Alex Bryla M Arch 2 Portfolio by Alex Bryla

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP JOURNEY UNDERSTANDING THE CHALLENGES OF TRANSFORMING LAB-BASED PROTOTYPES INTO AN APPROPRIATELY SCALED-UP PROPOSITIONS

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP MANIFESTO In the recent years enthusiasm for manufacturing has been rapidly growing. Understanding of production is critical if the UK is to create world-leading innovative products at the right price and quality. Proposed â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Manufacturing Scale-upâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; programme emerged from the current requirement for a physical space devoted to supporting the transition of ideas and concepts from lab-based prototypes into something which can be manufactured commercially. Project is located at a former site of Institute for Manufacturing (IfM) in Cambridge. The site has a long history of manufacturing and is currently occupied by Makespace. This community run project provides conditions and resources for creating things, sharing skills and knowledge and socialising. The project is considered with underlying science and manufacturing challenges and a whole array of operational, management and policy issues. The research is grounded in a broader manufacturing context which takes account of things like the technology management challenges associated with research and development, the supply chain, service and sustainability issues underpinning the commercialisation of new technologies as well as the implications of national and international policy developments.

PRINCIPLES OF DEPLOYABILITY DEPLOYABLE FORM EVOLVEMENT

- limited deployability - small volumetric change between collapsed and deployed state

square closed aperture

- limited deployability - lack of change to aperture when in deployed and collapsed state

decagon

+ large volumetric change between deployed and collapsed state

+ structural rotation allows for different degree of deployability + proposed helical structure does not allow for closed/ sealed position which could potentially bring additional physical qualities

helical aperture

ANALYSIS OF DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURE HELICAL COLUMN FORM FOLDING MANUAL

A A

B A

B A B

C A

MECHANICS OF DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURE STRUCTURAL FORM TESTING

- structure collapses under minimum load applied + form provides differentiation in structural depth Load applied when element is in a vertical axis

+ structure constitutes structural support when tested in horizontal axis - deployability is independent of structural function Load applied when element is in a horizontal axis

INVESTIGATIONS OF DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURE LIGHT MANIPULATION EXPLORATIONS

+ rotation mechanism allows for manipulation of direct, reflected and diffused light + light manipulation is integrated within deployability mechanism

+ control and manipulation of internal lighting conditions

+ internal structural frame obstructs light and reduces light manipulation capacity + external structural system has to take into account various degrees od deployability in order to provide controlled lighting conditions

TYPOLOGIES OF HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

EVOLVEMENT OF HELICAL COLUMN INTO HELICAL RECIPROCAL STRUCTURE

+ transformation of helical column into helical reciprocal enclosure provides opportunity for multiple functions of the structure, incl. + continuous floor to ceiling enclosure + differentiation in depth of the structure in relation to deployability level + manipulation of light through variation in horizontal aperture

C B

A 76 0.8

B A

dodecahedron (12 side) cone in paper

heptagon (7 sided) cone in paper

heptagon (7 sided) cone in tracing paper

heptagon (7 sided) cone in acetate

pentagon (5 sided) cone in paper

pentagon (5 sided) cone in acetate

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT

EXPLORATIONS OF DEPLOYABILITY MECHANISM

+ external frame system with pulley mechanism allows for the form to be fully deployed and fully collapsed - external frame obstructs the form and is considered as an unnecessary design complication

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT

INTERGRATION OF DEPLOYABILITY MECHANISM INTO STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

+ structural support through incorporation of internal frame and vertical push mechanism provides more concealed solution - internal frame obstructs light qualities and impacts internal functionality of the investigated form

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT

COMBINING DEPLOYABILITY MECHANISM WITH STRUCTURAL FUNCTION

+ structural support through incorporation of rotating cogs system combines mechanism of deployability with structural support - mechanism of deployability is concealed within the base and therefore does not obstruct the form

PROPOSED DEPLOYABLE ROOF STRUCTURE PROPOSED SECTIONAL AXONOMETRIC VIEW

Proposed deployable roof structure tested at Brighton Square View from the cafe looking North East

PROPOSED DEPLOYABLE ROOF STRUCTURE REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

TYPOLOGIES OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

‘droop lines’ of horizontal edges at right angles to plane of window

Elevat ion An g le ( d eg r ees)

‘droop’ lines of horizontal edges parallel to plane of window

each square indicated in fine lines corresponds with a daylight factor of 0.1%

unobstructed view of sky

external obstruction 20

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

Plan An g le ( d eg r ees)

One of the oldest and most precise methods of calculating light loss, dating back to 1923, is the Waldram diagram. This was ‘invented’ by Percy J. Waldram and is a method of showing on a flat piece of paper, and from thence on to recognisible floor plans, the curved and three-dimensional effects of the real world. On to his diagram you plot in plan and elevation the outlines of the window you are studying, measured from a suitable point in the room at plate height of 850mm above floor level. The diagram consists of a grid of squares, each of which represents an equal portion of daylight factor, on which one can draw the projections of windows and obstructions as seen from the reference point. In order to know the direct component of the daylight factor, one simply needs to count the squares within the outline of the projection. The diagram was designed in such a way that vertical edges remain vertical in projection. Horizontal edges, however, need to follow the shape of the so called “droop lines” in order to take the cosine law of illumination and the non-uniform luminance of the sky vault into account.

SITE CONSTRAINTS RIGHT OF LIGHT - MEASUREMENT OF SKY CONTOUR

From accurate surveys, existing light obstructions are plotted on the diagram in which a patch or patches of sky will be found. These are measured, and can be compared to the whole dome of sky at the same scale â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a single Waldram diagram shows half the whole dome (which is itself a hemisphere).

sky factor and contour 0.3% 0.6%

1.3%

2.5%

5.7%

6.1%

SITE CONSTRAINTS RIGHT OF LIGHT MAPPING

Calculating a series of points within space will give various points at or close to 0.2% sky visibility which can then be linked with a line â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the sky contour. This exercise needs to be carried out in both the existing and proposed conditions. This will firstly show whether the space is left with adequate light, and if not, the change in the area of room that has adequate light for use in the valuation calculation.

SITE CONSTRAINTS RIGHT OF LIGHT - MEASUREMENT OF SKY CONTOUR

scale 1:200

SITE CONSTRAINTS RIGHT OF LIGHT - EXISTING AND PROPOSED SKY CONTOUR

EXISTING UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS TO BE REPLACED MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

SITE LOCATION

MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

SITE CONTEXT PLAN MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

CAMBRIDGE SITE - ROOF TEST

HELICAL RECIPROCAL STRUCTURE POPULATION

EXISTING UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

TYPOLOGIES OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

WINDING TOWERS

LIME KILNS

BLAST FURNACES

LIME KILNS

HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN STRUCTURAL TEST Previously investigated form has been tested with regards to its structural support by incorporation of dovetail joint. The joint works very well with wood material in vertical position. However, as it turned out, even though the structure has interlocking panels all supported by each other, ithe joint does not work in diagonal axis and the structure fails.

SITE VOLUMETRIC TEST

This is an attempt to understand how the helical reciprocal column could work with the site and its implications on lighting conditions.

SECTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Looking at possible occupation of the site with regards to the required brief, incl. level, volume, light and relationship between the spaces required.

ROOF COMPONENT FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

SUPPORTING STRUCTURE

sectional development, scale 1:500

DIRECT DAYLIGHT ACCESS AND PROVISION OF LIGHT TO LOWER LEVEL

SURFACE DEPLOYABILITY IN ORDER TO MANIPULATE LIGHT AND SPACE ENCLOSURE

INHABITABLE UPPER LEVEL STRUCTURE

ROOF STRUCTURE ENCLOSING SPACES AND PROTECTING FROM EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

MANUFACTURING SCALE-UP

INITIAL ROOF COMPONENT TESTING

Differentiation of the proposed roof component structure in response to the proposed public route through the building. Opportunities for providing circulation between floors and enclosures where the upper level components meet the ground.

ROOF COMPONENT LIGHT DIFFERENTIATION STUDY Explorations of the roof component differentiation in response to the required lighting conditions of the proposed spaces.

DIFFERENTIATED COMPONENT PERSPECTIVE APPEARANCE Explorations of the roof component differentiation in response to the required lighting conditions of the proposed spaces.

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND LIGHT QUALITIES Visual aspect of the distrubution of column supporting the comoponents on the level above.

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP

PHYSICAL EXTENSION TO IfM IN CAMBRIDGE

Make Space Scale-up centre is a physical spaces devoted to supporting the transition of ideas and concepts from lab-based prototypes into scalable industrial applications. In colaboration with Institute for Manufacturing (IfM) Make Space Scale-up centre is commited to making a difference to the world by improving the performance and sustainability of manufacturing. Together with IfM we will continue to create knowledge, insights and technologies which have real value to the new and established manufacturing industries and to the associated policy community.

From within the 20sqm facility in the heart of Cambridge, 100 employees are trained to utilise fabriciation equipment and manually handle sheet metal up to 2.4m in length, 1.2m in width, and 3mm in thickness.

100 ton CNC turret press

3-Axis CNC press breaks

60 ton iron worker

60 ton minister press

3m shear machine

Fabrication and finishing processes:

Bending

Milling

Forming

Drilling

Piercing

Punching

Shearing

Stamping

Tapping

Welding

Grinding

Anodizing

Painting

Plating

Power Coating

Pad Printing

Silk Screening

Styrofoam/Polystyrene Recycling At Make Space Scale-up centre, manufacturing work is part of a bigger picture. Therefore recycling services are offered to help reduce waste and maximise material - and create jobs for those with disabilities. Companies and organisations are encouraged to contact Scale-up centre if they have styroam to recycle. A product typically used as packaging material in appliance boxes, EPS is often thrown away or sent directly to a landfill. To help reduce the amount of waste, Scale-up centre will collect local waste EPS material and compacts and reprocess it into plastic pellets. These pellets are then injection molded into black picture frames manufactured by companies on site.

MANUFACTURING SCALE-UP CENTRE - PROPOSED INSTITUTE FOR MANUFACTURING (IfM) - CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

THE BIG IDEA So you have a great idea for a new product or an upgrade or addition to an existing product. At this stage you work on validating there is market viability to support you ‘big idea’.

RESEARCH/ DESIGN During the R&D process, you work with internal or external engineering teams, purchasing agents and more to design a plan to produce your product, identify what materials will be needed, and determine the cost to get to market.

MAKE SPACE - EXISTING

PROTOTYPING With plans in hand, you work to develop necessary tooling and functional prototypes to test the integrity of your design and validate the components. Once proof of cencept is established, your product moves into production.

PRODUCTION

MARKETPLACE

Many small businesses utilise conttract manufacturers equipped with the people, processes, equipment and manpower to get products to market quickly. All or just a portion of your product can be manufactured or assembled by a proven partner.

When it’s time to meet your customers’ orders, a contract manufacturer can ramp up quickly to meet those demands. Utilise an outsourced partner to warehouse, fulfill and ship products ‘just in time’ so you can focus on growing your business.

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP

PROPOSED PROGRAMMATIC LAYOUT

RESEARCH + DESIGN Institute for Manufacturing product development courses

PROTOTYPING IfM design project prototypes

Richard Joseph took the one-year postgraduate Advanced Course in Design, Manufacture and Management (now ISMM) at the IfM in 1998. In 2003 he set up Joseph Joseph, the innovative kitchenware company, with his twin brother Anthony.

Transition of ideas and concepts from lab-based prototypes into scalable industrial applications

MANUFACTURING SCALE-UP

3D printing is exploding in popularity, but generates considerable scrap plastic. The product recycles this back into a cartridge for the printers, saving ÂŁ30/kg for the operators. Unlike existing machines, it is fully integrated, making it the most consumer-friendly on the market.

Our project is an automated variable candle-maker for the luxury gadget market, aimed at arts and technology enthusiasts. The machine can be programmed to print many different candle types.

fabrication equipment (private), asembling space (public), makespace, prototyping, production, collaboration, networking, conferences, talks, meetings, workshops

A compact and stylish on-demand ice-maker that frees up freezer space used by traditional ice makers. Innovative cooling technology forms cubes from any liquid, or cools your drink directly.

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP PROCESS SPACE REQUIREMENTS

INSTITUTE FOR MANUFACTURING

MAKE SPACE

SPACE TYPE:

within the main production space (controlled access-main space) FLOOR AREA: 200 sqm of the total 900 sqm (up to 10 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 1,200 m3 HEIGHT: 6m MATERIAL SURFACE: wear resistance LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 300 - 2500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 18 - 30 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: up to 100 dBA; noise can be heard and cause some disturbance. VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.14 mm/s

MASS PRODUCTION INSTRUCTION

CONCEPT DESIGN

RESEARCH

PROTOTYPE TEAM & RESOURCE ESTABLISHMENT

800m3

SPACE TYPE:

individual (x6) (controlled access / private) FLOOR AREA: 6 X (25 - 40 sqm) ~ 200 sqm (approx. 2-10 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 800 m3 HEIGHT: 3-4m MATERIAL SURFACE: appearance properties LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 500 - 1500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 20 - 25 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: 0 - 70 dBA; noise can be heard, but does not cause any change in behaviour or attitude; can slightly affect the acoustic character of the area VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.14 mm/s

CUSTOMERâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S FEEDBACK 600 m3 SPACE TYPE:

PROTOTYPE ASSESSMENT SPACE TYPE:

within the main production space (controlled access-main space) FLOOR AREA: 100 sqm of the total 900 sqm (up to 4 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 600 m3 HEIGHT: 6m MATERIAL SURFACE: wear resistance LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 300 - 2500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 18 - 30 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: up to 100 dBA; noise can be heard and cause some disturbance. VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.14 mm/s

VOLUME TRIAL PRODUCTION 1,200 m3

SPACE TYPE:

within the main production space (controlled access-main space) FLOOR AREA: 400 sqm of the total 900 sqm (up to 20 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 2000 m3 HEIGHT: 6m MATERIAL SURFACE: wear resistance LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 300 - 2500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 18 - 30 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: up to 120 dBA; noise can be heard and cause disturbance. VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.2 mm/s

PROTOTYPE TESTING SPACE TYPE:

DESIGN FINALIZATION ASSESSMENT

2,000 m3

SPACE TYPE:

FUNCTION TESTING SPACE TYPE:

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SPACE TYPE:

PROTOTYPE RE-TESTING SPACE TYPE:

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

ROOF COMPONENT MODIFICATIONS

PLAN DEVELOPMENT

ARRANGEMENT OF PROPOSED SPACES ON SITE

Proposed are two main spaces, one of which provides specific conditions for manufacturing processes and is a controlled zone. Second space incorporates table worktops only and is open to the public 24/7. Materials from the controlled zone are transferred to be assembled to the public zone open to chance encounters.

Site 1/200

cutting plasma

xis

pre

b ss

ak re

sh ee r

ac hin e

3-a

C CN

cutting

CNC turre

t press

drilling

100 ton

shearing

60 ton iron worker

bending

welding

painting

pad printing

milling

piercing

stamping

plating

grinding

forming

silk screening

punching

g powder coatin

Site 1/200 1 : 200

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP INITIAL GRID ANALYSIS

Further development of the plan showing proposed two spaces, public route through the building and roof component arrangement within two grids. Grid one is alligned with the site boundary and neighbouring elevations and facilitates components spanning accross one floor of the buiding. Grid two is rotated by 45 degree in relation to grid one in order facilitate lower level spaces and roof components spanning across two floors.

