Aleksandra Kozawska
personal project journal
Aleksandra Kozawska
personal project journal
glasgow 2015
introduction The book is a record of my personal journey during the project that is a collaboration between Glasgow School of Art, the Institute of Design Innovation, Chiba University Tokyo and Toshiba. The aim is to find a space within which emerging technology of M2M and IoT can enable social innovation in the political and civic sphere. This Personal Project Journal is a record of the process from my reflective perspective. It points out my role in the particular parts of the projects and comments on the ups and downs of the design process. It focuses more on the “backstage” mechanisms behind the project which has been presented in the “Technopolitics” book. TECHNOPOLITICS is a name which we invented in an attempt to create a word that would embody both political and technological aspects of the project. We were asked to consider how M2M and IoT technologies could be leveraged in order to increase political engagement in the civic sphere.
On the personal note, I decided to use these popular Old English words for “yes” and “no”, still particularly used in Scotland, in the following manner:
Aye ! Nay...
YES: things that I considered to be a positive and enriching experience. Things that I learnt and I will take with me.
NO: my comments on things that I did not enjoy, that frustrated me or demotivated. Things that could be improved in terms of my approach, our group dynamics or the course in general.
about me My name is Aleksandra Kozawska. But everyone calls me Ola. I come from Product Design background (BA Italian and Design, University College London/Politecnico di Milano), but I have also experience as a graphic designer, writer and translator. I came to Glasgow School of Arts to study MDes Design Innovation and Service Design. This is the first term group project realised together with an incredible team. I would like to dedicate this book to my teammates: Kaajal Modi Inês Margarida Andias Michael Rhodes Nova Zhang Thank you for these four months. It has been incredibly intense, but rewarding time. It has been a pleasure to work with you!
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process In design innovation the process through which the given problem is researched and addressed is equally important as a result. My representation of the process is an interpretation of a “double diamond� design process model developed by the Design Council in 2005. Divided into four distinct phases, it maps the divergent and convergent stages of the design process, showing the different modes of thinking and approaches that we used. Firstly, we opened our understanding of the brief by researching the topic of politics and civic engagement in the Discovery phase. Secondly, we narrowed down the scope of our research by defining the tensions and opportunities
that we found from our research and synthesizing them into three key insights (Define phase). Then, we again opened up the scope by creatively addressing the key insights and developing potential user scenarios and concepts in the Development phase. After evaluating the most promising design ideas, we entered the Delivery phase to develop the final design. Design process is highly iterative, hence the infinity sign which I incorporated into that model demonstrates constant need for stepping back and reflecting on the process as such.
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INTRODUCTION
4-7
About Me Process
5 6
discover
contents
define
develop
deliver
WEEK 1
8-13
WEEK 6
28-31 WEEK 7
32-37 WEEK 8
38-46
Brief Desk Research
9 10
Insights Workshop Insights
29 30
WEEK 2
14-17
33 34 35 36 37
Final Concept Comotics Technology map Branding Prototype Bleuprint Mado Conclusion
39 40 41 42 43 44 46
WEEK 9
47
Final presentation
47
CONCLUSION
48-52
General Reflection Motivational Line References
48 50 52
Chiba Workshop Insights Develop. What if...? Ideation Concepts
Disobedient Objects 14 16 Inspirations 17 Stakeholders WEEK 3
18-21
Ethnograph. Worksh. 18 Questions 19 Engagement Tools 20 WEEK 4 Fieldwork (public) WEEK 5
22-23 22 24-26
Fieldwork (experts) 24 Interim Presentation 26 WEEK 6
27
Community Worksh. 27
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“I come from a country where currently politics is commonly associated with corruption, brutal discussions and slanders.. I knew I had a lot to research to understand what I am really dealing with. “
discover
The first phase of the project was marked with a lot of research, brainstorming and discussions. It was also the time when we got to know each and our capabilities better as a team. For me personally, it was a very exciting time. To be honest, I did not consider myself a politically involved or interested person before starting that project. I come from a country where currently politics is commonly associated with corruption, brutal discussions and slanders. I knew I had a lot to research to understand what I am really dealing with. I put aside all my prejudices about politics that kept me away from it for such a long time and tried to understand what makes people engage in it and why should they engage. I got also personally interested in technological part of the brief, researching the Internet of Things and its implications on the future society. In this the very beginning we focused our research on the information gathered from the Internet, literature and magazines. From week four we engaged with our stakeholders using engagement tools created by us. Although the desk research in this book is mentioned only in the first weeks, the fact is that throughout all the duration of project we have been finding more and more fascinating and relevant resources, discovering this very broad world of politics on different levels.
Presenting brief as a mind map that I made in the first days served me as a quick reference and reminder in later stages of the project. Mind mapping in general it is a very useful technique which we often used to record and/or analyse our brainstorming team sessions. Looking back at the very first mind maps that we did, it is amazing to see that most of our final findings had actually already appeared there, during our very first and free discussions about the brief. Deconstruction of the brief - my personal notes
brief As one of the first steps in the project I deconstructed the brief in my personal notebook that accompanied me throughout the whole project and guarded my notes and reflections, some of which are included in this book. Deconstructing the brief gave me an idea of the key words that it contained. Later, it served as a great help in our team visualization of the brief that took different visual forms during the project, but always had the same message: to understand politics and how the internet of things can stimulate political engagement towards the future.
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week 1
Aye !
desk research
Nay... As much I am fascinated with technology, I did find it challenging to incorporate the IoT and M2M to such abstract thing as politics. As a group, we consciously decided to focus more on the political side during the research and add the technological layer later, towards the concept development. However, from the nowadays perspective, I am not sure if this was a right decision. Researching technological aspects more in this early stage could have brought more insights and inspirations for the development phase.
Internet of Things mind map
Internet of things The idea for the graphs above came from the mind map that I created at the beginning of the desk research phase and was refined during our discussions about how can we incorporate the Internet of Things in the context of politics. We realized that politics is based on very human motives, hence we saw the role of technology as a facilitator in communication
between the individuals and groups of people that in this way can lead to increased political engagement. At this point, we decided to focus our research more on the political side of the brief.
