UD C U CRO
DR RU D C O U R E A RT OF
U
TH
UC R LA
NG
UA
IT O C O IRD R VO
E LUM
GE
ONE
RD
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R U O R T R NOR UTD D DU
I O U O T TO UDTC I D D D U D T C U R I I C O U T O I U DO TD IUO DUNRRTDOCROT O D N CO U R O I D T U T O U D T I N C N T O I I I I T I I N I R D R D O D U I AL
U TR N D DU O CU N DOO I T U D
O DOTN UO
BY
EX
N
D
O
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C IC OO RD
N OVA
OV
IC
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J
A
ABOUT US TAK informs our reader about the art of language. We provide a basic, introductory level of knowledge about various languages. We’re not a dictionary and we can’t tell you everything you need to know in order to learn a language. But what we can do, is teach our readers the alphabet, key phrases and inform them of the many places around the world where knowing these languages could be highly beneficial. TAK will give you the necessary inside look into a language, ensuring our readers have the information they need to tackle a new language, or even simply the proccess of choosing a language to begin learning. With tips, difficulty ratings and the history behind each language, you can feel confident in your decision and ability to learn a new language. Every four months, we will release a new volume featuring four different languages. Our readers will gain insight on multiple languages, providing them with the basic skills to allow them to communicate internationally. While our book currently offers an overview of different languages, we can provide you with additional resources to help you learn a specific language, which has been previously featured in one of our volumes. For all inquiries about TAK, please contact Alexa Jovanovic at alexa.jovanovic@hotmail.com
BY THE END OF THIS BOOK, You will be able to read the Uncontracted English Braille that appears at the cover and through out the rest of the book.
O T
IT O C O IRD RU
ART
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ORO TRDR O O U R I D I R T I D C IR O UC O I R O U O T O R R O U O D R D U N OR UTDC I O RT C I I R U U T O I O T DO D IUO UNR DOCR O C U I I D T U C O O U I TD N N C N O I N I U I I I I R T D O O O T D U RD UO IT I N T RO U I N D U U O T OR T O O O O UOT U O CI CC O OF L AN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A LANGUAGE GOES SILENT?
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DOES YOUR LANGUAGE SHAPE HOW YOU THINK?
RO N
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10 GOOD REASONS TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
4 6 10
T A K
INTRODUCTION TO: GERMAN
INTRODUCTION TO: BRAILLE (UNCONTRACTED ENGLISH)
INTRODUCTION TO: UKRAINIAN
INTRODUCTION TO: JAPANESE (HIRAGANA)
12 16 20 24
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T A K 5
ONE LANGUAGE DIES EVERY 14 DAYS. - “NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC” By the next century nearly half of the roughly 7,000 languages spoken on earth will likely disappear, as communities abandon native tongues in favor of english, mandarin, or spanish.
WHAT IS LOST WHEN A LANGUAGE GOES
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PAGE 5
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N R
“THROUGH THE LANGUGAE GLASS:
YO U R L A
H O W YO E U P
ES
AN ADAPTATION FROM GUY DEUTSCHER’S BOOK,
WHY THE WORLD LOOKS DIFFERENT IN OTHER LANGUAGES”.
N
GU
Guy Deutscher is an honorary research fellow at the School of Languages, Linguistics and Cultures at the University of Manchester.
