CLEMSON UNIVERSITY
indigo pine U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 2015 SOLAR DECATHLON
A special thanks to the Office of Stewardship and Events, The Lighting Source, and Belk and Ann Daughtridge for funding the printing of this book.
Every two years, the U.S. Department of Energy sponsors the international Solar Decathlon competition. The Solar Decathlon challenges collegiate teams to design, build, and operate solarpowered houses that are cost-effective, energy-efficient, and visually appealing. This project brought together numerous academic departments from across Clemson University to design and build a cutting-edge, solar-powered house for the fall 2015 event held in the Orange County Great Park in Irvine, CA. Furthermore, a prototype version of the home was built prior to the competition in the S.C. Botanical Gardens in Clemson, SC. The innovative and successful Indigo Pine House was the result of two years of design research, teambuilding, support-raising, and community outreach and education. In all, over 100 university students, a dozen faculty, multiple administrators, development personnel and other staff contributed to the vision of Indigo Pine. Additionally, the project was supported by over 100 outside sponsors through both in-kind and monetary donations. From the beginning, the project team focused on maintaining and communicating a clear vision and set of values for the Indigo Pine project. Targeting a South Carolina family of four, the project concept focused on a home low in environmental impact, net-zero in energy usage, cost-effective in today’s market, and comfortable under South Carolina’s climate.
table of CONTENTS 01 THE FOUNDATION page 1
02
THE METHOD page 7
03
OCTOBER 2015 page 13
04
OUTREACH page 21
01
THE FOUNDATION crew + mission A home’s foundation resolves how it touches the ground – both literally and figuratively. Establishing a well-built, appropriate foundation is the most important part of the building process, bridging the gap between the uncontrollable natural environment and the planned built environment. Indigo Pine’s foundation navigates a unique site condition – the asphalt parking lot – which is far from a traditional residential lot. For Indigo Pine, the foundation not only supports the house, but creates a passively conditioned environment useful for making the house’s heating and cooling systems more efficient. A combination of concrete masonry units (CMU) placed directly on the asphalt form the foundation. Just as Indigo Pine’s concrete masonry unit (CMU) block foundation supports the home, the team of over 100 students and faculty that worked on the project throughout its two-year process were pivotal to its success. A solid team and goal, like a strong foundation, is vital to support Indigo Pine and all that it encompasses.
AARDRA ATHALYE ADAM HALL ADAM WINDHAM ALEX LATHAM ALEX LIBENGOOD ALISON MARTIN ALLIE BECK ALLIE TATE ALLYCIA GALINDO ALYSSA GLAZENER ALYX MCCARTHEY AMELIA BRACKMANN AMY TRICK ANCIK ANCTIL ANTHONY WOHLERS ASHLEY COWDEN-FISK ASHLEY DAVIS ASHLEY MARTIN AUSTIN BALSER AUSTIN FERGUSON BENJAMIN WOFFORD BILL SLOWIK BRANDON GREEN BRIAN BETZ BRIAN LEOUNIS BRITTANY COHEN BRITTANY WILUND BUDDY ( D AV I D ) HAINES CALEB CROW CARLOS GONZALEZ AGUILA CHAD SMITH CHANDLER BLACKWELL CHELSEA PATENAUDE CHELSEA WAGNER CHRIS DIORIO CHRISTOPHER ARMSTRONG CINDY SEABORN CLAIR DIAS CLARE WOLF CODY NEARY COKER PLOWDEN COREY FERGUSON COURTNEY COLLINS DAN HARDING DANA GRAUNKE DANIEL JENCKS DANIEL TAYLOR DAVE PASTRE DAVID HERRERO DAVID SHARPE DAVID STONE DOMINIC BOYD DON