ROOF COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT Analysis of the overlapping rotated grids and placement of the roof components. Single height components are distributed along parameter of the building and double height components provide upper level spaces of manufacturing scale up design teams. By rotating one grid in relation to the other one by 45 degree direct visual connections are created along horizontal, vertical and diagonal axis within the floor planes.

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP

GROUND FLOOR PLAN DEVELOPMENT

Proposed development plan with established transit route for deliveries of manufacturing scale up prototyping materials to the site. Strategic locations for placements of buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s entrances and exisits and circulation of materials from the fabrication space into the table assembly space.

20m

1:200

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP SECTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

section AA' 1 : 200

section BB' 1 : 200

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP AXONOMETRIC DEVELOPMENT

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP Initially proposed view of the fabrication space showing modified roof component distributed within the lower level grid. Roof structure incorporates proposed glulam beams. Lighting qualities will need to be developed further.

MANUFACTURING SCALE UP Developed roof structure incorporating a barrel vault roof in order to avoid dark ceiling corners previously created by glulam beams. Diffused lighting has to be controlled in order to provide specific internal conditions for the manufacturing programmes within the building.

GRID ANALYSIS WITHIN THE SITE CONTEXT Alignment of the second grid in accordance with the North Light.

ROOF COMPONENT OVERLAPPING GRID OPPORTUNITIES Experimenting with overlaping grids in order to establish volumetric differentiation between the roof components. These would then provide space differentiation in accordance with the building requirements, incl. circulation between the floors, North Lights exposure, building services requiring enclosed spaces.

CUTTING VAULT ALONG DIAGONAL AND PARAMETER Investigations of the sectional and parameter cut along the vault in order to differentiate elevation apertures. Vaults cut diagonally provide larger opening exposure and therefore can manipulate internal lighting conditions and overlooking between spaces.

GOOGLE HEADQUATER CASE STUDY

CHANCE ENCOUNTERS WITHIN THE BUILDING Googleplex building’s primary concept was to merge the idea of workplace with the experiences found in a n educational environment into a new way of working. Unlike the traditional office, the higher education experience offers many opportunities. In a university environment, you typically have the option of self-directed work, a selection of work styles or work environments and independent study subject choices, either private or within a group. In addition, a typical campus environment offers the concept of self containment, so within the immediate area, all of your basic work/life needs can be met and the possibility of casual encounters with fellow “students” for collaboration or recreation is possible anytime during the day or night. At the university level, these opportunities are to support the goals of personal education, with a focus on each individual’s interests, but when these interests become common to a community, the results can be very powerful. The concept was continued through the design of 13 individual environments, which re-created environments usually found on a college campus, and were systematically integrated into the overall design of each building by the use of a hot and cold diagram: Hot areas being more public and active zones, while cold being more secluded and private. These zones were defined by location along the primary and secondary circulation corridors.

Googleplex building 43 Environment, both physical and cultural, can make or break creativity. Physical space can be used as a tool within the creative process. Google's Mountainview campus has been designed to maximise chance encounters.

more public and active zones

more secluded and private zones

PROPOSED CHANCE ENCOUNTER OPPORTUNITIES 8000

800

reception/ seating 1 : 100

6000

600

water cooler 1 : 100

6000

600

10000 micro kitchen 1 : 100

1400

coffee/ bakery 1 : 100

PROPOSED CHANCE ENCOUNTER OPPORTUNITIES 6000

6000

assembly table space 1 : 100

6000

maker space 1 : 100

6000

prototype testing

1 : 100

circulation stair

1 : 100

PROPOSED CHANCE ENCOUNTER OPPORTUNITIES 8000

8000

terrace 1 : 100

8000

open meeting

1 : 100

6000

closed meeting

1 : 100

6000

huddle room 1 : 100

PROPOSED CHANCE ENCOUNTER OPPORTUNITIES 8180

8000 8000

talks

1 : 100

8000

public seating 1 : 100

6000

work station 1 : 100

PERSPECTIVE SECTION DEVELOPMENT

ROOF PLAN DEVELOPMENT

Scale

@ A3

PROPOSED PLAN DEVELOPMENT

20m

1:200

AERIAL VIEW DEVELOPMENT

INTERIOR VIEW DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED MANUFACTURING SCALE UP SECTIONAL AXONOMETRIC VIEW

PROPOSED MANUFACTURING SCALE UP EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC VIEW

PHYSICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT

1:10 SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALITY

Aleksandra Bryla M Arch 2 AIM 705 - Master Thesis Project I Studio Simon Beams and Kenny Fraser I University of Brighton, School of Architecture and Design I 18 Apr 2016

00. MANIFESTO

MANUFACTURING SCALE-UP In the recent years enthusiasm for manufacturing has been rapidly growing. Understanding of production is critical if the UK is to create world-leading innovative products at the right price and quality. Proposed â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Manufacturing Scale-upâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; programme emerged from the current requirement for a physical space devoted to supporting the transition of ideas and concepts from lab-based prototypes into something which can be manufactured commercially. Project is located at a former site of Institute for Manufacturing (IfM) in Cambridge. The site has a long history of manufacturing and is currently occupied by Makespace. This community run project provides conditions and resources for creating things, sharing skills and knowledge and socialising. The project is considered with underlying science and manufacturing challenges and a whole array of operational, management and policy issues. The research is grounded in a broader manufacturing context which takes account of things like the technology management challenges associated with research and development, the supply chain, service and sustainability issues underpinning the commercialisation of new technologies as well as the implications of national and international policy developments.

CITY DESIGN NEGOTIATIONS [ver. -2] The project investigates relationship between formal conditions applying to any existing site under City Planning Legislations and Building Regulations and their implications on physical form of the building. Any existing site in the UK is subject to predefined policies and regulations which have to be addressed in the process of obtaining relevant permissions in order be able to proceed with any building works on site.

MANUFACTURING SCALE-UP CENTRE [ver -1] Manufacturing Scale-up Centre is a physical space devoted to supporting the transition of ideas and concepts from lab-based prototypes into scalable industrial applications. In collaboration of Institute for Manufacturing and Make Space the proposed Manufacturing Scale-up Centre will improve performance and sustainability of manufacturing creating knowledge, insights and technologies which have real value to the new and established manufacturing industries. Proposed design will be informed by existing conditions of the site incl. Planning Legislations and Building Regulations and their implications on physical form of the building.

The projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concern is about understanding the invisible constraints and limitations of the site by mapping all the relevant policies. This is then being used to understand physical implications on building envelope.

The project is concerned with understanding the invisible constraints and limitations of the site by mapping all the relevant policies. These investigations are being used to understand physical implications on building envelope and housing of the proposed facilities.

Initial research into structural deployability could form negotiations between building envelope and pre-existing invisible formal constraints.

Initial research into structural deployability introduces conversation between building envelope and pre-existing invisible formal constraints.

Site constraints and structural design limitations are brought together and negotiated in order to create social intervention and bring public and green space into the City fabric.

Site constraints and structural design investigations are brought together and negotiated in order to create social intervention and bring public and green space into the City fabric. Proposed communal space programme will overlap with existing site uses, incl. Make Space and Insitute for Manufacturing as well as allow for community involvement in manufacturing processes being developed at Manufacturing Scale-up Centre.

Initial research into structural deployability introduces conversation between building envelope and pre-existing invisible formal constraints. Site constraints and structural design investigations are brought together and negotiated in order to create social intervention and bring public and green space into the City fabric. Initial research into helical reciprocal deployable column and roof structure is considered to be an ongoing structural design investigation. Emphasis will be placed on structural details and self-supporting element with possibility of tensegrity system. Continuation of formal and structural investigations will enable design to be more responsive to site conditions, environmental conditions and historical context of Cambridge city.

Initial research into helical reciprocal deployable column and roof structure is considered to be an ongoing structural design investigation. Emphasis will be placed on structural details and self-supporting element with possibility of tensegrity system. Continuation of formal and structural investigations will enable design to be more responsive to site conditions, environmental conditions and historical context of Cambridge city.

01. PRECENDENTS

MIES VAN DER ROHE NATIONAL GALLERY

New National Gallery is a museum for modern art, Berlin

01. PRECEDENTS

NATIONAL GALLERY CASE STUDY

The plan of the Neue Nationalgalerie is divided into two distinct stories. The upper story serves as an entrance hall as well as the primary special exhibit gallery, totaling 2,683 m2 (28,880 sq ft) of space. It is elevated from street level and only accessible by three flights of steps. Though it only comprises a small portion of the total gallery space, the exhibition pavilion stands boldly as the building’s primary architectural expression. Eight cruciform columns, two on each length placed so as to avoid corners, support a square pre-stressed steel roof plate 1.8 meters thick and painted black. An eighteen-meter cantilever allows for ample space between the gallery’s glazed façade and eight supporting columns. Mies’ office studied this cantilever extensively in various scaled models in order to ensure its structural stability as well as the seeming flatness of the roof plate. The floor-to-ceiling height reaches 8.4 meters, and the space is laid out on a 3.6-meter square dimensional grid. Black anodized aluminum “egg crates” fit within the grid house lighting fixtures, with air ducts suspended above.

The lower story serves primarily as housing for the gallery’s permanent collection, though it also includes a library, offices, and a shop and café, and totals about 10,000 m2 of space. It is three quarters below ground so as to allow for safe storage of the artwork, its sole glazed façade looking out on the museum’s sloping sculpture garden and providing ample indirect interior lighting. A rooftop plaza further extends the museum’s exhibition space.

Drawing showing relationship between the grid roof structure, supporting columns and external facade of the building.

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

DIAGRAM OF EXPLORATION

Student

Aleksandra

Louise

Nam

Precedent

Mies Van de Roha National Art Gallery

Eladio Dieste Cristo Obrero

Barkow leibinger Campus Resturant, Stuttgart

Grid / depth to structure

Curvature / strength in single form of structure

Depth / infills / voronoid

Architectural quality of interest

Collapsable Tube

Decagon aperture Function as a component, understanding the movement

Square closed aperture Function as a component, understanding the movement

Hexical aperture Function as a component, understanding the movement

Helical reciprocal column

Develop through drawings in the construction of a component and the complete form

Study through light / transparency / density and applying constraints

Study through model understand the connection between elements and constraints

This diagram shows the development process and evaluation of how the team came to the conclusion of understanding the development of the Hexical reciprocal column.

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN DECAGON

Decagon model

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

ANALYSIS OF DECAGON

The decagon form extends and rotates allowing for a varying aperture in its curved form. The model explores rotational relationship between symetrical decagons.

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN SQUARE CLOSED APERTURE

Square aperture surface model

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

ANALYSIS OF SQUARE APERTURE

This form is created from four forms created from the same base. Then a series of folding occurs to create the equal square aperture form. It is also an expandable form that is completly enclosed. The above set of line drawings show the form in plan, perspective and an expandable form.

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN HEXICAL APERTURE

Hexical aperture model

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

ANALYSIS OF HEXICAL APERTURE

These drawings and models show analysis of the hexical form.

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN LIGHT STUDY

Through studying this hexical reciprocal column. Our interests lay in the transparency and light transformation that the form provided. This changes when the density or aperture of the form alternates.

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

LIGHT STUDY

Looking particualrly at the density of the form

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN LIGHT STUDY

In this study where we are looking at more than one form you can see how the relationship between how much the form projects determines the aperture of the light projected through.

10/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

PHOTOGRAM OF COMPONENT

This photogram explores the changes in light aperture created when the component is in its flat state and its exstended state.

11/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN FORM AND PATTERN

D4 B D5

Pattern for individual module where proportion is fundemental to the folding mechanism. A and B are equidistant and lines C and D are folded continuously along the relevent axis.

C A

12/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

DIAGRAM OF EXPLORATION

A A

B A

Sheet of pre-folded material is rolled to create a cylindrical shape. Pre-folded edges are then pushed in along diagonal axis (C) and pulled out along vertical and horizontal axis (D1-D5).

13/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN COMPONENT

Component form

14/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

FORMS ON MASS

The creation of many helical reciprocal columns to provide us a base for explore the connectivity of the elements.

15/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN DEPLOYABLE FORM

Opened

Understanding the deployable aspect of the element.

Twisted

Half-closed

Closed

16/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

CEILING FORM

Ceiling form

17/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN CONNECTION IN PLAN

The components have been connected in plan along the axis. This means the form can still deploy.

18/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

CONNECTING THE COMPONENT IN PLAN

In connecting the component in plan we could see how the form could still deply and create an organic form in plan due to the pentagon not being able to tesilate.

19/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN PLATE CONNECTIONS

B D B A

B D A

A When testing connections we became interested in how you could connect within a single plane. This would allow you to deploy from a single plane. However, when the object was deployed this fixing method was not strong enough to deal with the warping and twisting of the columns.

20/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

STITCHING CONNECTIONS AND TYPES

Another connection explored was the stitched connection this join provided a lot of strength to the form, however, we had to be aware not to restrict the object from fully deploying.

21/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

CONNECTION THROUGH DIAGONAL AXIS ON ELEVATION

These components are stitched on one side continuously along the axis

22/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

CONNECTING COMPONENT THROUGH STITCHING

This creating has stitched together three components along the diagonal axis of the form. When the form is deployed the whole unit twists.

23/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

STRUCTURAL STRENGTH WITHIN ELEMENT Load applied when element is in a vertical axis

Load applied when element is in a horizontal axis

When fully deployed in its horizontal axis it is at its strongest. In the vertical axis the element would deploy under any load.

24/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

USING THE TWIST AND STITCH CONNECTION

Form in its flattened state

Form fully deployed and at its strongest

Side elevation of form fully deployed showing the change in form and twist in the form.

Study of twisted form understanding the component at its strongest. When the component is only two segments deep you can connect four points of the form allowing it to deploy fully.

25/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

DEVELOPMENT OF FORM UTALISING THE TWIST FOR STRUCTURE

Dodecahedron (12 side) cone in paper

Development of cone structures. We developed on from the column as we felt that a cone could provide more structural stability

Heptagon (7 sided) cone in paper

Heptagon (7 sided) cone in tracing paper

Heptagon (7 sided) cone in acetate

26/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

TEST MATERIALS AND FORMS TO PROVIDE A TWISTING CONE

Pentagon (5 sided) cone in paper

Pentagon (5 sided) cone in acetate

Through many iterations of cone forms from dodecahedrons and back to pentagon. It provided us with a better understanding of how an origami pattern can be manipulated to create a form that we wanted. Doing the tests in multiple materials also helped us understand the scale of folding and how you have to work the material to create what you need.

27/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

02.

ANALYSIS OF FORMS no. of sides

paper folding model

30/

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS changing number of sides plan elevation

folding pattern

tesselation and linkages

development process the group started with folding pattern of a Dodecahed ron (12 sided) collapsible cone. The cone has one end bigger than the other so that to covert a boring cylinder column into a strucure column that acts as a column but also part of the ceiling. Too many sides weaken the column and makes it ha rd to control its movement. the group adapted the found pattern above, reduced sides to 7 sides - a Heptagon. The overall performance is mo re predictable and it is mo re rigid. Even though, 7 sided collaps ible cone can not tessalate neatly to its identicals so the group processed to the next step.

A Hexagon tesselate perfectly with other identicals. By reducing down to 6 sides, the curva ture of the shape is reduced and the element gets closer to being a cylinder column. All in all, a Hexagon collapsible cone would have the right balance between curvature, rigidity and strucutral quality. The g roup went beyond and reduced the sides down to 5 sides - a Pentagon base. It is much simpler to handle but harder to deploy as the planar surfaces a re bigger and limited the flexibility of the open/close system.

