Mansour Transportation Hub

Mansoura Transportation HUB

I believe design is the result of collaborative work combined with passionate innovative and sensitive values that transforms a piece of object into unique solution that response to human needs.

“There are no straight lines or sharp corners in nature. Therefore, buildings must have no straight lines or sharp corners” Antonio Gaudi

The main goal of this research is to follow the government’s plan, which is investing a lot of money in the transportation de velopment in the country in order to pro mote more use of public transportation to control vehicular traffic, transit time, and enhancing the connection of the transit modes and transportation infrastructure across Egypt, and promoting economic development and making transportation affordable to all categories of citizens. In this book, there were continuous research around the concept of transportation hub and how to make the hub fully func tional serving high number of passengers efficiently. In previous years, there was significant neglect in the transportation in the delta region in Egypt specifically in the airline sector which led to lack of connec tion to other governorates and made trav el experience harder for the passengers in terms of accessibility, time, and traffic congestion. Mansoura city that is located in Al-Dakahlia governorate in the Nile Del ta’s north-eastern region, is considered the central city in delta region which was a suitable location to be selected in order to establish a domestic airline-railway hub that will be able to serve the delta region specifically, Mansoura city, and this will lead to reduce the burden on Cairo intl. airport. The main purpose of this project is to provide the multi-modal terminal that will be able to serve the high density pop ulation of delta region without forcing the residents to travel long time to other cit ies and reducing the traffic congestion by encompassing the railway transit mode which is the centralized and the main connection transit mode of the delta re gions, allowing more easiness in move ment. To conclude, the challenge of this project is to be able to design a largescale landmark project that will be some how unfamiliar to the nearby neighbour hoods; however, it will add value to the region in terms of economy and image.

01

INTRODUCTION

01 Introduction to transportation hub

1.1 Why

transportation

hub

The government is now giving a great ef fort in the development of transportation facilities and infrastructure projects. Af ter studying the transportation networks taking into consideration the state’s plan and found that there is a shortage in the delta region regarding the airports .

1.2 Definition of

transportation

A public transportation hub is a location where passengers may switch between vehicles or modes of transportation. (Transportation - Cities: Skylines Wiki, n.d.).

Figure 1.1. Transportation hub, Data source (multicar go)

hub

Figure 1.2. Transportation hub, Data source (multicar go)

Public transportation hubs are formed as locations that are easily accessi ble by residents. For those who are financially challenged and live in this ur ban region, public transit may be the most cost-effective mode of transpor tation. Train stations, rapid transit stations, bus stops, tram stops, airports, and ferry slips are examples of public transportation hubs. (Ustadi and Shopi,2016).

1.3

History of transportation hub

The timeline below clearly shows that transportation technology has gradually im proved and developed. Transport has become more efficient, covering greater dis tances in shorter periods of time.

Modern multimodal transport was born with railways.

Horse-drawn carriage boarded a barge and went down the Rhone River for 400 km

Being the first railroad to move trailers, ushering in commercial intermodal transportation

Piggybacking of wagons was pioneered by P.T. Barnum’s circus

Figure 1.3. Transportation hub timeline, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Being the first railroad to move trailers, ush ering in commercial intermodal transpor tation

1.4 Hub Concept for Public Transport hub

Tony (2006) defines transportation sys tems as "nodes, terminals, and locations."

By setting and restructuring the key rela tionship components, these three com ponents may be functionally integrated, and better controlled. These transporta tion system theories explain that nodes are critical components that must be in terconnected with networks, as seen in figure (4). Locations are defined as plac es where socioeconomic activity take place. In this location, there is a high demand for mobility and transportation. The accessibility lines to these places may encounter friction, which is gener ally determined by the terminal to node to the needs.

1.5 Transportation hub in urban context:

Integration of urban passenger transportation is crucial for urban connectivity. The main goal is to satisfy urban citizens’ ever-increasing demand for travel, especially to enable residents of distant cities, villages, and towns to travel to and from loca tions in a cost-effective way (Zhong, et al, 2018). Land use and transportation are two interconnected components that are believed to influence each other on a regular basis. A change in the transportation network, such as the construction of a new road or the development of a metro line in a particular area, would influence the location of land investment for its development, which would, in turn, influence travel demand. This would result in the construction of extra transportation infrastruc ture as well as an increase in accessibility. Challenges of urban that lead to build a transportation hub, according to (Elshater and Ibrahim, 2014), there are several traffic problems as unplanned growth, pressure on infrastructure and weak connec tion between regions in the country. As stated by (yin et. al, 2019), promoting the expansion of public transportation infrastructure to the countryside, as well as the coverage of public transportation services in the countryside, are also key steps in promoting new urbanization and achieving a well-off society.

Origins Destinations Intermediary People Freight Information Linkage Friction

Nodes

Networks Demand

Flows

Figure 1.4. three core relationship components of trasportation hub and friction, data source(science direct) Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Figure 1.5. urban form and urban structure, data source(transportgeography)

1.6 Airport rail link

1.6.1 Definition of Airport rail link

An airport rail link is a passenger rail ser vice that transports passengers from an airport to a neighboring city through mainline or commuter trains, rapid tran sit, people mover, or light rail. Direct linkages operate directly to the airport terminal, whilst other systems need the employment of a people mover or shut tle bus as an intermediary (Transporta tion - Cities: Skylines Wiki, n.d.).

1.6.2

Concept Airport rail link

The aim of airport rail stations was to re lieve local vehicle traffic congestion. As a result, the initial airport rail linkages were conceived as shuttle services between the airport and the city center, from which connections to the main railway network and the (underground) urban public transportation system are provided (Transportation - Cities: Skylines Wiki, n.d.).

Figure 1.6. airport link, data source (pinterest)

1.6.3 Connection types of Airport rail link

• The main line rail

Since the 1980s, dedicated railway lines to airports have grown in popularity. In many cases, express, intercity, and commuter rail stations are located at the airport terminal, providing easy access to the check-in halls. Most of the time, this solution necessitates the construction of new track, whether it is a newly constructed main line or a branch (spur) line from an existing main line (Transportation - Cities: Skylines Wiki, n.d.).

Branch from mainline

The following figure shows the construc tion of new track branched from a from existing mainline.

Figure 1.7. airport link, data source (weston william son) Airport Metro

Figure 1.8. mainline type, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Construction of new line

The following figure shows the construc tion of new main line

In many cases, there is no direct train sta tion at the airport, mainly because the infrastructure on which the service oper ates makes such a station unfeasible to establish. A less expensive alternative is to build a new station on an existing line and connect it to the airport via people mover or shuttle bus (typically automat ed, such as the (Air Train JFK in New York City) or a bus.

Figure 1.9.

While this approach is frequently used to reduce construction costs, it is only practi cable when the station is located near the airport.

Shuttles

The following figure shows the use of shuttles to move people from the train station to the airport

• Mass transit urban rail systems

Extending mass transit urban rail systems like rapid transit or light rail to airport ter minals offers complete integration with other public transportation in the city and easy transport to all sections of town for airports situated within or near to city borders.

A common approach is to construct a separate people mover from a public transit station to the airport terminal, of ten utilizing automated technology that allow for shorter travel time and fare dis crimination, such as Orlyval. (Transporta tion - Cities: Skylines Wiki, n.d.).

1.7. Conclusion:

Figure 1.11. mainline type, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Figure 1.12. mainline type, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

When a transportation hub interacts with human needs, an integrated urban con text is created. The urban environment and transportation are two interconnected components that are thought to have a regular impact on one another. Domestic and international transportation connectivity is critical for facilitating people’s move ments and plays an important role in the socio-economic development of a country or region. High regional accessibility results in more sustainable travel outcomes.

Airport

Figure 1.10. shuttles, data source (sftourismtips)

mainline type, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Train Terminal Shuttles Airport

Train Terminal Airport

Stops Shuttles

02

PROJECT SELECTION

2.1 Project selection

Many Cairo public transportation facilities are now experiencing difficulties as a result of traffic con gestion and increased demand for public transportation, which has resulted in traffic congestion. Res idents of the Delta have to utilize Cairo International Airport to travel beyond of Egypt’s boundaries, putting a burden and pressure on the airport given that it is the nearest airport to the Delta. In addi tion, This consumed more time and cost.As a result, transportation must be appropriately integrated with one another so that travel is seamless and passengers have a positive experience utilizing public transit Residence of the delta don’t have direct access to other governorates, forcing them to use Cairo international airport to be able to travel, This resulted in the increased pres sure on the airport and the road network. In addition, This consumed more time and cost.

2.2 Problem statement

2.3

List of problems

• The lack of services in delta region and concentrate it in Cairo.