BEASLEY DUSTIN ALBRIGHT DUSTIN MERRITT EDGAR MOZO EDUANDO JOSE MOREIRA EDWARD HOEGG ELIJAH GREGORY EMILLY PETZ ERIC BALOGH EVAN LAWSON FREDDY PAGE GARY COLLINS GAURAV MARMAT GRAY BLAKESLEE GRAYSON PERKINS GREG BATT GREY STRAIT GUNNAR LOWE GWEN PETRASKO HANNAH DIAS HANNAH JOB JAMES GILL JARED LEE JASON BOYD JASON HALLSTROM JEAN PAWL JEAN-PIERRE WERSINGER JEFF HAMMER JENNINGS WILLIAMS JIAN HUANG JIAN ZHOU JIANFEI SHEN JOEL BROWN JOEY MANSON JOHANNA NEMETZ JOHN BARTLETT JOHN GOOD JON PENNINGTON JONATHAN HARRIS JONATHAN SHAFFER JOSHUA GROOMS JOSHUA MACE JULIA CHAPMAN JUSTIN HAMRICK JUSTIN WRIGHT KAITLYN KISTLER KATIE MAWYER KAYLA BETTEN KEITH RICHEY KENDALL ROBERTS KEVIN HASSET KEVIN KUCKUK KINDALL STEPHENS KUNAL PATEL LACEY FIRESTONE LANEY TUTEN LAURA RICE LAUREN KENNER LEA ANNA CARDWELL LINDSEY WATSON LIZ COONEY LIZETE REA LOC SANDERS LORIEN WESTMORELAND LYLE MCCRACKEN LYNDA KONG MARCUS CURRY MARISSA DILORETO MARY TRAN MARY KATHERINE KEARSE MARYAM HAMIDPOUR MATTHEW SMITH MCKENSIE KEEHAN MEL DIAS MELODY BAZZLE MEREDITH MCTIGUE MICHAEL MCDONALD MICHAEL SMITH MICHAEL STONER MICHAEL STROPLE MIKE LEMAHIEU MINGLU LIN NASEEM KESHMIRIAN NATHAN HUETTE NATHAN PARKER NEELY LESLIE NICK CARO NICK COLLINS NICK HERNADEZ NICK IRMEN NICOLE BRONOLA NICOLE CARY NICOLE NGUYEN NIGEL KAYE PATRICK PETRONE PAUL MOSHER PAUL RUSSELL PHILLIP GATHERWRIGHT PHILLIP MADER RAJ SINGH RAQUEL COBB REBECCA WILSON RICHARD GEORGE RICHARD PAK RILEY MARSHALL RITINHA FERNANDES ROBERT TAYLOR RUSSELL BUCHANAN SAAHIRAH GOODWIN SAMANTHA FUNKE SARAH CASADAY SARAH ROMAN SARAH SEIGLER SARAH ZEMITIS SCOTT SCHIFF SEAN MORRISSEY SERAPHIN MILLON SHANE CARTER SHUO YANG SPENCER SHERRMAN STACY DAVIS STEPHANIE MORRIS SURAJ REDDY JANAMPALLY TAYLOR SIGLER TEJAAKASH VALAVALA THACKSTON CRANDALL THOMAS MASINO THOMAS STRAKA TIANLUN YANG TIM PARR TRADD HORNE TRENT BAKER TREY MEYER TRIEU VO TYLER SILVERS UFUK ERSOY ULRIKE HEINE VALERIE ZIMANY VINCENT BLOUIN VAMSI GONDI VIRGINIA HUNT WILL HINKLEY WILLIAM CRAIG WILLIAM HERRINGTON XIAOYU LU XINGJIAN MA YANWEN XIAO YENNY KAYAMBA
our CREW
Alex Latham Alison Martin Health + Sponsorship Safety
Allie Beck Siding Design
Clair Dias Project Manager
Eric Balogh Jeff Hammer Jon Pennington Neely Leslie Construction Instrumentation Contest Captain Public Manager Relations Contact
Tyler Silvers Arch. Project Manager
our NAME Historically, indigo played a major role in the textile industry, which helped South Carolina flourish. It represents Team Clemson’s pride in their heritage and homeland.
Today, pine trees are a major cash crop in South Carolina. The sturdy durability, quick growth, and economic value of southern pines are part of the inspiration for Indigo Pine.
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our MISSION
972 SQ. FT.
Clemson University’s Solar Decathlon project brings together an active team of students and faculty from across the university to collaborate on the design, construction and promotion of a prototypical, three-bedroom, 1,000 sq. ft., low-environmental-impact, net-zero, solar house that is cost-effective in today's market and comfortable under South Carolina's climate. The team is focused on stitching together innovative building methods, Southern personality and local products into a home for a Southern family.
AT A GLANCE
familyLIVING
3 bedrooms for a family
Two 1/2 bathrooms
for maximum accomodation
Shared (or not) closet
which can connect both rooms into one room, or be closed off to create two private rooms
our VALUES local
Indigo Pine draws from the best of South Carolina’s material resources and cultural traditions.
