The Terrors of the Vietnam War
Throw it Back The 1960s
Kennedy’s Stain to US Presidential history
Table of Contents
Fashion Style Revolution
1
Sports The 60s Scored a Point in Sports
2
Life in the 60s Way of Life
3
Education Educating the 60s
4
Law and Justice The 60s, Finding the Just Law
5
The Civil Rights Movement The 60s
6-7
Magazine Games
8
Advertisements
9-10
Book Review “Green Eggs And Ham” by Dr. Seuss
11
Music The Beatles
12
Gossip
13
Film & Theatre “Action!” In the 60s
14
Government & Politics Twists & turns in Office
15
The Vietnam War
16-17
Culture
18
Food
19
Fashion Style Revolution By Leonardo Gorgatti
“I have my favorite fashion decade, yes, yes, yes: ‘60s. It was a sort of little revolution; the clothes were amazing but not too exaggerated.” - Valentino Garavani The early sixties were restrained by the 50s era, maintaining a conservative style. Clothes were bland colors, black, white, and brown. With some pale colors like pale green, etc. Suddenly, in the late 60s, the style exploded into bright swirling colors and funky clothes. People followed after the influence of what was the premature ‘hippy’ style, still developing, only to be complete in the early 70s. Tye dye shirts and beards were seen on everyone walking around all over. The short skirts being used were extremely short, and the panic of grandparents and parents were completely usual. Men even wore tunics and capes. This exotic style was led by a variety of important fashion figures. The Beatles, a famous rock group in London, led a men’s style of black/white suits with exotic and colorful ties, or even colorful suits and pants. Jacqueline Kennedy, the first lady, was a key fashion figure, wearing skin tight dresses with bright colors like pink and purple. She played an important role in making the pillbox hat, designed by Halston, a trend.
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Sports The 60s Scored a Point in Sports By Maximo Jalife
Sports During the 60s Football The first super bowl was played in 1967. Nobody knew at the time, but football was on its way of becoming the most popular sport in the USA. Seats were not even sold out for the game. The final was Kansas City Chiefs against the Green Bay Packers. The game ended 10-35 for The Packers. The Packers won the first two super bowls in history, in ‘67 and ‘68. Their star player and quarterback, Bart Starr, completed 16 of 23 passes for 250 yards with two touchdowns, and with this amazing performance in Super Bowl I, he was named MVP. Basketball Professional basketball started gaining the spotlight during the 60s. Before, during the previous decades, it was more about college basketball. Professional basketball stars such as Wilt Chamberlain and and Bill Russell brought attention to the professional side of the sport. The Boston Celtics dominated the game during the decade of the sixties, the one nine out of ten championships during this decade. Bill Russell, the center of the Celtics, won three MVP awards during the 60s. Wilt CHamberlain, the center of the Philadelphia 76ers, won five. Both players brought great attention to the professional sport.
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Life in the 60s Way of life By Maximo Jalife
Technology Television dominated the decade of the sixties. It was the most important entertainment device. Almost every home had a television set. The television was used to watch sports, movies, or the news. The average cost of a television was approximately $500. People were excited to own one of these modern devices. One of the most popular TV shows during the 60s was The Ed Sullivan Shows. It ran on Sunday nights. A popular TV shows for kids during the 60s was Sesame Street. 1960 Space Exploration NASA made one of its biggest missions during the 60s. Kennedy had set a goal during the Space Race to perform a crewed lunar landing. Apollo 11 was launched on July 16, 1969, carrying Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Aldrin. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong stepped on the surface of the moon as 530 million people watched him on television. Americans rejoiced as these events took place. People celebrated on the streets.