• The current economic situation of the Delta residents' problem of mobility adds an economic burden on them

• Longer transit times for Delta residents to travel to other governorates

• Cairo Airport is the closest airport to the delta part, which adds a burden to the airport

• The high rate of population growth in the delta adding burden within Cairo transportation

Figure 2.1. List of problems, Illustrated by ( Authors 2021 )

2.4. Problem Issues

• The high rate of population growth in the delta is putting great and increasing pressure on Cairo Airport, which is the closest airport to the delta. This is one of the most important factors that moti vates us to construct an airport in the delta due to the increased demand for the usage of this airport.

• Due to a lack of facilities for Delta residents, the number of visitors to Cairo Gover norate is increasing, putting more pressure on the region's transportation network.

• Due to the high rate of unemployment and low income, as well as a lack of sufficient job oppor tunities due to the Delta's population growth rate, this has resulted in them travelling out side Egypt to work and increase their income, or moving to Cairo to work, putting pres sure on the infrastructure and failing to achieve the required balance in the population distribution to Egypt.

Economic burden

Time

Issues , Illustrated by ( Authors 2021 )

by ( Authors 2021 )

2.6. Justifications

• According to Ayman Abd Al-Moneim Mokhtar, one of the most important rea sons for establishing the airport is the governorate's and neighboring governo rates' high population density, with the governorate's total population reaching 5.7 million people, and the population density in Dakahlia and neighboring gov ernorates accounting for approximately 30 % of the Republic's total population.

• Cairo International Airport is the continent’s second busiest airport in terms of passenger volume and density. In 2008, the airport handled 14,360,175 passen gers and over 138,000 flights.

• The government’s construction of a desert backwater for the delta (the new del ta) to address the issue of population increase with the present delta’s restricted area. This desert recovery creates investment opportunities, which will enhance air traffic at Delta Airport.

• The establishment of a civilian air port, “Shawa” military base in Dakah lia, is part of the state’s plan, due to the presence of infrastructure and runways. According to the engineer Omar Al-Shawadfi, the governor of Dakahlia, that it represents a civilized shift for the governorate in the north ern and central Delta region, where thousands of travelers from these governorates can use it and travel through it, which contributes to reduc ing the burden on Cairo International Airport, which creates a commercial boom Economically and touristically.

2.7. Mission

Figure 2.4, Data source(Alfagr)

Our mission is to serve the delta region with a transportation hub that reduces the burden on Cairo International Airport and encourages in vestment in the new delta by establishing projects and constructing new cities to integrate the airport with the railway as connect 70% of the delta with most of Egypt.

2.8. Objectives

• Relieving the airline pressure on Cairo International airport.

• Shortening the travel time from Delta region to other governments.

• Reducing the traffic on Cairo public transportation facilities

• Economic development

03

LOCATION SELECTION

3.1 About Dakahlia

3.1.1. Introduction of Dakahlia

The Dakahlia Governorate is in the Nile Delta's northeastern region, near the Damietta branch, it is bordered on the east by Sharkia Governorate, on the west by Al Gharbia Governorate, on the north by the Mediterrane an Sea, on the north-east by Damietta Governorate, on the northwest by Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, and on the south by Qalyubia Governorate.

3.1.2. Timeline of Dakahlia

Figure.3.1. Timeline of Dakahlia, Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

3.2 About Al-Mansoura

3.2.1.

Introduction of Al-Mansoura

Al-Manrah, often called El-Mansura, is the capital of the Al-Daqahliyyah mu faah (governorate) on the east bank of the Nile River delta's Damietta Branch. Mansoura is located in the Delta area on the east bank of the Nile's Dami etta branch. Mansoura is 120 kilometers northeast of Cairo. The town of Talkha is located across the Nile from the metropolis on the other side.

3.2.2. Al-Mansoura timeline:

The inhabitants of Mansoura and the surrounding nations had had enough of the French campaign’s persecution and had unanimously voted to put it down.

Mansoura University establishment

Took place at mansoura city on the Nile river

Figure.3.2. Timeline of Al-Mansoura. Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Mansoura

3.3. LOCATION SWOT ANALYSIS:

• Its location in an intermediate zone between the indus trial capitals in New Damietta and Cairo, is considered an asset, while geographical location between the commercial centers in Tanta, Mahala, Damietta and Cairo.

• Runway with a width of 40-30 m and a length of 26002900 m, and it has a parallel passageway to help in crease the capacity of the runway and the speed of evacuation.

• The state’s plan is to establish a civil airport at “Shawa” Air Base in Mansoura, according to extensive studies carried out during the last period.

• Connected to the rest of the governorates of the Del ta, Cairo and Upper Egypt through a strong network of transport in addition to railways.

• The presence of the airport reduces congestion on the train.

• It is difficult to develop or expand the road, or to devel op the airport entrances, due to the proximity of urban ization around it and the weakness of the entrances to the project.

• The railway is one of the airport's determinants from the western side.

• Due to the city‘s location, the industrial activities offer work opportunities and commercial activities, hence will change it‘s economical development in the city.

• Receiving civil aircraft to serve the expected move ment of passengers and goods to and from the region.

• The randomness of the commu nity would affect the project

• Because it is next to a military airport, the commu nications network at the airport will become weak.

3.4. Conclusion:

the selected location was a suitable selection because it serves the delta region where it decreases the pressue on cairo airport and enhance the internal domestic travel from the delta to most of egypt.

04

URBAN ANALYSIS

4.0. BASE MAP:

Figure 4.0. BaseMap, illustrated by (Authors 2021)

This is the base map showing the 2 call-outs of the nearest neighbor hoods to the site. according to the site visit urban analysis was made .

4.1. BUILDING USE MAP:

Figure.4.1 Building use Map, illustrated by (Authors 2021)

Since it is a residential neighbor hood, as shown in (figure 4.2) 70% of the buildings are resi dential, 20% mixed use build ings and 10% other facilities. Therefore, we need to take this into consideration and respect the privacy of the residents.

70% 20% 10%

Figure.4.2 Selected site building use area percentage,(Authors 2021)

4.2. BUILDINGS HEIGHT MAP:

Figure 4.3 Building height Map, illustrated by (Authors 2021)

as shown in (figure 4.4) 55% of the buildings are 3-4 floors , 30% 1-2 floors and 15% 5-6 floors. The max imum height is limited to 6 floors.

Figure 4.4 Selected site building height area percentage,(Authors 2021)

4.3. BUILDINGS CONDITION MAP:

The majority of the buildings in the region are old and deteriorating as they lack good structure and finishes. Consequent ly, as shown in (figure 4.6) these buildings needs to be maintained or removed. On the other hand, there are good condi tion buildings with good structure and materials; additionally, most of the good and moderate conditioned building are located at senbalwein-mansoura road.

Figure 4.5 Building condition Map, illustrated by (Authors 2021)

Figure 4.6 Selected site building condition area per centage,(Authors 2021)

4.4. LAND USE MAP:

Figure 4.7 Land use Map, illustrated by (Authors 2021)

The site is dominated by fertile lands while, the neighborhood mostly have mixed use buildings accom panied by other land use buildings

Figure 4.8 Selected site land use area percentage,(Authors 2021)

4.5. SOLID AND VOID MAP:

Figure 4.9 Soliidd and Void Map, illustrated by (Authors 2021)

As shown in (Figure 4.10) 30% of the area is solid that are con centrated in the residential area mainly in the western side of the site while, 70% of the area is void

Figure 4.10 Selected solid and void area percentage,(Authors 2021)

4.6. ACCESSIBILITY AND STREET HIERARCHY:

Figure 4.11 Accessibility and street hierarchy Map, illustrated by (Authors 2021)

Main street width varies from 4 to 6m , and the secondary varies from 2 -3m. The main street leads to our site which is accessed from secondary streets

Main street 13m - 15m

Secondary streets 6m – 8m

4.7. VEGETATION MAP:

Figure 4.12Vegetation Map, illustrated by (Authors 2021)

60% of the area is fertile lands as the site is lo cated in El-Delta as Nile River passes through it.

40% 60%

Figure 4.13 Selected vegetation area per centage,(Authors 2021)

4.8. VEGETATION ANALYSIS:

4.8.1.Vegetation:

Date palm tree

-Height: 15-20m -Radius: 2.5-3.5m

-Water required: 70-80 liter/day -Light exposure: part shade to full sun -Growth rate: fast

White fig tree

-Height: 7.5-10m -Radius: 3-3.5m -Water required: 70-80 liter/day -Light exposure: part shade to full sun -Growth rate: fast

Lawson false cypress tree

-Height: 12-16m -Radius: 2.2-4m -Water use: 70-80 liter/day -Light exposure: Full sun -Growth rate: moderate

Button mangrove tree

-Height: 12-16m -Radius: 2.2-4m -Water use: 70-80 liter/day -Light exposure: Full sun -Growth rate: slow

4.10.2.Conclusion:

The soil type is considered as clay soil which is a good growing environment for the date palm tree, lawson false cypress tree, button mangrove and white fig tree.