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desk research
Aye ! Discovering political activity from so many angles was a particularly exciting part for me. Every day I learnt about some new social movements, also about issues that are important to me, but I was not aware that they have such level of support. During our group discussions, I realised that actually we might be designing a solution for people with a similar attitude like mine before this project – people not actively engaged in politics, due to different reasons, people, who simply accept the view of politics given them by media and hence misunderstand and underappreciated their role in it. This was my personal journey towards political empowerment.
politics Shifting our focus more on the political aspects of the project, we tried to understand the mechanisms of political engagement as well as research emerging trends and behaviours that might lead to a political change in the future. Since politics is such a broad and abstract topic, the beginnings of our research were very broad as well and involved a lot of discussions and brainstorming in an attempt to define what we understand under such key words as politics, political activity, civic engagement. However, the longer we discussed and
researched, the more excited, but also overwhelmed we became. We arrived to a point when we simply concluded that politics was literally concerning everyone and everything, from very local issues like your household trash disposal, through regional and national issues to global scale. In an attempt to categorise this amount of information, we divided it in three different spheres where politics can influence people’s lives: individual, civic and global. This is also the first moment when the growing influence of so called “grassroots” movements caught our attention.
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desk research
The scottish question On 18th of September 2014 a referendum on Scottish independence took place. I came to Glasgow a couple days before that date – I immediately understood that something very special was happening in this country. I witnessed movements around George Square even before starting this project and I felt this huge energy coming from the crowd. I saw not only Scottish flags, but also colours of Catalunya and other regions fighting for independence - a grassroots initiative that had its national and global consequences.
At the very first moment when we got our brief, it became clear that the referendum has to be our case study. However, later we realized that the referendum was just a starting point of our research. This kind of crowd mobilisation does not happen every day whereas the regular politics does. In this way, the referendum became a trigger that made us think what kind of issues make people engage in politics and in what ways.
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FEELING OF REAL INFLUENCE
Feel involved in local decision-making
DESIRE TO BE INVOLVED
Feel involved in national decision-making
Want involvement in local decision-making
Want involvement in national decision-making
From “Audit of Political Engagement 11” by The Hansard Society, 2014 report, based on 1,000-2,000 GB adults.
political engagement One of the breakthroughs for me was encountering a series of “Audits of Political Engagement” by an independent research organization, The Hansard Society. These complete reports, prepared yearly at the same time of the year, gave a valuable overview and quantitative evidence of the level of political engagement in the United Kingdom. I personally read the whole report and presented a sum up to my team. At this point it became clear – society does not trust politicians, people feel powerless in the decisionmaking process, yet a lot of the public would like to have more influence over the way their country is run
and over the local issues. I was curious if the results that we would gather during our interviews and field research would confirm the findings from the report. As it proved later, this work gave us a solid basis for the development of the questions that we would like to ask to our stakeholders and later, for formulating the insights.
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week 2
“This again made me realise how dynamic and diverse are political contexts that we are researching.“
disobedient objects At the beginning of October I had an opportunity to visit the „Disobedient Objects” exhibition at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. Working on a project about political engagement within the civic sphere, I found the exhibition a must-see. As a result, I was asked to document the visit by writing a post on our blog (www.innovatepolitics.wordpress.com) by Nova who was responsible for running the website. In the blog post I divided exhibited objects into nine categories, according to their character, usage or context, and I presented them with examples. In this way, I tried to identify in what ways people demonstrate and comment on the current political situation. Objects displayed are mostly made by nonprofessional makers from easily accessible materials. Makers of the Disobedient Objects question the rules, undermine the system, show its absurdity.
Not more than a month after my visit to London, Catherine Flood, the V&A curator, came to GSA to have a talk about the “Disobedient Objects” in relation to the ongoing Cuban Revolution poster exhibition in the GSA’s Reid Building. All of this, followed by a recommendation about the exhibition that we got independently from our tutors, confirmed that V&A exhibition is a correct reference for our project.
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100th Object Space in October
100th Object Space in November
100th Object One of the most interesting spaces was 100th object space. As Catherine Flood explained, the exhibition of such objects is a never ending collection since there are still many ongoing struggles around the world which are happening at the moment and new ways of spreading people’s messages and engaging in their issue are constantly being invented. Curators decided to save a special place for these “new disobedient objects” which is a blank 100th object space. Everyone is invited to place there any objects important for their struggle. During my second visit in London several weeks after, I visited the exhibition again. Indeed, the 100th object space changed, as well as some artefacts in the other exhibition spaces. This again made me realise how dynamic and diverse are political contexts that we are researching.
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Project by Christian Nold for a Dannish town Hedehusen. It was designed to bring local people and local political entities together based on emotions, personal perceptions as well as environmental pollution data. It gathers data from small wearable and street sensors and brings it to a large town level display.
Future City Glasgow is an ambitious programme which will demonstrate how technology can make life in the city smarter, safer and more sustainable. Projects will address issues such as health, safety and sustainability through the use of open data, apps, portals and citizen science mapping.
Citizenville a book written by Californian Governor Gavin Newsom, formerly the mayor of super-wired San Francisco. It describes how ordinary citizens can use new digital tools to dissolve political gridlock and transform American democracy.
a
A national convention to "help shape a long term strategy for the nation's future". Participants were 8 000 self-nominated or proposed Australians, diverse demographically. The event uncovered considerable public appetite for involvement in policy discussions. “The result was animated, unstoppable discussion�.
This is an attempt to create a new kind of politics. It is an example of open-source governance philosophy which advocates the application of the open source and open content movements to democratic principles in order to enable any interested citizen to add to the creation of policy, as with a wiki document.
Common Weal are a left-wing think tank who aim to create a future in which politics puts all of us first. It seeks to get us working together for the benefit of each other, not working against each other for the benefit of a few. It believes government should reflect the will of the people, not the will of the money markets.
inspirations During the broad desk research that we did, we encountered many inspirational projects from different fields, political, artistic, technological. I summed up all of them and included in our evidence wall, however, after discussing it with the group, I decided to include just the six most relevant ones in the book in a more graphical form. This is a combination of political case studies with technological solutions.
Looking at the current innovative projects in politics, we noticed an increasing tendency towards grassroots and open-source movements that enables citizens to take part in the decision-making process. This made us realise that our project should go towards this direction if we want to be truly innovative.
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Nay... At the beginning we felt a bit overwhelmed with the amount of stakeholders that we need to consider. We got a bit lost with the ambition and numbers of people that we would like to speak to. I guess we did not clearly understand if the stakeholder map is a map of all the people and entities involved in the context that we are researching (which in the case of politics is literally everyone), or the map of the stakeholders that we would like to contact for the purpose of this project. I guess the latter naturally resulted from the first one, which does not change the fact that this distinction should have been done more clearly. First versions of the stakeholder map
stakeholders Even though our stakeholders map went through some transformations during the project (mostly narrowing down the stakeholders group and numbers), it has had the same basic structure from the beginning. It is based on two extreme ends, which are people directly involved in politics, namely politicians, and on the other hand people who are influenced by politics but do not necessarily actively engage with it, namely general public. In between we have
experts which are academics, researchers and all the other specialists, as well as media who are the communicators between the groups at the extreme ends of the diagram. In this way we gradually arrived to the focus of our project which was initially thought as facilitating the connections between the two ends of the spectrum.