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Education Educating the 60s By Maximo Jalife Head Start President Lyndon B. Johnson created Head Start as part of his Great Society. Head Start was a program that was designed to end the cycle of poverty and to provide children with social and emotional development. The program provided preschool education to develop these characteristics for kids of low-income families. The amount of school children grew during the 60s. This meant a demand for more more teachers and larger schools. One room school houses in rural areas started to disappear, and larger schools in central locations were built. The National Defense Education Act was passed in 1958 and took effect in the 60s. The act’s goal was to strengthen the scientific side of the American school system. The act created more scientists. The act encouraged people to continue their education beyond high school. It provided loans to students studying mathematical or scientific subjects that were entering college. Page 4
Law and Justice The 60s, Finding The Just Law Plessy vs. Ferguson The state of Louisiana had established a law that said that there had to be separate railway cars for blacks and whites. Adolph Plessy, a man with a mixed racial background, sat on a railway for whites and was arrested. Plessy said that this was unconstitutional. The court ended up ruling that segregation was legal if it was equal. This case reinforced segregation. Brown vs. School Board Brown, an African American man, wanted to send his African American daughter to a school that was closer and in better conditions than her current school. The problem he faced was that the school was a white school. The court ruling said that schools have to be integrated. Other Cases Mapp v. Ohio: Protects against unreasonable searches, says that evidence from an illegal search cannot be used in a criminal trial. Miranda V. Arizona: Protects defendant from being a witness against himself., said that before being questioned by the police, suspects must be informed of their right to keep silent, as well as to have an attorney. Page 5
The Civil Rights Movement, The 60s Racial Discrimination Segregation was a way of life in the south. Even though the supreme court ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson said it had to be equal, it was rarely equal. Public places that were segregated were in worse conditions for African Americans. They faced discrimination. Thurgood Marshall was an African American lawyer who was leader of the NAACP. He fought for the rights of blacks. The NAACP was able to eliminate the Grandfather Clause, meaning that voting was easier. African Americans were also discriminated in sports. Jackie Robinson was the first black professional player to play in the major league. He faced discrimination. His talent won the fans over and made way for other African American players. After the Brown v. Board of Education case, segregation was illegal in schools. They were integrated. But, some still believed in segregation. Littlerock The end of segregation in schools had been ruled already, but, the mayor of Little Rock still believed in segregation. African Americans who went to school in Little Rock were not allowed into the school. The mayor refuse to integrate schools. Eisenhower sent troops to escort the African American students into the school.
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Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. led the African American Civil Rights movement. He believed in civil disobedience, or disobeying the law in a non-violent way. He used sit-ins and boycotts as a way of protesting. In addition, he led the Montgomery bus boycott. This boycott happened after Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to give up her seat to a white man. President Kennedy sent the Civil Rights Bill to congress in 1963. After his assassination, Johnson passed this act. The act banned discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or national origin. In addition it outlawed discrimination in employment.
Rights for Everyone Women, disabled people, retired people, and MexicanAmericans wanted an end to discrimination. Women seeked equality in jobs, and education. Disabled people wanted access to public places. For example, having ramps for wheelchairs. Retired people faced challenges in paying for healthcare, and Mexican-Americans had language issues. Page 7
Magazine Games By Alejandro Carrillo
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Advertisements
By Alejandro Carrillo Barbie was one of the many products created in the 1960s that became very famous. The average price for barbie dolls were about $3.00
Go-Go Boots were very famous during the 60s. Most women would wear these all over the U.S. in the nightclubs. The average cost was about $9.99
Ouija boards were very famous since people believed that it was a way to communicate with the dead. The average price was $9.99 Page 9
More Advertisements! By Alejandro Carrillo
Campbell's became very famous in the 60s. During that time they made a lot of money. For a can of campbell's it cost about $2.99
Smoking was very famous in the 60s. People smoked a lot. An average price for cigarettes were $1.99 People started to take good care of their hair. This is an example of a shampoo ad. An average bottle of shampoo would cost $0.99 Page 10
Book Review: Green Eggs and Ham by Dr. Seuss By Alejandro Carrillo
Green Eggs and Ham was a revolutionary book that changed the childhood of many kids. This book is read by most kids all around the world. Dr. Seuss is arguably the most influential children's author in the world. His Green Eggs and Ham has inspired kids not to judge food by the way it looks. This books is one of the most important books ever. Page 11
Music The Beatles By Alejandro Carrillo