Figure 4.37 Vegetation, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

4.9. UTILITIES AND

4.9.1.

INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS:

Railway Network:

The railway network in Dakahlia Governorate is represented in (figure 4.44) (Almeka (wy, 2020

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

Mansoura - Al-Mahalla Al-KubraTanta - Banha - and from Banha it connects to the rest of the net work and reaches Cairo and oth er governorates

Mansoura - Zagazig - Benha, and from Benha it connects to the rest of the network and reaches Cairo and other governorates

Mansoura - Sherbeen - Damietta, and from Sherbeen connects to the Sherbeen line - Kafr El-Sheikh - Desouq, and from Desouq con nects to Damanhour and Alex andria

4.9.2.

Road Network:

The main road network in Dakahlia Governorate is as follows in( figure 4.45) ((Almekawy, 2020

1 2

3

Mansoura - Sinbillawain

Mansoura - Aga

Mansoura - Damietta Road

3

Figure 4.45 Delta Map,Road Network,Data source (google earth), Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

4.10. SKYLINE ANALYSIS:

4.10.1. Skyline:

4.10.2. Conclusion:

The skyline of the area is diversity, because of the variety in height between resi dential, commercial, farms and terminals stations, some of farms is 1 floor, residen tial are 2-6 floors, and the station is 2 floor. Therefore, there’s no extremely raised (building height and the site has an intimate skyline (Almekawy, 2020

Mosque Minarel Factory Residential Building Network Tower Farm

Train School Mosque Celebrity place Farm

Figure 4.49 Site Skyline. Illustrated by ( Authors 2021)

4.11. SOCIAL ANALYSIS:

4.11.1.

Street Activities Analysis:

Social relationship, the integration between the neighbours Poultry farming, front of their house as a random attitude

The fish wealth produces about a 55 thousand tons of fish, most of it from Lake Manzala, and the rest is

Crowded streets, due to the Street vendors, donkey carts and tokok

Sabotage by kids, as they draw on the wall and ruin the general view of the area

Figure 4.57 Street Activity Analysis. Illustrated by ( Authors 2021 )

4.11.2. Interviews with native of Mansoura:

Interview with “ A’M Mahmoud

Education Issue

Attia

The level of education is very low in. classes are crowded because of the smal area of the school and the lack of classes. The number of students ranges from 70 to 80, and there is only one pri mary and middle school and there is no secondary school. The nearest second ary school is in Mansoura and Sinbillawin

.

Health Issue

There is only one health center and its services are limited. There is no fund ing to increase efficiency and provide more services. The nearest integrated health center is 7 to 10 km away from .the neighboring cities

“ Interview with “ Madam Jiahan

Work Issue

Job opportunities are very few due to the lack of any jobs in the region, in ad dition to the lack of resources in the re gion

Agriculture Issue

Agricultural lands have become a use less source because of the increase in rent prices from the Ministry of Endow ments and the high cost of agriculture compared to the profit

Their Needs

o The need of sport place , there is only one stadium and its condition is bad.

o the need to develop the communication network

o the need to provide government offices such as insurance offices and the real estate registry

o the need for a drinking water network due to the lack of water and its scarcity and the need to store it at night.

Figure 4.58 Interviews . (Authors,2021 )

4.11.3. Conclusion:

Mansoura became an attractive point for foreign communities that came to Egypt due to its economic prosperity or other reasons related to political or difficult eco nomic circumstances in their countries. Mansoura has played a great role as a main trade center for agriculture products (Cotton, rice and Wheat) in the delta, com mercial life at the city center has been vivid, it characterized with goods and traders from different countries

Figure 4.59 Archaeological and tourist areas, Data source(egypttoday) Illustrated by ( Authors 2021 )

05

SELECTION

5.1. SITE SELECTION CRITERIA:

5.1.1 Selection Criteria:

Railway network

Road network

Archaeological and tourist areas

Site Criteria

Electricity network

Economic resources and activities

Existing airport runway Country’s plan

Figure.5.1. Site criteria, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

5.1.2. Potentials of the site:

According to new research (Almekawy, 2020a) The site is characterized by a set of ingredients that make it in the first place a subject for study to establish the transportation hub to serve the regions. Dakahlia Governorate depends on do mestic tourism, as the tourist activities in the governorate vary between beach tourism on the northern coast of the gov ernorate and Lake Manzala, in addition to religious tourism. Dakahlia Governorate is considered one of the most import ant rural governorates, as the governorate’s lands are char acterized by a high degree of fertility and productivity. With regard to extractive resources, it is represented in natural gas. The site is also connected to the rest of the governorates of the Delta, Cairo and Upper Egypt through a strong net work of transport in addition to railways. (Almekawy, 2020a)

According to new resarch (Almekawy, 2020a) The establishment of a civilian airport, “Shawa” military base in Dakahlia, is part of the state’s plan, due to the presence of infrastructure and runways. According to the engineer Omar Al-Shawadfi, the governor of Dakahlia, that it represents a civilized shift for the governorate in the northern and central Delta region, where thousands of travel ers from these governorates can use it and travel through it, which contributes to reducing the burden on Cairo International Airport, which creates a commercial boom Economically and touristically.

Figure.5.2. Tourism, Data source (deposit photos)

Figure.5.3. Resources, Data source (archdai ly)

Figure.5.4. Railway, Data source (deposit photos)

Figure.5.5. State’s plan, Data source (deposit photos)

5.2. SITE LOCATION:

Figure.5.6. Site Location, Data source(google earth), Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

5.4. SITE AREA AND SURROUNDING FACILITIES:

Conclusion:

The site area is 35,000m2 and its located inside the moasoura military base which is also near the existing railway from which an extension will be made to connect the railway to the terminal building.

Figure.5.8. Surrounding Facilities, Data source(google earth), Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

5.5. SITE ACCESSIBILITY MAP :

Conclusion:

The main street is Sinbelaween-Mansoura street is 15 meter and branch from it two secondary streets, one of them is crossing the site. The new proposed line of the railway is passing through the edge of the site from the left and the runway is accessable from the right side of the site. The network of this ways allows us to connect the three types of transportation easily.

Figure.5.9. Site accessibility map, Data source(google earth), Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

5.6. SITE AND SURROUNDING VIEWS MAP:

Conclusion:

The site is surrounded by neighborhoods from the left and south side and military base airport from thr right side and railway is parallel with the fence of the airport.

Figure.5.10. Surrounding Views, Data source(google earth), Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Helicopter hangar

Al-Amshouty neighborhood

Al Baqlia neighborhood

New Mosque under construction

5.7. FUTURE PROJECTED PROPOSED PROJECT:

Conclusion:

This land is considered the proposed site for our project ’’Transportation hub’’, as it has the following characteristics that gives credibility to the site selection:

• The site is strategically placed between a large military base with a wide run way that extends to 2900 m and a railway that connects the delta area.

• The airport site is vast, allowing for the addition of a new branch of the railway line to pass on the site’s boundaries.

This proposal is compatible with the state’s strategic planning, which includes the development of a civil airport at Shawah Air Base to serve Delta residents and reduce pressure on Cairo Airport.

While studying and analysing the site, we concluded that the site’s zoning is the air port concourse on the runway side, with the departure arrival terminal adjacent to it, facing the taxi bus station and the future train station. Future train stops are taken off the main railway to get access to the site that will connect the train to the airport.

Figure.5.11. Proposed Project, Data source(google earth), Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

5.8. SITE CLIMATIC ANALYSIS:

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

August

Temp January

sunrise sunrise Rainfall

Temp Sunset Sunset

precipitation January 10 mrm

Wind Speed Direction (NE) 56mm

Conclusion:

The warmest month is August, with average temperatures of 28.3 °C. The average temperature in January is 13.6 °C, making it the coldest month of the year.

The wind is blowing from southwest (SW) to north-east (NE). The month with the highest number of rainy days is January (3.23 days).

June has the most daily hours of sunlight, with an average of 11.56 hours each day and a total of 358.39 hours during the month.