25/ 28/ 25/

02.02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN 02. FORM FOLDING PATTERN FOR A PENTAGON TWISTING THE FORMATION OF THE CONECONE HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN FOLDING PATTERN FOR A PENTAGON TWISTING CONE

Pentagon twisted cone Pentagone twisted cone Angle of rotatio 3.5 degrees Angle of rotation of 3.5 degrees Scaling factor 0.88mm Scaling factor 0.88mm Pentagone twisted cone Angle of rotation of 3.5 degrees Scaling factor 0.88mm

0.876 A

C 0.876 A

0.876 A

C 0.876 A

0.876 A B C

0.876 A B

A 76 0.8

point of intersection 0.876 A

A 76 0.8

point of intersection

0.876 A B

C A

0.876 A B

C A

Understanding the basics of the spiral fold allowed us to manipulate it in order to achieve various forms and enclosures to be tested. Understanding the basics of the spiral fold allowed us to manipulate it in order to achieve various forms

0.876 A

36 0

B A

10 0

36 0 A

Understanding the basics of the spiral fold allowed us to manipulate it in order to achieve various forms and enclosures to be tested

26/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

29/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

FUNCTIONS OF ROOF

ANALYSIS OF PENTAGON CONE

Light penetration direction

light penetration direction

+ +

Direction of load spreading in locked position

direction of load spreading (in locked position)

Direction of twisting mechanism

direction of twisting mechanism

Direction of deployability (form open to closed position)

direction of deployability (from open to closed position)

27/ 30/

02. 02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN AMBIENT LIGHT AND EXPERIENCIAL QUALITIES

COMBINING THE PENTAGON CONE

31/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

PHOTO STUDY OF COLUMN TO CEILING PENTAGON CONE

32/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

CEILING VIEW OF PENTAGON ROOF FORM

33/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

PHOTO STUDY OF COLUMN TO CEILING PENTAGON CONE

34/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

FRAME PULLEY SYSTEM PROVIDE VERTICAL MOVEMENT

Through both physical and 3D modelling we developed an idea of a pulley system with frame to assist the vertical deployment of the form

35/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

COG SYSTEM ANALYSIS FOR TORSIONAL DEPLOYABILITY

After understanding the strength of the twist within the form we tried to get an understanding for a system that could assist the form deply is a torsional axis. This system can not be used alone and needs and additional vertical force, however, it has provided with a basis for understand what is needed and how we can start to manipulate it.

36/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

VERTICAL PUSH SYSTEM TO DEPLOY FORM IN ITS VERTICAL AXIS

Within this push system it enables the form to be deployed without to much interruption with the space created. However, it only allows th for to deploy from the ground plane up as the ground could encapsule the column when not fully deployed.

37/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

PERSPECTIVE CEILING PLAN REVIEWED

38/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

SECTION AXONOMETRIC REVIEWED

39/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN CRITICAL REVIEW

When trying to create a deployable surface that can form a ceiling it starts to involve conversations of connections, structure, lighting and materiality. How can a surface create a form that provides a suffiecient ceiling system? Intialially studying the helical reciprocal column our focus was the penetration of light through the form that could be controlled through the changing levels of deployability. However, the form had little structural strength until it it reached its fully deployed state. We thought the form would stregthen with connecting it to multiple columns. In doing these tests it helped us to understand the strength within the twist of the column and within the stitching connection. If we could use these elements to brace the overall structure it would assist the design of the overall ceiling form. The helical column did not provide us with everything that we needed when developing a resolved ceiling deisgn. When it was at its strongest in a structural sense (along the horizontal axis) it restricted us with the control of light. We developed this and changed the overall form used. Changing from a column to a cone would mean that we could create a form that when fully deployed creates a space that connects the relationship between ceiling, column and floor that could be apprieciated both internally and externally. Continuing with a pentagon formation meant that tessalation was still a challenge for us, however, using this form we tried to understand systems that could assist the deployability and stregthen the form. We understood that the composition of forms would need a vertical and torsional movement to assist the deployability. Through understanding this we looked at frames with a pully system, cog turning plates and a column pushing system. We wanted a mechanism that would not impact on the space created by the form itself that the frame work with the pully system did. Therefor we were looking for something more discrete that would provide the strength needed without impacting on the spacial qualities created. Embeding the frame and structural support into the form would create a stronger cleaner structural approach, however, the direction in which the form deplys whether it be from the top down of bottom up will effect the structural approach taken. After review of what we have completed the next step for this study would be to fully understand how we could intergrate a structural system within the cone form. This could be investigated through studying its deployability from the top down and understanding where we would have to fix down the elements. To provide a structural system that could allow deployable forms we think we would need two of three of the forms to be in a fixed state at any one time. If we created a rigid frame and plate system for the first segment of the pattern that could fix into the other forms to provde a fixed plate in one plane. This could provide us with a basis of which we could deploy from and control light. We would also look to complete it in a hexigon form to allow the tessational to be more successfull and therefor providing a full continuous roofing system to the site. In terms of materiality we would consider a thin steel frame with a ploycarbonate plate that would allow us to specify the opacity. This could be used for the whole form or just for the first segment that is acting as the structural plate. If this was the case the rest of the form could be constructed from a steel frame where woven decron (material used within sails) is stitched in. This could create a lighter structure that would allow the deployability element to function better.

40/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

SITE CONSTRAINTS

View from cafe on the balcony Looking north

Site Contraints roof line right to light of private residential apartments at high level programme at ground level. Public space Physical resting on the ceiling loads to transfer through existing properties Enviromental control of light weather effects the deployability Materiality control of light through use of a photo reactive surface to allow privacy a light to residential windows

41/

02. HELICAL RECIPROCAL COLUMN

PRECEDENT FOR MATERIALITY

Blue finish when there is bright sunlight therefor installation creates shadding.

Opaque finish when there is low levels of sunlight therefor installation creates open non disrupted space.

Architect: OR Project Source: http://orproject.com/or1/ This piece was an installation in a furniture show in milan. The photo reative surface reacts to sunlight and changes opacity. It assits in the indication of weather change or change from day to night. This means it becomes more than an ornate feature within the space but an intervention with the surroundsing that is constantly changing. In regards to how this would be used within our installation in Brighton square it would allow us to enclose the square with our form but respect the existing surrounds and occupations of the buildings. It would also allow the light to be controlled when it is there and for when their are low levels of light for the square to not feel enclosed or have their views restricted. This also ties in with the deployabiltiy. The materiality can relate to the distance that the form is deployed.

03. BERND AND HILLA BECHER

TYPOLOGIES OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

WINDING TOWERS

Bernd and Hilla Becher are visual artists documenting industrial buildings whose architecture is totally dictated by their function. The buildings have been isolated from their surroundings, put centre stage, and reproduced without distortion. All that is superluous and narrative has been stripped away. The light is diffuse, with no shadows and not a cloud in the sky. People are rarely present in the pictures, and if there are any it is by accident. The photographs show a fragmented world in which the subject fills the picture surface.

LIME KILNS

BLAST FURNACES

LIME KILNS

4. SITE LOCATION

MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

4. SITE PLAN

MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

4. CAMBRIDGE REALM

PROPOSED CAMBRIDGE MANUFACTURING STRATEGY

Mill Lane led down to the Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and Bishopâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mills at the Mill Pool which were sited there when the Domesday Book was written. These were grain mills where the local population brought their grain to be ground. The remains of the mill pond and the weir still exist by Laundress Lane. Mill Lane is a narrow lane towards the river lined by mostly university buildings of various ages. Pedestrians also use the street to access the university buildings or the river and its setting, and it is a busy cycle route to Newnham. In addition to the university uses (which include office, lecture theatres, libraries, catering and conference facilities) the buildings are in use as restaurants, bars and pubs. Laundress Lane takes its name from the universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s washerwomen who used the river and dried laundry on the green. Currently Laundress Lane is used as a short cut to move between Silver Street and Mill Lane. The majority of the buildings along the lane are in university use.

4. SITE OVERVIEW

MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

4. SITE OVERVIEW

MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

4. SITE HISTORY

MAP REGRESSION

1574 - Richard Lyne

1575 – George Braun

Queens’ College, to the north of the site, and Peterhouse to the south have been founded and set the northern and southern boundaries of the study area. The eastern boundary is a wide street, already known as Trumpington Street with the river forming the western boundary.

Drawn a year later and from a different perspective, this plan gives increased detail of the western elevations of buildings, however, the reliability of this map has not been proven. The buildings close to the river appear to have few windows, and this, combined with their relative height, probably indicates a commercial use. The King’s Mill only is shown on the eastern bank of the river and with a waterwheel.

1588 – William Smith

1610 – John Speed

A more ‘stylised’ and less detailed plan which omits the north – south lane (now Laundress Lane), although the other lanes and buildings are generally consistent with the earlier plans

The block between Silver Street and Mill Lane has been further developed, including the creation of yards, although the Mill Lane frontage still has a relatively open frontage, albeit with a wall shown. The southern side of Mill Lane is now a continuous frontage and also appears to have a number of yards behind it. North of the mill, an area of water has been created running the length of Laundress Lane and adjacent to the buildings on the lane’s western side.

4. SITE HISTORY

MAP REGRESSION

1688 – David Loggan

1789 - William Custance

South of King’s Mill, an island has been removed to create a Mill Pond, and Coe Fen and Sheep’s Green have been ‘landscaped’ with the creation of a network of narrow watercourses lined with trees. South of King’s Mill an island with buildings, ponds and trees has been formed.

The line along the northern side of Mill Lane is annotated as the King’s Ditch. Some of the rear yards between Mill Lane and Little St Mary’s Lane are shaded in the same style as college courts which seems to indicate planting /grass.

1830 – Baker’s Map The map shows the area between Mill Lane and Little St Mary’s Lane as being well-developed, especially towards the river. Laundress Lane is also established with buildings shown on both sides and the eastern half of the north side of little St Mary’s Lane is shown as a terrace.

c.1850 – ‘Birds Eye’ view This illustration shows the area between Silver Street and Little St Mary’s Lane as densely developed and in marked contrast to the spacious and formally laid out colleges to the north and south.

4. SITE HISTORY

MAP REGRESSION

Ordnance Survey First Edition 1888 (surveyed 1886, 1:2500)

1903 – Ordnance Survey (1:2500)

The mill is now labelled as King’s Mill (east) and Bishop’s Mill (west) and both are annotated as milling corn. The lane by the side of the King’s Mill is identifi ed as Granta Place and has a row of houses on its eastern side. The Mill Public House is shown on the corner with Mill Lane.

This map is not signifi cantly different from 1888 Plan, but it is not as detailed in its defi nition of buildings and spaces. However Laundress Lane has become more developed with buildings on both western and eastern sides whilst the Bishop’s Mill is annotated as ‘disused’.

1903 – Ordnance Survey (1:2500)

1967 – Ordnance Survey

The southern side of Mill Lane has the Women Graduates’ club at No.12 whilst Nos. 10 and 11 are shown as a depository, perhaps for Eaden Lilley, accessed through an arch into a courtyard. Adjoining to the east are the Lecture Halls. Stuart House now sits in larger grounds (a building to its south west having been removed) and the Lecture Halls to the west replacing the previous group of buildings.

4. SITE BACKGROUND GENERAL USES

3.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND 3.1.

PREVALENT USES

Today the area is dominated by University owned buildings which are in a mixture of academic, ofce, research and leisure uses primarily for the benet of University students and staff. No. 16 Silver Street, which is part of the University estate, has a baker’s shop at ground oor. Today the area is dominated by University owned buildings which are in aexceptions mixture of academic, office, research and are leisure The to the University occupation theuses private residential primarily for the benefit of University students and staff. No. 16 properties along Little St Mary’s Lane, the Emmanuel United Reform Silver Street, which is part of the University estate, has a baker’s Church (which incorporates a café in the narthex) and Miller’s Yard shop at ground floor. The exceptions to the University occupation are Two the private which is in a mixture of A3 and ofce uses. public houses survive residential properties along Lane, thefacing Emmanuel in the study area, the MillLittle andSt theMary’s Anchor both the river. Behind United Reform Church (which incorporates a café in the narthex) the Anchor PH on Laundress Lane, is a cycle repair and sales business. and Miller’s Yard which is in a mixture of A3 and office uses. Two Punthouses hire is available the boat Granta Place and from public survive infrom the study area,house the Millon and the Anchor both thestage river.to Behind the Anchor on Laundress Lane, is thefacing landing the south of thePH Anchor PH. a cycle repair and sales business. Punt hire is available from the boat house on Granta Place and Although therestage are no College within from the landing to the south properties of the Anchor PH. the study area, Although there are no College properties within the area, Queens College stands to the north, Pembrokestudy to the east, Queens College stands to the north, Pembroke to the east, Peterhouse to the south and Darwin to the west. In addition, there Peterhouse to the south and Darwin to the west. In addition, there areshops shops north-east of Silver Street and opposite are onon thethe north-east end end of Silver Street and opposite the the Pitt Press ononTrumpington whilst St StBotolph’s Botolph’sChurch Churchstands stands on Pitt Press Trumpington Street Street whilst onTrumpington Trumpington Street and Little St St Mary’s Street atatthe theeast eastend endofofSilver SilverStreet Street and Little Mary’s stands on the street of the same name immediately south of stands on the street of the same name immediately south of the the Emmanuel United Reform Church. At the south end of Granta Emmanuel UnitedHouse Reform Church. At the south end ofHouse). Granta Place is Place is the Garden Hotel (now ‘Doubletree’ Garden

Building Functions

Key Housing University Ecclesiastical

Retail Commercial

the Garden House Hotel (now ‘Doubletree’ Garden House).

source: Mill Lane And Old Press Site Historic Environment Analysis October 2008 https://www.cambridge.gov.uk

This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Her Majesty’s Stationery Ofce (c) Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings’. Cambridge City Council (Licence No. 100019730) 2008

Uses Plan

4. SITE BACKGROUND

ARCHAELOGICAL INFORMATION

The area is one of high archaeological potential. Trumpington Street / Road is one of the main historic routes out of Cambridge and the medieval Trumpington Gate was located here (Historic Environment Record¹ (HER) Number 04585). The site is also located on the reputed line of the King’s Ditch, part of the medieval town defences. The King’s Ditch was recently identified beneath the Grand Arcade, where it was recorded as being 10-12 metres wide and 3.5 metres deep, although the level of truncation on this site meant that a complete profile could not be recorded (Cambridge Archaeological Unit (CAU) Report Number 800, ECB2379 and ECB2389). The location of the Mill Lane site, within the historic core of Cambridge, on an important access route and straddling the city defences, is highly significant and any surviving archaeological remains in this area will be key to our understanding of the early development of the town. Archaeological remains have been identified within the development area, including Roman and medieval remains behind the Press Building (HER 04865, 04865a, 04544), and a post-medieval well and structure beneath the basement of No. 76 Trumpington Street (HER MCB15982, ECB1671). On the boundary of the development area is the church of St Mary the Less (Little St Mary’s), which is located on the site of an earlier, medieval chapel (HER 04809b), St Peter’s Without. The existing church has pre-conquest sculpture within its fabric. At least two known mills were located on the waterfront to the west of the development area, emphasising the importance of this location for industry, trade and transport of goods. The proximity of the river to the site also implies that there is potential for waterlogged remains to survive here. It is considered highly likely that important archaeological remains survive on the site. It is important that a desk top analysis and deposit model is produced before proposals are submitted for schemes which may affect areas of high archaeological potential. To aid this a plan showing the location of buildings which currently have basements is included. The existence of basements increases the chance that any archaeology in the vicinity was destroyed during a building’s construction. This does not, however, always necessarily hold true and it is, therefore, important that prospective developers should include, as part of their research into the development potential of a site, an initial assessment of whether the site is known or likely to contain archaeological remains. The Cambridge Historic Core Conservation Area Appraisal contains information on the likely depths of archaeological deposits for various periods of history. Developers should also consult the Cambridgeshire Historic Environment Record which provides more detailed information about the locations where archaeological remains are known or thought likely to exist.

