A greek and roman treasury the metropolitan museum of art bulletin v.42 #1 summer 1984 by alfonse K

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Greek and

BY DIETRICH

Roman Treoasuy

VON BOTHMER

andRomanArt of Greek Chairman, Department

THE METROPOLITAN

MUSEUM

OF ART

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 速 www.jstor.org

The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin Volume XLII, Number 1 (ISSN 0026-1521) Publishedquarterly? 1984 byThe MetropolitanMuseumof Art, Fifth Avenueand 82nd Street, New York,N.Y. 10028. Second-classpostage paid at New York,N.Y. and Additional Mailing Offices. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin is provided as a benefit to Museum members and availableby subscription. Subscriptions $18.00 a year. Single copies $4.75. Fourweeks'notice requiredfor changeof address. Send addresschangesto MembershipDepartment,The POSTMASTER: MetropolitanMuseumof Art, Fifth Avenueat 82nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10028. Backissuesavailableon microfilm,from UniversityMicrofilms, 313 N. First Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Volumes I-XXVIII (1905-1942) availableas a clothbound reprintset or as individualyearly

Summer 1984 volumes from The Ayer Company,Publishers,Inc., 99 Main Street, Salem, N.H. 03079, or from the Museum, Box 700, Middle Village, N.Y. 11379. GeneralManagerof Publications:John P. O'Neill. Editor in Chief of the Bulletin:Joan Holt. Associate Editor: JoannaEkman. Photography of the Treasuryobjects by WalterJ. F. Yee, Chief Photographer, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Photograph Studio. Design: Bruce Campbell. On thecover:Scyllahurlinga rock, a parcel-giltemblema(no. 95). Inside front cover:Detail of a swordsheath(no. 91). Insidebackcover:Detail of a silverhandle (no. 130). Backcover:Parcel-giltpyxis (no. 101).

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Director's

Note

One of the privilegesof the directorof the Metropolitan Museumis to enjoy,with a certaindegreeof impartiality, the whole of this institution'smagnificentcollections.I regard them as makingup one immensetreasury.There aretimes, however,whenit is impossibleto hold suchanunbiasedview of the collections.The new installationof GreekandRoman gold andsilverobjectscelebratedin thisBulletincausesme to considerthe numberof enclaveswithin this "immensetreasury"thatthemselvesbringtogetherluxuriousobjectsmade of the most preciousmaterialsand executedwith consummate craftsmanship.The splendidchurchtreasuriesin the galleriesof the Departmentof MedievalArt and at The Cloisters,with their refulgentenamelsand finelywrought chalices,come to mind immediately.Equallyresplendentare the gold andsilverobjectsof Pre-Columbiancivilizationsof the Americasexhibitedin the MichaelC. RockefellerWing and the eighteenth-centurysilverobjects from Franceand England displayedin the galleriesof the Departmentof EuropeanSculptureand DecorativeArts. In other collections in the Museum,importantconcentrationsof precious materialshavebeen integratedinto their culturalcontexts; these include the gold jewelry and paraphernaliaof the Egyptianpharaohsand their queens, particularlythose of Dynasty 18, exhibited in the Egyptian Galleriesand the Achaemenidand Sasaniansilver vessels on displayin the recentlycompletedinstallationof ancientNearEasternart. For many visitors the Greek and Roman Treasurywill

providea firstcontactwith the wealthof the ancientclassical world. It will proveto be a uniqueanddazzlingexperience: on displayhere arenot only magnificentceremonialobjects for offerings to the gods but also splendidutilitarianones for the more mundane rituals of the banquet, the symposium,andthe toilette. The foundationof our Greekand RomanTreasuryis the metalworkacquiredthroughLuigiPalmadi Cesnolaasearly as 1874. Since then this collectionhas grown throughgifts by private individuals, including Walter C. Baker, and throughpurchases,mainlythoseof the department'spresent chairman,Dietrichvon Bothmer.An eloquenttestimonyto Dr. von Bothmer'sacumenmaybe found in the qualityand range of his acquisitionsand in the exceedinglygenerous supporthe has elicitedfrom collectorsandother friendsof the Departmentof Greekand RomanArt. The Greekand RomanTreasury,representingthe glorious culminationof years of gifts and purchases,is extraordinaryboth in the aggregateand in its individualpieces, as CharlesFroom's installationsuccessfullyrevealsand as the illustrationsand textsin this publicationamplydemonstrate. The realization of the Museum's most recent and ambitioustreasuryinstallationwas madepossible through the generosityof Gayfrydand SaulSteinbergand Reliance GroupHoldings, Inc. Mr. Steinberg'sspecialand continuing interest in the Museum's permanent collections is deeplyappreciated. PHILIPPE DE MONTEBELLO