The Beatles have been one of the most famous bands ever. They are a British band consisting of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison. They started to become famous during the 1960s. Their most famous album is Abbey Road, which was released during 1969. Some songs of the Beatles are Here Comes the Sun, Oh! Darling, and Octopus's Garden. Al these songs are very famous and have left marks on many people's lives. The style of music that they have is rock and have been considered the most influential rock band ever. The beatles were one of the most famous bands to ever live. The members that are now deceased are John lennon and George Harrison, the remaining are Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney. Page 12
Gossip:
By Alejandro Carrillo There has been evidence that the 35th president, John F. Kennedy, had an affair with the world famous actress, Marilyn Monroe. There have been sightings that JFK and Monroe have attended parties together and have left together. JFK has had various rendezvous with her and it has been said that they had sexual intercourse at least once. They were once spotted at Bing Crosby’s house in Palm Springs. Ralph Roberts, an actor and friend of Monroe’s, said that Monroe had told him about her sexual experiences with JFK. The last time the two were seen together publicly was at the President 45th Birthday Party. After the party, JFK closed all connections with Monroe, because he did not want press talking about him and Monroe. The main Gossip of the 1960s was of President Kennedy and of Marilyn Monroe.
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Film & Theatre “Action!” in the 60s By Leonardo Gorgatti
The 60s was a very important era in the development of film and theatre. Throughout the 60s, television began to grow more and more important in American culture and life. Very important focuses for movies, plays, and television include the Cold War and the “Wild” West. Many took the basic struggles of ‘good vs. evil’ in their plot. Some of the most famous movie producers, and one well known today as well, was Disney. Disney was thriving, coming out with movies including 101 Dalmatians, The Jungle Book, The Love Bug, and Mary Poppins. Also, the recently famous Disney movie Parents Trap was originally done in 1961. Other famous movies often were historical epics such as Cleopatra, Spartacus, and The Carpetbaggers. The third main focus of movies was mainly World War II movies such as The Guns of Navarone and The Dirty Dozen. The Guns of Navarone is about a small commando team is sent to destroy German guns and rescue allied troops on the island of Navarone. The Dirty Dozen is about a colonel, given a team of dangerous criminals, to be trained and organized for a mission going behind enemy lines to take out German personnel. Thriller movies popped up occasionally. Topics like the rumors of radiation mutations, ignited by the Cold War threats and arms race, guided productions like Attack of the 50 Foot Woman, Them (where radiation experiments produce giant ants), and Godzilla. Even Scooby Doo began in 1969! A variety of plays and musicals also were important to express the new era of change coming along in the 60s. Some important musicals were Camelot, Hello Dolly, Hair, and Funny Girl. The theatre industry began to expand greatly, opening up, hiring more actors, not only in New York, but around the entire United States. The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), was set-up in 1965 to support the excellence in the Arts, new and old. In 1963, the Theatre industry made a big step in the civil rights movement, when Sydney Poitier, became the first African American to win an Oscar for his playing of Homer Smith in Lilies of the Field. Page 14
Government & Politics Twists & Turns in Office By Leonardo Gorgatti
The 60s started off under the authority of president Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower won a landslide victory. His campaign led under the slogan of “peace, progress, and prosperity” and he was known for his “middle-of-the-road” policy on governing. He believed the government should play a smaller role in the economy, like a Republican, but believed it important to support programs that help people, like a Democrat. He was in control during the Korean War, and directed the army to many victories, as well as negotiated efficiently for peace. As Eisenhower’s presidency came to an end in 1961, Kennedy entered the office. Kennedy was in office dealing with a variety of controversial, difficult situations. Some of the most important were the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Red Scare. All around such situations, the US was constantly competing with the USSR to gain allies, stockpile more weapons, help their sides (US sided with democrats) win revolutions in countries all around the world, and make accomplishments in space activities. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a frightening discussion between the US and USSR, as the USSR set-up missiles in Cuba, making the US very vulnerable, and Kennedy held conversations with USSR’s leader Nikita Khrushchev to remove the missiles, finally getting Khrushchev to back off. The Red Scare was a long period where a government organization, set-up by Kennedy, known as the House Un-American Committee, was trying and convicting several people all over the country for being Communist, as people demanded protection, living in fear of the Communist disease, taking hold of the world. Also, Kennedy set-up NASA. In 1963, Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, and Vice President Lyndon Johnson took the office. Lyndon would be re-elected in 1964 and go on as president until 1969. Holding a background of poverty himself, Lyndon focused on attacking poverty in the United States, and helping the less fortunate with his “Great Society” Vision. This “Great Society” consisted of a variety of programs. A two very important programs are Head Start, a program which provided preschool education for needy children, and the Economic Opportunity Act, a program which attacked causes of poverty such as unemployment and illiteracy. Another important program is the medicare/medicaid program. Lyndon set-up medicare to give economic support to the elderly above 65 for health reasons. Medicaid was set-up to give economic aid for poor and needy people of all ages for Page 15 health reasons.