Cabinet walls
with fully integrated systems
global
Using existing fabricators and accessible materials, Indigo Pine can be emailed, fabricated, and built by anyone, anywhere.
Accessible entries three entry doors
Windows family
Indigo Pine features three bedrooms and is designed for a close-knit family of four.
performance
Indigo Pine balances hightech and low–tech innovations for optimum and accessible performance.
strategically placed for optimum solar and thermal gain
Spacious front porch
which nearly doubles the home’s square footage
Landscaping
integrated with porch design
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what are CABINET WALLS? Imagine every wall of your house is covered in cabinets. Now, imagine those cabinets are actually the walls themselves. That is what Team Clemson created in Indigo Pine. Every wall is actually comprised of cabinetry components, providing ample storage to a home whose small footprint makes storage space an important commodity. Not only do the elements provide storage, but these cabinet walls are completely independent of the rest of the structure of the house. Typically, interior stud walls are nailed into place at the same time that the exterior walls are being framed in. At Indigo Pine, the exterior structure forms one big empty box, which stays empty until one of the last days of construction. After the home has been dried in and finished flooring laid, the CNCcut wood cabinetry pieces are walked through the front door, assembled inside, and moved into place. They are screwed into place in a few key locations but are otherwise floating inside the home. Assembling the cabinets in this way is beneficial in several ways: there are no interior obstacles to work around during the rest of the construction process, the cabinet configuration can be easily changed creating a whole new floor plan, and like all other aspects of Indigo Pine, they can be moved and assembled using man power, with no heavy machinery.
making a house A HOME The hunt for furnishings to make the Indigo Pine house a home began at thrift stores. Many times, families move into homes with personal possessions passed down for generations, so by bringing in home decor from consignment stores, Goodwills, and the like, the team was able to convey this feeling. The search uncovered large indigo and yellow bowls that functioned as serving pieces and accent features in the home, while charming children’s shoes helped to make the children’s rooms truly feel like they belonged to a young boy and girl. Old books, stuffed animals, and frames helped to enhance the feel of a truly lived-in home while handmade ceramics engraved with the Indigo Pine logo from Clemson art students made the house feel like home.
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02
THE METHOD systems design The subtropical climate zone of upstate South Carolina is shared by 40% of the world, and a family of four requires increased water and power consumption. The goal of Indigo Pine is to meet the comfort and utility requirements of the family in a sustainable and efficient manner while maintaining a reasonable budget. Indigo Pine is designed to have net-zero energy production through the use of sustainable solar power; reduce water consumption through efficient fixtures and a centralized water distribution manifold; and optimize mechanical systems to increase comfort control while decreasing energy consumption. To accomplish these goals, Indigo Pine utilizes low-tech passive systems using existing off the shelf products, but utilizing them in innovative ways to increase performance and efficiency. While reduction in water and energy consumption is the end goal of these optimizations, it also allows for each system improvement to function independently of one another and the Indigo Pine application, increasing Indigo Pine’s applicable market.
R-38 thermal resistance
buildingPERFORMANCE 17% efficiency
ZIP system
The floor, walls, and roof systems of Indigo Pine are rated R-38. R value is a measure of resistance to heat flow. (Typical values: R-13 to R-19.)
Cost-effective, high-performance photovoltaic panels absorb energy from the sun. (Most PV panels measure 1115% efficiency.)
CNC-cut Huber Zip System exterior sheathing with integrated moisture barrier.
Sim[PLY]
CMU foundation
ACM skin
Structural sheets of plywood are CNC cut and make up the houses Sim[PLY] system.
Conditioned air (shown cool) exits the CMU and passes through an outdoor heat-exchanger.
Aluminum Composite Metal (ACM) window shrouds are designed to allow the winter sun while blocking the summer sun.