U
NK? | D I H O T
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FEATURE ARTICLE
SINCE THERE IS NO EVIDENCE that any companion was male or female, but I have the right language forbids its speakers to think anything, we must look in an entirely different direction to discover how our mother tongue really does shape our experience of the world. Some 50 years ago, the renowned linguist Roman Jakobson pointed out a crucial fact about differences between languages in a pithy maxim: “LANGUAGES DIFFER ESSENTIALLY IN WHAT THEY MUST CONVEY AND NOT IN WHAT THEY MAY CONVEY.” This maxim offers us the key to unlocking the real force of the mother tongue: if different languages influence our minds in different ways, this is not because of what our language allows us to think but rather because of what it habitually obliges us to think about. Consider this example. Suppose I say to you in English that “I spent yesterday evening with a neighbour.” You may well wonder whether my
to tell you politely that it’s none of your business. But if we were speaking French or German, I wouldn’t have the privilege to equivocate in this way, because I would be obliged by the grammar of language to choose between voisin or voisine; Nachbar orNachbarin. These languages compel me to inform you about the sex of my companion whether or not I feel it is remotely your concern. This does not mean, of course, that English speakers are unable to understand the differences between evenings spent with male or female neighbours, but it does mean that they do not have to consider the sexes of neighbours, friends, teachers and a host of other persons each time they come up in a conversation, whereas speakers of some languages are obliged to do so. On the other hand, English does oblige you to specify certain types of information that can be left to the context in other languages. If I want to tell you in English about a dinner with my neighbour, I may not have to mention the neighbour’s sex, but I do have to tell you something about the timing
of the event: I have to decide whether we dined, have been dining, are dining, will be dining and so on. Chinese, on the other hand, does not oblige its speakers to specify the exact time of the action in this way, because the same verb form can be used for past, present or future actions. Again, this does not mean that the Chinese are unable to understand the concept of time. But it does mean they are not obliged to think about timing whenever they describe an action. When your language routinely obliges you to specify certain types of information, it forces you to be attentive to certain details in the world and to certain aspects of experience that speakers of other languages may not be required to think about all the time. And since such habits of speech are cultivated from the earliest age, it is only natural that they can settle into habits of mind that go beyond language itself, affecting your experiences, perceptions, associations, feelings, memories and orientation in the world. But is there any evidence for this happening in practice? (Continued on next page).
%7
LET’S TAKE GENDERS AGAIN. Languages like Spanish, French, German and Russian not only oblige you to think about the sex of friends and neighbours, but they also assign a male or female gender to a whole range of inanimate objects quite at whim. What, for instance, is particularly feminine about a Frenchman’s beard (la barbe)? Why is Russian water a she, and why does she become a he once you have dipped a tea bag into her? Mark Twain famously lamented such erratic genders as female turnips and neuter maidens in his rant “The Awful German Language.” But whereas he claimed that there was something particularly perverse about the German gender system, it is in fact English that is unusual, at least among European languages, in not treating turnips and teacups as masculine or feminine. Languages that treat an inanimate object as a he or a she force their speakers to talk about such an object as if it were a man or a woman. And as anyone whose mother tongue has a gender system will tell you, once the habit has taken hold, it is all but impossible to shake off. When I speak English, I may say about a bed that “it” is too soft, but as a native Hebrew speaker, I actually feel “she” is too soft. “She” stays feminine all the way from the lungs up to the glottis and is neutered only when she reaches the tip of the tongue. In recent years, various experiments have shown that grammatical genders can shape the feelings and associations of speakers toward objects around them. In the 1990s, for example, psychologists compared associations between speakers of German and Spanish. There are many inanimate
%8
nouns whose genders in the two languages are reversed. A German bridge is feminine (die Brücke), for instance, but el puente is masculine in Spanish; and the same goes for clocks, apartments, forks, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, violins, the sun, the world and love. On the other hand, an apple is masculine for Germans but feminine in Spanish, and so are chairs, brooms, butterflies, keys, mountains, stars, tables, wars, rain and garbage. When speakers were asked to grade various objects on a range of characteristics,
MORE RECENTLY,
psychologists have even shown that:
“GENDERED LANGUAGES” IMPRINT GENDER TRAITS FOR OBJECTS SO STRONGLY IN THE MIND THAT THESE ASSOCIATIONS OBSTRUCT SPEAKERS’ ABILITY TO COMMIT INFORMATION TO MEMORY.
SPANISH SPEAKERS DEEMED BRIDGES, CLOCKS AND VIOLINS TO HAVE MORE “MANLY PROPERTIES” LIKE STRENGTH, BUT GERMANS TENDED TO THINK OF THEM AS MORE SLENDER OR ELEGANT. (Written in Uncontracted English Braille on the next page)
With objects like mountains or chairs, which are “he” in German but “she” in Spanish, the effect was reversed.