ss l

rea,

ies

ed s of on

pths rs rd re

Basements

Key Basements

Basements Plan

source: Mill Lane And Old Press Site Historic Environment Analysis October 2008 https://www.cambridge.gov.uk

10/

4. SITE BACKGROUND

DEVELOPMENT OF AREA

The activities carried out within the Mill Lane area have changed considerably over the last 500 plus years and consequently its relationship to the rest of the City Centre has changed too. The area was an important commercial area – until the 18th century dominated by the mills and local trades and inns around the river to which was added, in the late 18th century, the development of the University Press. As this grew in the 19th century and the need for additional University teaching space and recreational and subsidiary facilities developed at the same time, many of the industrial uses ceased and were either demolished or redeveloped for University use. Today, although the University’s recreational and subsidiary facilities largely remain, the amount of teaching carried out on the site has declined. Little St Mary’s Lane remains as a small enclave of housing whilst the inns remain popular, but with tourists rather than tradesmen. source: Mill Lane And Old Press Site Historic Environment Analysis October 2008 https://www.cambridge.gov.uk

Ground 1888

Ground 2008 This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Her Majesty’s Stationery Ofce (c) Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings’. Cambridge City Council (Licence No. 100019730) 2008

11/

04. MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Site context analysis, scale 1:500

12/

04. EXISTING UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS TO BE REPLACED

MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

13/

04. MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS OWNERSHIP ANALYSIS

Property within ownership of Cambridge University

14/

4. SITE VOLUMETRIC STUDY MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

05. MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

INITIAL ROOF TEST PERSPECTIVE VIEW

05. MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

PROPOSED INITIAL ROOF STRUCTURE VOLUMETRIC TEST

Proposed helical reciprocal columns site test

06. MILL LANE, CAMBRIDGE

SITE INVESTIGATIONS WITH ANALOGUE SLR

07. SITE CONTRAINTS

RIGHT OF LIGHT - WALDRAM DIAGRAM

Right to light is an easement and can be defined as ‘a right to light through a window, where that light has passed over a neighbour’s land. Put another way, it is a right to prevent a neighbour from obstructing the light to a window.’ 1

HOW MUCH LIGHT DOES A RIGHT TO LIGHT CONFER? 60

‘droop lines’ of horizontal edges at right angles to plane of window

Elevat ion An g le ( d eg r ees)

‘droop’ lines of horizontal edges parallel to plane of window

This ancient right protects light enjoyed through a window which acquired the easement. The question arises as to the amount of light which is protected. It is certainly not the case that any interference with the light entering the window will constitute an infringement as in such case nothing would ever get built. The easement of light protects some level of light, but it does not protect all the light which may be available.

RIGHT TO LIGHT ASSESSMENT METHODS Due to the complexity of right to light assessment methods, it is worth noting that planning authorities do not get involved in right to light matters. Daylight and sunlight calculations which are used in the planning system are based on a different approach to the assessment of light.2 For this reason, there are many building projects that managed to secure planning permission but were later ruled illegal due to a right to light infringement.

each square indicated in fine lines corresponds with a daylight factor of 0.1%

unobstructed view of sky

external obstruction 20

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

Plan An g le ( d eg r ees)

1 Law Commission, Rights to light, [2014] HC 756, p. 2. 2 Most of the planning authorities adopted Daylight Calculations and Average Daylight Factor using BRE guidance. These calculations are taken from the point at the face of the window, externally rather than internally.

07. SITE CONSTRAINTS

RIGHT OF LIGHT - PLANE LEVEL

WALDRAM DIAGRAM METHOD In the 1920s, Percy Waldram, an accomplished expert in this field, suggested that ordinary people require one foot-candle of illuminance (approx.10 lux) for reading and other work involving visual discrimination. This equates to a sky factor (sky visibility) of 0.2%. The Waldram method involves plotting – nowadays by the use of computers – the area of a room which receives adequate light (sky visibility) in ‘before’ and ‘after’ a proposed development conditions. The method is designed to eliminate variations in the amount of light in different weather conditions and different seasons. As clarified by the work co-authored by Mr Brickrod-Smith and Mr Francis in ‘Rights to Light, The Modern Law’:

850

‘Sky brightness varies unpredictably in temperate climates. It depends on the height of the sun above the horizon and on the various cloud formations. The amount of light in a room lit by daylight is proportional to sky brightness. The intensity of light coming from a window varies with time unpredictably and over a wide range of conditions. A standard had to be set and the figure of 500 foot candles illumination was adopted by the National Physical Laboratory in 1928 as being the average condition of sky brightness found in towns in Great Britain over the greater part of winter days, over long periods in late autumn and early spring, over substantial but less lengthy periods in early autumn and late spring and on wet days in summer. It was felt that over these periods and, therefore, over a great part of the year, reasonable people would normally expect to have adequate light for ordinary purposes.’1

right of light is measured on a plane of 850mm above the internal floor level height

for the purpose of assessment of potential light injury considered is unglazed and unobstructed window opening

1 Waldram, P., Illuminating Engineer, April/May 1923; quoted in Bickford-Smith, S, and Francis, A., Rights to Light, The Modern Law, 3rd ed. 2010, para 12.12.

07. SITE CONTRAINTS

RIGHT OF LIGHT - MEASUREMENT OF SKY CONTOUR

sky factor and contour 0.3%

The Waldram method is designed to translate the three dimensional reality of light flowing through a window into a two dimensional diagrammatic representation. Series of points are plotted on a plane of table-top height which attribute 0.2% sky factor. The plotted points form a ‘sky contour line’. The ‘before’ and ‘after’ sky contours can then be compared in order to assess whether a sufficient area of lighting in the room will be available after the proposed development.

0.6% 1.3%

2.5%

5.7%

6.1%

The sky contour line in a room beyond which there is less than 0.2% sky visibility is referred to as the ‘grumble line’. As Waldram himself put it, for ‘ordinary purposes, comparable with clerical work’, a level of light below which an ‘average reasonable [person] would consistently grumble’.1

1 Waldram, P., Illuminating Engineer, April/ May 1923; quoted in Bickford-Smith, S, and Francis, A., Rights to Light, The Modern Law, 3rd ed. 2010, para 12.12.

07. SITE CONSTRAINTS

RIGHT OF LIGHT - EXISTING AND PROPOSED SKY CONTOUR

exg. area receiving min. of 0.2% of sky visibility

prop. area receiving min. of 0.2% of sky visibility

existing sky contour of 0.2% visibility and it's projected location on the horizontal plane of the room existing sky contour in new location after reduction of lighted area by 50% proposed obstruction to sky visibility and retention of the min. 0.2% sky factor

50/50 RULE The 50/50 rule relates to an area of the room which is considered to be adequately lit. The Law Commission Report provides helpful interpretation of the 50/50 rule as it is regarded in law: ‘The conventional approach, regarded by the courts as a useful practice but not a rule of law, is to say that if the remaining area of adequate light (assessed as described above) exceeds 50% of the area of the room, there is no infringement. This is known as the “50/50 rule” or “50/50 test”. It is not applied rigidly, either as a test or a rule; nor is there any legal rule that this method of measurement must be used. But there seems to be considerable caution among rights to light practitioners which leads them to continue to use the Waldram method and the 50/50 rule. …

07. SITE CONTRAINTS

RIGHT OF LIGHT - SKY VISIBILITY REDUCTION OPTIONS

prop. area receiving min. of 0.2% of sky visibility

exg. area receiving min. of 0.2% of sky visibility

As to the 50/50 standard, sometimes a lesser interference is regarded as actionable; sometimes a higher standard is imposed. The 50/50 rule has been described as a “pretty irreductible minimum” for a living room. The legal rule remains that set out in the Colls case; it follows that where a property is designed or adapted for a special use, for example a greenhouse, the light to which it is entitled is greater than usual, and the usual measure of one lumen per square foot is unlikely to be adequate.’1

1 Law Commission, Rights to light, [2014] HC 756, p. 35-36.

sky contour reduction possibilities

07. SITE CONSTRAINTS

DAYLIGHT AND SUNLIGHT - DAYLIGHT CALCULATIONS

The standards for daylight parameters are set out in detail in the BRE Report ‘Site Layout Planning for Daylight and Sunlight – A Guide to Good Practice (‘the BRE Report’). At present, the Local Plans and Unitary Development Plans mainly set daylight standards in respect of neighbouring residential properties. Therefore, studies are most usually required to assess the effect of a proposed development on neighbouring property. In cases where Planning Authorities are concerned that a proposed scheme will not provide adequate daylight and sunlight to new spaces being created then study can be required to show whether this is the case.

distance/ height above reference point

For windows, there are three main methods of calculation that can be used: a. The vertical sky component – the percentage of the total sky that can provide direct light to the centre of the face of a window when neighbouring obstructions are taken into account; b. The no-sky contour assessment – the area of a room on a working plane of 850mm above floor level that can receive direct light from the sky through the window; c. The average daylight factor – the level of illuminance within a room taking account of the vertical sky component but with regards to the window size, transmittance of glazing, reflectance of room surfaces and room surface area.

25 deg. line

+ ++++++ +++++++ + + + ++++++ ++ + + ++ + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ +

Following standards set by BRE Report have to be met: a. The vertical sky component measured at the centre of an existing main window is more than 27%, and more than 0.8 times its former value; b. The area of the working plane in a room which can receive direct skylight is reduced to not less than 0.8 times its former value.

+ +

07. SITE CONTRAINTS

DAYLIGHT CALCULATIONS - VERTICAL SKY COMPONENT The vertical sky component (VSC) is calculated by using the skylight indicator in the BRE Report. The template contains 80 crosses where each of the crosses represents 0.5% of the vertical sky component. The template therefore represents 40% of the total sky. Once the obstructions are polotted on the graph, the template needs to be overlaid on a scale plan of the site. The base edge containing the numbers is placed against the wall of the property to be tested with the centre point on the centre of the window. To plot any point on a neighbouring building on the skylight indicator calculate the following ratio: distance of obstruction to height above reference point The figure obtained is the point on the template that represents the notional obstruction position of the relevant building.

vertical sky component is calculated with the centre point of the template in the centre of the window

for the purpose of assessment of potential light injury considered is unglazed and unobstructed window opening

07. SITE CONSTRAINTS

DAYLIGHT AND SUNLIGHT

A daylight and sunlight study may also be required to show that a new development has adequate light. This study is likely to be required in cases of developments around a courtyard, or where buildings face narrow streets. It would be necessary to show that rooms have been designed to have sufficient internal light dependent on the amount of natural light that they will have. It would also be necessary to show that amenity areas enclosed by tall buildings will receive sufficient direct sunlight to make them pleasant places to use. On the template, on a line from the reference point to the position measured, plotted is the point on the skylight indicator. The point is plotted at the position that the line from the centre of the window to the point of obstruction crosses the second radial. This exercise is then repeated for all relevant points on neighbouring buildings, with the points for each particular building joined together by straight lines. A template must be calculated for both the existing daylight and the daylight that will be available once the proposed development has been built.

07. SITE CONTRAINTS

DAYLIGHT AND SUNLIGHT - SUN CALCULATIONS

The sunlight is assessed at the centre of a window. The BRE Report advises that sunlight is only an issue to a neighbouring property where a new development is located within 90-degrees of due south. Where a window faces within 90-degree of due north, it will not receive sufficient sunlight during the year in any case, so the neighbouring development would not be material. The standard is that if a window can receive more than one-quarter of annual probable sunlight hours, including at least 5% of annual probable sunlight hours during the winter months (between 21 Sept and 21 Mar), then the room will still receive enough sunlight.

equinox

If the currently available sunlight is below this level or the sunlight is reduced by the development to below this level, then the reduction in sunlight will be unacceptable if there will be a reduction of more than 20% from the current value, either for the annual or winter figures.

10/

07. SITE CONSTRAINTS

RIGHT OF LIGHT - ALLOWED REDUCTION OF SKY VISIBILITY The template is placed onto a plan of the site with the centre point located on the face of the window. Unlike the daylight indicator, this is not orientated parallel to the window wall but is orientated in accordance with the compass points on the template. The obstruction to sky visibility caused be the neighbouring buildings is plotted in exactly the same way as for the skylight indicator, but in this case the subject building may also obstruct its own sunlight. The area of template blocked by the obstruction is shaded as before, including any area of the template behind the plane of the window wall. The dots on the template each equate to 1% of the available sunlight hours. Those on the far side of the equinox line from the window represent those in the winter months. The total number of unobstructed dots are then counted to give the percentage of annual probable sunlight hours. The number of dots above the equinox line are counted to give the percentage of probable winter sunlight hours.

the sunlight is assessed in the centre of a window

template is not orientated parallel to the window wall but is orientated in accordance with the compass points

11/

07. SITE INVESTIGATIONS APERTURES MAPPING

12/

07. SITE ANALYSIS

PROPOSED LIGHT MAPPING DIAGRAM

Mapping one of the possible configurations of light reaching the window in accordance with the currently established right to light law.

13/

07. SITE CONSTRAINTS

RIGHT OF LIGHT MAPPING

14/

07. SITE CONSTRAINTS

RIGHT OF LIGHT MAPPING

scale 1:200

15/

07. SITE CONSTRAINTS

RIGHT OF LIGHT - EXISTING AND PROPOSED SKY CONTOUR

Calculating a series of points within a space will give various points at or close to 0.2% sky visibility which can then be linked with a line â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the sky contour. This exercise needs to be carried out in both the existing and proposed conditions.

16/

07. RIGHT OF LIGHT

EXISTING AND PROPOSED SKY CONTOUR

Sky contour calculations will firstly show whether the room is left with adequate light, and if not, the change in the area of room that has adequate light for use in the valuation calculation.

17/

07. SITE CONSTRAINTS

PROPOSED SKY CONTOUR CALCULATIONS

Proposed sky contour as seen from the investigated window aperture

18/

07. SITE CONTRAINTS

PHYSICAL MAPPING OF RIGHT TO LIGHT

19/

07. SITE CONTRAINTS

PHYSICAL MODELLING OF RIGHT TO LIGHT CONSTRAINTS

08. PROGRAM ANALYSIS

MAKESPACE PRECEDENT

NOD Makerspace is a “working playground” that provides access to a wide palette of tools and equipments for digital fabrication and fast prototyping. Situated in an unused industrial hall the 650sqm hall’s layout is made of a 350sqm shared open space completed by 10 private studios (for young startups in design) and 150sqm of workshops for prototyping, manufacturing and digital fabrication: wood crafting and metal working area, painting and sanding room, welding room; laser-cutting and CNC router. The design of the former industrial space follows the building’s structure layout. It keeps the generous and brightly lit character of the industrial building.