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Nay...
week 3
Whereas I consider workshop led by Brian highly useful and relevant, I had an impression that the ethics of research that we were taught were not necessarily encouraged and respected within the design process. Also, the emphasis put on precision of transcribing each of the interviews was a great tip that forced us to analyse the interviews with more depth. However, given the amount of the interviews that we had in such a short time, we needed to seek a compromise and simplify the transcribing process, focusing on the key points that were most relevant to our project.
ethnographic workshop During the week 3 we took part in ethnography workshop with Brian Loranger that helped us reframe our research and shift out attention towards more basic questions. Instead of going into dead ends with very specific questions, we were encouraged to ask first ourselves and then our stakeholders more open questions such as:
ethics. Brian emphasized importance of respecting privacy of other people, especially when making documentation such as photographs or videos. We basically had a great opportunity to learn field research savoir vivre together with some important tips and techniques for better results of our interviews and observations:
• • •
• • • •
What is politics? Why is politics important? How do you see this country in 25 years?
The aim was to encourage the speakers to reflect on the topic without guiding their answer which had more potential for surprising, valuable feedback. We were introduced to field research methods and
•
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How to formulate questions How to make a transcription of an interview How to write observations from field work How to separate personal feeling and impressions from objective observations How to analyse the results from field work and interviews for best results
questions Inspired by the workshop, we reformulated the three focus questions. These were the final ones that influenced the way we designed our engagement tools and formulated questions for the interviews. We used a technique introduced to us by Brian to deconstruct these questions and arrive to the questions that we would actually ask during the interviews with our Experts (under the name Experts we mean all the groups except the general public, hence politicians, media and academic experts).
It basically deconstructed the three main questions into several pointed subquestions. The subquestions are more specific, yet aim to partially of entirely answer the main focus questions. For instance, a question: “How do you see the relationship between your expertise and politics?” would form part of the”What does politics mean to people” focus question. In this way we started to construct also our thinking and how it can be translated into the engagement tools that we had to design.
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“For the general public we aimed to develo� a set of engagement t�ls that will provide a wide range of answers, following the Ethnography worksho�’s spirit that open questions lead to more interesting answers..”
engagement tools Postcards Postcards were targeted at random public for a wide range of responses to a very open questions. My role included help with formulating the questions and organizing the printing. Game As a person who got in touch with the Polish community in Glasgow, I had an idea for a workshop game that we could use there and potentially in other communities that we planned to contact as a part of our field research on general public. Therefore, I naturally became the responsible person for planning the workshop. Initially, I decided to create a roleplaying “Citizen Game” that would stimulate the participants to talk about the politics. Here, however, I got trapped (again) in my ambition to create something more complex than necessary whereas it is the simplicity that is usually the key. With a great
contribution of Michael and Nova, we finally created a game based on a simple idea: we would invite the participants to create their own political parties in the following way: • •
• • •
Design the identity, name and logo of a party Choose 4 from 8 areas that the party would like to support (transport, education, healthcare, agriculture, arts&culture, energy&enviroment, defence&crime, social welfare) Draw or write party’s manifesto Draw or describe the leader of a party Draw or describe typical voters of a party
In this way, we hoped to stimulate the discussion and observe how the participant would prioritise given categories, how they would they discuss politics in smaller groups and later, in forum. Apart from designing the logic for a game, I also created the graphics and physical prototypes.
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People want to be a part of something useful, valuable, and bigger than themselves.
Human beings want to feel connected to other people. Make people feel a personal connection.
Feeling that they are part of shared vision and destiny. They like to know where they are going.
People want to be around those who believe in their potential and give them any necessary support.
People have ideas, and they’d like to share them. The process of asking will engage people in powerful ways.
People want to know what is expected of them and what behaviors are valued. They want be recognised as individuals.
What engages people? While approaching the engagement tools design, I realised that actually we should step back and research what actually make people engage in general, beyond the political context as such. I discovered that most of the available literature about engagement mechanisms comes from a crosssection of psychology and business and touched on some universal points that prove to be relevant also
in the political context. Inspired by these articles, I created a graph of six elements that are needed to increase engagement of people. Initially basing on a business article published on a company website of Nexus, I created our own graph as a general map of “What Engages People”.
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field work
week 4
Direct contact with our stakeholders, especially with the general public, was an important lesson for all of us. For me personally it was also the first time I had an opportunity to actually go and talk to the potential users of a product/service that we will be designing. This is a user-centered approach not only in theory, but also in practice, was for me one of the highlights of the whole course. In my previous education we did not have such a chance to go out and research or test the ideas with people outside of academia. In my opinion, it was a great opportunity to test our assumptions so far, it also definitely made the project and our research more grounded in the reality.
POSTCARDS A “scattergun” approach of giving away the postcards indeed gave us a wide range of interesting and sometimes surprising results. Initially planned to be given in the streets to passersby with a stamp, we eventually decided on distributing it in places where we can find a cross section of ages and social groups in an informal, rush-free atmosphere, such as pubs and parks. In this ways, we could get instant responses with less risk and costs, which could be a problem with stamped postcards. Initially rather shy, we quickly gained more confidence in speaking to strangers in new public spaces. We were surprised with the positive response and feedback that we got from both younger and older respondents that we approached.
HILLHEAD PROTEST At the beginning of November together with Michael we had an opportunity to witness a protest of school kids and their parents against fracturing Hillhead Primary School. The protest took place at George Square, in front of the City Chambers – the very political heart of Glasgow. This was an unusual protest – there were many children participating and there was a quite festive atmosphere there – with kids being dressed up, with painted faces, demonstrating alongside their parents and teachers. They attracted attention of the passersby who stopped and asked about the protest. I also managed to talk to a teacher there who told us about other actions that they are taking, like an online petition and making transparent about the issue. This was a live experience of a grassroot movement that demonstrated capability of a community to organise themselves locally and react to a political decision that they do not support.
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Aye !
Nay...
Developing and using the engagement tools with the general public was an important lesson and fun experience. Our postcards or the game became a trigger to encourage discussions with people that we approached and thus became a product by itself – a product that opened space for discussion in a non-political places and contexts. We were surprised how open and positive was the response – people eagerly shared their thoughts on politics and politicians, things that are important to them, people who they trust and about their future. It was a very rewarding experience.