Figure.5.12. Site Climate analysis, Data source(meteblue), Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

5.9. 3D ZONING AND SURROUNDINGS:

Conclusion:

The site is surrounded by several neighbourhoods, including Sha wah, Al-Baqliyyah, Tibanah, and Mansheiet Sabry, as well as the city of Mansoura, indicating a high residential percentage.

The site is also accompanied by several facilities, in cluding existing infrastructure, runways, and railways, which influenced our decision to construct on this site.

This project will serve the residents of the above mentioned neigh bourhoods, as well as connecting the transportation hub in Man soura to the rest of the republic's sites and reduce travel distance to some of the following cities: Luxor, Cairo, Marsa Alam, and Delta.

Figure.5.13. 3D Zoning and surroundings, Data source(google earth), Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

5.10. PUBLIC SERVICES AND LANDMARKS:

Abd El-Hamid Mosque

Islamic com pany for man ufacturing marble ma chines

Al-Baqlia pri mary school

Gas station

Al-Baqlia Health Unit

New Mosque

Al-Baqlia Youth center Stores & supermarkets

Figure.5.14. Public Service and Landmarks, Data source(google earth), Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Conclusion: The map shows the concentration of most services in Baqliyya, includ ing mosques, a youth centre, a health unit, and just one primary school.

According to the surveys we conducted, the dominat ing craft is the fabrication of ceramics and marble, and there is an Islamic company that manufactures marble machines.

A mosque and a petrol station are located nearby our pro posed site. The presence of all services makes this project integral.

5.11. SITE SWOT ANALYSIS:

S W O T

Conclusion:

• the site is located in a strategic place between a huge military base with a large runway extends to 2900 m and a railway which connects the delta region

• The existing infrastructure of the runways which sup ports building the airport in this site.

• The airport land have a huge area which allows add ing a new branch of the railway line so it can pass on the edge of the site.

• The maximum height of the surrounding buildings is 18m which will allow the take-off and landing of the planes easily.

• The neighborhoods surrounding the airport will be af fected from the huge sound of the airport.

• The site is accessed from only one main road.

• The current site is located within the agricultural area, which makes it one of the main obstacles and limita tions to the extension of the airport.

• The existence of a runway which will reduce the cost of the project

• The existing railway infrastructure will allow a ex tending the railway path inside the airport.

• The site is centralized in the delta region which will allow large number of residents to use it.

• The infrastructure of the building could be affected by the railway vibrations.

• The site is surrounded with agricultural land so it has a high fertility which may affect the structure of the building.

The site is located in the heart of dakahlia in a strategic place which offers the op portunity to build to hub that joins the delta with all of egypt by using the connection between the existing railway and al mansoura military base.

06

DESIGN REQUIRMENTS

8.1 PROGRAM:

8.1.1. Definitions:

The Airline Terminal consists of the following main zones:

1. Departure Hall/concourse

2. Check in baggage drop

3. Security check point

4. Depature lounge

5. Gate lounge/hold rooms

6. The gate positions

7. Baggage reclaim

8. Arrival concourse

1. Departure Vehicles drop off forecourt: platforms and curb areas (including median strips) which provide passengers and visitors with vehicle loading and unloading areas adjacent to the terminal. (Lan drum & Brown et al., 2010)

2. Departure Hall/concourse: Passengers enter the departure hall or lobby accessible by car or from parking facil ities or through access road system. Upon entering the departure hall, passengers can check in at their respective airline ticketing areas before proceeding to the security checkpoint. (Landrum & Brown et al., 2010)

3. Check in baggage drop : at check-in passengers showed their tickets, had seats allocated and if necessary had large items of baggage weighed (and possibly security screened) for regis tration and loading into the aircraft hold. (Metric Handbook - Planning and Design Data - 5th Edition (2015) check-in concourse is generally comprised of a three-part check-in desk option: 1. self-service check-in kiosk 2. self-bag drop 3. traditional (full service) check-in desk.

4. Security check point: At security, all passengers and their bags are examined. A lane contains typically an X-ray unit for carry-on bags, plus a walk through metal detector (WTMD). Full body scanning is also being introduced. This non-invasive scan occurs immedi ately upon passing through the metal-detector arch. (Landrum & Brown et al., 2010)

5. Depature lounge : Here passengers wait, shop, eat, drink before moving sooner or later to their flight departure gate. This may mean walking to the gate, or to the people-mover lead ing to a satellite or the coach station serving remote stands. (Metric HandbookPlanning and Design Data - 5th Edition (2015)

6. Gate lounge/hold rooms: from holdrooms passengers board to aircraft. These should be able to hold 80 per cent of the number of passengers boarding the largest aircraft (Metric HandbookPlanning and Design Data - 5th Edition (2015) Holdrooms contain:

1. Seating and standing areas for passengers.

2. An airline agent check-in podium

3. Space for a boarding/deplaning queue

4. Space for circulation within the holdroom

5. Other amenities

7. The gate positions: used for parking aircraft to enplane and deplane passengers. The passenger board ing device is part of the gate position. (Landrum & Brown et al., 2010)

8. Baggage reclaim: passengers are directed towards baggage claim area via concourse through one way security door, Here passengers await and reclaim their luggage which has been unloaded from the aircraft. (Landrum & Brown et al., 2010)

9. Arrival concourse: from the baggage claim area passengers move on to the arrival hall, where they can reunite with their family and friends. From arrivals halls, passengers can proceed to parking facility, rail connectors, hotels or rental facilities if available.

The Train stop consists of four main zones:

1. Arrival zone

2. Service zone

3. Communication zone

4. Platform

Entrance: Entrance to serve different types of people for giving easy access through the hub . Including Main people entrance, VIP entrance , Service entrance and emergency service.

Car Parking:

For people to use it for waiting or staying in the station with different types of trans portation. Including Car parking , Bus parking and General parking. Tickets reservations: Used for people to buy tickets or for any extra information about the trips. Including ticketing counter and information counter.

Halls: Used for people to wait for the train or for people arrival from different trips. Includ ing waiting hall.

Passage:

Passages are pathways used for people to walk through and move from one zone to another inside the station. Including service passage , passenger passage , VIP passage and staff passage.

Service: It is designed to provide different facilities to the users of the station. Including toilets , retail stores, Duty free, ATM , coffee corner and smoking area.

Administration: It is designer for managing and monitoring all the trips and ensure the safety and se curity of people. Including meeting room, manager room, offices and single office.

Platform: It used for passengers to wait for the train after buying the tickets directly on the rail way. Including rail platfrom and train occupying area.

07

CASE STUDIES

7.1 Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 2 (International)

7.1.1:

7.1.1 Introduction

• Is one of the two main international airports serving Beijing, alongside Bei jing Daxing International Airport. It had become the busiest airport in Asia in terms of passenger traffic and total traffic movements by 2009. It has been the world’s second busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic since 2010.

• Located between the existing eastern runway and a planned third runway, the terminal building and Ground Transpor tation Centre (GTC) together enclose a floor area of 1.3 million square metres

ARCHITECTS: Foster + Partners LOCATION: Beijing, China YEAR OF COMPLETION: 2008 AREA: 1,300,000 m² CAPACITY: 50 million passengers pee annum (Figure 7.1.1)

7.1.2 Contextual Analysis

Figure

Denver International Airport, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.2: Site Context and Accessability, Data Source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.1.3 Aim and Objectives

• Completed as the gateway to the city for the twenty-ninth Olympiad in 2008

7.1.4 Concept

Designed to be welcoming and uplift ing, it is also a symbol of place, its soar ing aerodynamic roof and dragon-like form celebrating the thrill and poetry of flight and evoking traditional Chinese colors and symbols.