Director

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Of the five metals deemed precious today-gold, silver, palladium,irridium,andplatinum-only the firsttwo, gold and silver,have been esteemedsince remote antiquityand enteredmost languagesin a varietyof expressions.Wespeak of the GoldenAge, the GoldenLegendof the Saints(LegendaAurea),the golden mean, and the golden rule;there are golden hours, golden weddings, and, of course, the gold standard.Silver,less rarethangold, is consideredsecondto it: the SilverAge, accordingto Hesiod, wasthe second,less perfectage of the world. Silverin Latindenotesthe second floweringof Latinliterature,anda silveranniversarystands for twenty-five years, as opposed to fifty for a gold. Together,gold and silversymbolizewealth,as in the motto of the stateof Montana:Oroyplata. Both metalsareverymalleableandtakeon a high polish. Their ductilitywas not known or appreciatedin antiquity, but in moderntimes this qualityhasmadethem industrially valuable.Gold is found eitherin a purestateor in a natural alloy,especiallywith silver(electrum);silveroccursmostly in lead ore (galena)and has to be separatedfrom the lead sulphideby smelting. Another differencelies in their appearance.Gold, even when hardenedby the admixtureof other metals, does not tarnish,while silver in time turns blackandis subjectto corrosion. In antiquitygold was firstfound and used in Africaand Arabia,laterin the land of the Scythians,and especiallyin Asia Minor.In Greekmythologyreportsof regionsrichin gold wereechoedin the storiesof Midas'sgoldentouchand the golden fleece as well as in tales of the griffins and Arimasps.Though Greece herselfwas not so fortunateas her richerneighbors,gold must havefound its way to the country very early,as is proved by the many findsof gold objectsin Mycenaeand elsewhere.In Etruriagold did not become widespreaduntil the seventhcenturyB.C.and was probablyminedin northernItaly,whilethe wealthof Rome in gold derivedincreasinglyfrommilitaryconquests. Gold and silver representedwealth throughouthistoric times.Coinageoriginatedin AsiaMinorin the middleof the seventh century B.C., when the ancientcities on the west coastofAnatoliainventeda systembasedon the distribution of smalllumps of electrum,all of the same (or nearlythe same)weight.Theselumpswerefurnishedwith an identifying punchmarkand used as a mediumof exchange,taking the placeof the earliertradeby barter.The primitivepunch marksweregraduallyreplacedby distinctivesymbolsof the cities that issued these electrum"coins."Laterstill, in the reignof King Croesusof Lydia(560-546 B.C.),Sardis,his capitalcity,issuedcoins in gold and in silverratherthan in electrum, with the ratio between the two metals set at 1:13.5. This innovation introduced bimetalism,which in Trefoiloinochoe (no. 35) Oppositepage:

varyingforms continued for centuriesuntil a little over a hundredyearsago. While the monetaryvalue of gold and silver and their parityhas changedfrequently,their prices (andtheirsometimeswildfluctuations)arestilldetermining economicfactors. In thisBulletinovera hundredvasesandutensils-mostly madeof silver-are illustratedanddescribed.Theyspantwo anda halfmillenniaandrepresentthe holdingsof the Greek andRomanDepartment,now exhibitedfor the firsttime in a galleryadjacentto the GreatHall. In termsof collecting, the choice of objects published here also illustratesthe growth of the Department,in little more than a hundred years,from the acquisitionby subscriptionof the Cesnola collection of Cypriot antiquitiesin 1874 to the last purchasesof two yearsago. Geographically the new exhibition coversmost of the areasandperiodsin the careof the Greek and RomanDepartment,from Cyprusin the southeastern Mediterraneanto the Cycladesand other Greekislands,to Ionia and beyondthe Greekmainland,and, in the West,to ItalyandMagnaGraecia.Someof the objectshaverecorded find spots, but manymore can only be ascribedto an area and dated to a stylisticperiod. Not all periods are equally well representedin the Museum,andthereis relativelylittle gold. No modernmuseumcan pretendto give a fair cross section of whatwas once visiblein the greatGreeksanctuariesof DelphiandOlympiaor evenin the templetreasuries of the Acropolis at Athens. The very value of the metal broughtwith it the seeds of its own destruction,or better put, its conversion.In times of need gold andsilverobjects weremelteddown to payfor the necessitiesof life or armaments, and a lost warinevitablyled to plunder-either the legitimatebooty of the victor,who in Romantimes proudly paradedit in a triumphalprocessionbeforeturningit over to the state, or the privateloot of soldierson a rampage. Looting could at times be avoided by burying treasures beforean invasion,but the rightfulownercouldnot always be sure of his own survival and thus of recovering his propertyonce hostilities had ceased. Indirectly,however, buriedobjectsstood a betterchanceof preservation,for if discoveredby chancetwo thousandyearslaterthey were (at least in most cases) not melted down but entered public collections.Many of the hoardsof Romansilverfound in Britain,France,Germany,and Switzerlandwithin the last two centurieswerethussparedthe fateof the treasurefound at Trierin 1628, which was promptlymelted down, or the Wettingenfindof 1633, whichwas parceledout amongthe Swisscantonsandhasdisappeared. Most of our ancientplate is tableware-cups, pitchers, bowls, ladles,and the like-and thereforeresemblesmuch post-classicalgold andsilver.Also includedin ourcollection 5

the island of Euboea, found with a gold cup and a silver phialethat areboth now in the BenakiMuseumin Athens. The decorationon the two silverbowls and the gold cup is purely linear-vertical lines, chevrons, and hatched triangles-and resemblesthe ornamentationof contemporary pottery.A similar,though somewhatsmallersilverdish was found in a tomb on Amorgos, and it is thought that these metalbowls areCycladicandshouldbe datedbetween3000 and2300 B.C.Two gold cups (nos. 3, 4)-a kantharosanda goblet-are Mycenaeanof about 1500 B.C. Considerably later,of the eighth to the sixth centuryB.C., are the three bowlsfromCyprus(nos. 9-11): one, in gold, betraysstrong Egyptianinfluence;one in silver,with a centraltondo of a winged divinity slaying a lion and two narrativezones, representsa curious amalgamof Egyptianand Phoenician motifs.

Bucchero(blackclay) bowl with headsin relief.Etruscan,sixth century

B.C. Rome, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia

aremirrors,cosmeticboxes,anda comb,aswellasanincense burnerthat need not havebeen a cult vessel,but was probablyused athome. Silverandgold dedicatedto the gods did not differ appreciablyin form and workmanshipfrom the table silveronly the richcould affordto haveat their sumptuous banquets. Earliest among the silver vases from Greece in the Museumaretwo shallowbowls (nos. 1, 2), reportedlyfrom

The earliestsilverphialemesomphalos(no. 12) is purely Greek, of the sixth century B.C., though the shape and schemeof decorationhadlong been traditionalin the Near East. Another sixth-centurysilvervessel, a situla (no. 15), wasmeantto be carriedby the swinginghandle,perhapsasa cult object;it is saidto come fromthe Troad. On pages 24 to 45 our archaicEast Greeksilveris introduced, an assemblyof over fiftyvasesandutensilsthathave been acquiredpatientlyover the courseof fifteenyears.The manydifferentobjectswereevidentlymadeby Ioniancraftsmen for rich clients on the eastern peripheryof Greece at a time (beforethe Persianconquestof AsiaMinor) when Greekcultureflourishedon both sides of the Aegean Sea, andwhen Greekworkmanshipwas appreciatedas fareastas Persepolis.Some of the objectsshow Eastern,even Persian,

Phialewith heads (no. 16)