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our ASSEMBLY
the Sim[PLY] SYSTEM The Sim[PLY] structural framing system was developed entirely by Clemson University students and faculty. It uses a CNC milling machine to cut plywood sheets according to digitally drawn files. These CNC cut plywood pieces are then fit together with notches and tabs. There are no nails used in this construction, instead using stainless steel zip ties to reinforce wood connections. Screws are used to apply additional sheet goods to the building. Since zip ties and screws are used in lieu of nails, disassembly is also significantly safer and easier. The Sim[PLY] system results in remarkable advantages over traditional lumber framing, including:
+ PRE-MEASURED AND PRE-CUT PIECES + EASIER ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY + NO NAIL GUNS AND NO HEAVY MACHINERY + DEEP WALL CAVITIES = MORE INSULATION + FASTER, EASIER, AND SAFER CONSTRUCTION + INTEGRATED MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND PLUMBING
the PROCESS
DIGITAL FILE CREATED
FILE EMAILED TO LOCAL CNC FABRICATOR
WHAT IS A “CNC?” “CNC,“ or “computer numerical control,” is a machine run by precisely programmed digital commands. Indigo Pine uses a CNC milling machine, a large, flat bed measuring 8’x12’ with a mechanical arm moving over it with a highspeed drill bit attached. The mechanical arm moves along the bed, excavating from the sheet good material placed there to cut out the corresponding digital file.
NO PAPER, NO WASTE Because the Sim[PLY] system cuts out every piece of the building digitally, the cut files can be optimized for maximum efficiency in material usage. Once these pre-cut pieces arrive in the field, there is no need for any cutting tools, measuring tapes, or even pencils. By following the digital instructions on a tablet computer, almost anyone can put Indigo Pine together similarly to completing a 3D puzzle.
PLYWOOD SOURCED FROM LOCAL HOME IMPROVEMENT STORE
PLYWOOD CNC CUT
PLYWOOD COMPONENTS DELIVERED TO SITE FOR CONSTRUCTION
tilt - up WALLS
Similar to a traditional lumber framing construction method, each of the walls of Indigo Pine are constructed flat on the ground, then tilted up upright into place. However, unlike conventional techniques which rely on temporary bracing to secure the wall into its standing position, Sim[PLY] has a built-in “hook” joint at the base of each stud which allows it to be rocked into place and lock securely into the floor joist system below. The result is a resilient wall system with inherent uplift.
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the Sim[PLY] SYSTEM
EVERY PIECE HAS A NAME - Etched
“S” JOINT - This joint is used to connect
“SIM[PLY] STUD” - The Sim[PLY] wall
onto every Sim[PLY] piece is a unique
two elements in the same plane and is
stud is like an I-joist standing on end. It
alphanumeric code. This code identifies
found in Sim[PLY] headers and rafters.
allows for thick, heavily insulated wall
each piece and reveals where it belongs
cavities, as well as integrated wiring and
in the house.
plumbing.
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03
DAY 1 foundation + structure
OCTOBER 2015 the competition Clemson University was selected for the Solar Decathlon for the first time in the school’s history. Twenty teams from around the country and world were challenged to design, build, and operate innovative, solar-powered houses. Not only were these homes unique in their use of sustainable materials and solar power, but the homes also had to be constructed in just nine days and disassembled in five days or less. The Clemson team was the only team in the 2015 competition to build their home from the ground up on site, piece by piece, as well as one of the very few to build without the help of outside, professional contractors. Team Clemson truly raised the bar for the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon.
Scan the QR code above to access the team’s time lapse video of the 9-day construction process.
CMU FOUNDATION
PRE-CUT SHEATHING Sheathing is typically cut on site and yields large amounts of waste by adjusting pieces to fully cover sections of wall on the exterior of the structure. With Indigo Pine, the Huber ZIP System sheathing is pre-cut, labeled, and ready to be screwed into a precise location on the house. This prevents any piece of sheathing from being attached “out of square.” No cutting, measuring, or waterproofing is needed. ZIP tape is applied to cover the seams to prevent moisture from entering the building. A ZIP stretch tape is applied to the rough openings to seal as well.
DAY 2 roof joists, sheathing
The CMU (concrete masonry unit) foundation of Indigo Pine not only supports the home, but also functions as a thermal air mass. Through perforated openings in the siding, air is pulled under the home and through the side stacked concrete blocks. While under the home, the air is cooled or heated passively before entering the air handler. This results in less energy used at no additional cost.
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DAY 3 siding
DAY 5 porch
CNC-CUT SIDING Indigo Pine further delves into innovative uses of materials with its student-designed siding. Similar to the Sim[PLY] system, the siding is made by cutting ACM (Aluminum Composite Material) using a CNC machine. However, instead of using a wood product as Sim[PLY] does, the siding system uses a metal composite panel that is cut, as well as etched, then folded and secured in place using rivets and a hand powered rivet gun. Not only does the siding attach quickly and easily to the house, it also creates a 2� air barrier between the siding and sheathing, allowing heat and vapor to escape through vertical channels in the siding rather then infiltrating the house.
