Segmental Retaining Wall Theory & Design
1 Š 2008 Anchor Wall Systems
BLOCK USA
HARDSCAPES USA
Product Line Review
Gray CMU’s, Architectural CMU’s,Retaining Walls, Pavers, Stone Products, Erosion Control Units, Fireplaces, Firepits & Construction Products
Architectural CMU’s:
HARDSCAPES USA
Hardscapes USA’s Concrete Pavers!
Concrete Pavers:Bremen 4x8
HARDSCAPES USA
Hardscapes USA’s Concrete Pavers!
Concrete Pavers:Bremen 4x8
Concrete Pavers:SF Rima
Concrete Pavers:SF Rima
Erosion Control Units:Submar Revetment Mat System
AIA/CES Quality Assurance Anchor Wall Systems is a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education and provides 1 HSW credit to AIA members. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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Copyrighted Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. ŠAnchor Wall Systems
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History of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Structures
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Ziggurats
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Natural Vegetation Reinforcement
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Great Wall of China • More than 300 miles long • Thin soil lifts • Tamarisk branches
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Segmental Retaining Walls Mid-1980s
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Two Types of Retaining Walls • Gravity Walls • Reinforced Walls
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Gravity Retaining Walls • Height limitations • Smaller applications • Requires less work area
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Gravity Wall Weight of Block
Weight of Soil
Batter of Block
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Reinforced Retaining Walls • No height limitations • Large applications • Requires larger excavation area • Requires geosynthetic reinforcement
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Reinforced Retaining Wall
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Using Geosynthetic Reinforcement
Tension
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Using Geosynthetic Reinforcement
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Using Geosynthetic Reinforcement
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Using Geosynthetic Reinforcement
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Using Geosynthetic Reinforcement
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Soils Up to 90% of a SRW system is soil Identify what you have on site 1. Soil types and friction angle 2. Soil testing prior to construction 3. QA/QC testing during construction
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What soils do you have on the site? • Coarse Grained Soil:
SAND/GRAVEL
• Fine Grained Soils:
CLAY/SILT
Which Soil Is Ideal? 30 © 2008 Anchor Wall Systems
Soil Zones
Active Soil Zone
At Rest Soil Zone
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Know Your Soil and Effects on Site
Sand and gravel (34 degrees)
Clay (26 degrees)
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Site Conditions • • • •
Surcharge (live or dead) on top (crest) of wall Slope behind the wall Level at the top (crest) and bottom (toe) of wall Terraced walls
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Loading On The Wall
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Slope Behind Wall
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Slope Behind Wall
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Level Crest and Toe
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Level Crest and Toe
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Independent Terraced Walls
Know the 2:1 Rule 39 Š 2008 Anchor Wall Systems
2 :1 Rule
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Dependent Terraced Walls
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Global Stability
Potential failure mode outside the zone of reinforcement or blocks
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Why Specify Segmental Retaining Walls?
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Design Versatility
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Ease and Cost of Construction
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Extended Design Life
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Aesthetics
x x 47 Š 2008 Anchor Wall Systems
Aesthetics Evolved
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Employee of the Year
Beveled Split Face
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Straight Face
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Match Architectural Block
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Color Bands – Custom Colors
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Tumbled-Face Texture
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Capitalize on Color and Texture
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Applications
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Residential Construction
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Residential Courtyards
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Commercial Courtyards
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Sunken Gardens
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Sunken Gardens
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Creating Usable Space
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Amphitheater Seating
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Stadium Seating
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Free Standing Walls
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Seating Walls and Columns
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Stairs and Railings
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Golf Course Design
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Elevated and Island Greens
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Pool Support Structures
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Pool Support Structures
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Multi-Family and Town Homes
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Entrance Ways and Signage
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Big Box Store Development
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Site Feasibility Costing
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Water Applications
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Channel Flow and Wave Action
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Retention Ponds
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Detention Ponds
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Fence Detail
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Building codes require fencing and guards‌
esign Option #2 e can put the responsibility on someone else.
Design Option #3 Grouting the top three courses of block may work
Click on picture to view animated installation
Guard Railing Detail
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Utilities
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Tunnel and Culvert Headwalls
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Rail Road Loading
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Extreme Loading
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Elevated Vehicle Ramp
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60' Tall Back-to-Back Walls
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Land Bridge Applications
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Traffic Barrier
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Traffic Barrier Detail
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DOT Construction
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Unique Design Solutions
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Retaining Wall Design Options Gravity Retaining Wall
Geosynthetic-Reinforced Retaining Wall
Anchorplex™ Retaining Wall
Direct-Anchorage Retaining Wall
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What Is Structural Backfill? • Porous cement-treated aggregate • Self-compacting • Aggregate sizes can vary • Mix components
¾" Stone
– 6:1 to 7:1 ratio of aggregate to cement – Clean crushed stone – 5 gallons +/- of water to 100 pounds of cement
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Advantages of the Anchorplex™ Retaining Wall System • Effectively increases depth of facing unit • Reduces excavation by about 60 percent • Only need depth of structural backfill required by design
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Design Depth
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Anchorplex™ Retaining Wall System Retaining wall built with – Anchor™ products – Self-compacting structural backfill that meets specifications developed by Anchor Wall Systems – Backed by engineering support tools developed by Anchor Wall Systems
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Building am\n Anchorplex™ Wall • Install wall up to 2 feet • Place first lift of structural backfill • Spray surface between pours if structural backfill dries • Boards can keep material from going over wall face
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Finished First Pour
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Tight Hillside Location
Diamond Pro® Wall System Beveled Face © 2011 Anchor Wall Systems
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Resources • Mix Components • Construction Details • Estimating Charts • Installation Guide • See anchorwall.com\ For Professionals
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STRUCTURAL BACKFILL
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Double & Triple Stacked Block Detail
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Double Stacked Block & Grid Detail
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Double Stacked Block
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Summary
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Why choose SRWs? • • • •
SRWs are cost-effective Relatively quick and easy to install Aesthetically pleasing Flexibility to accommodate special design elements (stairs, terraced walls, curves, etc.) • Proven performance
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Specifying and Bidding Segmental Retaining Walls
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Specifying and Bidding Considerations • How are SRWs currently specified and bid? • Are there drawbacks to current bidding system? • Are there solutions to improve current model?
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How SRWs are Typically Specified and Bid • • • •
“Designed by Others” Draw a line on the plans TW and BW Generic specification with very little detail No review of final design or quality assurance during construction
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Bidding Drawbacks • Coordination – limited coordination between civil, geotechnical and SRW design personnel prior to design or construction • Timing – no time to review or make design revisions • Liability – insurance and experience of the SRW design Engineer
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Additional Bidding Drawbacks • Pricing – how to get an apples to apples comparison, who evaluates proposals? • Performance – Contractors or engineers cutting factors of safety to back into a suitable price to win the project, reverse engineering • Change Orders – different soils than assumed or ignoring global stability • Quality Control – limited or no QC/QA monitoring during construction
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Solution to Bidding Process • Have the project engineered upfront • Competitive bids from other systems still received at bid time • Adoption of a specification that that spells out the responsibilities of all stakeholders • Adoption of a quality assurance program to assure quality control of the contractor
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Questions?
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Excavation and Leveling Pad • Lay out wall and excavate • Prepare leveling pad • Install base course
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