IN A DIFFERENT EXPERIMENT, French and Spanish speakers were asked to assign human voices to various objects in a cartoon. When French speakers saw a picture of a fork (la fourchette), most of them wanted it to speak in a woman’s voice, but Spanish speakers, for whom el tenedor is masculine, preferred a gravelly male voice for it.
Of course, all this does not mean that speakers of Spanish or French or German fail to understand that inanimate objects do not really have biological sex - a German woman rarely mistakes her husband for a hat, and Spanish men are not known to confuse a bed with what might be lying in it. Nonetheless, once gender connotations have been imposed on impressionable young minds, they lead those with a gendered mother tongue to see the inanimate world through lenses tinted with associations and emotional responses that English speakers - stuck in their monochrome desert of “its” - are entirely oblivious to. Did the opposite genders of “bridge” in German and Spanish, for example, have an effect on the design of bridges in Spain and Germany? Do the emotional maps imposed by a gender system have higher-level behavioral consequences for our everyday life? Do they shape tastes, fashions, habits and preferences in the societies concerned?
∆
spanish speakers deemed bridges, clocks and violins to have more “manly properties� like strength,but germans tended to think of them as more slender or elegant.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO LEARN
LANG THE ART OF
TEN GOOD REASONS TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE - VISTAWIDE LANGUAGES
"I SPEAK ENGLISH, SO I DON'T HAVE TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE...."
EVERYONE SPEAKS ENGLISH, right? Well, certainly not everyone speaks English. According to the CIA World Fact Book, only 5.6 % of the world's total population speaks English as a primary
language. That number doubles when people who speak English as a second or third language are counted. By conservative estimates, that means that well over four-fifths of the world's population does not speak English. It's true that English has become a global lingua franca over the past several decades. This fact, however, really should have little effect on your decision to learn a foreign language. The attitude that English alone is enough in fact creates self-imposed limitations. To remain monolingual is
to stunt your educational development, to restrict your communication and thinking abilities, and to deny yourself the ability to fully appreciate and understand the world in which you live. Learning another language opens up new opportunities and gives you perspectives that you might never have encountered otherwise. Personal, professional, social, and economic considerations all point to the advantages of learning foreign languages. Still not convinced? Here are 10 very good reasons why you should be learning a foreign language:
T A K 11
GUAGE TEN GOOD REASONS TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE - VISTAWIDE LANGUAGES 1. TO INCREASE GLOBAL UNDERSTANDING
5. TO IMPROVE CHANCES OF ENTRY INTO GRADUATE SCHOOL
9. TO INCREASE UNDERSTANDING OF ONESELF AND ONE'S OWN CULTURE
2. TO IMPROVE EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL
6. TO APPRECIATE INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE, MUSIC AND FILM
10. TO MAKE LIFE LONG FRIENDS
3. TO INCREASE NATIVE LANGUAGE ABILITY
7. TO MAKE TRAVEL MORE FEASIBLE AND ENJOYABLE
4. TO SHARPEN COGNITIVE AND LIFE SKILLS
8. TO EXPAND STUDY ABROAD OPTIONS
%11
G
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T A K
THE ART OF GERMAN
A B C D E F G H I J AH
BA
T S AY
D AY
AY
EFF
G AY
HA
EE
YOT
K L M N O P Q R S T KAH
ELL
EM
EN
OH
PAY
KOO
ER
ES
TAY
U V W X Y Z Ä Å Ü ß OOH
FOW
VAY
IX
UEP-si -lohn
TSET
KOO
UH
OO
*
STET
*ESZETT (ß ) also called “scharfes S”, is a letter that only exists in German. It is used after a vowel which is to be prounced long. Example: Straße (street) is pronounced “straaaaaaaaase”.
