. Green roof allows for cooler temp. throughout the year

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ADAPTIVE HVAC SYSTEM

Introduction

Adaptive HVAC system is a hybrid system of cooling which uses both - mechanical ventilation as well as natural ventilation. Instead of solely relying on the close loop system of re-circulated cold air, the adaptive HVAC approach uses air flow as a means of creating thermal comfort in a space. The air flow is either harnessed through natural cross ventilation strategies - enhanced through appropriate massing and building orientation, or through ceiling fans. Adaptive HVAC allows for thermal zoning of spaces and integration of naturally ventilated spaces with air-conditioned zones - instead of mutually exclusive spaces.

Figure 138 Working principle of Adaptive HVAC system. It uses both mechanical and natural ventilation - thereby allowing openings/windows.

Working Mechanism

Natural ventilation allows the air flow across the room. This enhances the effect of cooling achieved by mechanical ventilation and cooling. Thus with an increased thermal comfort, it is possible to feel comfortable, even in hotter temperature (28-29 degree) in comparison to (23-24 degreeASHRAE standards)

The cooling system is designed as an Open Loop systemwhich allows for spill over of cooled air and doesnt re-circulate it within the same space.

Figure 139 Thermal zoning applied in NUS School of Design and Environment, by Serie Architects.

This system can thus reduce the HVAC demand loads - thereby bringing about significant saving in both electricity load and operating costs of the building.

Effectiveness & Limitations

Advantages:

i. Since the air supply system doesnt involve recirulating the air, there are no return ducts.

ii. It allows for windows and openings as spill overs are allowed to take place - instead of convention systems which require closed spaces for efficient cooling.

iii. Supplemented with fans, it is less energy intensive and saves eletrical load as well.

iv. Ventilation with cool outside air can reduce a commercial building’s energy use by 15 to 80%, depending on climate, cooling loads, and building type.

v. Mixed-mode buildings have the potential to offer occupants higher degrees of personal control over their local thermal and ventilation conditions, as well as a greater connection to the outdoors, which should lead to increased occupant satisfaction

Limitations:

i. Relies on natural ventilation across the site for maximum output.

ii. Mixed-mode strategies also have the potential to add cost and complexity to a building

iii. The need for humidity control in some climates may also exacerbate this conflict between the benefits of a sealed and permeable envelope.

Conventional Full AC Model Adaptive Comfort Model

Figure 140 Technical differences between the conventional and adpative comfort HVAC system

RADIATION ANALYSIS

Radiation on ground in Summer (Jun 21)

Radiation on ground in Winter (Dec 21)

Radiation on facade in Summer (Jun 21)

Radiation on facade in Winter (Dec 21)

Key: Sun hours

Figure 141 Radiation Analysis Source: Author

Winter - sun hours

Summer - sun hours

Summer - sun hours

Analysis: Streets are shaded. Courts are partly shaded - thus need roof coverings over large courts. In the summer, upper floors receive a lot of sun and heat. Winterslower floors receive less light - open facade

Winter - sun hours

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

Key: Vertical Sky component The Vertical Sky Component analysis indicates daylight potential for points on the facades. It measures how much light from the sky reaches the facades, relative to available light on a horizontal unobstructed surface.

Lower floors at the end of the streets receive less than ideal daylight for regular window sizes - needs larger openings. Most faces receive adequate light.

Jun 21 (Summer Solstice) - 8 am

Jun 21 (Summer Solstice) - 12 pm

Jun 21 (Summer Solstice) - 4 pm

Dec 21 (Winter Solstice) - 8 am

Dec 21 (Winter Solstice) -12 pm

Dec 21 (Winter Solstice) - 4 pm

Lower floors at the end of the streets receive less than ideal daylight for regular window sizes - needs larger openings. Most faces receive adequate light.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis

Figure 142 Daylight Analysis Source: Author

Figure 143 Sunpath Analysis Source: Author

WIND ANALYSIS

Figure 144 Wind Analysis Source: Author

West winds: Most and strongest winds. Built creates comfortable courts and streets by allowing wind to pass through.

North West winds: Built creates comfortable courts and streets by allowing wind to pass through.

East winds: Built creates comfortable courts and streets by allowing wind to pass through.