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tasteandPersianmotifswerefreelyborrowed.Others,however, notably the large silver oinochoai with sculptural adjuncts(nos. 35-38), are purelyGreekin both shapeand style. The two phialaiwith Persianheadsworkedseparately andattachedto the walls (nos. 16, 17) shouldbe singledout for specialcomment,for they correspondto a type ofphiale until now known only from a temple inventoryon Delos. Eachof the hollow headscontainsa quantityof tiny bronze pellets that produce a rattling sound when the object is moved. Persianconnectionsarealso evidenton a silver-gilt phiale (no. 18) that portraysthe greatking marchingto the left between each lobe and on another(no. 19), somewhat smaller,that shows the Persianking killing a lion. Other phialaiare ornamentedmore sparingly,but while we have some pairsthatwereobviouslymeantassuch,thereis much varietyin both shapeanddecoration. The silveroinochoe (no. 35) with the handlein the shape of a naked youth bending backward,his long hair falling over the rim of the vase, follows a type known in bronze from Cyprusin the East to Spain in the West.The youth

Silverbowl (no. 19)

holds the tails of two recumbentlions on the rim, while his feet rest on a palmette flanked by two rams. A second oinochoe (no. 36) employsa decorativeschemeknownalso frombronzehydriai.The upperendof the handleterminates in a lion's head, its mouth opened as if to permanently replenishthe liquidinsidethe vase, on the analogyof water spouts in fountainhousesor along the roofs of Greektemples.The finialatthe lowerend of the handletakesthe shape of the head and forelegsof a panther.Two other wine jugs (nos. 37, 38) havecarinatedbodies. The handlesterminate above in animalheads that seem to bite into the lip of the vase. One of the two carinatedjugs hasa frontalheadof Bes as its lowerfinial. Similarlyvariedarefour silveralabastra(nos. 45-48). In each the body is divided into severalzones, which on the 8

Goddess with scepterand phiale. Red-figuredlekythos (oil container). Attic, c. 470 B.C.FletcherFund, 1928 (28.57.11)

This representationof a drinkingpartyincludesmanyof the objects in the Treasury.Drawingby LindsleyE Hall of red-figuredkylix (drinkingcup). Attic, c. 490-480 B.C.Rogers Fund, 1920 (20.246)

finestof them (no. 45) areengravedwith animalsanda battle scenethatrecallsthe styleof Clazomenianpaintedterracotta sarcophagi.Engravedfiguraldecoration also occurs on a silverskyphosof typicallyLydianshape (no. 49) and on a smallsilverbowl fromCyprus(no. 13). Among the eight EastGreeksilverladlesin the collection (see nos. 59-64), againno two arealike.One of them (no. 59) is particularlysumptuous:the loop on top is formedby two eagle-griffins,andthe facetedhandleterminatesbelow in a winged lion thatseemsto dive into the bowl while two sphinxes,sculpturedfullyin the round,watch. Most of the EastGreeksilverobjectswereintendedto be used for banquets,of which we havemanyrepresentations on vases and reliefs.There are two strainers(nos. 66, 67)

throughwhichwinewaspouredinto drinkingcups;they are in silverandtheirhandles,like those on some of the ladles, aredecoratedwith animalheads,here a duckand a calf.Of the other utensils used on such occasions, two incense burnersshould be noted. One (no. 69, of bronze)is in the shapeof a cup attachedto a long rod, its perforatedconical coverhingedto the rod bymeansof a leapinganimalwith its head turned back.This incense burnerfollows an ancient Egyptiantradition:it washeld in a horizontalposition by a servantor attendantwho would walk through the rooms with it. The other incenseburner(no. 68), madeof silver, wasno doubtset on a table.Its lid, likethe one in bronze,is tiered and perforated,but insteadof being hinged it was securedto the stand by a small chain. The cover is sur9

Detailof goldphiale(no. 86) mounted by an exquisite statuette of a cock, the style of which resembles that of the cocks engraved on the shoulder of one of the silver alabastra (no. 45). Such a small incense burner occurs, not by coincidence, on the fragment of a black-figured hydria in Athens that was found at Clazomenae on the west coast of Asia Minor.

Libation scene. Red-figured stamnos (wine jar). Attic, c. 480 FletcherFund, 1956 (56.171.50)

B.C.