R C C R C D R C C O IO NR R R T RU C R R N R T CN O I
THE ART OF GERMAN
U
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L a n g u a g e i n Tr a n s l a t i o n : G e r m a n Vo l . 1 , A l e x a J o v a n o v i c
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TOT O I N I C C O I I O A D R N NRIU R N N I O N I U U A DO I C
T A K 15
COMMON WORDS/PHRASES INTRODUCTION TO GERMAN German is the official language of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Alsace-Lorraine (France), Northern Italy, East-Belgium, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein. Today, German is spoken by more than 100 million people. Following the American Wars of Independence, the Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia and considered adopting a new language for the future of the United States. When it came to the vote, English was chosen above German as the language of the new republic by only one vote! Standard German is known today simply as "Hochdeutsch" (High German), and this is used almost always for written German. "Hochdeutsch" is spoken by educated speakers everywhere. However, regional variants exist in the spoken language owing largely to the influence of the old dialects, although the dialects themselves are falling out of use. Traditionally German was written in a Gothic style known as Fraktur, which dates from the fourteenth century. However, from 1945 onwards, the Roman characters used throughout the rest of Europe superseded Fraktur. Pronunciation of the German language is pleasingly simple. For example the word 'Pflug' (plough) may first look difficult to pronounce but try sounding every letter and your pronunciation would be correct. - GERMAN LANGUAGE HELPERS
HELLO
HOW ARE YOU?
HALLO
WIE GEHT ES IHNEN?
THANK YOU
I DON'T UNDERSTAND
DANKE
ICH VERSTEHE NICHT
YOU'RE WELCOME
COULD YOU WRITE THAT DOWN?
BITTE
KÖNNEN SIE BITTE AUFSCHREIBEN?
GOOD MORNING
DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH?
GUTEN MORGEN
KANNST DU ENGLISCH?
GOOD EVENING
IS THIS HARDER THAN YOU THOUGHT?
GUTEN ABEND
DIES HARDER , ALS SIE DACHTEN ?
GOODBYE
AUF WIDERSEHEN MY NAME IS
ICH HEISSE
%15
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english
T A K
T H E A RT O F B R A I L L E ( U N C O N T R AC T E D E N G L I S H )
a b c d e f g h i ey
bee
cee
dee
ee
ef
djee
eitch
ai
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
j k l m n o p q r jai
kay
el
em
en
oh
pee
kiew
0
s t u v w x y z es
tee
yew
vee
dublyew
ex
wai
zee
ar
-
O O U
U U U U UU UU
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O O U
IU
CI
U U U UU UU
O O O UO UU
I A NO U T T IUN N R T T U RC CRC TR C C C
N
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C C UA N U
NC
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CN
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L a n g u a g e i n Tr a n s l a t i o n : U n c o n t r a c t e d E n g l i s h B r a i l l e Vo l . 1 , A l e x a J o v a n o v i c
O
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NTR
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O N N T
O N
O N
O O N N U N O C N T IO O N T R N TRR O N N RO U RC N O N O T I NA N T R
AN
O
U N O O I NA
T
N OU R C NTR
T
O
O OO O
TUA
T H E A RT O F B R A I L L E ( U N C O N T R AC T E D E N G L I S H )
T A K
19
COMMON WORDS/PHRASES (CONTRACTED ENGLISH BRAILLE) DEFINITION OF BRAILLE Braille is a system of touch reading for the blind which employs embossed dots evenly arranged in quadrangular letter spaces or cells. In each cell, it is possible to place six dots, three high and two wide. By selecting one or several dots in characteristic position or combination, 63 different characters can be formed. To aid in describing these characters by their dot or dots, the six dots of the cell are numbered 1, 2, 3, downward on the left, and 4, 5, 6, downward on the right.
HELLO
MY NAME IS
hello
my ,n is
THANK YOU
HOW ARE YOU?