In urban environments the microclimate and personal comfort are strongly influenced by the wind conditions. Some of the effects that can occur are: Downdraught effect (downwards deflection), Venturi effect (through narrow spaces), Upwards-deflection

Comfortability on wind

These effects can cause high velocity wind at ground level that can cause discomfort. Courts are all comfortable for sitting (vendors). Slightly lower comfort occurs at the edgescountered with trees.

Wind rose

Key: Wind velocity

Key: Comfortability

Figure 145 Wind Comfort Source: Author

MICROCLIMATE ANALYSIS

Summer (June 21) Winter (Dec 21)

Key: Comfortability

This analysis combines sun, daylight, and wind analyses with local weather data to create a comprehensive microclimate map of the site, helping to understand how the local climate reacts to the shade and wind conditions the built creates.

Courts and streets shielded from solar radiation and strong winds to create a comfortable climate. The central plaza is the most comfortable - encouraging it to be the central informal space.

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Figure 146 Microclimate Analysis Source: Author

DESIGN FOR ACCESSIBILITY

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Figure 148 Wheelchair Accessibility standards Source: NBC

FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY

The building falls in the category of business type building upto height of 15 m and it is a mercantile type building with ground plus one storey and floor area greater than 500 sqm.

The following fire fighting systems are mandatory for the building as per NBC (2015) for given occupancy and height:

Fire extinguishers

Fire Aid Hose Reel

Wet Riser system

Automatic Sprinkler System

Manually operated Electronic Fire Alarm system.

Assuming one hydrant at each landing of wet riser on each floor, total number of internal hydrants shall be 36.

Minimum Travel Distance

For fully sprinkled building, minimum distance- 45m

Sufficient open space around buildings is essential to facilitate free movement and operation of Fire Service vehicles. For buildings between 15-18m in height, Setback on all sides around building should be more than 6m.

Fire Exit Fire Tender path

Figure 149 Fire exits and fire tender path Source: Author

SAFETY AND SURVEILLANCE

1. Using CCTV Cameras and Sensors 2. Eyes on the street

3. Range of vision - no narrow badly lit streets

Eyes on the Street via external corridors

Large Open areas with lighting Public Surveillance - community activity

Figure 150 Open Space security measures Source: Vanya Jain, 2021

Kabra

Akshita

Chapter 6 Design Determinants

Inferences SWOT Analysis Site Directives Directives from existing market

Akshita Kabra

INFERENCES

RESEARCH

Redevelopment

Any redevelopment proposal needs to regard the existing activities & stakeholders.

A holistic approach is to balance the need for creation of a new identity/ meaning of the space with the original essence.

The ‘new’ needs to co-exists and support the existing.

Successful market

A successful Market is one that successful both economically & socially.

Ensuring through design of spaces and activities that the place remains open and accessible to all irrespective of their socio-economic class. Must be easy to navigate.

Informality

Informality can be provided for by providing spaces that are designed for need-based customization along with provision of platform and infrastructure that supports it. Such spaces may have ‘loosely’ defined functions such as space for events, flea markets, informal retail to occupy etc.

CASE STUDY

Urban strategies

A market place is for the city and should thus function so.

It is heavily dependent on public transit - design segregated vehicular and pedestrian movements. It also represents the city - infuse public character, include urban strategies that bring in people seamlessly.

Nodes and Axis

Axis and Nodes direct people and improve navigability.

Nodes are points of greater activity and they need to be designed to accommodate this.

They also are pause points. They are points of place making.

Clustering and Visibility

Zoning defined by the character of activity and the volume of people it attracts. Some activities advantage from being grouped with others.

Visibility of Multiple activities and levels is extremely important.

SITE STUDY

Response to existing spatial character

The architectural language of the existing site and context are appropriated by the users as per their need.

This need not be simulated, however the built, scale, spatial & functional organization can be regarded.

Open and Built

Varying scales and hierarchy of streets and open spaces exist. These cater to different types of activities and retail. But the dense context desperately needs public open space - guide the user through the market.

Retail

The basic essence of the Market is driven by the business at its core. Informal - Formal, Large - Small enterprise co-exist in a dynamic relationship to benefit each other. The most important driving factor to all the vendors is visibility. Compromises are made for it.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREATS

Market has its own unique identity defined by the unique shopping experience that it offers.

Market has historically been the central city market of Bangalore and will continue to be so.

Receives a high footfall. Good connectivity through multiple modes of transport.