Inspired by the ethnographic workshop, first we aimed at more open questions for a wider variety of answers, especially in the case of postcards. After initial contacts with the public we realised that although it was a great trigger for discussion and we indeed got some interesting answers, we also needed more specific insights and quantitative data to narrow down our research and move forward. We also got some contradictory feedbacks from the tutors who on one hand encouraged us to pursue with openend questions, and on the other hand required more pointed and problem-spotting answers from more varied social groups. Here is where appeared the idea for an online survey.
ONLINE SURVEY Whereas all the other engagement tools were focused more on gathering qualitative data, we saw a need for more quantitative evidence as well. In an attempt to create more pointed anonymous questions, we created an online survey that we published on social networks, sent to our friends and acquaintances. In the survey we asked questions about trust, about forms of personal engagement in politics, about the level of awareness of how to effect political change. The real hit for us was, however, more abstract questions such as: “If politics were a place/object, what would that be?” - initially we did not appreciate the potential of that question but the answers we got made us realise, that we can think about politics in completely different categories, in a more tangible way.
The response rate was considerably high – almost 100 responses in less than a week. However, taken that the survey was on an online platform, most of the answers we got came from respondents limited group age between 18-35 years old.
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week 5
field work
interviews To plan the interviews better, we created an online spreadsheet and a calendar of the meetings. On 66 contacted experts, we received 18 responses and managed to arrange interviews with the final 9 experts (one of them chose to remain anonymous and is not included in the stakeholder map). My responsibility was to contact academics in politics and sociology as well as technological experts. I aimed to find experts whose research interests oscillate around politics, society and technology in case of technological experts, and around referendum, in case of political experts. I hoped that using referendum as a starting point for the conversation, we would arrive to interesting conclusions about the public engagement in
politics in general. To my great surprise, most of the contacted experts replied and were very interested in the project. I managed to arrange interviews with four of them: Prof. Andrew Lockyer (political science, Glasgow University); Stuart Whigham (sociologist, St Mary’s University in London); Rob van Kranenburg (Internet of Things Council, Netherlands); Michael Comerford (Urban Big Data Centre, Glasgow). I arranged direct meetings with the experts based in Glasgow and I talked on Skype with those experts living abroad. Before each of the interviews I prepared questions based on the expert’s profile and publications which then would lead to more general questions about their understanding and vision of politics and society.
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Aye !
Nay...
It was a very valuable experience to meet and talk to the experts from different disciplines. It again made this project feel more real and wellgrounded. I also feel that I managed to create a good contact, especially with the technological experts, which were very enthusiastic about the project and eager to follow up and find out about the results. It definitely made me more confident about our work.
It is true that at this point we were still quite lost about where we are, hence the general questions not always gave satisfying answers and needed some more specification during the interview. I also had an impression that interviewees had different understanding of what the project was about and that usually needed some clarification at the beginning of the interview. Very often they also expressed their surprise and doubt about such a broad scope of the research in such short amount of time, however, they were always really supportive.
Both direct meetings (that we attended in pairs with another team mate) and Skype interviews turned out to be very natural talks, triggered by an initial question and then led by the flow of the conversation. Interestingly, during the interviews I have already noticed a tendency towards grassroots democracy from both political and technological experts independently, which has been caught also during the define phase in the maps made by Ines and Kaajal. Each interview was followed by a hot report and later by a transcription, which was the most timeconsuming part of this phase. In an attempt to simplify the results for later reference, I always tried to pull out some key quotes from the transcription and
already identify the insights that might be useful for later analysis, which proved to be really helpful in the synthesis phase.
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We realised that during our work we have moments of ups and downs in grou�. We called them “our team momentum”.
interim presentation Mid-term presentation was one of these moments that we had to present something that we were not sure about yet. At this particular point of time we were still in the middle of the field research, with planned workshop and more interviews to come. We had our strategy of contacting the stakeholders and the questions that we are asking, yet from the feedback that we got, I feel like we failed to present it clearly enough. Why? I asked myself this question many times. Probably the main reason is simple and very common – while working on a project like this, one is immersed in it so much that they take many things for granted and fail to point at them and communicate the process clearly enough for the outside audience. The feedback that we got after the presentation only confirmed these feelings. In fact, even before the presentation we discussed many points that the tutors later mentioned to us and we were aware of the limitations that we had. Why then we were not able to defend our project?
We realised that during our work we have moments of ups and downs in group. We called them “our team momentum”. While brainstorming and discussing our momentum was high. We were motivated, we begun to understand where we are going, we planned the next actions. The momentum went down when every time we realised the complexity of the project and somehow the “intangibility” and omnipresence of politics. We were still lost. We did not need more data, more examples or more references. This would only add complexity which was not what we wanted at that stage. Instead, we desperately needed time and space to step back and do what seemed to be really working for us: sit down as a group and discuss in order to analyse what we gathered so far and narrow down the scope of the project. That opportunity finally came with the insight wall and Iain’s workshop.
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Nay...
Overall, it was fascinating to witness how initial fun game became a trigger to a serious and realistic discussion about current politics in an informal environment. The participants kept discussing the politics even after we left which I consider as a successful conclusion of the workshop.
We planned and tried to contact more groups. We managed to get answer, for example, from the Garnethill Multicultural Centre, which could be an interesting case. However, the project pace was much faster than the response time of the Centre and eventually we had to give up on that contact in order to move forward to another phase of the project.
week 6
Aye !
community workshop To run the workshop, we were invited to join a meeting of a Polish Society in Glasgow in the traditional Sikorski Polish Club. I was the mediator who was responsible for the contact with the Society. Initially, the meeting was held by the younger members. However, as the workshop went on, more observers of different ages and backgrounds joined the activity, which gave us more confidence and created a special and familiar atmosphere between the people who did not know each other before. Given rather informal character of the meeting, two out of three groups decided to approach the task of creating a political party in a witty way, basing their names and manifesto around drinking culture. However, we observed that even if the name and the manifesto started as a joke idea, it provoked a serious and politically relevant discussion while confronting it with other participants. At the end, we gave participants a short survey to fill. The results were confirming our findings from the online survey and governmental statistics: people rarely indicated extreme interest or lack of interest in politics, it usually oscillated around 5-7 points in 10 point scale
which we interpreted as “I am aware of politics, but I am not actively engaged”. We also asked them questions about their trust in politicians and trust in technology. This was actually the first time when we spoke about technological aspects with the “general public”. Whereas the whole exercise was a group task, I found more intriguing direct talks with the participants after finishing the game. People individually say more and more openly than on forum. Although the scope is lower, the depth of the insights is deeper. This seemingly obvious conclusion stroke me with all its power when I spoke to those participants who were not so active during the game, but who expressed their opinions about political issues when encouraged in an individual talk. Very often they manifested their choice to stay away from politics, yet they tend to take very political actions and clearly express their opinion about the issues they care about without being aware that it has a potential to be a political act itself (e.g. writing a song about anarchy or discussing young people’s unemployment rate).