• Beijing’s international terminal is the world’s largest and most advanced air port building (Figure 7.1.3)

7.1.5 Layout Analysis

Figure 7.1.3: Conceptual Sketch, Data Source (foster) and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

7.1.6 3D Zoning

7.1.7 Interior Analysis

Curtain wall which maximize the natural light from the early morning sun

(Figure 7.1.6)

Figure 7.1.6: Curtain Wall, Data Source (arquitec ) turaviva), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

7.1.8 Structure Analysis

The roof is a steel space frame with colored metal decking and triangular perforations. It curves, raising at its mid point to create a cathedral-like space

(Figure 7.1.8)

Figure 7.1.8: Steel space frame, Data Source (ar ) quitecturaviva), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

7.1.9 Plan(s) Analysis

Ground

(Figure 7.1.7) Steel ceiling having grid

Figure 7.1.7: Steel Ceiling, Data Source (foster and) partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

The use of tapered columns supports the roof structure to be able to cover all the span(Figure 7.1.9)

Figure 7.1.9: Columns, Data Source (foster and part ) ners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

All passenger halls are near each others showing the transportation connection

(Figure 7.1.10)

parking GTC

Figure 7.1.10: Ground Floor Plan, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Car circulation

Figure 7.1.11: Ground Floor Plan Circulation, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Car circulation

First Floor Plan

Bus circulation Train circulation Main entrance Pedestrian circulation

Bus circulation Train circulation Main entrance Pedestrian circulation

Boarding and luggage zones with train platform having at the end of the spine retail shops

(Figure 7.1.12)

Boarding Zone

Security check Luggage Zone

Boarding Zone Security check Luggage Zone

First Floor Plan Circulation

Passenger corridor Train Platform Escalators

Passenger corridor Train Platform Escalators

Figure 7.1.12: First Floor Plan, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Retail shops Information Desk Waiting area GTC

Retail shops Information Desk Waiting area GTC

Figure 7.1.13: First Floor Plan Circulation, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Pedestrian circulation

7.1.10

Section Analysis

Section showing the steel structure system that can handle long spans and the connection between railway and airport

(Figure 7.1.14)

Skylights triangular shaped

trusses for long without columns

2 floors of basement , the connection between railway and airport

Figure 7.1.14: Section, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.1.11 Elevation Analysis

Elevation shows the operable skylights and curtainwall that allows sun light to en ter the terminals (Figure 7.1.15)

of curtain wall in elevation in the roof

Figure 7.1.15: Elevation, Data Source (arquitecturaviva), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.1.12 Skyline

This elevation shows the smooth roof skyline (Figure 7.1.16)

7.1.13 Design Issues

Circulation

Transport connections are fully integrat ed, walking distances for passengers are short, with few level changes, and trans fer times between flights are minimised.

(Figure 7.1.17)

Energy Efficiency

incorporating a range of passive envi ronmental design concepts and inte grated environment-control system that minimizes energy consumption

(Figure 7.1.18)

Image its design optimized the performance of materials selected on the basis of local availability, functionality, application of local skills, and low cost procurement.

(Figure 7.1.19)

7.1.14 Conclusion

• Responding to the climate by using local materials

• Achieved sustainability

• Use of daylight to save energy

Figure 7.1.16: Skyline, Data Source (arquitecturaviva), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.17: Hall, Data Source (arquitecturaviva)

Figure 7.1.18: Skylights, Data Source (arquitec turaviva)

Figure 7.1.19: Terminal 2, Data Source (arquitec turaviva)

Figure 7.1.20: Top View, Data Source (arquitectura viva)

7.2 Denver Airport (International)

7.2.1 Introduction

ARCHITECTS: Fentress Architects

LOCATION: Denver, Colorado, United States

(Figure 7.2.1)

7.2.2 Contextual Analysis

YEAR OF COMPLETION: 1995 AREA: 135.7 km2

Denver International Airport in Col orado is the 5th biggest airport in the United States and treated extra than 61 million passengers in 2017. It is one of the few most important hubs in the United States, serving masses of flights day by day to extra than 195 locations across the world KEY Surrounding Site Main Road Entrance

Figure 7.2.2: Site Context and Accessability, Data Source(Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.1: Denver International Airport, Data Source (imagewrex), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.2.3 Aim and Objectives

7.2.4 Concept

7.2.5

Data Source (KAY )

7.2.7 Interior Analysis

The interior of the great hall is free of col umns and walls. This sense of openness is further emphasized by the translucent ceiling “floating” high overhead like a layer of clouds in the sky

(Figure 7.2.6)

Figure

Use of curtain-walls (with a low-e coat ing) and the translucent roof

(Figure 7.2.7)

Figure 7.2.7: Curtain Wall, Data Source (Money,) 2017), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

7.2.8 Structure Analysis

Natural daylight bathes the interior of the terminal via numerous clerestory windows

(Figure 7.2.8)

Figure 7.2.8: Roof with clerestories, Data Source) (KAYAK), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

Two rows of columns 46 m apart form the inner supports together with the main roof and the rope-supported glass walls, this building shows the most extensive application of train architecture

(Figure 7.2.10)

A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending. (Figure 7.2.9)

Figure

Figure

7.2.6: Great Hall, Data Source (travel and) leisure), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

7.2.9: Two rows of columns, Data Source) (travel and leisure), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

7.2.10: Tensile Structure, Data Source (travel) and leisure), Illustrated by (Authors,2021

7.2.9

Circulation

2 main entrances with 12 side entrances (Figure 7.2.12)

Figure 7.2.12: Level 5 Circulation, Data Source (Rtd-Denver), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Level 6

In this level is the hall of check in

5 5

3 4

2 2 2 2

(Figure 7.2.13) 1 1 1

2 2 2 3 3

2

2 5 2

5 5 2

6 5 5 5

5

Circulation

Figure 7.2.14: Level 6 Circulation, Data Source (Rtd-Denver), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.2.10 Section(s) Analysis

Section 1

Section showing the tensile fabric membrane system

Mast

(Figure 7.2.15)

Tensile fabric membrane Train station

Edge cable with clamps

Figure 7.2.15: Section 1, Data Source (architonic), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Section showing the transportation connection Westin hotel

Escalator

Bus gates

(Figure 7.2.16)

Train platform

Figure 7.2.16: Section 2, Data Source (architonic), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.2.11 Elevation Analysis

Elevation shows the tensile membrane roof having clearstorey windows and curtain wall that allow sunlight to penetrate the building (Figure 7.2.17)

Clearstorey

Curtain wall

Tensile roof

Figure 7.2.17: Elevation, Data Source (design boom), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.2.12 Skyline

7.2.13 Design Issues

Flexibility

• The double layer cloth roof over the terminal’s Great Hall is quality de fined as a folded plate layout of 17 modules

• Two rows of columns at the hall to support the tensile structure leaving the hall as a large open space (Figure 7.2.19)

Energy Efficiency

• Natural light floods the terminal through numerous curtain walls and translucent ceiling.

• Ceiling material lets 10 % of the visi ble light through the fabric during the day while it reflects 90 % of the solar radiation.

• The canopy reduces the need for in terior lighting in daylight

• The airport then installed a “solar farm” with 9,000 modules with an out put of 3.5 million kilowatts. (Figure 7.2.20)

7.2.14 Conclusion

• Giving the project an identity by con trasting the context

• Use of natural ventilation and day light to save energy

• Gives flexibility to the building.

Figure 7.2.18: Skyline, Data Source (design boom), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

This elevation shows the tensile roof (Figure 7.2.18)

Figure 7.2.19: Tent like roof, Data Source (uncov ercolorado), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.20: Solar Farm, Data Source (uncover colorado), Illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

Figure 7.2.21: Denever Airport, Data Source (archi ) tonic

Some exampes for Train and Airport connection 7.3

7.3.1 Zurich Airport

As Shown in figure (3.1), The train station is located under the ground floor level below the airport terminal. This type of connections is made through escalators and elevators

Figure 3.1: Layout Analysis , Data Source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.3.2 Denver Airport

Figure 3.2 : Section Analysis , Data Source (oliverabi gail), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

As Shown in figure (3.3), The train station is located under the ground floor level be low the airport terminal. This type of connections is made through escalators and elevators

Figure 3.3: Layout Analysis , Data Source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.3.3 Shanghai Airport

The train station is located under the ground floor level below terminal 2 . This type of connections is made through es calators and elevators

Figure 3.4: Section Analysis , Data Source (architonic), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 3.5: Layout Analysis , Data Source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.3.4 Beijing Airport

As Shown in figure (3.6), The train station is located under the ground floor level below the airport terminal 3. This type of connections is made through escalators and elevators

Figure 3.6: Layout Analysis , Data Source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.3.5 Dusseldorf Airport

Figure 3.7: Section Analysis , Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

As Shown in figure (3.8), The train station is located under the ground floor level below the airport terminal. Air tram is connecting between the parking. This type of connections is made through escalators and elevators

Figure 3.8: Layout Analysis , Data Source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 3.9: Section Analysis , Data Source (DUS), Illus trated by (Authors,2021)

7.3.6 Shenzen International Airport (international)

As shown in Figure (3.10), The train station is located on the 1st floor below the airport terminal. This type of connection is made through escalators and eleva tors, as illustrated in Figure (3.11).

Figure 16.10: 3D analysis, Data Source (hulutrip), Illus trated by (Authour,2021).

Figure 16.11: Section analysis, Data Source (ArchDai ly), Illustrated by (Authour,2021).

7.3.7 King Abdul-Aziz International Airport (KAIA)

Figure (3.12) shows the connection be tween the railway and the airport ter minal. The train station can be Entered by two ways either externally as it is located in front of the airport’s gate,

Train track

Figure 3.12: train track and connection, Data Source (Google earth), Illustrated by (Authour,2021).