Has two sides facing major roads. Strong street frontage.

Formal and informal co-exist

Is connected to other commercial centers by public transport.

Increased stress on infrastructure due to unplanned spread of commercial activities.

Vehicular Congestion.

Pedestrian crossings are difficult to navigate.

Terrible waste management.

Improper maintenance of shared spaces and services.

Encroachment of Public space.

No use of higher levels of building.

Informal retail is not recognized

Metro connecting KR Market to other highly active market centres has increased the catchment to a wider retail audience.

Scope for greater activity and public uses to be incorporated.

Rich connect with locals and city level customers.

Street frontage is high.

A designed change of pedestrian and vehicular circulation can facilitate smoother traffic movement.

Scope for re-interpreting and strengthening the formalinformal dynamic.

Metro connecting KR Market to other highly active market centres has increased the catchment to a wider retail audience.

Scope for greater activity and public uses to be incorporated.

Rich connect with locals and city level customers.

Street frontage is high.

A designed change of pedestrian and vehicular circulation can facilitate smoother traffic movement.

Scope for re-interpreting and strengthening the formalinformal dynamic.

Akshita Kabra

DESIGN

To Metro

Figure 151 Site analysis Design drivers Source: Author

Public Heritage

Site edge zoning

Ideal Orientation

Fort greens Clock tower Orientation Vehicular movement and drop offs

Akshita Kabra

INFERENCES FROM EXISTING MARKET

Shop Units

Softer Thresholds:

Create softer thresholdstransition from private to public. Shop extend onto streets - more space for customers to ponder and be pulled in. This also increases visibility of produce and accommodation of hawkers.

Frontage Required: Depending upon the scale of the shop, the frontage requirements vary.

Small shops require larger frontages and lesser depth for larger visibility, less storage. Large shops can do with less width as they have storage.

PULL PULL

Sharing Frontages:

Share services and space. Small shops, hawkers and service providers can easily be accommodated in large stores - aiding both businesses.

Softer Thresholds

The distinction between what is public and private, Interior - Exterior, Serving space - Space Served is blurred, Resulting in a softer threshold between the shop and the exterior. This creates three zones Pull - Ponderpassage.

Figure 152 Shop unit Design drivers Source: Author

INFERENCES FROM EXISTING MARKET

Market Planning

Large shops inwards. People come because of prior knowledge of the shop/ or specially to visit the specific shop. They block visibility of hawkers.

Hawkers , SMALL & MID sized shops work best along movement paths (high pedestrian movement) Nodes: F& B works best as breaks between shopping.

With road frontage - they become very expensive

Large shop arrangement: Mid size shop arrangement: Street pattern and zoning:

At nodes where people spill out, there should be a hawker zone, place markers and food outlets.

Internal street system should connect a series of nodes - have a primary street from which secondary aisles originate. Cross aisles connect them.

Crowd pullers like flower market should be placed inwards as people will go through and impulse buy to reach there.

Akshita Kabra

Figure 153 Shop arrangement Design drivers Source: Author

Chapter 7

Design Concepts

Concepts Planning Approach Form Development Zoning

Akshita Kabra

CONCEPTS

Atrium and Courtyards

An organic system of streets, blocks and courtyards enclosed under a large span hovering roof. Breaking up the blocks to bring in light and ventilation - provide points for more visibility.

Smooth transition between floors

Break up the vertical circulation to create multiple sub floors - increase visibility. This brings public up more easier.

Siddikatte - Public Platform

Taking the public upwards to create higher plazas, hawker zones and food courts.

This allows for segregation of vehicular and pedestrian movement too. This allows for semi outdoor spaces for flower selling etc below.

Increasing frontage

Placing blocks at different angles, Frontage and visibility is maximised.

CONCEPTS

Porous Edges are made permeable. A network of streets of varying scales and punctures in the built allow free movement.

Axis and Connector

The site is used as a connector between two site edges increasing porosity and creating a visual & Physical axis to direct movement

Edges

The edges have courtyards to account for increased informal vending and give them space to spill over.

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Figure 155 Design Concepts Source: Author

Grid derived from Heritage facade, Diagonal Axis defines public movement

Series of plazas on the axis, streets derived from them on the grid.

Building blocks placed on vertical grid, perpendicular to facade.

Connections - on ground, and cantilevered blocks tie the built along the horizontal grid.