The partition follows this principle. By transparent working studios, meeting room and entrance area, Nod makerspace kept the industrial space open, generous and bright, allowing the light to reach the farthest nook. Also, the glass walls provide both privacy and community cohesion to people working in the studios. The highlight of the open space is the large window area, designed as a living room. Its close relation to the river and the contrast with the rest of the space makes the place attractive for contemplating and brainstorming ideas. The highlight of the open space is the large window area, designed as a living room. Its close relation to the river and the contrast with the rest of the space makes the place attractive for contemplating and brainstorming ideas.

08. MANUFACTURING SCALE-UP PROPOSED PROGRAMME

08. MANUFACTURING SCALE-UP IfM PROGRAMMATIC EXTENSION

08. IfM PHYSICAL EXTENSION OF THE COURSE RESEARCH + DESIGN

RESEARCH + DESIGN Institute for Manufacturing product development courses

PROTOTYPING IfM design project prototypes

Our project is an automated variable candle-maker for the luxury gadget market, aimed at arts and technology enthusiasts. The machine can be programmed to print many different candle types.

A compact and stylish on-demand ice-maker that frees up freezer space used by traditional ice makers. Innovative cooling technology forms cubes from any liquid, or cools your drink directly.

PROTOTYPING roject prototypes

08. IfM PHYSICAL EXTENSION SPACIAL REQUIREMENTS

f ideas and concepts from d prototypes into scalable industrial applications

MANUFACTURING SCALE-UP

Our project is an automated variable candle-maker for the luxury gadget market, aimed at arts and technology enthusiasts. The machine can be programmed to print many different candle types.

fabrication equipment (private), asembling space (public), makespace, prototyping, production, collaboration, networking, conferences, talks, meetings, workshops

A compact and stylish on-demand ice-maker that frees up freezer space used by traditional ice makers. Innovative cooling technology forms cubes from any liquid, or cools your drink directly.

(controlled access-main space) 200 sqm of the total 900 sqm (up to 10 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 1,200 m3 HEIGHT: 6m MATERIAL SURFACE: wear resistance LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 300 - 2500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 18 - 30 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: up to 100 dBA; noise can be heard and cause some disturbance. VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.14 mm/s FLOOR AREA:

08. MANUFACTURING SCALE-UP

MASS PRODUCTION INSTRUCTION

PROPOSED PROGRAMMATIC LAYOUT

CONCEPT DESIGN

RESEARCH

PROTOTYPE TEAM & RESOURCE ESTABLISHMENT

800m3

SPACE TYPE:

individual (x6) (controlled access / private) 6 X (25 - 40 sqm) ~ 200 sqm (approx. 2-10 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 800 m3 HEIGHT: 3-4m MATERIAL SURFACE: appearance properties LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 500 - 1500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 20 - 25 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: 0 - 70 dBA; noise can be heard, but does not cause any change in behaviour or attitude; can slightly affect the acoustic character of the area VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.14 mm/s FLOOR AREA:

CUSTOMERâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S FEEDBACK 600 m3 SPACE TYPE:

PROTOTYPE ASSESSMENT SPACE TYPE:

within the main production space (controlled access-main space) 100 sqm of the total 900 sqm (up to 4 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 600 m3 HEIGHT: 6m MATERIAL SURFACE: wear resistance LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 300 - 2500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 18 - 30 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: up to 100 dBA; noise can be heard and cause some disturbance. VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.14 mm/s FLOOR AREA:

VOLUME TRIAL PRODUCTION 1,200 m3

SPACE TYPE:

within the main production space (controlled access-main space) 400 sqm of the total 900 sqm (up to 20 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 2000 m3 HEIGHT: 6m MATERIAL SURFACE: wear resistance LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 300 - 2500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 18 - 30 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: up to 120 dBA; noise can be heard and cause disturbance. VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.2 mm/s

PROTOTYPE TESTING

FLOOR AREA:

SPACE TYPE:

within the main production space (controlled access-main space) 200 sqm of the total 900 sqm (up to 10 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 1,200 m3 HEIGHT: 6m MATERIAL SURFACE: wear resistance LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 300 - 2500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 18 - 30 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: up to 100 dBA; noise can be heard and cause some disturbance. VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.14 mm/s FLOOR AREA:

DESIGN FINALIZATION ASSESSMENT

2,000 m3

SPACE TYPE:

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FLOOR AREA:

FUNCTION TESTING within the main production space (controlled access-main space) 200 sqm of the total 900 sqm (up to 10 people) VOLUMETRIC RANGE: 1,200 m3 HEIGHT: 6m MATERIAL SURFACE: wear resistance LIGHTING CONDITIONS: 300 - 2500 lux DAYLIGHT AMOUNT: min. 500 lux TEMPERATURE RANGE: 18 - 30 C ACCOUSTIC PERFORMANCE: up to 100 dBA; noise can be heard and cause some disturbance. VIBRATION LEVELS: under 0.14 mm/s

SPACE TYPE:

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

PROTOTYPE RE-TESTING

SPACE TYPE:

FLOOR AREA:

09. ROOF COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT

SKETCH PROPOSAL

Testing of the sectional roof component distribution within the site constraints

Attempt to fabricate the developed roof compontent. The interlocking joint does not work in a deployable non horizontal axis. Installing rods in order to hold the joint in place does not provide sufficient structural support.

09. ROOF COMPONENT FABRICATION TEST

09. INITIAL FORM SITE TEST

INVESTIGATING VOLUME AND LIGHT QUALITIES

Lighting cones configured within the upper plane in order to direct lighting to the lower level

09. INITIAL FORM SITE TEST

INVESTIGATING VOLUME AND LIGHT QUALITIES

Lighting cones deployed all the way down to the ground level and providing opportunities for structural support.

09. INITIAL FORM SITE TEST

INVESTIGATING VOLUME AND LIGHT QUALITIES

Lighting cones mirrored along the floor plane in order to create interlocking structural column.

09. SECTIONAL SKETCH DEVELOPMENT

ROOF COMPONENT TECHNOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS

Proposed roof component facilitating structural, lighting and space enclosure qualities.

09. ROOF COMPONENT SECTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

09. ROOF COMPONENT

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

supporting structure

direct daylight access and provision of light to lower level

surface deployability in order to manipulate light and space enclosure

inhabitable upper level structure

roof structure enclosing spaces and protecting from external environment

Establishing the proposed functional brief and roof component technological requirements

09. ROOF COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT

DIFFERENTIATION IN RESPONSE TO LIGHTING PROVISION

09. ROOF COMPONENT AXONOMETRIC DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENTIATION ALONG THE PROPOSED PUBLIC ROUTE

10/

09. ROOF COMPONENT PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENTIATION ALONG THE PUBLIC ROUTE

Roof component differentiated ‘en mass’ in order to provide spatial opportunities for differentiation of light and structural provision of enclosures and circulation between the levels

11/

09. ROOF COMPONENT SITE LEVEL PROJECTION

Testing of scale and alignment of the components between the levels

Component development through modifications in response to structural requirements

12/

09. ROOF COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT GRID TRANSFORMATIONS

10. PROPOSED SITE CONTEXT DIAGRAM PROGRAMMATIC SITE ARRANGEMENT

10. PROPOSED SITE CONTEXT DIAGRAM

PROGRAM, SITE CIRCULATION AND SHADOW MAPPING

cutting plasma

xis

pre

b ss

ak re

sh ee r

ac hin e

3-a

C CN

cutting

CNC turre

t press

drilling

100 ton

shearing

60 ton iron worker

bending

welding

painting

pad printing

milling

piercing

grinding

stamping

plating

silk screening

forming

punching

g powder coatin

Site 1/200 1 : 200

10. PROPOSED GRID ARRANGEMENT ON SITE

GRID LAYOUT IN RESPONSE TO PROGRAM AND SITE CONDITIONS

grid development site plan

10. PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT

VISUAL DISTRIBUTION OF ROOF COMPONENT

Proposed roof component forming an inhabitable roof structure and distributed along ground and upper floor level through grid rotation.

11. PRECEDENTS

TAMA ART UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BY TOYO ITO

11. PRECEDENTS

TAMA ART UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BY TOYO ITO

11. PRECEDENTS

TAMA ART UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BY TOYO ITO

Distribution of arches along the differentiated grid

11. PRECEDENTS

STANSTED AIRPORT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

Stansted airport roof component facilitating building environmental conditions, incl. provision of direct, reflected and diffused light as well as air, power and all of the necessary building requirements

11. PRECEDENTS

STANSTED AIRPORT ROOF COMPONENT DISTRIBUTION

11. PRECEDENTS

STANSTED TOTEM ANALYSIS

12. GRID DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED ROOF COMPONENT DISTRIBUTION ON SITE

Proposed lower level grid is aligned perpendicularly to the neighbouring building elevations. Upper level grid is rotated in alignment with North light in order to maximise exposure to North light facilitated by the proposed roof component.

12. GRID DEVELOPMENT

ROTATION OF THE UPPER LEVEL GRID

12. GRID DEVELOPMENT

ROOF COMPONENT DISTRIBUTION

12. GRID DEVELOPMENT

INVESTIGATIONS OF GRID OVERLAP

12. GRID DEVELOPMENT

ROOF COMPONENT DISTRIBUTION

12. GRID DEVELOPMENT

ROOF COMPONENT WITHIN THE SITE CONTEXT

12. GRID DEVELOPMENT

SPATIAL QUALITIES INVESTIGATIONS

Roof component is distributed along strategic locations within the building and proposed grid overlap provides opportunities fo the insertion of the component within both levels of the building.

13. MANUFACTURING SCALE UP

5.24

FABRICATION EQUIPMENT

6.07 CNC TURRET PUNCH PRESS A turret punch or turret press is a type of punch press used for metal forming by punching.

Most turret punches are CNC-controlled, with automatic positioning of the metal sheet beneath the tool and programmed selection of particular tools. Dimensions Machine weight

L 6070 mm x W 5240 mm x H 3430 mm 10 tonnes

3.43

Punching, and press work in general, is a process well suited to mass production.

13. MANUFACTURING SCALE UP

2.26

FABRICATION EQUIPMENT

2.42

1.76

60 TON IRON WORKER Ironworker is a class of machines that can shear, notch, and punch holes in steel plate. Ironworkers require boundaries around them to safely produce parts. They can shear flat plate, angle iron, round and square bar stock as well as punch plates, angles, I-beam and channel iron. The area around each station should be at least 20 feet since that is the common stock length of most materials used on ironworkers. Dimensions Machine weight

H 1403mm x W 1127mm x D 918mm 1.2 tonnes

13. MANUFACTURING SCALE UP FABRICATION EQUIPMENT

3.61

1.11

A press brake, also known as a brake press, is a machine tool for bending sheet and plate material, most commonly sheet metal. It forms predetermined bends by clamping the work piece between a matching punch and die. Bending process Typically, two C-frames form the sides of the press brake, connected to a table at the bottom and on a movable beam at the top. The bottom tool is mounted on the table with the top tool mounted on the upper beam. Dimensions Machine weight

H 1403mm x W 1127mm x D 918mm 1.2 tonnes

3.10

PRESS BRAKE

13. MANUFACTURING SCALE UP

2.00

FABRICATION EQUIPMENT

3.00

2.26

3M SHEAR MACHINE Shearing, also known as die cutting,[1] is a process which cuts stock without the formation of chips or the use of burning or melting. In strict technical terms, the process of “shearing” involves the use of straight cutting bladesorm of sheet metal or plates, however rods can also be sheared. Shearing-type operations include: blanking, piercing, roll slitting, and trimming.

13. MANUFACTURING SCALE UP

1.41

FABRICATION EQUIPMENT

3.05

0.91

PUNCH PRESS A punch press is a type of machine press used to cut holes in material. It can be small and manually operated and hold one simple die set, or be very large, CNC operated, with a multi-station turret and hold a much larger and complex die set. Generally the tool is placed slightly above the bottom bed plate by providing two parallel blocks accurately ground to the same size. This is a necessary action since many tools, scrap (cut pieces which are a waste) is discharged through the bottom element of the tool, not necessarily in the centre of the tool. The scrap or the blank ( the required portion ) come out from the die at different places.These have to be taken out horizontally from between the parallels placed. Otherwise they get accumulated inside the tool itself and cause severe damage to the tool.

13. MANUFACTURING SCALE UP

4.00

FABRICATION EQUIPMENT

1.31

2.00

PLASMA CUTTER Plasma cutting is a process that cuts through electrically conductive materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma. Typical materials cut by this process include steel, aluminum, brass and copper though other conductive metals may be cut as well. Plasma cutting is often used in fabrication and welding shops, automotive repair and restoration, industrial construction, salvage and scrapping operations. Due to the high speed, precision cuts, combined with low cost of operation, plasma cutting sees a widespread usage from large scale industrial CNC applications down to small hobbyist shops.

14. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING CASE STUDY BERND AND HILLA BECHER

A headframe is the structural frame above an underground mine shaft. Headframes have become prominent features in historic mining regions. Modern headframes are built out of steel, concrete or a combination of both. A steel headframe is less expensive than a concrete headframe, providing the height does not exceed 50 m. Steel headframes are more adaptable to modifications, and are considerably lighter, requiring less substantial foundations. Upon mine closure and mine reclamation a steel headframe is easier to demolish and can be recycled.

14. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING CASE STUDY MINEHEAD LIFT CARRIER FUNCTION

Main function of the mine headgear is to lower and raise the mine cage and skips into the/ from the mine.

14. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING CASE STUDY MINEHEAD LIFT CARRIER FUNCTION

The sheave wheel is a pulley wheel that sits above the mine shaft. The hoist cable passes over the sheave wheel and then down the shaft of the mine.The sheave wheel reduces the sliding friction of the mine cable.

14. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING CASE STUDY STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

Headgear of the mine centralises the cable over the shaft. The sheave wheel acts as a mechanism for spreading the load carried up and down the shaft. The turning sheave wheel acts as a load bearing mechanism.

14. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING CASE STUDY STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

The head frame is the structure that supports the sheave wheel. It must be strong enough to keep the sheave wheel in place when it lifts the heavy mine cage. The left “legs” of the head frame slope towards the hoist. This is due to the tension in the cable pulling the whole frame in that direction. The sloping legs prevent the head frame from toppling or falling over.

14. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING CASE STUDY

STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION OPTIMISED FOR ITS FUNCTION

Counterweight mechanism can be used in order to reduce strain on the motor. 8. Height of the frame corresponds with the size of the cage used in the mineshaft.

14. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING CASE STUDY

STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION OPTIMISED FOR ITS FUNCTION

Steel construction allows for adaptations and modifications. Upon mine closure a steel headframe is easy to demolish and recycle.

14. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING CASE STUDY AXONOMETRIC VIEW FROM BELOW

14. PROPOSED INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING SCALE UP MACHINERY

15. PHYSICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT GRID OVERLAP EXPERIMENTS

15. PLAN DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED GROUND FLOOR LAYOUT

15. SECTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED MANUFACTURING SCALE UP SECTIONS section AA' 1 : 200

section BB' 1 : 200

section AA' 1 : 200

15. AXONOMETRIC DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED MANUFACTURING SCALE UP OVERVIEW

Initial proposal incorporates space units enclosed with arch structures on both floors of the building. Rotation of the upper floor grid by 45 degree allows for scaling down upper level spaces and manipulation of light.