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“It was an important and clear lesson of how to structure and justify design thinking process.“
define
Second phase of the project is the definition phase in which we analysed and interpreted the evidence gathered during the Discovery phase and aligned those to the project objectives. We started the second phase of the project by gathering all the data in a form of an evidence wall. That helped us identify recurring themes and connect the common threads from all our research until that point. For me this was the crucial moment of the whole process – to witness how this broad, sometimes overwhelming research, can be narrowed down like in a funnel, and how it all starts to make sense. This is also the moment when we got our team’s momentum back after the moments of doubts at the end of the Discovery phase. It was an important and clear lesson of how to structure and justify design thinking process – exactly what I hoped to learn from that course.
Aye ! This facilitated and structured synthesis process made me understand better the relationship between the research and design ideas. Synthesis gives basis for the development phase and helps to justify design decisions. I believe that this method can have numerous applications also outside of designing process which makes it such a valuable tool.
Evidence wall
Synthesis process
insights workshop Iain Aitchison’s workshop from London based design studio Plan was a breakthrough in our project. The idea of an evidence wall – a wall with literally everything that we managed to gather during our discover phase – gave us a tangible prove of our research and an opportunity to step back. Tools and support provided by Iain during the workshop helped us structure our thinking in a more efficient and justifiable way. Using abductive synthesis method, we deconstructed the pieces of evidence from our wall in order to connect them with other disparate information and thus identify tensions and provide possible reasons for those.
In this way, we started to literally join the dots and create a map of tensions and opportunities that later led to our three main insights. Our team felt highly motivated during and after the workshop, our “team momentum” was very high and we got the sense of direction back. In fact, Iain noticed our group dynamics and our productivity during these two intense days which gave us wings to move forward.
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1 Tensions identified after “joining the dots” on our evidence wall.
2 Original version of the two dimensional “power graph”: community involvemt vs political engament with all the tensions mapped.
3 Venn diagram created after adding technological layer to our considerations.
insights The synthesis process led us from the evidence wall that allowed us to identify the main tensions and resulting from them design opportunities, through synthesis of that data in a form of power maps that we created. At this point, we decided to also add technological layer that so far had been neglected, creating three-dimensional Venn diagram and a sheer diagram to help us balance all the three elements and test the design ideas. When reflecting on the tensions and opportunities that we picked up on our insight canvas, we had
to take decisions in which direction to go. We were able to group them into several potential insights that we could focus on: political education, elderly/ young people engagement, activism, grassroots and local movements. Taken the amount of evidence supporting grassroots and local movements, we consciously decided that this will be the direction for our development phase and in this spirit we chose the three final insights to take with us to the next stage.
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4
5
Sheer diagram designed to balance the design ideas within the areas from the Venn diagram.
One of the seven insight sheets that we created to sum up the key tensions and opportunities.
The final three insights as a result of the synthesis.
Gaďż˝ between politicians and citizens Gaďż˝ between desire to be involved and real inlfuence People are more easily engaged with (local) issues
Nay...
Aye !
Eventually, we did not use the sheer diagram or Venn diagram to evaluate our design in the final book. Still, I consider it a useful exercise and a universal tool for future reference.
Analytical thinking how to arrive from specific evidence to potentially universal maps gave us new light on the project and was an important lesson of structured thinking.
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“Finally we had an opportunity to use our imagination in an attempt to address the problems and opportunities that we spotted in the define phase.“
develop
The third phase marks a period of development of design solutions. Drawing from the three main insights and spotting the opportunities, inspired the ideation phase from which the final few ideas emerged. The reading week market the transition from the very inspiring and successful define phase into development part of the project. Finally we had an opportunity for a creative input and to use our imagination in an attempt to address the problems and opportunities that we spotted in the define phase. Using “concept sheets” we generated ideas in a brainstorm-like process. Later, we grouped the concepts into categories from which we chose the most promising five to take further. At the end of the phase, we evaluated the five concepts and arrived to our final idea.
Nay... The last-minute unexpected presentation on Monday morning after the reading week was a cold shower for us. Our mistake was to relax a bit with the project and focus more on semantics exercise that was given to us as a homework for that week (and which actually has never had a chance to be presented). Again, we found ourselves in the situation when we had successfully arrived to the key insights, but we were not yet technically prepared to present it to an outer audience in a clear way.
Quick ideation exercise
Right after the reading week we welcomed our guests from Chiba University and Toshiba. We started with a short-notice presentation of our project results until that moment. It was a challenge since the results of our workshop with Iain were still a work in progress and we decided to present them in their original form. Workshop with our Japanese partners was a useful exercise of rapid ideation and change from the main project. For half a day we worked on a totally different brief – parks in Japan – and we directly went into the ideation phase after just a quick summary of the research done by our Japanese friends. It again made me realise how important is a clear synthesis
process and that, repeating after Dorst (Dorst, 2006), anyone can have a good idea, but it is all about how do you develop it. The workshop was especially useful in explaining us in a very simple and clear way the mechanisms and technological model of the Internet of Things and M2M (above). It has been emphasised that these technologies imply no direct human to human interaction at all. This made us wonder how to incorporate that into a very human-based context which is politics. Again, it became clear that if we need to use this specific technology in our solution, it needs to facilitate the communication which lies at the very heart of every political action.
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week 7
chiba workshop
Evidence Map by Kaajal Modi
Empowering People map by Inês Margarida Andias STUART WHIGHAM
ROB VAN KRANENBURG
MICHAEL COMERFORD
ALISON ROWAT
SHIONA MCCALLUM
MARTHA WARDROP
MAKE COUNCILS MORE AWARE
ANDREW LOCKYER
POWER SHOULD BE DEVOLVED / POWER TO COMMUNITIES
MAKE POLITICS ACCESSIBLE
insights development As a supporting evidence for our insights in the later phase of the project, we had a chance to create maps visualising the links between the evidence from our research. These were done by Kaajal and Inês as a part of their Visual Mapping elective course. However, this exercise proved to be very useful for everyone in the team, demonstrating the power of maps in formulating and helping to justify the direction of the project. In our case, maps helped us to visualise the frequency of recurring themes from the interviews (Inês’ map) and from all the evidence (Kaajal’s map) that lead us again towards grassroots activity and engagement that empowers people and makes politics more accessible, giving citizens back the sense of control in their lives and within the society.