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Figure 156 Planning Approach Source: Author

Form Development

Axes defined by heritage block and diagonal connect

Loading block placed along service vehicle road Market blocks placed along the grid

Cantilevered connections made perpendicular to the grid

Series of raised informal courts within the blocks

Greenhouse and Roof forms create the iconic skyline

Figure 157 Form development Source: Author

Greenhouse

Skill

Chapter 8

Design Development

Design Approach

Design Development 1 Design Development 2 Design Development 3 Design Development 4 Design Development 5 Design Development 6 Design Development Prefinal

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PLANNING APPROACHES

The Necklace

Blocks arranged in a semi-circular fashion facing the heritage clock tower allowing for informal activity to take the central stage and create a large open space.

The Street Bazaar

Blocks arranged perpendicular to the clock tower, creating streets within the site, emulating the street nature of the context.

Figure 159 Site Planning Options Source: Author

The Diagonal

Blocks arranged such that the diagonal connection forms the primary street from which further streets diverge.

The Courts

Blocks arranged so as to form a series of courts along the diagonal connection.

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1

PROS: CONS:

• Strong connections with the ground plane

• Vertical zoning

• Placement of loading zone

• Formation of external courts

• Scale of court too large. Only one court for spillage, not well connected to exterior.

• Not responding to heritage building

• Ramp too long and not workable at such a scale

Creation of central spine along the diagonal urban connector. Retail and wholesale arranged around a central court which holds the informal plaza. The ground plane is linked to the upper floors by the means of a large ramp and an urban staircase.

Site Plan - conceptual

Flower court, vertical zoning and roof. Connecting the ground plane to upper levels, vertical zoning and roof form

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 2

PROS:

• Street culminating at heritage clock tower

• Multiple courts - internal and external

• Main spine - interplay of greenhouse and informal flower vendors - showcase produce in different ways

CONS:

• Scale of court, No interconnections between courts

• Weak response to heritage building

• Too heavy and monotonous built mass

• Diagonal connection lost

Spine defined by the heritage clock tower. Multiple courts createdexternal edge courts, flower seller, fruits seller and recycling court. Greenhouse is placed on the upper floor while flower sellers are moved to sunken courts.

Site Plan - conceptual

Formation of external courts

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 3

PROS:

• Response to heritage building

• Series of streets and courts

• Diagonal blocks form a bold statement and are dynamic

CONS:

• Diagonal blocks need a rhythm

• Angle of the diagonal not defined

• Low visibility of retail

• Overhead blocks too bulky

• System of flows and circulation messy

Ground plane blocks aligned to the grid set forward by the heritage building. Upper blocks shift their axis to highlight the diagonal axis. Series of courts created where the diagonal intersects the perpendicular grid.

Site Plan - conceptual

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 4

PROS: CONS:

• Response to heritage building

• Series of streets and courts

• Upper courts looking over each other

• System of flows and circulation

• Promenades

Ground plane blocks aligned to the grid set forward by the heritage building. Upper blocks cantilevered between the blocks to create a series of upper courts. Series of courts created where the diagonal intersects the perpendicular grid.

Site Plan - conceptual

• Connections between internal and external courts weak

• No purpose to the multiple terraces

• No interplay of levels

• Low legibility and placemaking

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 5

PROS: CONS:

• Response to heritage building

• Series of streets and courts

• Easy to service and function

• Bazaar street with heritage building

• Definition of axes

The diagonal urban connection is defined by multiple courtssunken and raised. The blocks are arranged to form streets leading to the heritage clock tower - which spill into the courts. Central to these are the multiple sunken and raised courts

Zoning - separation of fruits and flowers market

• Shop sizes incorrect - too much frontage

• No connections between upper and ground

• Building blocks congested

• No nodes and weak place-making

• Vehicular circulation is tight

Weak elevational response to heritage

Exploded - retail above wholesale. Skill centre above.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 6

PROS: CONS:

• Resolution of shop sizes and circulation space

• Strong connection to ground planemultiple raised plazas and urban staircase

• External court - internal court connections

• Scale of streets too large for market

• Scale of courts too large

• Column to column distance is too large

• Low ground coverage

• Plazas and squares not shaded

Attempt to design space micro to macro scale. Attention to shop sizes, modularity and plazas. Primary street and diagonal axis connects at a large court with raised plazas connecting the ground to the upper retail.