Braille, as officially approved, comprises two systems. Uncontracted Braille is in full spelling and consists of the letters of the alphabet, punctuation, numbers, and a number of composition signs which are special to braille. Contracted Braille consists of Uncontracted Braille plus 189 contractions and short-form words, and should be known as "English Braille." Uncontracted braille should be designated as "Uncontracted English Braille." These systems have previously been designated as Grade 1 Braille (uncontracted braille) and Grade 2 Braille (contracted braille). - BRAILLE AUTHORITY OF NORTH AMERICA
YOU'RE WELCOME
ôank y y.r5 welcome GOOD MORNING
74 Aornó GOOD EVENING
74 5v?ó GOODBYE
74 y5
8õ ãe y“ I DON'T UNDERSTAND
i don.t ,uíç COULD YOU WRITE THAT DOWN?
34 L write t dõn“ IS THIS HARDER THAN YOU THOUGHT?
is ô hãdï ôan y ô ,ü“ %19
T A K
U
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R
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T A K
THE ART OF UKRAINIAN
ah
yot
bu
ku
vu
lu
hu
mu
gu
nu
de
eh
ye
jz
zu
ih
aw
pu
ru
su
tu
oo
ee yee
fu
*
hu
tcu
ch
sh
shch
yew
ya
-
*MYAKEYZNAK (
)
is a letter that exists in the Cyrillic alphabet and is used to indicate the softness of consonants.
THE ART OF UKRAINIAN
T
ONT T N O OO O
T
C
TN
N
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C CU N T U C C C N T N NT
U
N T
C U
N
N T
T
L a n g u a g e i n Tr a n s l a t i o n : U k r a i n i a n Vo l . 1 , A l e x a J o v a n o v i c
C
U
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O
NTO C N O N O
O D N N IRR U R N D I N R I U UDR NN R N O I N N I RR R U UI RN D U O T
T A K
23
COMMON WORDS/PHRASES LEARNING UKRAINIAN Ukrainian is spoken by more than 50 million people in the world living in places such as Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Ukrainian is closely related to other Slavic languages and since there are almost 300 million people in the world who speak a Slavic language, Ukrainian can be an important key to communication in many parts of the world. The Ukrainian language is printed and written in the Cyrillic alphabet. The Ukrainian alphabet consists of 33 Cyrillic letters rather than the 26 Latin letters used in the English alphabet. A few Cyrillic letters are similar to certain Latin letters both in appearance and in the sounds the letters represent. However, there are some Cyrillic letters that look like Latin letters, but stand for sounds quite different from those represented by the Latin letters. Ukrainian is a language with a highly consistent sound–symbol correspondence and each letter, with few exceptions, represents only one sound. Most people who study the Ukrainian language find this to be an advantage. There are 11 vowels and 22 basic consonants in Ukrainian. Ukrainian and English do not share many cognates. Cognates are words in one language that are similar in form and meaning to words in another language. Some Ukrainian words may sound identical to English words, but have no relation in their meaning. - UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE ARTS ALBERTA
HELLO
THANK YOU
- PRYVIT - DYAKUYU
HOW ARE YOU?
- YAK VY
I DON'T UNDERSTAND
- YA NE ROZUMIYU
YOU'RE WELCOME/PLEASE
- PROHSHOO
COULD YOU WRITE THAT DOWN?
GOOD MORNING
- ZAPYSIT, JAKSCO MAJETE LASKU?
- DOBREY DEIN
DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH?
GOOD EVENING
- DOBRYY VECHIR
- VI HOHVOHRIHTEH ANHLIYS'KOYU?
GOODBYE
IS THIS HARDER THAN YOU THOUGHT?
- DO POBACHENNYA MY NAME IS
- MEHNEH ZVOOT
- TSEY BIL'SH TYAZHKYY NIZH VI DUMALY?