THE SOUTHERN FRONT PORCH
DAY 6 interior cabinetry units DAY 4 roofing
Indigo Pine would not truly be a southern home without its expansive front porch. Not only is the space wonderful for relaxing alone, but it also functions well as a space for entertaining guests. Custom plywood rocking chairs, made with the same Sim[PLY] technology that comprises Indigo Pine’s structural system, as well as a sleeper sofa and joggling board, truly epitomize a southern front porch. Fiberglass grates block harsh sun but still grant v i e w s of the outdoors.
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DAY 7 solar panels, systems
SOLAR POWER Indigo Pine uses 34 total solar panels, 29 of which power the house’s general use AC system and five of which power a DC current resistance water heater directly. These solar panels can be installed on any roof with enough sun exposure, ideally direct southern exposure angled to a specific latitude. Each solar panel provides 285W of DC power at 39.7V and 9.2a. The Solar Energy Labs water heater is a modified off-theshelf 60 gallon tanked water heater which passes the DC current through the water inside the tank which acts as a resistor to generate heat in the water. Indigo Pine also uses two types of efficient Philips LED fixtures, a linear uplight for indirect lighting and a circular surface mount downlight for direct lighting.
DAY 9 staging the home
THE SOUTHERN HOME
DAY 8 interior wall paneling
As with any southern home, a space for entertaining is key. Indigo Pine’s floor plan revolves around an expansive main living space, composed of the kitchen, dining, and living room spaces all in one open area. This area, in combination with the capacious front porch, provides the perfect environment for entertaining many guests, truly allowing a small space to live large and for guests to enjoy the southern climate both indoors and out.
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competition RESULTS 2nd
ARCHITECTURE
2nd
COMMUNICATIONS
“Outstanding innovation, extremely thoughtful, thorough consideration of virtually everything in the design. This was a fully functional, flexible 3-bedroom house without sacrificing privacy.” -DOE Architecture Jury
“The preparation this team put forth was evident in the entire execution. The look and feel of their project was consistent from the house to the presentation and throughout the communication materials. The Clemson team evoked an emotional response to a technological challenge. Nicely done! - DOE Communications Jury
3rd
MARKET APPEAL
4th
AFFORDABILITY
5th
ENGINEERING
Occasionally I have a team during a Decathlon that seems to perform at a level well above average. Without a doubt, your team was the most well managed and well organized that I have seen in during my entire 11-year career with NREL and SD events. Despite the complexity and shear volume of work your team had to accomplish, you all managed to accomplish it easily...” -Tom Meyers, DOE building inspector
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04 OUTREACH
sharing indigo pine The outreach of Indigo Pine extends from the local to the national level. By constructing two separate versions of Indigo Pine on both the East and West coasts, Team Clemson was able to physically share their ideas with a wide audience. Additionally, leading up to the competition, the Indigo Pine team communicated its message through local and worldwide media coverage, news and journal articles, and events at numerous locations. Student team members also traveled to AIA meetings across the state to give presentations on the project while also hosting lectures on the project on campus. Ultimately, through both physical and online publications, events, displays, and more, the concepts behind Indigo Pine truly have reached coast to coast and continue to be shared today.
Utilizing campus displays, local events, and digital projection, the team shared the ideas of Indigo Pine. Through social media, in addition to Indigo Pine’s website, Team Clemson’s online presence is well-known. Additionally, the team hosted and attended targeted events such as “Indigo Pine Unveiled” where the concept of Indigo Pine was revealed, Valenpine’s Day”photobooth, Indigo Pine East Ribbon Cutting, celebrating construction of IPE with the local community and sponsors. Students visited local schools to present the Indigo Pine project and educate students about sustainable and innovative design. Indigo Pine had booths at both iMAGINE Upstate and Artisphere. iMAGINE Upstate, a technology innovation festival, as well as Artisphere, one of the top art festivals in the country were both held in downtown Greenville, SC. Furthermore, the team has accumulated 1,226 likes for the project Facebook page (at last count) as well as widespread publication in diverse national and regional media outlets.