Site Plan - conceptual

Shop units and clusteringservice corridor runs through.

Courts Section cut through the raised plaza and main street. Multiple courts - under auction area, eateries etc.

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PRE FINAL

Functional resolution of the building with refinements in connections and activities. Resolution of structures and services. Connections between courts was articulated with double height spaces. Shading was looked into, as well as detailing out of elevation and materiality.

PROS:

• Resolution of structure and shop sizes

• Roof form articulated

• Inner plazas - organic

• Upper floors resolved

• Greenhouse juxtaposition with clock tower

• Elevational treatment and use of vernacular materials

CONS:

• Node at end of axis not important enough

• Foodcourt needs better articulation

• Urban level movement needs to be looked into

• Central tower not coming through

• Cores not resolved

• Edges as extended car bays

Site plan

Site section

Sunken

Inferences and Concepts Zoning Context and site

Chapter 9

Final Design Proposal

Courts Market planning Shop and Shop units Heritage response Technology

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WHY?

Markets are rarely a strictly commercial activity, but are often treated as such.

A city market has the potential to go beyond its immediate role of sale and distribution of produce and provide layered experiences that enables change and is responsive to growth, creating an amenity that is truly an integral part of the urban fabric.

Can a culturally significant flower market be re-imagined as more than just a flower market and provide myriad experiences for the city?

A market that is envisioned not just as a working market but also as a market that can adapt to the changing needs of a growing city but also a cultural destination, urban connector, an amenity for the city - and an inspiring icon in the Bangalore skyline.

The project looks to rethink the role of a city market in an urban structure as the new type of social area - a space where in the social, historical and cultural come together with the commercial.

Krishna Rajendra Market

Flowers and Bangalore have an intimate relationship lasting centuries. They are less about being seen and appreciated and more about traditions, rituals, felicitations and festivals - an integral aspect of one’s home.

Flowers have a fleeting presence all throughout the city - as they traverse on their second life.

KR Market is the nucleus of this movement and activity.

One of the largest flower markets in Asia, it is a city market that provides the whole city with its fruits and flowers.

Cubbon Park

KR Market

Lal Bagh

Bangalore Pette (old Bangalore) developed around two major axis: the doddapette (big market) road and the chickpette (small market) road. There were a series of markets along the way. KR Market, the biggest one was the landmark end of the doddapette road.

Thus it has seen the city grow throughout the century.

• Not been able to keep up with the growing city.

• Increase in pressure - produce & people

• Congested and dirty

• Not upgraded to modern facilities and methods of city life.

• Loss in visitors

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Case Studies

Urban Strategies

Porosity to context

Grid circulation Open Plan

Soft thresholds

View points and placemaking

Concepts

Atrium and Courtyards

An organic system of streets, blocks and courtyards. Breaking up the blocks to bring in light and ventilation - provide points for more visibility.

Smooth transition between floors

Break up the vertical circulation to create multiple sub floorsincrease visibility. This brings public up more easier.

Siddikatte - Public Platform

Taking the public upwards to create higher plazas, hawker zones and food courts.

Increasing frontage

Placing blocks at different angles, Frontage and visibility is maximised.

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Zoning

Greenhouse

Accommodation Skill Centre

Fruit Wholesale Bazaar Street

Movements and Porosity

From Metro station

From Meat

From bus stand

From Meat market

Knollies Plan - Site

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System of courts

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Sunken Court

Food Hawker Zone

Fruit hawker Auction/Hawker

View of sunken court

View of raised plazas

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Inferences from current market

Market Planning

Large shop arrangement: Mid size shop arrangement:

Large shops inwards. People come because of prior knowledge of the shop/ or specially to visit the specific shop. They block visibility of hawkers.

Hawkers , SMALL & MID sized shops work best along movement paths (high pedestrian movement)

Street pattern and zoning:

With road frontage - they become very expensive

Internal street system should connect a series of nodes - have a primary street from which secondary aisles originate. Cross aisles connect them.

Nodes: F& B works best as breaks between shopping. At nodes where people spill out, there should be a hawker zone, place markers and food outlets.

Crowd pullers like flower market should be placed inwards as people will go through and impulse buy to reach there.