7.3.8 Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport

Figure 3.13: 3D analysis, Data sources (easycdg), Illustrated by (Authour,2021).

Figure (3.13) shows the connection of the railway and the airport terminal. As shown in Figure (3.14) and Figure (3.14), The train station is located on the 1st floor below the airport terminal. This type of connection is made through escalators and elevators, as illustrated in Figure (3.14).

Narita Airport 7.3.11

Figure 16.14: Railway station 3d analysis, Data Source (pdfprof), Illustrated by (Authour,2021).

Connection between airline and the train is in the basment floor where train enter the station from the basment and by vertical circulation elements the depature hall .is reachable

Figure 16.15: Section Shows conection Data Source (tripindicator).illustrated by authors 2021

Figure 16.16.: Basement floor terminal one Shows conection Data Source (tripindicator).illustrated by authors 2021

7.3.12Anaheim Regional transportation Centere international

As shown in figure (3.18) and (3.17) the railway is located in end of the building on street level but the connection to the rail way is by a bridge in mezzanine floor after first floor and the connection is by esclators and stairs.

Figure 3.17: Mezzanine plan shown connection. Data source (archdaily). Illustrated by authors (2021)

Figure 3.18: Elevation shows connection. Data source (archdaily). Illustrated by authors (2021)

DESIGN PROCESS

gateway to a city, and an exit to a city

10.1.1 Mission :

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concen trated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equal izing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

• Relieving the airline pressure on the current Cairo airport.

• Shortening the travelling time from Delta region to our suggested airport proposal for saving more cost and time

• Reducing the traffic stress while heading to Cairo airport.

• Attracting people to transfer residence from delta region

10.1.2 Objectives : 10.1.3 Goal :

The project is enhancing the image and economical aspects of the city by being a Landmark. Moreover, enhancing the connections by a faster and easier transport by and adding for the passenger an entertaining journey through the hub

8.1

Three proposed design concepts

8.1.1 Concept 1 “ “

Instilling in the memory of the Egyptians the importance of the site, like a sym phony that calms down with the beginning of the war, then destruction, finally, victory and reconstruction

8.1.1.1 Maquette

8.1.2 Concept 2 “ “

using organic architecture abstracted from airflow Of plane & train that gives kinetic illusion form

8.1.2.1 Maquette

using organic architecture abstracted from airflow Of plane & train that gives kinetic illusion form

8.1.3 Concept 3

to create a new community-centric typology as the heart, and soul, of Delta experience of being in na ture with culture and leisure facilities, dramatically asserting the idea of the .Biogas , airport as an uplifting and vibrant urban center, and echo ing The site’s reputation as agriculture site and to solve th CO2 emissions of the exhaust

8.1.2.1 Maquette

8.2 The choosen Concept

USING ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE

ABSTRACTED FROM PLANE & TRAIN AIR FLOW, THAT FORM A KIENTIC ILLU SION FORM, AND TO CREATE A NEW COMMUNITY- CENTRIC TYPOLOGY AS THE HEARVT AND SOUL OF DELTA EXPERIENCE BEING IN NATURE WITH CULTURE AND LEISURE FACILITIES, DRAMATICALLY ASSERTING THE IDEA

OF THE AIRPORT AS AN UPLIFTING AND VIBRANT UrBAN CEN TRE, AND ECHOING THE SITE’S REPUTATION AS AN AGRICUTURE SITE AND TO SOLVE THE CO2 EMISSIONS FROM THE EXHAUST

8.2.1 Form Generation

1. Air flow of thr plane amd train in both directions to intersect and add unity

2. Formation to go with the wind flow

3. smoothern the gates zone make the wind sur round all the building

4. Open a skyligh to acess natural lighting to th e building

5. Add louvers and in both directions but intensive ly in the southern facade

8.3 Concept Development

8.3.1Sketches

8.4 First Development

8.4.1Ground Floor

8.4.2First Floor

8.4.3 Elevation A-A

8.4.4 Elevation B-B

8.4.5 Section A-A

8.4.6 Section B-B

8.5 Final Project Design

8.5.1 Final jury

8.5.2 Ground Floor Level

8.5.3 First Floor Level

8.5.4 Mezznin Floor Level

8.5.5

Interior Shots

8.5.10 Axonometric Diagram

Maquette

STRUCTURE SYSTEM

8.5 FLAT SLAB

Span :10 m – 15 m

Columns dimension : 0.80 m* 0.80 m

Prestressed ( Post Tension )

Slab thickness : 40 cm + drop panel 15

Advantages:

1- Flexibility in room layout.

2- False ceilings can be omitted.

3- Reinforcement placement is easier.

4- Ease of Framework installation.

5- Less construction time.

6- Auto sprinkler is easier.

Disadvantages:

1- Span length is medium.

In flat plate system, it is not possible to have large span.

2- Use of drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting

3- Higher slab thickness Compared to typical solid slab system

8.5 FLAT SLAB

Span :50-60 m

Supported in the middle by tree column : 0.80 m* 0.80 m

At the zone of the gates it supported on their edgeds

10.3 GRID SHELL STRUCTURE SYSTEM

A structure with the shape and strenght of a double curvature shell, but made of

10.4 STEEL FRAME

Arrival gates, adminstraion and ,mez znine structure

Distance between frames : 8m Along : 25 m

Supporting the roof shell structure and connected from the ground floor

10.6 Structural Plan

10.6.1 Structural Plan with grids and walls

10.6.1 Structural Plan with Columns and walls

TECHNICAL STUDIES & BUILDING SYSTEMS

11.1 STEEL FRAME

11.2 Louvers

11.3 Solar Crport

Covering parking lots with So lar Panels, providing Shade, and Generating Electricity to charge Electric cars

11.4 Water Management System

It has three parts. They are separation system, wastewater treatment system and the disinfection system

Storage tank

Treatment system : Pump

11.5 ETFE Adaptive Insulation Material

ETFE by itself does present Technical challenge and proposed a Composite wall System in which ETFE serves as the primary weather, Thermal, and Solar Control Layer

Train light structre shell covered in the sothern side by ETFE material to acesss the light to the heat, but the northeren side is all open to light and wind

11.5 Drip Irregation System

the most efficient water and nutrient delivery system for growing crops. It delivers water and

directly to the plant’s root zone, in the right amounts, at the right time, so each plant gets exactly what it needs, when it needs it, to grow optimally.

11.6 Fire Fighting System

SUSTAINABILITY

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Sustainable Development :

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present with out compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (It aims at assuring the on-going productivity of exploitable natural resources and conserv ing all species of fauna and flora.) -Brundtland Commission (United Nations), 1987

9.1.2 Sustainable in architecture :

Is a general term that refers to buildings designed to limit humanity’s impact on the environment. An eco-friendly approach to modern-day building encompasses ev ery aspect of the planning and construction process, including the choice of build ing materials; the design and implementation of heating, cooling, plumbing, waste, and ventilation systems; and the integration of the built environment into the natural landscape ( HOHENADEL, 2021).

9.1.3 Pillars of Sustainability :

Figure 9.1. Pillars of Sustainability, Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

9.2 Enviromental Sustainability

9.2.1 Architectural Definition : 9.2.2 Energy efficiency :

Impact of building materials, energy and development space and minimize em ployees productivity and saving architecture with the use of ecosystem

Producing energy - efficient building by:

• Minimizing buildings need for energy

• Using renewable energy sources

• Using suitable technical systems

9.2.3 Energy:

Design elements such as:

• Double- glazed windows for insulation,

• Roof vents that allow hot air to escape,

• Window shading,

• Alight colored roof to reflect heat and a hot water system located as close as possible to areas where hot water is needed can all improve a building’s energy efficiency.

Figure 9.2 Enviromental Sutainability Diagram. Data Source (Big Architect)

9.3 Economic Sustainability

9.3.1 Architectural Definition

The background to a thriving economic city or country is referred to as architecture. County’s economic growth through lease developments of commercial property, public and residential class.

9.3.2 Economy in transportation infrastructure

Economic progress requires the development of transportation infrastructure. The transportation sector is an essential component of the economy and a popular tool for development due to its extensive utilization of infrastructure. This is especially true in a global economy where economic opportunities are increasingly linked to people›s movement as shown in fig (9.3.1).