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Through countless hours of planning, designing, building and more, the
house image
Indigo Pine team came together to create something truly revolutionary. Not only is the Indigo Pine home capable of sustainably supporting a family of four, but the design also serves as an innovative method for affordably and efficiently constructing a home using unskilled labor, hand tools, and a resilient pre-cut structural system. Architecturally, Indigo Pine brings a more contemporary palette of materials to create a modern southern home while keeping to the design traditions of our region. Engineering systems specifically look to bring sustainable solar energy to the marketplace of our region, all the while using creative systems to reduce energy consumption without sacrificing comfort. Construction was thought through very carefully as an integrated part of the architecture and engineering- developing a design that would be quickly, economically, and safely built by a small group of inexperienced laborers. All these efforts combine to promote and foster a sustainable lifestyle in families, homes, and their larger regional context. Without the support of university staff, generous sponsors, and dedicated professors, creating and constructing the vision of Indigo Pine would not have been possible.
indigo pine 2014-2015
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thank you to our
CNC MILLING
$10,000 - $24,999
INDIGO PINE SPONSORS VICE-PROVOST OF RESEARCH
OSCAR E. (GENE) WILSON R.A. LEED BD+C, ASCEM
DEDICATED ROOM
PAUL & MARYANN S TEELMAN
DEDICATED PORCH
$100,000+
(Robert Mills Professorship) Henry Chambers & SC Department of Higher Education
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
MATERIALS, SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
DOOR OR WINDOW
$50,000 - $99,999
$5,000 - $9,999
SOU T H T EXA S
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, ART S AND HUMANITIES
BEDROOMS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
$25,000 - $49,999
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STUDENT HOUSING
$3,000 - $4,999
PV PANELS
up to $1,000 loves lus nc.
MOSELEY ARCHITECTS ANNUAL TRAVEL GIA
STUDEN T MEALS
$1,500 - $2,999
BI L L PE L H A M
D I R ECTOR K ATE S C H WENNS EN & M R . B AR RY JONES
CABIN ET
MARLENE SHADE
TOMMY SMITH
R OB B I E & D I ANE FAI R EY
P ROFE S S OR ROB E R T S I LANCE & MS . CH RI S TI NE TE DE S CO
$1,000 - $1,499
CHIP AND DEE DEE WHITE
P ro f. J i m B a r ke r a n d M r s. M a r c i a B a r ke r D o n n a C a r ve r a n d B e t h R u s c h Gregory Fitzpatrick Rick and Elizabeth del Monte G e o r ge L e e P h o t o g ra p hy D e a n R i c h a r d a n d M s. C i s s i e G o o d s t e i n Eric Holmberg M a r y B e t h B ra n h a m
Pe t e a n d D eb o ra h S u t t o n A n ge l o a n d A n a s t a s i a D e m o s Dan and Leanne Mace Fr e d a n d H e l e n M o o r e D a v i d a n d L a u r e n S i c k i n ge r M a r k G o d f r ey Ja n e t L e h m a n
Ro b e r t M o r ga n D r. M a r y Pa d u a Way n e a n d J i l l Ro ge r s M s. D a n a A n d e r s o n a n d D r. Jo e C u l i n A a ro n a n d C l a i r e B ow m a n D a n a n d Pa t t y Wa r n e r Benjamin Story
S t e ve n Ro d ge r s A n o ny m o u s P ro f. G r e g S h e l n u t t a n d D r. E l l e n G a r d i n e r Fa c u l t y a n d S t u d e n t s o f JL Mann High Sc hool M i c h a e l E dwa r d s
THANK YOU ALSO TO OUR
INDIGO PINE INTERNAL SPONSORS Account Management, Architecture + Commmunity Build Program, The Center of Excellence, Clemson Broadcast Productions, Community Research and Design Center, CCIT, The Department of Art, Glenn Department of Civil Engineering, Development Office, Facilities, Food, Nutrition and Packaging Science, General Counsel and Risk Management, Department of Landscape Architecture, Office of Stewardship and Events, South Carolina Botanical Gardens, The Sonoco Institiute, and the Wood Utilization + Design Institute. I N T E R I O R F U R N I S H I N G S S T A G E D B Y : U N I H O M E S T O R E , S T A R K C A R P E T S, A N D T H E C A W O R K S H O P
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CLEMSON UNIVERSITY
indigo pine U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 2015 SOLAR DECATHLON
A special thanks to the Office of Stewardship and Events, The Lighting Source, and Belk and Ann Daughtridge for funding the printing of this book.