Central axis

Bazaar Street

Primary movement axis

Foodcourt

Inferences from current market

Shop Units

Softer Thresholds:

Create softer thresholdstransition from private to public. Shop extend onto streetsmore space for customers to ponder and be pulled in. This also increases visibility of produce and accommodation of hawkers.

Frontage Required:

Depending upon the scale of the shop, the frontage requirements vary.

Small shops require larger frontages and lesser depth for larger visibility, less storage. Large shops can do with less width as they have storage.

Sharing Frontages:

Share services and space. Small shops, hawkers and service providers can easily be accommodated in large storesaiding both businesses.

Softer Thresholds

The distinction between what is public and private, Interior - Exterior, Serving space - Space Served is blurred, Resulting in a softer threshold between the shop and the exterior. This creates three zones Pull - Ponder - passage.

PULL PONDER PULL

Modularity and Construction of shops

Shop Modularity

Timber frame structure

Roof partly shaded partly transparent - polycarbonate and canvas.

Rolling canvas partitions

Storage Display shelf Counter

Cut flowers

Loose flower sacks

Display Systems

Shops tend to spill out to create a pull zone for customers. Module offers different pull out display options of timber framing which can be dismantled easily. Methods - observed from the current methods of shopkeepers.

Cut flower foliage Cut flower garlands

Section through shops

Exhibition Auction Foodcourt

Sunken Court

Views of Auction area

View of public staircase

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Heritage response

Bazaar street axisaligned to Jama Masjid Central axis - with clock tower

Heritage clock tower Bazaar Colonnade Greenhouse

Corridor Exhibition Spaces

Elevations

Elevation

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View of bazaar street

View of central street

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Roof for open courts

The building’s structure is provided by a steel portal frame that is left exposed across the underside of the roof.

Its geometry defines the locations of triangular skylights.

The steel framing pattern is done in a geometric fashion of concentric ribs on the pleated structure to culminate in one central depressed point - emulating flower petals.

Four tree like columns hold the large span roof up on its four corners.

Spaceframe and loads.

Roof partly shaded partly transparentpolycarbonate and canvas.

The shaded portions are south facing to cut heat and glare

Roof collects water in its low points which are then channeled

Possibility of solar cells harvest

Terracotta panels

Facade module 6 x 4 m, upper two floors

Terracotta

It can withstand stress and resists breaking and chipping very effectively.

Granite sill

600 mm RCC beam

Ferrocement Channel

3000mm aluminium DGU sliding window

Terracotta panel facade

Granite sill at 600 mm from ffl Granite clad arched collonade

Facade module 6 x 4 m, along cores

Facade module 6 x 4 m north facing walls

Highly durable stone with undulating rough texture, it requires very little maintainance.

Elevation

Granite flooring and plinth at 450 mm

Passive Strategies

Site Level

Blocks placed such that maximum natural ventilation is ensured, as well as comfortability in the open courts. Radiation is cut down withing the courts - shaded from south and west

Massing Level

To further reduce the heat gain of the envelope, the massing formed multiple courts and was extruded in and out. This creates a comfortable microclimate within each for informal vending

Facade Level

To reduce glare and heat on the upper levels, double facade is provided - jaali like that encourages wind flow. Lower floors - kept open. Shaded by semi open collonade.

Active Strategies

Solar Panel and Electricity generation Rainwater Harvesting

Total Electrical lighting load :

44,000 x 15.5 = 6,82,000 watts 682 KW

Potential Electricity Generated via PV Panels Calculation :

Estimated Roof area: 15577 sqm

Available Roof area: Area req. for 4kw Solar PV System No. of systems that can installed

Total Electricity generated :

7461 sqm 29.8 sqm 7461/29.8 = 257 units 257 x 4 = 1028 KW surpasses site requirement

Potential Water Harvested Calculation

Total Site Area:

33,700 sqm

Annual Rainfall: Run-off co-efficient

Estimated Greens area:

Estimated Paved area:

8000 sqm 10123 sqm

Estimated Roof area: Water harvested on Roof area: Water harvested in Green area: Water harvested in paved area:

Total rainwater harvested on site : Total water load/demand :

877 mm Roof = 0.9 Paved = 0.8 Greens = 0.3 15,577 sqm 15577 x 0.9 x 877 = 12294 Kilo Litre / Year 8000 x 0.3 x 877 = 2104 Kilo Litre / Year 10123 x 0.8 x 877 = 7102 Kilo Litre / Year = 21,500 Kilo Litre / Year = 230 Kilo Litre / day = 83950 Kilo Litre / year

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Baldwin, E., n.d. Architectural Drawings: 8 Green Roofs in Section, s.l.: s.n.