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POLITICS SHOULD BE MORE TRANSPARENT
ELIMINATE POLITICAL LANGUAGE BARRIER
SOCIAL MEDIA (INTERNET / NETWORKS) TRIGGERING ENGAGEMENT
MAKE PEOPLE'S VOICES HEARD
MORE FREQUENT REFERENDUMS
GRASSROOTS LEVEL (local issues) SIGNIFICANT CHANGE
PEOPLE’S SENSE OF CONTROL AND INFLUENCE
HEAR PEOPLE’S CONCERNS
what if...? As a further exercise, in order to understand each of the key insights better, we again deconstructed each of them. That helped us to formulate potential scenarios that would create spaces for a design intervention. We created this space by asking a series of “What if� questions for each of the insights which directly led to the first design ideas that would answer those questions. In this way, we were able to create a direct thread between the insights and concepts.
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STUDIO 1 Group:
Toshiba Politics
Illustrate your idea here as if telling a story . . .
Key insight(s):
People care about immediate issues (Insight 3)
What if question:
What if you could participate in any political action instead of relying on media?
Concept description:
Robot Avatars: - Attend protests far away - Virtual reality projection - Display live information - Controlled by host city to avoid security issues - Small and cute or big and scary? Reason for the idea:
Expert – Shiona MacCallum (media) Quote - “The role of the media is to de-jargonise, and communicate the (political) message to the public”
Persona – Jane Quote - “We have a very rigid political system and an inadequate media, and that makes it extremely difficult to challenge the status quo” MDes Design Innovation 2003/14
Concept Sheet
Insight Canvas
ideation
Design Opportunity Canvas
During our concept generation phase we managed to produce around 50 concepts in total using different methods. The very first concepts came from as early as the insights workshop with Iain Aitchison using suggested by him Insight Canvas that saw design opportunities coming out of the tensions. Similar philosophy has been applied in the Design Opportunity canvas but in a slightly more graphical way. Most of the concepts, however, came individually from each of us using Concept Sheets. Using our “What if” questions, each concept was directly connected to one or more insights and evidence that it was addressing.
Aye ! After the concept presentation we got back our team’s momentum. Developing the five concepts together again proved the value of group work, which, although sometimes takes longer than the individual tasks, helps to see the problem from different perspectives and gives more potential ideas.
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Gaďż˝ between politicians and citizens Gaďż˝ between desire to be involved and real inlfuence People are more easily engaged with (local) issues
concepts Having produced 50 concepts independently, we noticed that many of them are repeating, covering the same aspects or complementing each other. In one of our brainstorming session, we categorised them intro groups according to their characteristics (background picture) and secondly, according to the insights that they answer. After discussions, we arrived to the five most promising concepts that we would like to take further. All of the proposals were set in the future context, some of them, however, were more probable or more conceptual than the others. At this point, we were encouraged to merge the two most reasonable ideas, Community Dashboard and Tagging, into our final design idea.
Nay... We spent a lot of this short precious time discussing which from the two ideas we should develop further. As a group, we were more inclined towards the Tagging idea, however, we were aware that Community Dashboard has more potential to answer the technological part of the brief. At that moment we lacked some more technical expertise and advice which again planted doubts in our heads and slowed our work down.
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“The final proposal is a conceptual idea designed for the society in the future context. “
deliver
The Deliver stage is where the final concept is further developed, prototyped and communicated to the wider audience and end-users. Delivery phase was marked by developing and communicating our final concept which was born as a combination of two complementing ideas from our ideation phase. The final proposal is a conceptual idea designed for the society in the future context. Based on the evidence and insights that we gathered, we approach the political engagement within the civic sphere on a very local level, taking community and household as a basic cell of the society.
final concept
Mado places people in the centre
I believe that Mado considered as a concept product, draws attention to political importance of the grassroots and self-organizing abilities of people as well as encourages governments to collaborate with citizens in a more transparent and direct way, facilitating outsourcing of data which otherwise takes fortune and time to be collected in traditional ways.
Japanese for “window”. Window as a universal symbol of opening the horizons, widening the view, outreaching. We thought it conveys the concept of a framed area on a display screen for viewing information, learning and observing.
Shift of power in politics
week 8
Community Window “Mado” is a concept that came as a combination of Community Dashboard and Tag Your City ideas created during the Development phase. Mado, in fact, is a compromise between the two ideas – one which excited us more (Tag), and one which seemed more reasonable and answered the brief better (Dashboard). It is an attempt to incorporate both solutions into one, which, in my opinion, made it such a complex concept. The solution has a huge potential but it required a considerable amount of discussions in order for us to truly understand the capabilities of our creation. The challenge was again how to present it in an understandable and simple way to the viewers. Our solution is scalable – it focuses on local issues and uses the power of network to feed up to the political ladder and facilitate communication, problem solving and birth of ideas on a grassroots level.
Nay... We regretted we did not have more time to develop the product, and most importantly, the Co-motics system behind the concept of Mado. There was a great disproportion of time designated for Discovery phase and other phases but as I understand it, there was a strong focus on research and analytical skills in this first part of the course, hence this timetable. However, I have a feeling that we lacked time and support to address all the complexities and limitation of the concept in this final phase.
Co-operate/Co-mmunicate/ Co-ordinate + Do-motics = Co-motics
“Going to the local with the full power of network� Rob van Kranenburg
comotics From our desk research it became clear that if change in politics is going to come, it will come on a grassroots level. We understood that politics is not an abstract thing but that it influences our daily lives in a real time. Politics is not only big ideals, legislations or taxes, but it also influences very local issues like potholes in the street, electricity shortages or the way we are segregating and disposing our trash. Starting from this viewpoint that emerged from the evidence gathered, the idea for Co-motics system came to life. Co-motics is a system behind Mado – and the driving process for the idea. It came inspired by one of the reflections from Rob van Kranenburg that facing the rapid increase in population and need for energy, in the future we will depend on the resources of other people which may cause further
political instability. We connected this thought with the emerging technologies of domotics systems that use the Internet of Things and M2M. Our initial idea was therefore more grounded into resource and information sharing between the household and neighborhoods that form the basis of the society. By resource sharing we understood not only resources like water or electricity, but also food, time or knowledge (e.g. coordinating car sharing, announcements of neighbor repairs etc.). At this point we realised that this system has an exciting potential far beyond political sphere. However, for the purpose of the project and the brief, we focused on presenting political aspects of it and the levels that it feeds up to through the priority ladder.