To the realm of cosmetics belongs a rectangular compartmented makeup box of silver (no. 70). One of the dividing walls is notched to hold a special cosmetic spoon, and the box's cover does not open on a hinge but swivels horizontally and is held locked by a movable stud. The heads of the swivel and the locking stud are gilt, as are five additional ornamental studs in the center and on the four corners. When the box is closed properly, anyone unfamiliarwith the locking mechanism would have a difficult time opening it. Also from Eastern Greece, but almost two centuries later, is a group of five vessels from Prusias, in Bithynia (nos. 72-76). The situla, or wine bucket, is of bronze, as befits a vase that is carried back and forth from the kitchen or pantry to the dining room. The other objects-a strainer, a ladle, a kylix, and a phiale-are of silver. Prusias on Hypios, formerly called Kieros, was a Greek settlement in a notoriously hostile country, and the Prusias find is indeed of Greek workmanship, closely related to that on the many metal vases found more recently in Northern Greece and Macedonia. Slightly later and of unknown provenance is a group of five silver objects (nos. 81-85)-a cup (kylix), a bottle, a pyxis, a scraper (strigil), and a jar (that once had a handle and served as a pitcher). The bottle, the pitcher, and the pyxis have ornamental bands enhanced by gilding. A gold libation bowl (no. 86), or phiale, is not only one of the rarest but also one of the most beautiful objects in the exhibition. The chief decoration is three circles of acorns and a fourth of beechnuts, each containing thirty-three elements. In addition, thirty-three bees are depicted in the interstices of the row of acorns nearest the edge of the bowl, and the collar around the omphalos is decorated with fifteen

circumscribedpalmettes.Acorns as decorationon phialai were traditional,as we learnnot only from inventoriesof temple treasures,but also from a fragmentarygold phiale now in Warsawthat was found on Cyprusin a late sixthcenturytomb andfromRomancopiesof the caryatidsof the fifth-centuryErechtheumon the Acropolisin Athens.There is nothing in the decoration on the gold phiale in the Museumthat allowsus to date it precisely,but the Carthaginianinscriptionon the bottom is engravedwith characters that epigraphersassignto the third centuryB.C. Since this inscriptionmay havebeen addedlater,it only furnishesus with a terminuspostquem non.

Two other richlydecoratedphialai(nos. 89, 90), said to have been found together,were hammeredover the same die. On each of them the broaderouter band shows the apotheosisof Heraklesin a cortege of four chariots,while the narrowinnerzone aroundthe omphalosshowsthe gods feastingon Olympus.It had long been held that these two phialai,of whichfragmentaryreplicasor adaptationsexistin the BritishMuseum,weremadeof silver,butnot long ago an examinationpromptedby our Italiancolleaguesrevealed themto be madeof silveredtin. The spiritedhorsesdrawing the chariotspoint to a datein the latefifth centuryB.C. that seemsto be supportedby the allegationthatthe two phialai were found togetherwith an Attic red-figuredcalyxkrater, now at Oxford,by the Dinos Painter. Somewhatlater than the silvered-tinphialaiis a bronze mirror(no. 88) attachedto a wooden backandframedby a cast silver-giltcircularband decoratedin openwork with birds and floral rinceaux.The mirroris said to have been found in Olbia,in South Russia,as is a silver-giltbowl (no. 87) that, like the mirror,is from the collection of Joseph Chmielowski.This bowl, considerablylaterthanthe mirror, illustrateshow the classicalGreekmotifs-here Erotesflying against a backgroundof acanthusleaves, scrolls, and fan-shapedpalmettes-become increasinglydebasedat the peripheryof the Hellenisticworld. South Russian, too, is the decorated gold plate of a Scythiansword sheath (no. 91), the companion piece to which was found in Chertomlykbetween 1859 and 1863; the two differ only in the treatmentof the animalsin the triangulartop section. It haslong beenheldthatmuchof the

Pyxiswithconicalcover(no. 108)

"Scythian"gold and silverwas workedby Greekcraftsmen, andthis assumptionhasnow been confirmedby the discovery of a gold quiverof "Scythian" shapein the famoustomb at Verginain Macedonia. From the far Northeast we now turn to the West, to MagnaGraecia.A tombdiscoveredin 1895 atMontefortino (see nos. 110-114),nearAnconain centralItaly,includedin addition to iron spits and sword blades, bronze and ceramicvessels-five silvervases:a two-handleddeep bowl, a ladle,a pitcher,andtwo stemlesscups.The silvervasesare clearlyof WestGreek,perhapsTarentine,workmanshipand must havebeen looted somewhereelse in southernItalyby