15. INTERIOR SPACE DEVELOPMENT PROPOSED MACHINERY LAYOUT

15. PHYSICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT INTERIOR VIEW

15. INTERIOR SPACE DEVELOPMENT

FROM PHYSICAL TO DIGITAL

15. PHYSICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT INTERIOR VIEWS

The proposal investigates using cast concret on uppper level and remaining formwork structure could be used on the level below.

15. PHYSICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT MATERIAL INVESTIGATIONS

15. PROPOSED VAULT ANALYSIS

SECTIONAL CUT AND ANGLE APPEARANCE

Analysis of perspective appearance of the proposed vault from different view points

10/

15. PROPOSED VAULT ANALYSIS

HORIZONTAL AND DIAGONAL PARAMETER CUT

Proposed vault distributed within the grid structure and cut along horizontal and diagonal axis in alignment with the two grids investigated grids. Elevation view changes appearance along with the moving subject. Vault cut diagonally is exposed to larger amount of light from the side while full vault has reduced light exposure.

16. PRECEDENTS

BLUE FROG CAFE BY SERIE ARCHITECTS

Investigations of table surface and enclosure which will constitute spaces for assembling manufacturing scale up materials.

16. PRECEDENTS

BLUE FROG CAFE BY SERIE ARCHITECTS

16. PRECEDENTS

Below: Axonometric drawing

BLUE FROG CAFE BY SERIE ARCHITECTS

16. PARAMETRIC EXPERIMENTS

TABLE SPACE AND GRID FORMATION

16. PRECEDENTS

BLUE FROG CAFE BY SERIE ARCHITECTS

Based on this desire of the project brief to have it all, the question for us is: how do you collapse a theatre, restaurant, bar and club into a warehouse, whilst maintaining all the performative characteristics of each individual type?

The strategies of hybridisation of the 90s, more often resulted in the smooth blending of one tectonic surface with another. Accompanying this tendency is the belief that the formal procedure of blending will result in the cross-breeding of programme. Blue Frog for us is a project that revisits the problem of multi-programmed spaces without resorting to formal redundancy as a representation of programmatic complexity. The project brief called for the conversion of a large north-lit industrial warehouse within the old mill district in Mumbai into a complex of sound recording studios and an acoustic lounge. This lounge will consist of a restaurant, bar and a live stage. Beyond this amalgamation of provisions, Blue Frog seeks to stage an acoustic experience par excellence. Based on this desire of the project brief to have it all, the question for us is: how do

you collapse a theatre, restaurant, bar and club into a warehouse, whilst maintaining all the performative characteristics of each individual type? The deep structure that has been employed is of a cellular organisation composed of circles of varying sizes approximating a horse-shoe configuration in plan. The differential extrusions of these circles, encapsulated at different levels as tiered cylindrical seating booths, allow the eye level of diners and standing patrons to be distributed across staggered levels that increase in height away from the stage. These booths seat between 4-10 people and are arranged around an open centre that can either double up as a potential 360Â° stage or accommodate standing patrons, bringing them closer to the main stage to create an intimate viewing experience. These mahogany panelled cylindrical booths maintain uninterrupted

views to the stage, and also a constant distance between diners, irrespective of how crowded the lounge gets. The undulating height of the seating booths is gently modulated by a glowing acrylic resin surface, which unifies the disparate types and retains the presence of the architecture even in the midst of the spectacle of a sound and light show. It can be argued that the programmatic multiplicities here arise out of the disposition of the irreducible typal imprints harnessed from the above mentioned precedent types. And it is these deep structures that give rise to the multiple programmatic configurations without the project resorting to any strategies of formal convolution.

Photos by Fram Petit ÂŠ serie architects

16. VISUAL LINKS BETWEEN SPACES

CHANCE ENCOUNTERS AND COLLABORATION OPPORTUNITIES

Proposed Manufacturing Scale Up explores visual links between spaces in order to maximise chance encounters and collaboration opportunities between teams working on different projects within the building.

16. PRECEDENTS

GOOGLEPLEX COLLABORATION SPACES

Arrangement of meeting rooms In Mountain View's main building, stand-alone yurts are insulated with recycled denim form unique team spaces. Maximising natural light by arranging workspaces in glass and foam cubes around the internal perimeter of buildings, they provide an energy-saving double-glazing effect and in turn maximises interior floor space for communal areas and meeting rooms.

Privacy and democracy To bring more democracy to the environment, the coloured glass has been used to enclose all the team â&#x20AC;&#x153;officesâ&#x20AC;?. That way, the light and outside view could come into the interior, but the teams would be afforded the privacy they needed and the identity of colour.

Flexible plan If the spaces have flexible floor plans and adaptable furniture, they encourage imaginative thinking and, in the rearranging, a renewal of 'innocence'. A desk shuffle every six months gives employees a chance to sit next to a different person. Thus, the spaces themselves offer an unrestricted environment that people can modify to enhance innovation as concepts grow and change.

Food facilities for discussion Google doesn't view its food facilities as mere feeding stations or refuelling stops, but rather as great places for new and continued discussion and having ideas.

Informal gathering spaces Communal areas such as kitchens and living room-like places serve as informal gathering spaces. These areas encourage open and unbiased interaction between co-workers.

Shared thinking Ideas are the currency of this business. Nothing communicates this better than the plentiful whiteboards scattered throughout Google spaces - from team areas to coffee lunges, and especially next to the pool tables! These are ever-present reminders that shared thinking is valued and that ideas can happen anywhere, even in the corridors.

Playful space for creative thinking With a spaceship, slides, igloos and firemen's poles, Google's office spaces sound more like a themed adventure park than the working environment of a global brand. By developing and nurturing a relaxed, playful and fun atmosphere, more profound, human connections are created among people, reducing the fear factor and ensuring good work gets done.

Bringing nature indoors Nature brought indoors, whether through bathing a room in natural light, setting up picnic benches or simply installing a green 'grass' carpet. This simple yet elegant approach helps to create a sense of endless possibilities.

16. PRECEDENTS

or k w se cl ud ed

or k

meching rooms

cafe

pr iv at e

in di vi du al w

op en

M ce ain nt S ra tre lis e ed t ac tiv ity

GOOGLEPLEX CIRCULATION ARRANGEMENT

huddle rooms

cross section thru floor

structure a ‘Main Street’ with shared-use building blocks

insert buildings with organic materials

Main

radiating off ‘Main Street’ neighbourhood space flow into each other

reet

views out

16. PRECEDENTS

COLLABORATION SPACES CLASIFICATION

Googleplex building’s primary concept was to merge the idea of workplace with the experiences found in a n educational environment into a new way of working. Unlike the traditional office, the higher education experience offers many opportunities. In a university environment, you typically have the option of self-directed work, a selection of work styles or work environments and independent study subject choices, either private or within a group. In addition, a typical campus environment offers the concept of self containment, so within the immediate area, all of your basic work/life needs can be met and the possibility of casual encounters with fellow “students” for collaboration or recreation is possible anytime during the day or night. At the university level, these opportunities are to support the goals of personal education, with a focus on each individual’s interests, but when these interests become common to a community, the results can be very powerful. The concept was continued through the design of 13 individual environments, which re-created environments usually found on a college campus, and were systematically integrated into the overall design of each building by the use of a hot and cold diagram: Hot areas being more public and active zones, while cold being more secluded and private. These zones were defined by location along the primary and secondary circulation corridors.

more public and active zones

more secluded and private zones

16. PRECEDENTS

COLLABORATION SPACES ARRANGEMENT

10/

16. PRECEDENTS

HERZBERGER GRID ARRANGEMENT

11/

16. COLLABORATION SPACE TYPOLOGY 8000

800

reception/ seating 1 : 100

6000

600

water cooler 1 : 100

6000

600

10000 micro kitchen 1 : 100

1400

coffee/ bakery 1 : 100

12/

16. COLLABORATION SPACE TYPOLOGY 6000

6000

assembly table space 1 : 100

6000

maker space

1 : 100

6000

prototype testing

1 : 100

circulation stair

1 : 100

13/

16. COLLABORATION SPACE TYPOLOGY

8000

terrace 1 : 100

8000

open meeting

1 : 100

6000

closed meeting

1 : 100

6000

huddle room 1 : 100

14/

16. COLLABORATION SPACE TYPOLOGY 8180

8000 8000

talks

1 : 100

8000

public seating 1 : 100

6000

work station 1 : 100

17. TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND TIMBRELL VAULTING

528

2013 ¥ 5 ∂

∂ 2013 ¥ 5

Technik

529

Das katalanische Gewölbe – Ein Konstruktionsprinzip mit Geschichte und Zukunft The Catalan Vault – A Historical Structural Principle with a Bright Future Philippe Block, Matthias Rippmann

Fotos: Iwan Baan, Frank Kaltenbach, Joseph Dahmen, Michael Freeman, Michael Ramage, Klemen Breitfuss, Michael Ford

Gewölbe mauern ohne Schalung Die Technik des Ziegelgewölbes wurde be reits von den Römern eingesetzt und über die Gotik bis ins 20. Jahrhundert kontinuier lich weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere die ka talanische Gewölbetechnik ermöglichte den Bau einiger spektakulärer Werke von Baumeistern wie Antoni Gaudí oder Rafael Guastavino und wurde bis in die erste Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts für verschiedenste An wendungen eingesetzt, ehe sie von neuen Bauformen und modernen Baustoffen wie Beton und Stahl aus dem Bauschaffen ver drängt wurde. Heute zeichnet sich wieder ein wachsendes Interesse an dieser Technik für zeitgenössische Architekturaufgaben ab, das durch neue Anwendungen in Praxis und Forschung in Erscheinung tritt. Die Technik ist tragstrukturell sehr effizient, basiert auf natürlichen Materialien und kann ohne Ver wendung aufwändiger Schalungskonstrukti onen umgesetzt werden. Diese Eigenschaf ten in Kombination mit der geometrischen Flexibilität des Bausystems bieten großes Potenzial für Schalenbauten, die bisher fast ausschließlich unter Verwendung von Beton und Stahl realisiert werden konnten. Die katalanische Gewölbetechnik ist in vielerlei Hinsicht eine Weiterentwicklung gewöhn licher Ziegelgewölbe aus römischer Zeit (Abb. 1a). Eine Neuerung war damals, dass Ziegel nicht wie üblich hochkant gestellt, sondern flach in meist drei Schichten ver

baut wurden. Durch diesen sukzessiven Aufbau leichter Ziegelschichten und dem Einsatz von schnell härtendem Gipsmörtel konnte die erste Schicht meist ohne den Gebrauch von Lehrgerüsten erstellt werden. Diese erste Flachziegellage diente als Trä gerschicht für die gegenseitig jeweils um 45° gedrehte zweite und meist dritte Ziegellage. Größere Bogen bzw. Gewölbeformen wur den lediglich durch leichte Holzkonstruktio nen als Formgeber räumlich definiert und lieferten während des Aufmauerns wichtige Orientierungspunkte. Einfache, extrudierte und rotationssymmetrische Gewölbeformen konnten meist ohne diese hölzernen Hilfs konstruktionen errichtet werden. Dieser weit gehende Verzicht auf Lehrgerüste für den Aufbau stellte einen entscheidenden Vorteil gegenüber den meisten Gewölbetechniken dar, der sonst nur bei den schräg verlaufen den Ziegelbögen der nubischen bzw. mexi kanischen Gewölbe zu finden ist, die in ihrer Formvielfalt jedoch stark eingeschränkt sind (Abb. 1b). Neben der Materialeinsparung bleibt die Konstruktion im Bauprozess von unten zugänglich und ermöglicht ein saube res Verfugen der Flachziegel, die üblicher weise in den Dimensionen 12 ≈ 24 ≈ 2 cm verbaut wurden (Abb. 1c, 5). Diese gerüst lose Aufbautechnik bedingte eine statische Stabilität der Konstruktion in jeder Bauab schnittsphase. So ließen sich beispielweise Tonnengewölbe in einzelnen Bögen und

Kuppeln durch in sich geschlossene Ziegel ringe schrittweise stabil aufmauern. Das sta tische Prinzip einer rein druckbeanspruchten Form stellte von jeher eine Grundvorausset zung für die Errichtung katalanischer Gewöl be dar. Diese wurden mittels sorgfältiger Formbestimmung mit Hilfe experimenteller und grafischer Formfindungsmethoden (z. B. durch Hängemodelle bzw. Techniken der grafischen Statik) erfüllt. In Kombination mit der Stärke bzw. dem Gewicht der Ziegel schichten konnten so mögliche Biegemo mente aus asymmetrischen Lastfällen auf ein Minimum reduziert werden. Die Entwicklung des katalanischen Gewölbes Das katalanische Gewölbe wurde insbeson dere in Katalonien kontinuierlich weiterentwi ckelt. Der Mangel an Bauholz in Spanien er schwerte die Konstruktion von Balkendecken oder aufwändigen Schalungsbauten für ge wöhnliche Gewölbe und verlangte nach Al ternativen. So entstanden schon 1382 in Va lencia ersten Anwendungen dieser material sparenden Gewölbetechnik. Zu Beginn wur de sie vorwiegend für die Herstellung flacher Geschossdeckengewölbe angewendet, je doch erfolgte gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhun derts, vor allem durch die Arbeit Antoni Gau dís (1852–1926), eine Überleitung der kata lanischen Gotik zu neuen Anwendungen der katalanischen Gewölbetechnik. Sein Entwurf der Sagrada Família (Abb. 6) steht beispiel

haft für Innovationen im Bereich der trag strukturellen Formfindung und der Weiterent wicklung der katalanischen Gewölbetechnik, die beispielsweise in den mit bunten Kera mikziegeln errichteten Gewölbedecken zum Einsatz kam. Auch im Bereich großer Indus triebauten fand die katalanische Gewölbe technik Verwendung. So kombinierte Lluís Muncunill (1868–1931) schlanke Eisenkons truktionen mit einer Aneinanderreihung ge wölbter Ziegeldächer zu Industriehallen der im Jahr 1908 errichteten Textilfabrik Vapor Aymerich (Abb. 2–4). Diese Entwicklungen gründeten auf der Pionierarbeit des spani schen Industriearchitekten Rafael Guastavi no (1842–1908), der 1881 in die USA immi grierte, und die katalanische Wölbungstech nik in Nordamerika verbreitete und weiterent wickelte. Nach anfänglichen Schwierigkeiten gelang ihm und später seinem Sohn der Auf bau einer Baufirma, die für die Konstruktion von katalanischen Gewölben in nahezu 1000 Gebäuden in 30 Staaten der USA zuständig war. Allein in New York und Boston wurden zahlreiche Gewölbe errichtet, die noch heute Banken, Bibliotheken, Kirchenräume, UBahn stationen und Wartesäle von Bahnhöfen überdecken (Abb. 8). Diese Gewölbe zeich neten sich durch beeindruckende Spannwei ten von bis zu 30 Metern aus, deren nach in nen gerichtete Ziegellagen durch verschie denfarbige, keramikbeschichtete Ziegel zu aufwändigen Mustern angeordnet wurden. Die Guastavinos industrialisierten die katala nische Gewölbetechnik und passten sie den Bedürfnissen der vorherrschenden Bauin dustrie an. So entstanden neben Kuppeln und Gewölben auch zahlreiche Treppen konstruktionen (Abb. 9). Die Guastavinos er kannten den Marktvorteil der feuersicheren Konstruktion gegenüber Holz und Eisenkon struktionen, testeten ihre Gewölbe ausgiebig als Nachweis ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit und entwickelten bzw. adaptierten Neuerungen wie Akustikziegel oder Portlandzement für die oberen Ziegellagen. Verdrängung durch Stahl und Beton Steigende Lohnkosten und neue Techniken der Baukonstruktion unter Verwendung von