Cement and Concrete Association of Australia, 2003. Guide to Long-Span Concrete Floors, s.l.: s.n.

Demco, 2012. Zoning. Demco Ideas and Inspiration. Desigigning Libraries, 2012. Reimagining the library. s.l.:s.n.

Bibliography

Diaz, S. M. B. a. C., 2016. “Third places” as community builders.

Engineers, C. N. R. A. &., 2010. Anna Cenetary Library, Chennai, s.l.: s.n. ESDEP, n.d. Lecture 10.9: Composite Buildings. In: ESDEP WG 10. s.l.:s.n.

s.l.:s.n. Precht, C., 2014. The Third Place, s.l.: s.n.

The Architectural League and Center for an Urban Future, 2015. Re-Envisioning Branch Libraries. s.l., s.n. Bhan, N. (2018). informal retail — Emerging Futures Lab. [online] Nitibhan.com. URL: http://nitibhan.com/tag/ informal-retail/ Chen, M.A. 2007, ‘Rethinking the informal economy: linkages with the formal economy and the formal regulatory environment’, DESA working paper No. 46, United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, New York, USA.

GALLAGHER, B. (2019). Architects interpret urban architecture in markets.Rocagallery.com. URL: http:// www.rocagallery.com/market-day

Klaus Sedlbauer, E. S. R. B. H. M. K., 2010. Flat Roof Construction Manual, s.l.: s.n.

Oldenburg, R., 1989. The Great Good Place. s.l.:s.n. Paul Lewis, M. T. D. L., 2016. Manual of section.

Vibrant Markets and streets, Inclusivecities.org. (2019). URL: http://www.inclusivecities.org/policy-planning/ vibrant-markets-streets/ Accessed on 29 Mar. 2019

Koolhaas, R. and Chung, C. (2001). Project on the City II: The Harvard Guide to Shopping. OMA. URL: https://

oma.eu/publications/project-on-the-city-ii-the-harvardguide-to-shopping.

Mehrotra, R, 2004, ‘Rethinking the informal City’ , Areaarchitecture, viewed March 20, 2019 URL https://www.areaarch.it/en/re-thinking-the-informal-city/

Net. Available at: https://www.urbanafrica.net/urban-voices/ promoting-inclusion-of-micro-enterprises-and-informal-tradersin-sas-formal-retail-areas/ (“begin,” n.d.)

(“Ch07,” n.d.)

Mehrotra, R, 2008, ‘Negotiating the static and Kinetic cities: The emergent Urbanism of Mumbai’, Other cities-other worlds, Duke university press, London viewed March 20, 2019 http:// www.rmaarchitects.com/essays/static-kinetic-cities.pdf

O’Neil, D. 2005, ‘The qualities of a successful public market’, Project for Public spaces, URL: https://www.pps.org/article/ tencharacteristics-2.

(“The City of Boston introduces Tactical Public Realm Guidelines –Utile Architecture & Planning,” n.d.)

PPS, 2010, ‘What Makes a successful place’. URL https://www. pps.org/article/grplacefeat

Rajani, c. (2019). Post Metro Gentrification, A case of Lajpat Nagar, Scribd.URL https://www.scribd.com/ document/322768048/Post-Metro-Gentrification-A-case-ofLajpat-Nagar, Stevens, S. (2015). Making space for informal traders in SA’s formal retail areas - UrbanAfrica.Net. [online] UrbanAfrica.

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The jury acknowledged that the project was interesting and challenging.

Jury Comments

External Jury:

Ar. Amit Behl, DAAT Architects

They appreciated the tackling of the scale of the project and commented that it seamed effortless. The efforts to detail the project from the urban scale to the module scale were appreciated. The program additions made with respect to the existing proposal were agreed upon.

The jury was concerned about the tackling of the waste management issues created in such organic markets and appreciated the effort made. The relationships between the formal and informal as well as the placemaking strategies were appreciated. The heritage response also was commented on as appropriate.

The jury commented that the form could have been more exaggerated, but appreciated the attempt made to be iconic.

KR MARKET REDEVELOPMENT

Akshita Kabra

the new age city market