Transport Infrastructure Expansion

Increased Transport Infrastructure Stock

Figure 9.3. Transport and Ecnomy

Growth of Real GDP/Capita

9.4 Social Sustainability

9.4.1 Architectural Definition

It is a process related to places that affect comfort, including what people need in their living or working environment. Na tional architecture needs to respect the history and identity of the city

9.4.2 Social Sustainability Indicators

Figure 9.4.1: Social Icon (pikpng), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 9.4.2 : Social Sus tainability (pikpng), Illus trated by (Authors,2021)

According to Framework for Design, Construction and Construction of Prosperous Communities“ that was published in 2011 by the Housing Agency (Woodcraft et al, 2011). This study shows four key elements that are essential to building a new, long-term success and sustainable community. These Four Factors:

Flexible planning; housing, infrastruc ture, and services that can be adapted over time. Intermittent use of buildings and pub lic spaces

Governance structure that represents future residents and involves new residents in the formation of local decision-making and management

Common spaces, common activities, social architectures to promote local networks, affiliations, and community identities

Facilities and support services were established in the early stages of the new community with a focus on schools, social spaces, transportation and community workers.

Figure 9.4.3: Frame Work of Social Sustainability(Woodcraft et al.,2011), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

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• Shaimardanova, C., & Prokofiev, E. (2021). The emergence and development of transport hubs in Russia. E3S Web of Conferences, 274, 01004. https://doi. org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127401004

• Aono, S. & South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority. (2019). Identify ing Best Practices for Mobility Hubs. TransLink.

• youm7. (2021). Youm7. Retrieved 06–03, from https://www.youm7. com/story/2021/6/3/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8% B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8 %A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AA% D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A9%D9%84%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8% B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%85-5-%D9%85 %D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%AA/5342302 • youm7. (2014). Youm7. https://www.youm7.com/story/2014/10/14/ %D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9 %82%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89-%D8 %A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7/1905435

• Almekawy, M. (2020). The Comprehensive Urban Development of Egypt in The The 21st Century Development of The Urban (Towards A Strategy for Commu nities in Egypt) (The Case of Al-Mansoura City in Dakahlia Province)(Dept.A). MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal, 33(3), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.21608/ bfemu.2020.127247

• Almekawy, M. (2020b, December 3). (The Comprehensive Urban Development of Egypt in the 21st Century) Development of the Urban (Towards a Strategy for Communities in Egypt) (The Case of Al-Mansoura City in Dakahlia Province). (Dept. A). The Comprehensive Urban Development of Egypt in the 21st Century.

• Er, G. K., Zhu, H. T., Iu, V. P., & Kou, K. P. (2010). Nonzero mean PDF solution of non linear oscillators under external Gaussian white noise. Nonlinear Dynamics, 62(4), 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-010-9758-7

Website Links

• Ramadan, S. (2021, May 1). Announcing the new building requirements in the cit ies of Dakahlia. Al-watan. https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/5471077

• K. (2021, December 14). Soundings with top precision in Central Europe. meteo blue. https://www.meteoblue.com/ar/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled /%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D 9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_8559276

• Mansoura. (2021). Mansoura Climate Analysis. https://en.climate-data.org/afri ca/egypt/dakahlia-governorate/mansoura-725/#climate-table Books

• Landrum & Brown, National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board, Airport Cooperative Research Program, & United States. Federal Aviation Administration. (2010). Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design: Guide book. Transportation Research Board.

• Metric Handbook - Planning and Design Data - 5th Edition (2015)

• Metric Handbook for Planning and Design 5th Edition. https://dlscrib.com/ download/metric-handbook-planning-and-design-data-5th-edition-2015pd f_5a100e89e2b6f53a7c8c352c_pdf

• Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. (2021). Advisory Circular AC 43.13-1B With Change 1 AC 43.13-2B Combined Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices - Air craft Inspection and Repair. Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.

• STATION CAPACITY PLANNING GUIDANCE. (2016). Isabelle Milford.

• Neufert, E., & Neufert, P. (2012). Neufert Architects’ Data, Fourth Edition (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.

• Architects’ Data, 5th Edition. (2019, August 5). Wiley.Com. https://www.wiley. com/en-us/Architects%27+Data%2C+5th+Edition-p-9781119284352

CHAPTER 5- SITE SELECTION:

Website Links

• Decibel X - dB Sound Level Meter, Noise Detector - Apps on Google Play. (2021). DB Sound Level Meter, Noise Detector. https://play.google.com/store/apps/de tails?id=com.skypaw.decibel&hl=en&gl=US

• Construction of Mansoura Airport at Shawa Air Base at a cost of 400 million pounds. (2014, December 30). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M JhaT10lED8

Books

• Almekawy, M. (2020a). The Comprehensive Urban Development of Egypt in The The 21st Century Development of The Urban (Towards A Strategy for Commu nities in Egypt) (The Case of Al-Mansoura City in Dakahlia Province)(Dept.A). MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal, 33(3), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.21608/ bfemu.2020.127247

CHAPTER 6 -

REQUIRMENTS: WEBSITE LINKS

DESIGN

• Fire Station | WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide. (2017). Fire Station. https:// www.wbdg.org/building-types/community-services/fire-station

• Reda, A. (2021, April 5). Railway station design standards2021. Architectural lens. https://byarchlens.com/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-2021railway-sta tion/

BOOKS

• Metric Handbook - Planning and Design Data - 5th Edition (2015)

• Metric Handbook for Planning and Design 5th Edition. https://dlscrib.com/ download/metric-handbook-planning-and-design-data-5th-edition-2015pd f_5a100e89e2b6f53a7c8c352c_pdf

• Neufert, E., & Neufert, P. (2012). Neufert Architects’ Data, Fourth Edition (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.

• Architects’ Data, 5th Edition. (2019, August 5). Wiley.Com. https://www.wiley. com/en-us/Architects%27+Data%2C+5th+Edition-p-9781119284352

• Railway Stations - Planning Manual. (2018). Lena Lingqvist.

• STATION CAPACITY PLANNING GUIDANCE. (2016b). Isabelle Milford.

• Planning and Design of Airports, Fifth Edition by Robert Horonjeff (2010–06-07). (2021). McGraw-Hill Education.

• Login | The National Academies Press. (2011). Airport Passenger Terminal Plan ning and Design, Volume 2: Spreadsheet Models and User’s Guide (2011). https:// www.nap.edu/login.php?record_id=14356&cc=1

CHAPTER 7- CASE STUDIES:

7.1

• Foster + Partners / www.fosterandpartners.com. (n.d.). Beijing Capital Interna tional Airport | Foster + Partners. Fosterandpartners. https://www.fosterandpart ners.com/projects/beijing-capital-international-airport/

• International Airport, Beijing. (2021, December 16). Arquitecturaviva. https://ar quitecturaviva.com/works/aeropuerto-internacional-de-pekin-3

• Terminal 3, Beijing Capital International Airport. (2017, November 1). Airport Technology. https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/beijing-terminal/

• Updated Beijing Capital International Airport Maps 2021/2022. (n.d.). China discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/beijing-tours/maps/beijing-air ports-maps/beijing-capital-international-airport-maps.html

7.2

• Architects, F. (2010, September 27). Denver International Airport. Architonic. https://www.architonic.com/en/project/fentress-architects-denver-internation al-airport/5100647

• Denver International Airport | Fentress Architects. (n.d.). Fentressarchitects. https://fentressarchitects.com/projects/denver-international-airport

• Rosenberg, A. (2017, September 14). Denver International Airport South Terminal / Santiago Calatrava. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/73110/denver-in ternational-airport-south-terminal-santiago-calatrava

• Denver International Airport. (n.d.). Architectuul. http://architectuul.com/archi tecture/denver-international-airport

• Concept Model for Denver International Airport Passenger Terminal, Denver, Colorado, 1991–95 | Denver Art Museum. (n.d.). Denverartmuseum. https:// www.denverartmuseum.org/en/edu/object/concept-model-denver-interna tional-airport-passenger-terminal-denver-colorado-1991-95

CHAPTER 9 - SUSTAINABILITY

9.1 2018 Study Values Tucson Airport Authority’s Annual Economic Impact at $7.4 Billion. (2018). Tucson Airport Authority. https://www.flytucson.com/articles/ new-study-values-tucson-airport-authoritys-annual-economic-impact-at-7-4-bil lion/

9.2 Economic Effects. (2010). Transportation Benefit-Cost Analysis. Retrieved 2010, from http://bca.transportationeconomics.org/benefits/economic-effects

9.3 Freitas, V. (2019). Sustainable Development Goals – Engaging Regions. Assem bly of European Region. https://aer.eu/sustainable-development-goals-engag ing-regions/

9.4 Hullah, P. (2014). State of the Art on Tradable Permits, Noise Legislation, Noise Restriction Methods and Noise Modelling. State of the Art on Tradable Permits, Noise Legislation, Noise Restriction Methods and Noise Modelling. Published.