Stahl und Beton führten schließlich zur im mer selteneren Anwendung der Guastavino Gewölbetechnik für größere Bauwerke. Ge genüber neuen Baumaterialien wie Eisen bzw. Stahlbeton galt Ziegel zunehmend als altmodisch und ungeeignet in Bezug auf die industrielle Verarbeitung. Die lineare Formensprache der Moderne zeigte viel mehr die neuen Möglichkeiten einer schlan ken Bauweise aus Stahl, Glas und Beton auf. Mies van der Rohes Ikone der Moderne, der BarcelonaPavillon (1929), steht für die Transparenz, Schlichtheit und Präzision der neuen Bauweise und dennoch gibt es einen interessanten Zusammenhang zwischen diesem Bauwerk und der katalanischen Ge wölbetechnik. Vermutlich aus Zeit und Kos tengründen wurde anstelle eines Betonfun daments für den Pavillonbau eine Flachge wölbekonstruktion mittels katalanischer Zie geltechnik errichtet. Es ist ironischer Weise bezeichnend, dass diese historische, regio nal bewährte und effiziente Bautechnik zwar als Fundament für den Ausstellungspavillon diente und dennoch, mit dem vorherrschen den Zeitgeist der Moderne, zunehmend an Bedeutung verlor. So trat das Flachziegel gewölbe mehr und mehr in den Hintergrund. Der Ziegel an sich jedoch fand in der Mo derne durchaus Vertreter. Le Corbusier un ternahm mit den Maisons Jaoul (1956) den Versuch, die katalanische Gewölbetechnik für moderne Bauwerke zu nutzen, doch ergab sich daraus kein Impuls für weitere Anwendungen dieses effizienten und ele ganten Trag bzw. Konstruktionssystems in der modernen Architektursprache.

unterschiedliche Konstruktionstechniken von Ziegelgewölben: klassischrömisches Gewölbe mit Schalung nubisches Gewölbe bereits im Bau selbsttragend katalanisches Gewölbe bereits im Bau selbst tragend 2–4 zweischaliges katalanisches Gewölbe auf Eisen stützen über 15 000 m2 Grundfläche: ehemalige Textilfabrik Vapor Aymerich, Amat i Jover in Terrassa, 1908; Architekt: Lluís Muncunill 5 Herstellungsprozess des katalanischen Ge wölbes nach Rafael Guastavino: a Mörteln der ersten Ziegelschicht mit schnell abbindendem »Pariser« Mörtel ohne Gerüst b die zweite Ziegelschicht wird mit Portlandzement oben auf die erste Schale aufgemauert c die raumseitige Ziegelschicht mit Zierfliesen und sorgfältiger Verfugung wird mit Portlandzement von unten an die erste Schicht gemauert d Verfugen der sichtbaren Ziegelschicht. Je nach statischer Erfordernis können oben weitere Ziegelschichten aufgebracht werden. a b c

1 a b

Different construction techniques for brick vaults: Classic Roman vault with falsework The Nubian vault is already self-supporting during construction c The Catalan vault is already self-supporting during construction 2–4 Double-wythe Catalan vault on iron columns enclosing a surface area of 15 000 m2: Aymerich, Amat i Jover, former textile factory in Terrassa, 1908; architect: Lluís Muncunill 5 Rafael Guastavino’s procedure for erection of the Catalan vault: a Mortaring the first layer of brick with quick-setting plaster of Paris, without scaffolding. b The second layer of bricks is laid atop the first using Portland cement. c The lowermost brick layer with ornamental tiles and painstaking pointing is bedded to the first layer from below with Portland cement. d Pointing of the visible layer of brick; depending on structural requirements, additional upper layers of bricks can be laid. a

Wiederentdeckung als nachhaltige Bauweise Gegenwärtig zeichnet sich ein Wendepunkt ab: Das Interesse an der katalanischen Ge wölbetechnik und ihren unterschiedlichen c Anwendungen sowie an ihrer wissenschaft lichen Erforschung ist in den vergangenen Jahren stark gewachsen. Die einstmals vor herrschende Ablehnung des Ziegels zu d gunsten neuer Baumaterialien hat sich aus heutiger Sicht unter Aspekten der Nachhal tigkeit und Haltbarkeit gewandelt, insbeson dere im Hinblick auf die lokale Verfügbarkeit 5

17. TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND

TIMBRELL VAULTING

530

Das katalanische Gewölbe – Ein Konstruktionsprinzip mit Geschichte und Zukunft

10 SUDU (Sustainable Urban Dwelling Unit) Addis Abeba, Äthiopien; Tragwerk: BLOCK Research Group 11 Pines CalyxKongresszentrum in Dover, 2006; Architekten: John Ochsendorf, Michael Ramage, Wanda Lau 12 Mapungubwe Interpretation Center in Südafrika, 2010; Architekt: Peter Rich, Gewölbetechnik: John Ochsendorf, Michael Ramage

Sagrada Família has been under construction since 1882; photo taken in 2012; architect: Antoni Gaudí Casa Milà, roof structure with stairwell, Barcelona 1906–1910; architect: Antoni Gaudí Grand Central Terminal, New York City, lower access level; 1903–1913; architects: Warren & Wetmore and Reed & Stern; vault technique: Guastavino Stair constructed in the vault technique: Baker Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 1914; arch.: Henry Hornbostel; vault technique: Guastavino

Videolinks: BLOCK Research Group, ETH Zürich – Katalanisches Freiformgewölbe, 2011: Zeitraffer Aufbau: https://vimeo.com/25703577 BLOCK Research Group, ETH Zürich – Katalanisches Freiformgewölbe, 2011; Abriss: https://vimeo.com/60064510 Video Biennale, Block Research Group, ETH Zürich – MLK Jr. Park Stone Vault, Austin, TX, USA: http://vimeo.com/46222727

10 SUDU (Sustainable Urban Dwelling Unit), Addis Abeba, Ethiopia; structural engineering: BLOCK Research Group 11 Pines Calyx, conference centre in Dover, 2006; architects: John Ochsendorf, Michael Ramage, Wanda Lau 12 Mapungubwe Interpretation Centre in South Africa, 2010; architect: Peter Rich; vaulting technique: John Ochsendorf, Michael Ramage

durch eine Reihung von Kuppeln und Ge wölben unterschiedlicher Spannweite über dacht wird. Mit großem Erfolg konnten lokale Arbeiter für die Errichtung der Gewölbe und die örtliche Herstellung der luftgetrockneten Erdziegel in das Projekt integriert werden, was gleichzeitig einen aktiven Wissenstrans fer förderte und lokale Arbeitsplätze in der strukturschwachen Region generierte. Die ungebrannten Erdziegel wurden unter Beimi schung von ca. 8 % Zement mittels manuel ler Pressen vor Ort produziert und ermög lichten so eine äußerst energieeffiziente Her stellung. Das Forschungsprojekt zur SUDU (Sustainable Urban Dwelling Unit), das als Kooperationsprojekt der BLOCK Research Group an der ETH Zürich mit dem Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construc tion and City Development gemeinsam durchgeführt wurde, befasst sich ebenfalls mit der Entwicklung wirtschaftlich und öko logisch nachhaltiger Konstruktionssysteme in äußerst ressourcenarmen Regionen (Abb. 10). Das Konzept der prototypischen Mauerwerksbauten basiert auf der Ressour cenverfügbarkeit lokaler Materialien (Flach ziegel, Stampflehm) und Arbeitskräfte und verringert zugleich den Verbrauch importier ter Materialien wie Stahl, Beton und Bau holz. Mit Gesamtbaukosten von weniger als 60 €/m2 eignet sich die Baukonstruktion in idealer Weise für arme Regionen mit Bedarf an verdichtetem Wohnraum.

Formgebung mit 3D-Computermodellen Ungeachtet der vorteilhaften technischen Eigenschaften des katalanischen Gewölbes für die Anwendung in strukturschwachen Regionen der Welt üben sie eine bleibende Faszination aus, die auf ihre Eleganz und Ästhetik zurückzuführen ist und bereits in den Bauwerken Gaudís und Kuppeln der Guastavinos zutage trat. Nicht zuletzt diese Faszination muss jüngst die Architekten Herzog & de Meuron dazu bewegt haben, eine arkadenartige Deckenkonstruktion in katalanischer Gewölbetechnik für den Ent wurf des Lord’s Cricket Ground in London vorzuschlagen. Die Ästhetik der katalanischen Gewölbe ist einerseits abhängig von dem eingesetzten Material bzw. dem Verlegemuster, anderer seits von der räumlichen Qualität des Bau werks und der Gewölbeform, die aufgrund ihrer Druckbeanspruchung tragstrukturell definiert ist. Die bisher bekannten, teils aufwändigen Techniken zur Formfindung druckbeanspruchter Strukturen lassen Formvariationen nur in begrenztem Umfang zu. Um dieses eingegrenzte Entwurfsspek trum zu erweitern, hat die BLOCK Research Group an der ETH Zürich einen ihrer For schungsschwerpunkte auf die Entwicklung neuartiger, dreidimensionaler Formfindungs verfahren auf Basis der grafischen Statik gelegt. Hierzu wurde eine Software (Rhino VAULT) entwickelt, die dem Entwerfer eine

interaktive Umgebung für Formfindungs studien druckbeanspruchter Konstruktionen bereitstellt. Dieses digitale Entwurfswerk zeug fügt sich in den frühen Entwurfspro zess ein und erlaubt dem entwerfenden Ar chitekten ein interaktives und gezieltes Ent wickeln druckbeanspruchter Formen. Mittels dieser Software wurde ein katalanisches Freiformgewölbe entworfen, bemessen und als 7,5 ≈ 5,5 m großer Prototyp an der ETH Zürich umgesetzt (Abb. 13–18). Entgegen der ersten intuitiven Annahme hat das Er gebnis dieser Prototypstudie gezeigt, dass die komplex gekrümmte Gewölbeform die tragstrukturellen Kriterien einer rein druck beanspruchten Form, respektive jene eines katalanischen Ziegelverbands, erfüllt.

8 9

6 7 8 9

Kostengünstig durch lokale Ressourcen Der arbeitsintensive Herstellungsprozess ka talanischer Gewölbe stellte schon zur Zeit der Guastavinos ein wirtschaftliches Problem dar, das sich mit zunehmender Industriali sierung weiter verschärft hat. Dieses schein bare Hindernis kann sich in weniger industri alisierten Regionen allerdings auch zu einem Vorteil entwickeln. Das menschliche Bauteil maß des Ziegels und die simple Konstrukti on schaffen ideale Grundvoraussetzungen für eine Partizipation am Bauprozess durch lokale Arbeitskräfte; ein entscheidender Vor teil der katalanischen Ziegelgewölbetechnik, die auch im Entstehungsprozess des Ma pungubwe National Park Interpretation Centre in Südafrika genutzt werden konnte (Abb. 12). Das Gebäudeensemble umfasst eine Ausstellungsfläche von 3000 m2, die

Das katalanische Gewölbe – Ein Konstruktionsprinzip mit Geschichte und Zukunft

Literatur: J. Ochsendorf, M. Freeman, Guastavino Vaulting: The Art of Structural Tile, 2012; s. S. 482 L. Davis, M. Rippmann, T. Pawlofsky, P. Block, Innovative Funicular Tile Vaulting: A prototype in Swit zerland, The Structural Engineer, 2012, Vol. 90, Nr. 11, s. S. 46–56

von Baumaterialien und deren Ökobilanz. Hinzu kommt eine erhebliche Materialein sparung durch die Einfachheit einer scha lungsfreien Konstruktion und effizienten Tragkonstruktion. Das im Jahr 2006 erbaute Pines CalyxKongresszentrum in Dover zeigt eindrücklich, wie lokale Materialien und ka talanische Ziegelgewölbe in effizienter Wei se in einem außergewöhnlichen Bauwerk zum Einsatz gebracht wurden, dessen graue Energie gegenüber einer vergleich baren Betonkonstruktion um 30 % gesenkt werden konnte (Abb. 11).

532

Sagrada Família in Barcelona, im Bau seit 1882, Aufnahme 2012; Architekt: Antoni Gaudí Casa Milà, Dachstuhl mit Treppenschacht, Barcelona 1906–1910; Architekt: Antoni Gaudí Grand Central Terminal, New York City, untere Zu gangsebene 1903–1913; Arch.: Warren & Wetmore und Reed & Stern, Gewölbetechnik: Guastavino Treppe in Gewölbetechnik: Baker Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 1914; Arch.: Henry Hornbostel, Gewölbetechnik: Guastavino

2013 ¥ 5 ∂

Philippe Block ist Assistenzprofessor für Tragkons truktionen am Institut für Technologie in der Architek tur an der ETH Zürich. Er ist Leiter der BLOCK Re search Group. Als Gründungspartner von ODB (Och sendorf, DeJong & Block LLC) erstellt er international Gutachten im Baubestand und entwickelt neue unbe wehrte Stein und Ziegelkonstruktionen. Matthias Rippmann forscht als Doktorand im Team der BLOCK Research Group, ETH Zürich, an konstruk tions und tragwerksinformierten Entwurfswerkzeugen im Bereich der Gewölbearchitektur. Er ist seit 2010 Gründungspartner der Firma ROK – Rippmann Oes terle Knauss GmbH, die international Projekte an der Schnittstelle zwischen Architektur und Ingenieurwesen ausführt. Philippe Block is assistant chair of Building Structures at the Institute of Technology in Architecture at the ETH Zürich. He heads the BLOCK Research Group. He is a founding partner of ODB (Ochsendorf, DeJong & Block LLC), where he prepares international expert’s reports on the building stock and develops new, non-reinforced stone and brick structures.