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technology map Technology map created together with Michael was one of the attempts to “capture” the complexity of Mado and Co-motics. Initially, we had two ideas – first was placing people in the centre as it is illustrated in the logo of Mado and the whole philosophy of the product. The second one was to place Mado in the centre of the system – since this is the “node” through which the communication is going through, the “facilitator” and main touchpoint of the process. Eventually, we decided on the second choice to illustrate better the IoT and M2M connections in the cloud. Another dilemma was the use of mobile application together with Mado. One of the constant concerns that appeared was that many functions of Mado can be easily applied in a mobile application, so
why should we design another product for that? First of all, we aimed to emphasise the local character of Mado by making it a domestic device that can be used wirelessly but cannot be taken out of the household that it belongs to. Mobile application serves here as a means to insert data and tag things on the go. However, it is the Mado that is the center of the system where this data can be analysed and personalized. Moreover, a special interface designed for the circular shape of Mado helps in more efficient visualization of data and levels of activity. Secondly, cooperation of Domotics and Comotics systems is another reason why Mado is a domestic device. And finally, Mado is a product that works within the IoT and as such addresses the technological part of the brief.
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“After many discussions we decided to dare to give to our product this strong, symbolic identity.”
branding The idea for the round shape of the product came into play early in the idealization process. Round is an inclusive shape, well established in the political symbolism (e.g. round table, where every person has equal rights to participate in discussion). Inspired by these symbolisms plus having in mind that this is a conceptual idea, after many discussions we decided to dare to give to our product this strong, symbolic identity. We were completely aware of the technological limitations of such shape. However, from our research and inspirations that we drew from, it became clear that leaders of the industry, including Toshiba, are currently working on round screens and round interfaces, which encourages us even more to follow this path. Taken that we designed Mado for the future reality, we assumed that these technologies will be available by then and that domotics will become a standard system in our houses. That is where we saw
Mado and Co-motics to step in and revolutionise the way we exist in our local environment. My particular role in Mado creation was to visualize it by making a 3D model, renders and visualizations. Since Mado is a domestic device, we decided to visualize it in the very heart of every home and a place where most of the domotics devices are located – in the kitchen. Therefore, the shape of the Mado needed to be familiar in the kitchen utilities landscape – neutral, organic round shape from warm mat aluminum with rounded edges fulfilled that role. We also decided to provide support for Mado while it is on the wall which also charges the device. The support, however, does not have the definite shape and in the final prototype (kindly produced by Rachael Sleight) we focused just on the screen itself.
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prototype and interface Mado is a concept idea. It is based on empowering the people over the issues they care about, hence the personalised interface and the philosophy of users owing the content and being able to communicate it in a flat hierarchy and up to governmental levels. The very first prototype of Mado was a round wooden chopping board. We experimented with the round shape, how is it to hold it and look at it in its physicality. Second step involved working on an interface. The main challenge with Mado’s shape is that circular screen are not yet so popular which requires new look at the interface that needs to be developed from the scratch. While designing the prototype for
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the circular interface, we decided to focus on the two characteristics that the circular screen gave advantage to: the ability to zoom in and out the levels of activity, like in a lens; and to personalise the issues and activities by dragging the ones of the most interest or importance into the centre.
Aye !
Nay...
Creating the blueprints helped me to understand better the mechanism behind Mado and Comotics as such. Such analytical and linear thinking about the user journey through all the levels and touchpoints changed the way we looked at the concept and helped us to spot the limitations and potential weak points of the system.
We were not taught at any point how to do a blueprint. It is a very useful and basic tool in the service design, but it seems necessary to include that into the course curriculum first. We also spend a lot of our limited time on graphical side of this particular element.
“Single building” original scenario
blueprint To represent the use of Mado and Comotics system behind it, we created three personas from different ages and backgrounds. Initially, we had a wider range of personas and a scenario of a single building in which they live and interact with each other and with the system and how this local activity can feed up to the regional or national political structures. Given the amount of time that we had, we finally chose three personas that would represent three different level of the system: local, regional(council)/ national and global; and demonstrate different uses of the device.
My role was to represent the system behind the stories with a blueprint. As I understand it, blueprint is a representation of the actions happening while interacting with the product/system through the various touchpoints both on a visibility line and “behind the scenes”. I created such blueprint for each user journey, adding an emotional layer (Polaine et al., 2009) in a form of a motivational line which is specifically addressing the second key insight, “gap between the desire to be involved and feeling of real influence” which is one of the reason that stops people from being actively engaged in politics.
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Touchpoints symbols of touchpoints corresponsing to each action. Motivation Line emotional layer and hypothetic user motivation towards the issue. Levels From individual through groups up to regional or national institutions.
User journey graphical representation of journey of each persona. Blueprint Flow of actions; algorithm of the process. Actions Main system functions correspond to the flow of actions.
Aye !
Nay...
At the end of the project we sent out the email with a pdf copy of our book to the experts that we had interviewed. We waited for answers in suspense. I was especially excited about the response from Rob van Kranenburg that I interviewed and whose insights were relevant and inspiring to all of us. The response was very positive and gave us wings. Rob quickly answered to my email:
In week 8 we had a workshop with Raoul Rickenberd from Parsons introducing us to a totally new for us approach to problem statement based on the concepts of instrumentation, heuristics and affordances. Whereas Raoul is definitely a great professor and professional, many of us had a feeling that this kind of workshop would be much more useful at the earlier stage of the project and not in the last week before submission. It also seemed that Raoul was not aware of the progress of our project which was a shame because we could have used this time for more relevant feedback from him at that stage.
It is very good. And it is very productive. I will definitely use it and get back to you on that. I think “Co-motics” is awesome. It is really very timely!
mado conclusion Design project are usually a never ending process – we are aware that Mado and the Co-motics system behind it need further development and refinement. We are totally aware of the limitation and critique that this solution might bring. We did try to address most of them, for example, by refusing to place a camera on the device in order to avoid “big brother” fears of the users; or by encouraging the use of the service that potentially can be provided by the council, by making it available for those who wish to apply for it voluntarily. I believe that as a group we made most of that short time given to develop this concept and we felt happy and excited about the outcome. The main difficulty for us was the complexity of the solution and its multifunctionality on different levels. We understood the system and the device has a huge potential and can grow bigger, so the dilemma was how to show the basic uses of it in a simple and understandable way?