9.11 Sustainability of buildings: environmental, economic and social pillars. (2020). Sustainability of Buildings: Environmental, Economic and Social Pillars. Published. https://doi.org/10.14311/bit.2020.03.01

TABLE OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.1. Transportation hub, Data source (multicargo)

Figure 1.2. Transportation hub, Data source (multicargo)

Figure 1.3. Transportation hub timeline, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Figure 1.4. three core relationship components of trasportation hub and friction, data source(science direct) Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Figure 1.5. urban form and urban structure, data source(transportgeography)

Figure 1.6. airport link, data source (pinterest)

Figure 1.7. airport link, data source (weston williamson)

Figure 1.8. mainline type, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Figure 1.9. mainline type, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Figure 1.10. shuttles, data source (sftourismtips)

Figure 1.11. mainline type, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Figure 1.12. mainline type, Illustrated by (authors, 2021)

CHAPTER 2 - PROJECT SELECTION

Figure.2.1. List of problems, Illustrated by ( Authors 2021 )

Figure.2.2. Proplem Issues , Illustrated by ( Authors 2021 )

Figure.2.3. target group, Illustrated by ( Authors 2021 )

Figure.2.4, Data source(Alfagr)

CHAPTER 3 - LOCATION SELECTION

Figure.3.1 Timeline of Dakahlia, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.3.2 Timeline of Al-Mansoura, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

CHAPTER 4 - URBAN ANALYSIS

Figure 4.0. BaseMap, illustrated by (Authors 2021)

Figure.4.1. Building use map, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.2. Selected site building use area percentage, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.3. Building height map, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.4. Selected site building height area percentage, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.5. Building condition map, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.6. Selected site building condition area percentage, Illustrated by (Au thors.2021)

Figure.4.7. Land use map, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.8. Selected site land use area percentage, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.9. Solid and void map, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.10. Selected site solid and void area percentage, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.11. Accessibility and street hierarchy map, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.12 .Vegetation map, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.37. Vegetation, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.45. Delta map, Road Network, Data Source (Google earth) Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.46. Delta map, Road Network, Data Source (Google earth) Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.49. Site skyline, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.57. Street activity analysis, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.58. Interactive, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.4.59. Archaeological and touristic areas. Data source (egypttoday). Illustrat ed by (Authors, 2021)

CHAPTER 5 - SITE SELECTION

Figure.5.1. Site criteria, Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.5.2. Tourism, Data Source (deposit-photos)

Figure.5.3. Resources, Data Source (Archdaily).

Figure.5.4. Railway, Data Source (deposit-photos)

Figure.5.5. State’s plan, Data Source (deposit-photos)

Figure.5.6. Site location, Data Source (google earth). Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.5.7. Distance and travel time, Data Source (google earth). Illustrated by (Au thors.2021)

Figure.5.8. Surrounding Facilities, Data Source (google earth). Illustrated by (Au thors.2021)

Figure.5.9. Site accessibility map, Data Source (google earth). Illustrated by (Au thors.2021)

Figure.5.10. Surrounding views, Data Source (google earth). Illustrated by (Au thors.2021)

Figure.5.11. Proposed project, Data Source (google earth). Illustrated by (Au thors.2021)

Figure .5.12.Site climate analysis, Data Source (meteblue). Illustrated by (Au thors.2021)

Figure.5.12. 3D zoning and surroundings, Data Source (google earth). Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure.5.14. Public service and landmarks, Data Source (google earth). Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

CHAPTER 6 - DESIGN REQUIRMENTS

Figures

Figure 8.1 Functional Relations , Illustrated by (Authors.2021)

Figure 8.2 Functional Zoning and circulation , Illustrated by (Authors , 2021)

Figure 8.3 Domestic airline terminal circulation , Data Source (airport cooperative research program)

Figure 8.4 Typical check-in counter configuration , Data Source (metric handout book)

Figure 8.5 Typical check-in counter configuration , Data Source (metric handout book)

Figure 8.6 Typical check-in counter configuration , Data Source (metric handout book)

Figure 8.7 Queuing area , Data Source (airport passenger terminal planning and design)

Figure 8.8 X-ray unit search of passengers and baggage, Data Source (Metric handout book)

Figure 8.9 Four types of baggage reclaim installation, Data Source (Metric handout book)

CHAPTER 7 - CASE STUDIES

Tables

Table 8.1 Airline terminal space areas, Source (metric handbook planning & design data 5th edition)

Table 8.2 Train stop space areas, Source (metric handbook planning & design data 5th edition)

Table 8.3 Common service space areas, Source (metric handbook planning & de sign data 5th edition)

Table 8.4 Net area and Gross area, Source (metric handbook planning & design data 5th edition)

Table 8.8 Station components, Source (openjicareport), Illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

Figure 8.26 Train Station Zoning, Illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

Figure 8.27 Platform height example, Data Source (trafikverket.ineko.se), Illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

Figure 8.28 Functional areas of a typical single platform, Data Source (networkrail, 2016), Illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

7.1

Figure 7.1.1: Beijing International Airport, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrat ed by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.2: Site Context and Accessability, Data Source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.3: Conceptual Sketch, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.4: Project Layout, Data Source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.5: 3D Zoning, Data Source (arquitecturaviva), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.6: Curtain Wall, Data Source (arquitecturaviva), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.7: Steel Ceiling, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Au thors,2021)

Figure 7.1.8: Steel space frame, Data Source (arquitecturaviva), Illustrated by (Au thors,2021)

Figure 7.1.9: Columns, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.10: Ground Floor Plan, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.11: Ground Floor Plan Circulation, Data Source (foster and partners), Illus trated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.12: First Floor Plan, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Au thors,2021)

Figure 7.1.13: First Floor Plan Circulation, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.14: Section, Data Source (foster and partners), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.15: Elevation, Data Source (arquitecturaviva), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.16: Skyline, Data Source (arquitecturaviva), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.1.17: Hall, Data Source (arquitecturaviva)

Figure 7.1.18: Skylights, Data Source (arquitecturaviva)

Figure 7.1.19: Terminal 2, Data Source (arquitecturaviva)

Figure 7.1.20: Top View, Data Source (arquitecturaviva)

7.2

Figure 7.2.1: Denver International Airport, Data Source (imagewrex), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.2: Site Context and Accessability, Data Source(Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.3: The Roof Design, Data Source (KAYAK), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.4: Project Layout, Data Source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Au thors,2021)

Figure 7.2.5: 3D Zoning, Data Source (allstartravel), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.6: Roof with clerestories, Data Source (KAYAK), Illustrated by (Au thors,2021)

Figure 7.2.7: Curtain Wall, Data Source (Money, 2017), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.8: Great Hall, Data Source (travel and leisure), Illustrated by (Au thors,2021)

Figure 7.2.9: Two rows of columns, Data Source (travel and leisure), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.10: Tensile Structure, Data Source (travel and leisure), Illustrated by (Au ) thors,2021

Figure 7.2.11: Level 1 Plan, Data Source (Rtd-Denver), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.12: Level 5 Plan, Data Source (Rtd-Denver), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.13: Level 5 Circulation, Data Source (Rtd-Denver), Illustrated by (Au thors,2021)

Figure 7.2.14: Level 6 Plan, Data Source (Rtd-Denver), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.15: Level 6 Circulation, Data Source (Rtd-Denver), Illustrated by (Au thors,2021)

Figure 7.2.16: Section 1, Data Source (architonic), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.17: Section 2, Data Source (architonic), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.18: Elevation, Data Source (design boom), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.19: Skyline, Data Source (design boom), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 7.2.20: Tent like roof, Data Source (uncovercolorado), Illustrated by (Au thors,2021)

Figure 7.2.21: Solar Farm, Data Source (uncovercolorado), Illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

Figure 7.2.22: Denever Airport, Data Source (architonic)

CHAPTER 9 - SUSTAINABILITY

Figure 9.1. Pillars of Sustainability, Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 9.2. Enviromental Sutainability Diagram. Data Source (Big Architect)

Figure 9.3. Transport and Ecnomy

Figure 9.4.1: Social Icon (pikpng), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 9.4.1: Social Icon (pikpng), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 9.4.2 : Social Sustainability (pikpng), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 9.4.3: Frame Work of Social Sustainability(Woodcraft et al.,2011), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure 9.5.1 ARTIC .Data Source (Archdaily)

Figure 9.5.2 Energy analysis .Data Source (HOK)

Figure 9.5.3 Material of Facade.Data Source (ARCHDAILY)