management; clinic management; Laboratory Information System (LIS); pharmacy stock management; notification of communicable diseases; outpatient department (OPD) management; performance and monitoring of report generation; ward management; user management; Permission and Picture Archiving and Communicating System (PACS) modules. A performance management dashboard is also included in the HHIMS. By 2017, 35.71% of secondary- and tertiary-care institutions were using EHR for record-keeping at OPDs and clinics. Of these, in 40% of hospitals, 100% of OPD prescriptions were electronic. Electronic prescription can facilitate a review of the prescription and consumption of different types of antibiotics in response to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through improved stewardship.
4.2 Human resources The health workforce can be defined as “all people engaged in actions whose primary intent is to enhance health” (World Health Organization, 2006). HR in health care comprises different kinds of clinical and non-clinical staff responsible for public and individual health interventions. Undoubtedly, the most important of the health system inputs, the performance and benefits the system can deliver, depend largely on the knowledge, competencies, attitudes and motivation of those individuals responsible for delivering health services. The MoH employs slightly over 140 000 staff (both in the line ministry and provincial health ministries). Of all staff, 58% are skilled personnel and, of them, the core is composed of medical officers (specialist and grade medical officers), nurses, midwives, public health inspectors, dental surgeons, medical laboratory technologists and pharmacists (Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, 2017b). Distribution of selected main staff categories and the health facility levels at which they work are shown in Table 4.13.
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