%23
にほんご J
A
P
A
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S
E
T A K
T H E A R T O F JA PA N E S E ( H I R AG A N A )
AH
さ SAH
NAH
mAH
ら rAH
ぃ EE
SHE
KNEE
mEE
rEE
OO
す SO O
nO O
mO O
る rO O
EH
S EH
n EH
m EH
r EH
OH
SOH
の nOH
KA
TA
hA
もや mOH
yA
rOH
wA
き KEE
CHEE
HEE
KOO
つ
TCHOO
HOO
KEH
TEH
KOH
TOH
へほ hEH
ゆ yoo
hOH
yOh
NN
OH
T H E A R T O F JA PA N E S E
O
D
IOR
TU
I O I
ON
D NII
T
I NTTN C RCRIO RN N O N I C T O N N O TU L a n g u a g e i n Tr a n s l a t i o n : J a p a n e s e Vo l . 1 , A l e x a J o v a n o v i c
T A K
27
COMMON WORDS/PHRASES THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE The Japanese language is spoken by the approximately 120 million inhabitants of Japan, and by the Japanese living in Hawaii and on the North and South American main lands. It is also spoken as a second language by the Chinese and the Korean people who lived under Japanese occupation earlier this century. There are two types of syllabaries, hiragana and katakana, each containing the same set of sounds. Hiragana is often used in combination with a Chinese character, in such a way that, for example, the character represents roughly the root of a verb, and the inflection is written with hiragana. Katakana is used to write loan words from Western languages such as English, French, and German. It is not uncommon to find kanji, hiragana, and katakana used in the same sentence. Every language has a basic word order for the words in a sentence. In English, the sentence Naomi uses a computer has the order subject (Naomi), verb (uses), and object (a computer). In the corresponding Japanese sentence, the subject comes first, just as in English, but then the object appears, followed finally by the verb: Naomi-ga (Naomi) konpyuuta-o (computer) tukau (use). The rule of thumb in Japanese is that in a sentence, the verb comes at the end. If we look again at the Japanese sentence, we see that the subject and the object are accompanied by particles, ga with the subject "Naomi" (Naomi-ga) and o with the object "computer" (konpyuuta-o). These are called case markers, and a large number of the world's languages have them. - SHIGERU MIYAGAWA,
HELLO
こんにちは -
KON'NICHIWA
THANK YOU
ありがとう - ARIGATO YOU'RE WELCOME
どういたしまして - DOITASHIMASHITE GOOD MORNING
おはよう - OHAYO GOOD EVENING
こんばんは
- KONBANWA
GOODBYE
さようなら - SAYONARA MY NAME IS
わたし の なまえ は - WATASHINONAMAEHA
HOW ARE YOU?
お げんき です か - OGENKIDESUKA? I DON'T UNDERSTAND
わかり ませ ん - WAKARIMASEN
COULD YOU WRITE THAT DOWN?
かい て ください - KAITE KUDASAI?
DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH?
えいご は でき ます か? - EIGO WA DEKIMASU KA?
IS THIS HARDER THAN YOU THOUGHT?
これ は あなた が おも っ た より も むずかし い の です か ？ - KORE WA ANATA GA OMOTTA YORI MO MUZUKASHĪ NODESU KA?
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
%27
T NEXT VOLUME
FRENCH
ARABIC
PORTUGUESE
KOREAN
WE ARE RELEASING AN APP TAK informs our reader about the art of language, and now we can help you learn when you're on the go! Perfect for travel situations, we provide you with a basic, introductory level of knowledge about various languages. Our app will teach you how to properly write different characters and can even help will pronounciation. You can play fun games to test the knowledge you've learned and compare scores with other users. Similar to the tearout sheets in this book, the TAK app has helpful flashcards, which are available for you to download and print. For more information about our app, please contact Alexa Jovanovic at alexa.jovanovic@hotmail.com
N
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TO D O T
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RC D
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TR I N D D U OCU CU R DOO N C I T U U UNDO IC U R R U OU N D TUOU
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CO TI R I
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NN
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O R U N O OC
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I O I R U ON D C D TUO R I U O I DO D R U NO O D U ON D O C T R U O D R C O C I IC RD UNC ICCOO R D O T R D R R D U N RD N C C DU O O T O R DDU ON C ICCD IC OO N R D R C U C I O D U N TR R TU D DUUN O RCCI I UIRCD O CU C O N O N R U ODD DO TUI OO D
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è art á language BY THE END OF THIS BOOK, You will be able to read the Uncontracted English Braille that appears above and through out the rest of the book.