Unsichtbare und sichtbare Rippen Durch die asymmetrische Formgebung ist der zweischichtige Aufbau jedoch auf ein dreidimensionales Lehrgerüst angewiesen, das hauptsächlich der räumlichen Vorgabe zur Bestimmung der Form während des Auf

Matthias Rippmann researches as doctoral candidate in the BLOCK Research Group at the ETH Zurich; his work focuses on tectonically and structurally informed design tools in vault architecture. He is a founding partner of the firm ROK – Rippmann Oesterle Knauss GmbH (established 2010), which realises international projects at the interface of architecture and engineering. 12

2013 ¥ 5 ∂

mauerns dient. Teile des Gewölbes mit starker Druckbeanspruchung wurden durch die lokale Einbettung einer innenliegenden dritten Ziegellage als »unsichtbare« Rippen konstruktion verstärkt (Abb. 14). Einfache Lastversuche mittels Aufbringen einer Drei TonnenLast an kritischen Stellen ergaben keinerlei messbare Verformung oder Rissbil dung und bestätigten die enorme Stabilität der Konstruktionsart. Auf Basis dieser Er kenntnisse erforscht die BLOCK Research Group weiterführende Ansätze im Bereich der virtuellen Formbestimmung im Baupro zess und der exakten Definition in sich sta biler Bauabschnittsbereiche, um Strukturen ähnlicher Art ohne jegliche Verwendung von Lehrgerüsten zu errichten. Neben »unsicht baren« Rippenkonstruktionen in der Ziegel zwischenschicht lassen sich freigeformte katalanische Gewölbe auch explizit in Rip penstrukturen auflösen. Die ersten Ansätze dieser Technik wurden jüngst in Form eines Prototyps an der University of Technology in Sydney in Kooperation mit der BLOCK

Research Group erkundet und experimentell überprüft (Abb. 19). Dünne Ziegelgewölbe als verlorene Schalung Darüber hinaus erfolgt die Entwicklung neu artiger Schalen, die sowohl in tragstrukturel ler als auch materialtechnischer Hinsicht als Hybridstrukturen bezeichnet werden können. Mit Hilfe der erwähnten Neuentwicklungen in der Formfindung können neben den wirken den Druckkräften gezielt Zugkräfte in ein zu sammenhängendes Zugband integriert wer den, um Formen zu generieren, die bislang primär als Betonschalenkonstruktionen aus geführt wurden. Eine Hybridkonstruktion aus einer Ziegellage im Verbund mit einer dün nen Schicht aus speziellem Faserbeton wird den hohen statischen Anforderungen dieser Formen gerecht. Die Konstruktion verbindet die Vorteile katalanischer Ziegelgewölbe, beispielsweise den minimalen Einsatz von Lehrgerüsten, mit der tragstrukturellen Leis tungsfähigkeit moderner Baustoffe. Die ar chitektonisch hochwertige Untersicht aus

17. TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND TIMBRELL VAULTING

Um die Gerüste gleichmäßig beim Ausschalen abzuölassen, wurde der Karton gewässert, bis er seine Stabilität verlor und kontinuierlich einsackte

534

Das katalanische Gewölbe – Ein Konstruktionsprinzip mit Geschichte und Zukunft

2013 ¥ 5 ∂

∂ 2013 ¥ 5

Technik

535

13–18 temporärer Pavillon auf dem Campus der ETH Zürich, 2011; Architekten: BLOCK Research Group 13 a Lageplan zur Bestimmung der Kraftrichtung während der Formfindung 13 b Kräfteplan zur Ermittlung des Kräftegleichge wichts und der wirkenden Druckkräfte mittels RhinoVAULT 14 Formgebung der Geometrie mit Wellpappegerüst 15 Belastungstests

Ziegeln ist statisch wirksam und muss nicht weiter behandelt werden. Dieses Verfahren wird erstmalig 2014 für einen Pavillon auf dem Campus der ETH Zürich angewandt und erprobt. Gewölbe aus Naturstein-Formsteinen Neben diesen Ziegelkonstruktionen unter sucht die BLOCK Research Group auch Ge wölbe aus Stein. Dies erfolgt einerseits im Bereich der Tragwerksuntersuchung bzw. Stabilitätsprüfung bestehender Steingewöl be wie beispielsweise gotischer Kathedra len. Andererseits werden erwähnte Formfin dungstechniken sowie innovative Entwick lungen in der Steinverarbeitung und fügung für neuartige, frei geformte Steingewölbe ei gesetzt. Die auf der Architekturbiennale 2012 in Venedig ausgestellte Projektstudie zum MLK Jr. Park Stone Vault in Austin zeigt dies auf anschauliche und beindruckende Weise (Abb. 21). Das in der Planung be findliche Gewölbe ist in eine neue Parkland schaft integriert und überdacht eine Frei lichtbühne sowie multifunktionale Nutzungs bereiche mit einer Gesamtfläche von 650 m2 und einer maximalen Spannweite von 26 m. Im Gegensatz zu den einheitlichen Ziegeln ist jedoch jeder der Natursteine individuell geformt, um ausschließlich Druckkräfte zu übertragen. Um den Steinschnitt der jeweili gen Schalengeometrie entsprechend optimal anzupassen, wurde eigens ein Computer programm entwickelt und an Modellversu chen überprüft. Ausblick Diese Forschungsanstrengungen und die neuesten Beispiele katalanischer Gewölbe technik – von einfachen Wohnbauten in strukturschwachen Regionen bis hin zu komplexen Schalentragwerken im Kontext moderner Bauwerke – lassen das Potenzial dieser traditionellen Technik für zeitgenössi sche Architektur erahnen. Vor dem Hinter grund einer nachhaltigen und ökologischen Bauweise erhoffen sich die Autoren die Wiederentdeckung und Weiterentwicklung dieser faszinierenden Bautechnik – eine Renaissance katalanischer Gewölbe.

13–18 Temporary pavilion at the ETH Zurich campus, 2011; architects: BLOCK Research Group 13 a Form diagram to determine the direction of forces during the form finding 13 b Force diagram to determine the equilibrium of forces and the compression forces acting on the vault using RhinoVAULT 14 Corrugated cardboard falsework replicates the geometry 15 Loading tests

Constructing vaults in brick was mastered by the Romans, but it evolved as time passed. The Catalan vaulting technique in particular made it possible to build spectacular structures, with designs by, for example, Antoni Gaudí or Rafael Guastavino, and was employed in a wide range of applications during the first half of the twentieth century, at which time it was replaced by new methods of construction and modern building materials such as concrete and steel. Now there are signs that interest in this technique for contemporary architecture is growing, and through new applications it is making a comeback in practice and research. The technique is structurally highly efficient, based on materials from natural sources, and does not require elaborate falsework. These characteristics, in combination with the geometric flexibility of the construction system, have great potential for shell structures, which typically have been realised in concrete and steel. In many respects, Catalan vaulting is in the lineage of the common brick vault of Roman times (ill. 1a), but the bricks are not laid, as they had typically been, in an upright position, but employed flat, usually in three layers. Through this successive assembly of lightweight layers of bricks, and by using fast-setting gypsum mortar, the first layer can be erected without a falsework structure. This first layer of bricks serves as the lost falsework for the second, which has the bricks rotated 45 degrees, on top of which, most of the time, a third layer is laid. Larger arches or vault forms were defined spatially simply by introducing lightweight wooden or string guides, providing important points of reference while the bricks were being laid. Simple, extruded and rotationally symmetrical vault forms could usually be erected without these auxiliary structures. The fact that false- and guidework were not necessary constituted a decisive advantage in comparison to most vaulting techniques – the only other vault type with this advantage is the Nubian vault, and its modern version, the Mexican vault, which has oblique courses and a severely limited palette with respect to the vault form (ill. 1b). When the Catalan technique is employed, in addition to reducing 15

material use, the vault remains accessible from below and allows for precise pointing of the bricks, whose dimensions are normally 12 ≈ 24 ≈ 2 cm (ill. 1c, 5). Because no falsework is employed, the brickwork must thus be structurally stable during every stage of construction. A barrel vault, for example, can be constructed one arch at a time. The brickwork of a dome is also easily laid in stable steps: each ring is completed (and stable because of its geometry) before work on the next ring begins. Finding a structural form that is only subject to compression forces has always been a prerequisite for the construction of the Catalan vault. This requirement was met by seeking out a form through experimental and graphical form finding methods. In this manner, and taking into consideration the thickness and weight of the layers of bricks, bending moments induced by asymmetrical loads could be kept to a minimum. The scarcity of wood for construction in Spain all but ruled out construction of beam ceilings or falsework for conventional vaults, and

made it necessary to find alternatives. First applications of the material-saving vaulting technique appeared in Valencia in 1382, but the continued development of the Catalan vault took place primarily in Catalonia. Initially, they were predominantly employed to erect shallow vaults as ceiling decks; however, toward the end of the nineteenth century, particularly in the work of Antoni Gaudí (1852– 1926), and his further development of the Catalan Gothic, new applications were introduced. His design for the Sagrada Familia (ill. 6) exemplifies the innovations in structural form finding and the evolution of the Catalan vaulting techniques. He employed the structural system, for example, in the colourful, ceramic-clad vaulted ceilings. In large industrial buildings, as for example in the Vapor Aymerich textile factory, erected in 1908, Lluís Muncunill (1868–1931) combined slender iron structures with multiple bays of vaulted brick roofs (ills. 2–4) lined up one next to the other. Further important developments and pioneering work was done by the Spanish architect

Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908). In 1881, the specialist in industrial architecture emigrated to the United States, where he continued to develop and build the Catalan vault. After initial difficulties, he established a construction firm (later continued by his son) that realised nearly 1000 buildings in thirty states using Catalan vaulting. In New York and Boston alone, hundreds of banks, libraries, churches, and metro stations were covered with these roofs (ills. 5, 8). These vaults distinguished themselves through their impressive spans of up to 30 metres, and their brick surfaces visible from inside the building through their colourful ceramic-coated layer of bricks – often including ornate patterns. The Guastavinos made the Catalan vaulting technique amenable to mass production, and adapted it to the needs of the construction industry. In this manner, in addition to domes and vaults, numerous stairs were built (ill. 9). They recognized the competitive advantage of the fire-resistant structural system, tested their vaults extensively to prove their structural integrity, and developed or

adapted innovations such as acoustic bricks or the use of Portland cement for the upper layers of bricks. Due to rising wages and the advent of new construction techniques that use steel and concrete, Guastavino vaulting was employed less and less for larger buildings. In comparison to new building materials such as reinforced concrete, brick was increasingly considered outdated and not suited to use in industrial structures. Modernism’s formal, rectilinear vocabulary drew attention to new possibilities for lean construction with steel, glass, and concrete. Nonetheless, there were some modernist proponents of brick. Le Corbusier’s design for Maison Jaoul (1956) was an attempt to use the Catalan vault in a modern building, but the application of this efficient and elegant structural system did not spark further realisations in the modernist vocabulary. In recent years, interest in the Catalan vaulting technique and its different applications has grown considerably, as well as scholarly research of it. The rejection of brick in favour of new building materials that took

17. TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND

TIMBRELL VAULTING

536

Das katalanische Gewölbe – Ein Konstruktionsprinzip mit Geschichte und Zukunft

2013 ¥ 5 ∂

place years ago has now yielded to an awareness of issues revolving around sustainability and durability, particularly with respect to local availability of building materials and their ecobalance. The Pines Calyx conference centre in Dover convincingly demonstrates how local materials and Catalan brick vaults can be combined in an out-of-the-ordinary building whose embodied energy is 30% less than that of a comparable concrete structure (ill. 11). Even back in Guastavino’s days, the labourintensive construction process to build Catalan vaults constituted an economical problem, and it has been exacerbated by the increasing mechanisation of the construction methods. But in less industrial regions this apparent impediment can turn out to be advantageous. The brick, whose dimensions are related to the human body, and the simple form of construction provide the ideal parameters for the participation of local workers in the building process – a decisive advantage of the Catalan brick vaulting that was put to use in the Mapungubwe National Park Interpretation Centre in South Africa. One element of the building ensemble is a 3000 m2 exhibition space whose varying roofs have been realized with a series of domes and vaults (ill. 12). Local workers were included in the project, with great success, for the on-site production of the soil-pressed bricks and the construction of the vaults; this fostered an active knowledge transfer, and, at the same time, generated lo-

cal jobs in the poorly developed region. The unfired bricks – with a cement content of about 8% to stabilise them – were pressed manually: this is an extremely energy-efficient means of production. SUDU, a research project that was carried out in a cooperative effort between the BLOCK Research Group at the ETH Zurich and the Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development, also deals with the development of economically sustainable construction systems in regions with scarce natural resources (ill. 10). The concept of the prototypical brick masonry and rammed earth building is based on the availability of local materials and workers, but also on reducing the consumption of imported materials such as steel, concrete and wood. With total building costs for the housing unit of less than 60 Euros/m2, this construction method is ideally suited to poor regions in need of high-density dwellings. The aesthetic of the Catalan vault depends, on the one hand, on the material and brickwork pattern employed; on the other hand, it is determined by the building’s spatial quality and the vault’s geometry, which, because it is subject to compression forces, is defined in structural terms. The techniques to find the form for structures in a pure state of compression allow variations to a limited degree. In order to expand the constrained design spectrum, the BLOCK Research Group at the ETH Zurich focuses its research on the development of nov-

19 Rippenfreiformgewölbe, Architekt: BLOCK Research Group, ETH Zürich & University of Technology Sydney 20 Formfindung einer druckbeanspruchten Form mit der Integration eines umlaufenden Zugbands, Architekten: BLOCK Research Group, ETH Zürich 21 MLK Jr. Park Stone Vault, Modell, Architekturbien nale Venedig 2012, Architekten: BLOCK Research Group, ETH Zürich & Escobedo Construction 19 Free-form rib vault; architect: BLOCK Research Group, ETH Zurich & University of Technology Sydney 20 Form finding of a compression form incorporating a circumferential tension tie, architects: BLOCK Research Group, ETH Zurich 21 MLK Jr. Park stone vault, model, Venice Architecture Biennale, 2012; architects: BLOCK Research Group, ETH Zurich & Escobedo Construction

el, three-dimensional form finding processes based on graphical methods. To this end, the freely available RhinoVAULT software provides the designer with an interactive environment to form find structures in compression. This design tool can be integrated in the planning process and aids the architect in developing suitable forms. With the help of this software, a Catalan free-form vault was designed, dimensioned, and realised as a 7.5 ≈ 5.5 m prototype at the ETH Zurich (ills. 13–18). The result shows that complexly shaped structures can stand efficiently in compression despite their free-form appearance. Aided by the new developments in form finding mentioned above, it is now also possible to locally incorporate tensile elements, such as a continuous tension tie around the free edge, to generate cantilevering forms that thus far have primarily been executed as concrete shells. A hybrid structure consisting of one layer of bricks, bonded to a thin layer of fibre-reinforced concrete, can meet the high structural demands of these novel funicular funnel forms (ill. X). The assembly combines the advantages of the Catalan brick vault – e.g. the minimisation of falsework – with the structural performance of modern building materials. The visible bottom face of the bricks is desirable both architecturally and structurally, and requires no surface treatment. The future possibilities to design exciting structures based on this elegant vaulting technique are legion.

18. PLAN DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMMATIC SPACE ARRANGEMENT

18. PLAN DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMMATIC SITE ARRANGEMENT

18. AXONOMETRIC DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED PROGRAMMATIC LAYOUT

18. PLAN DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED GRID OVERLAP

18. PLAN DEVELOPMENT DIGITAL MODELLING

18. AXONOMETRIC DEVELOPMENT DIGITAL MODELLING

18. ELEVATION DEVELOPMENT DIGITAL MODELLING

18. INTERIOR DEVELOPMENT DIGITAL MODELLING

18. PROPOSED INTERIOR VIEW

Initially developed perspective view looking over machinery arrangement along Northern elevation of the proposal and lower level double height space.

18. PROPOSED CROSS SECTION

10/

18. PROPOSED LONGITUDINAL SECTION

11/

18. PLAN DEVELOPMENT

LOWER LEVEL SPACE ARRANGEMENT

12/

18. PLAN DEVELOPMENT

UPPER LEVEL SPACE ARRANGEMENT

13/

18. PROPOSED INTERIOR VIEW

SPACED GRID FACILITATING LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS

14/

18. PROPOSED ROOF PLAN OVERLAPPING GRIDS

15/

18. PLAN DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED PLAN SHOWING COLLABORATION ACTIVITIES ON SITE

This is the last page in your book. It will print on the left side as you close the back cover. All Blurb books feature a small Blurb logo page. During printing a single sheet is added at the very end of your book that will not affect your page count or spine width. During upload you can choose a white or black page logo page, or remove the page entirely for an additional fee (Custom Logo Pricing). Since a single full page (front and back) is added, your pages PDF should still have an even number of pages. There is no need to insert or leave a blank page at the end of your book. For Custom Logo pricing and an example, please visit our pricing page for your selected trim size at: www.blurb.com/create/book/pricing