The Vietnam War By Leonardo Gorgatti
The Vietnam War was one of the most controversial, tragic wars in US history. This war, often known as “Resistance Against American War” in Vietnam, is the only war the US has ever lost, and the painful war holds a cut in the history of the ‘undefeatable’ US. The Vietnam War started off with two clashing sides in civil war. A man named Ho Chi Minh helped lead Vietnam to independence from France in a war before. As new and independent, different leaders and views clashed for control of Vietnam. As a regular in the 60s, one side was Communist and the other side was Democratic. The Communist side in the North was controlled by the Vietminh, led by Ho Chi Minh. The Democratic side in the South was controlled by Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem had been ruling before, as a “democracy” ruled by one man, and began to lose support as he blocked promised elections, imprisoned critics, and showed corruption in every government action. Communist guerrillas, known as the Vietcong began popping up in South Vietnam. These Vietcong were followers of the Viet Minh, and as they wreaked chaos in villages, the government turned a blind eye. The US started off supporting Diem, as he was a “democrat” fighting communism so that the Truman Doctrine almost kept the US blindly aiding the disguised totalitarian ruler, in a way. At last, the US decided that it would remain on neither side, and with the advantage, the Vietcong assassinated Diem. After the assassination, South Vietnam was without government, and the Vietminh were taking a bigger grip. The US, controversial over if the US should protect South Vietnam from Communism, takes control of the region and begins to battle off the Viet Minh. Lyndon Johnson, is discussed controversially even today, about his deceitful ways on the subject matter of the Vietnam War. At the start, Johnson’s campaign followed the idea of keeping Americans out of the war, to protect the American soldiers, assuring they stay at peace and away from the war. Yet, soon enough, Lyndon received a very sketchy message that US ships had been attacked by the Viet Minh. Many say this attack known as the “Gulf of Tonkin Attack” was a plotted excuse to enter the fighting. But, plotted or not, it worked. After receiving an order from congress to protect the United States, Johnson twists their words into a demand for war and takes steps to begin one of the most regretted wars in history. (Continued on Page 2) Page 16
(Continued from Page 1) The first step in the war was sending in 3, 500 marines into Vietnam to protect a US base at Na Dang. Soon, there was a mandatory draft established and their would be 500,000 Americans fighting in a war Johnson campaigned for none to go to. Although two thirds of the Americans fighting volunteered, another one third did not. Many were angered by the fact that the upper class found ways to escape the draft, like affording better schools to stay in or even paying money. Two men who avoided the draft do to political power were Bill Clinton and Dick Cheney. These so called “draft dodgers” would soon realize that the dodging would be one of the best decisions they have ever made, as the horrors of the war unravelled. The Vietnam War lasted ten years but some of the most famous battles and events were Albert Kligman's Agent Orange Experiments, the Battle of Ap Bac, the Tet Offensive, and Operation Rolling Thunder. Albert Kligman’s Agent Orange Experiments were a series of experiments, where a cruel American scientist held experiments on Vietnamese prisoners with toxic gases and substances to be used in the war. The government allowed for Kligman to hold the experiments but he gave 468 times the doses allowed. The main substance used was dioxin, a toxic gas and major component of Agent Orange. The prisoners began to gain cists everywhere on their bodies and horrid genetic mutations were later seen in their children or grandchildren. The Battle of Ap Bac was the first major battle in the Vietnam War. Ap Bac was a village in the Dinh Tuong province and on January 2, 1962 the battle took place there. The battle was a victory for the Viet Cong and is seen until today as an obvious hint that the Vietnam War was not going to end well for the