What if there was a direct communication channel between the government and citizens and well as between the citizens themselves where the content is based on live-streamed data and transparency? According to John Thackara, who we met at the GSA, the role of designers is to pose questions and give space to draw attention to emerging trends and problems. This is where our project is coming from – drawing attention to the urging need to empower people in decision-making process.
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In just 9 weeks we were asked to research, understand, analyse and design a solution that would foster debate and political engagement within the civic sphere in the future using Internet of Things and M2M. It was an intense period of research, discussions, analyzing and brainstorming. We presented that process in a 15 minute presentation in front of our tutors and fellow students. We were happy with the presentation as a group – we did what we could in that limited time and we got some positive feedback from the fellow students. However, the work was not over yet… “You will not change the world with this project”, our tutors used to say. Maybe not. But at least we tried to contribute to the general discussion about the importance and possible direction of grassroots democracy in the future. What is more, our project has now a chance to be made accessible to the wider audience through the Internet of Things Council that became interested in the concept of Co-motics. It will be also presented in January 2015 at Toshiba’s headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. We are excited to see our work starts to live its own life.
week 9
final presentation
general reflections
T
he first term has been for me an intense lesson of research methodologies and tools that help to construct arguments and synthesise evidence. In other words, it has been a lesson of how to manage creative process. This is also the main difference between the design approach here at GSA, and in my previous design education. However, when I reflect back on these first months now, it becomes clear that there were two main breakthroughs, both in our project and in my way of thinking. These were the two workshops: ethnographic workshop by Brian Loranger and insights workshop by Iain Aitchison. These were the two moments were I truly felt that I am developing myself and that helped us find our way in the ocean of information and thoughts that we gathered throughout the project. Whereas I consider this part of the course to be a great exercise, I was disappointed with how the idealisation and final concept development phases were organised. First of all, we could all feel great disproportion of time assigned to the research phase and later, to the development and delivery phase. I understand the time constraints that we had, however, after such an emphasis on research and synthesis, I expected idealisation phase to be equally stimulated and form a coherent part of the process. Instead, my impression was that in these last weeks we were left pretty much alone to develop the ideas under the time pressure and without much relevant support in the crucial moments of the project when we had to take decisions, for example, on which idea to take forward, which slowed our work down. This made this final stage of the project random and frustrating as well as the fact that in the end we were pushed towards designing a physical product whereas this is not exactly what we expected when applying for service design or citizenship course.
Another reflection that came back to us throughout the project was not equal distribution of topics difficulty and scopes, visible especially between the Toshiba groups topics and Barclays. Toshiba projects were more abstract and open-ended whereas Barclays seemed more concrete, already set in particular context. There was also a common feeling of not equal treatment of the groups, with Toshiba groups being given more attention and side activities than Barclays. Having said this, I am one of the fortunate people being chosen to go to Japan to represent the group, yet l consider that the way it has been communicated to us and the fact that only two people per group are able to go, makes it unfair for the rest of the team. It has been the whole team’s effort and everyone should be rewarded in some ways.
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general reflections
What I appreciated independently of how the course was run, was the possibility to work in an amazing and supporting group. The topic of politics was quite abstract to me, but I highly valued the group discussions and brainstorming that for me was a lesson of politics and teamwork on its own. As a not very politically-enagaged person myself, it created a basis for my personal journey towards political empowerment, especially during the discovery phase which I enjoyed the most. On the other hand, it made me appreciate that whereas discussion and brainstorming is a good thing, it does not like time pressure. It is important to balance these “freethinking� activities with the timeline of the project and be aware how to extract relevant information from that process which is usually quite subjective and depends on team spirit and dynamics at a given moment.
It is important to emphasise that for me the result of the project is not the final design, but more the whole process behind it, with all the tools developed for that purpose (engagement tools, power graphs etc.), which in this case took more time and effort to develop than the final solution. This is the common misunderstanding of design practice that I have been confronted with so far. I agree with Jan Kolko, who clearly pointed out the problems that design industry is struggling with: underappreciating the synthesis activities and the connection between design research and design ideas (Kolko, 2010). Brainstorming, reflective and synthesis processes are messy, but the beauty of it lies in its potential to make sense out of huge amount of data in the forms of a few insights that sometimes can be surprising, sometimes may seem rather obvious, but that are supported by evidence and form almost scientific justification of the project which gives it more value and context.
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motivation line Inspired by the motivation line on the blueprint that I created, I made my personal motivation line throughout the project. It is influenced by many factors: psychological, workload, team dynamics, rewards and mistakes. It is a subjective overview of the process and the project, and a sum up of all the positive and negative aspects that affected my performance.
Disobedient Objects Engagement Tools
Community Workshop
Fieldwork
Desk Research
Aye ! Nay...
Interim presentation
discover 1
4
2
3
Brief
Disobedient Objects
Ethnograph. Worksh.
Desk Research
Inspirations
Questions
Stakeholders
Engagement Tools
WEEK
50
Fieldwork (public)
5
6
Fieldwork (experts)
Community
Interim Presentation
Worksh.
Insights Workshop 5 Concepts
Final concept development
Chiba Presentation
define
Final presentation
develop
6
deliver
7
8
Insights Workshop
Chiba Workshop
Final Concept
Insights
Insights Develop.
Comotics
What if...?
Technology map
Ideation
Branding
Concepts
Prototype Bleuprint Mado Conclusion
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9 Final presentation
references
Audit of Politica Engagament 11. (2014). Hansard Society [Online] Available at: www. hansardsociety.org.uk. DORST, C.H. (2007). Understanding design : 175 reflections on being a designer. Corte Madera: Gingko Press. Downey, A. (2014). Art and Politics Now. Thames and Hudson Ltd. Eleven lessons: managing design in eleven global brands, Design Council Report [Online] Available from: http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/ [Accessed: 07th January 2015] Flood, C. & Grindon, G.(2014) Disobedient Objects. V&A Publishing. Kelly, J-F. (2014) Scotland no matter what. Civil discourse and the referendum [Online] Available from: http://www.internationalfuturesforum.com/ [Accessed: 07th January 2015] Kolko, J. (2010). Abductive thinking and sensemaking: The drivers of design synthesis. Design Issues, 26(1), 15-28. Newsom, G. (2014). Citizenville: How to Take the Town Squae Difital and Reinvent Government. Penguin Books. Polaine, A. et al. (2009). Blueprint + [Online]. Available at: http://www.servicedesigntools. org/tools/35. [Accessed: 07th January 2015] What makes people engage?, Nexus, [Online] Available from: http://www.nexus-ww.com/ what-makes-people-engage/ [Accessed: 07th January 2015]
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