United States. Although, mainly South Vietnamese troops fought it, they had US weapons and planning. The Viet Cong in this battle proved their much stronger fighting spirit and deadly fighting ability, which the US ignored. The Tet Offensive was from January to March of 1968, a battle which began on January 30 on Tet, the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, where the unsuspecting South Vietnamese were too busy celebrating. It took place in over 100 major towns and cities. But the even bigger surprise was that the North communists were soon fought off and lost the battle, holding a major military victory for the US and South Vietnam. Operation Rolling Thunder was a long period of US air raids not only in Vietnam, but along the entire Ho Chi Minh trail, which was a route to enter South Vietnam used by the Viet Cong, passing through Laos and Cambodia. But, the Viet Cong refused to give up, building underground passageways during the raids by day, and reconstructing the fallen bridges and roads by night. The US gave up on their air raids and tasted another defeat. By the end of the war, all the air raids added up to 4.6 million tons of bombs on Vietnam and 2 million Vietnamese killed, by the US. As suspected, the Vietnam War ended in April 30, 1975 with US defeat. Page 17
Culture
By Leonardo Gorgatti The 60s is known as the time of “American pop culture.” This pop culture was formed from an aura of radio, film, television and books. The baby boomers were growing up into the leaders of the society. For the first time, a very new, young, adventurous and risktaking generation led the way. With it came change, which many even consider a cultural revolution. One of the most important ‘miracles’ to enter American life at the time was the color television. It presented all images and videos in full reality appearance. Suddenly, one could be sitting on a couch eating chips, but through the screen was soaring over the world in a rocket ship. By the end of the decade, 95% of American homes held at least one TV. Another important part of American culture was the radio. One of the most important bands playing were the Beatles, people were carrying around radios in their homes, around the park, and assured that they had one in their car. George Harrison had said, “I’ve heard that while the show was on there were no reported crimes, or very few. When the Beatles were on Ed Sullivan, even the criminals had a rest for ten minutes.” Other important music was Motown and San Fransico influence. In the 60s, people were wilder and more enthusiastic. The 60s was seen as the decade of butterflies. It was the decade of freedom, from restrictions and expectations, from previous ideas of “decency” and what is “proper.” It was the age of the Hippies. Everything was in color.
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Food
By Leonardo Gorgatti The 1960s’ food was no less colorful than the rest of its culture. Dishes to savor were popping up ever, and some of the most satisfied bellies lived in the 60s. The new enthusiasm for food in the 60s is best expressed in 60s food revolution leader, Julia Child’s quote- “People who love to eat are always the best people.” The basis of 60s food were strange chicken dishes, Jell-O and other fluff desserts, cocktail party appetizers, and anything made by Julia Child. As said before Julia Child, was a leader in 1960s cooking. She became extremely loved for her ability to adapt French cooking styles into a recipe perfect for American culture. She even got her own TV show, for cooking, known as The French Chef. One famous dish was the Lipton Onion Soup Dip. Onion dip was very popular at the time. Other famous dishes were desserts of different fruits encased in gelatin. A surprising dish which was famous and loved were meatballs in grape jelly. Chicken with cream, in a French style “Chicken a la creme”, was famous often served with a side of vegetables. A very different and new dish that quickly became famous was fondue. It brought families together as they selected their choices of meat and worked to fry them in a pan organizedly. Another important idea in cooking at the time was the cocktail, most famously made as a shrimp cocktail.
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