Detail of sword sheath (no. 91)

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kylix;one ladle;one shallowphialedecoratedwith a twelvepointed gilt star aroundthe omphalos;one small pitcher with a theatricalmask,not unlikethose on the buckets,in high reliefbelow the handle;one tripod pyxiswith a decoratedlid; one smallportablealtarwith differentreceptacles for various offerings; two horns, perhapsfrom a helmet madeof bronzeandnow destroyed;and,lastly,the emblema of a cup or pyxis lid decoratedin high reliefwith a frontal Scylla.Severalfeaturesconnect this group stylisticallywith famous Tarentine treasure, once the property of I,the tX de Rothschildbut not seen since WorldWarII, iEdmond \l which,in turn,sharessome of the stylisticconventionswith a findmostlyofterracottavasesfromAlbania,one of which closely resemblesthe two silverbuckets(nos. 105, 106) in the Museum. Parallelsfor the polygonal markingson the silverbowl (no. 97) canbe foundon clayvases 1hemispherical X

CorinthandPergamon.

The sackingof Syracusein 211 B.c. and of Tarantotwo laterled to large-scalelooting of the two most importantGreekcitiesin MagnaGraecia,but the booty carriedoff to Rome atthe sametime openedthe eyesof the Romansto

pelike(storage ApolloandArtemisperforminga libation.Red-figured vessel).Attic,mid-fifthcenturyB.c. RogersFund,1906(06.1021.191)

the Gallicsoldierin whose tomb they were found. Another group of earlyHellenisticsilverobjects (see nos. 107-109) cameto light in anEtruscantomb at Bolsena,in Italy;it also containeda finebronzemirrorandfivebronzevessels,three iron candelabra,firerakesand tongs, andirons,six undecorated vases made of local clay,two Etruscanblack-glazed vases,twelve smallterracottaballs (a set for a game), and a gold ring. The bronzes, iron utensils, and terracottavases are clearlyEtruscan,but the three silverobjects, a pyxis, a perfumeamphoriskos,anda strigil,musthavebeen imports (probably from Apulia), to which the Etruscan inscription

Skyphos(no. 116)

"suthina"("for the tomb") was added before they were buried. The floralornamentson the insides of the two stemless cupsfromMontefortino (nos. 112,113)arenot too farfrom the floraldetailson the amphoriskosandpyxisfromBolsena (nos. 107, 108), which supports an attribution of both groups to a workshop,or a workshoptradition,of Magna Graecia.The same attribution,possibly more narrowlyto Taranto,canbe madefor fifteensilverobjectsof greatsplendor acquired by the Museum in 1981 and 1982 (nos. 92-106): two silverbuckets,eachwith threesupportsin the shapeof theatricalmasks;three deep bowls with separately workedleaf-rosettesinsidein the center;one hemispherical bowl with two engravedgilt wreathson the outside and polygonal grooves on the body; one deep-bowled, stemless

Spoutedpitcher(no. 118)

the beautyof Greekart. Fromthen on greatwealthpoured into Rome, not only from MagnaGraeciabut also, in the secondcentury,fromAsiaMinor and Greeceand, afterthe battleof Actium, from Egypt. The best descriptionof the almostunbelievabledisplayof wealthat a Hellenisticcourt in the third centuryB.C. is the accountby the writerKallixeinosof the greatprocessionorganizedby KingPtolemyII Philadelphusin Alexandriain 271/270 B.c.: the weight of the gold cups alone is given as three hundredtons. One cannot help but wonder what happenedto all those treasures.Muchof the gold andsilvermusthavefoundits wayto Rome. The Museumowns partsof two late RomanRepublican hoards.The more complete, of thirty pieces-a veritable ministerium,as the Romans called a silver table service-is

divided between the Field Museumof NaturalHistory in Chicago and the Metropolitan (see nos. 115-124). The hoard,said to havebeen found nearTivoli, was bought by EdouardWarneckin the late nineteenthcentury.After the deathof Warneck'swidow the silverwas offered at auction in Parisin 1905, in one lot; it wasboughtby a dealerwho the nextyearsold partof it (a mug, a platter,six dishes,a shell, andelevenspoons) to a Chicagocollector.Manyyearslater the remainder(two cups, a spoutedpitcher,a ladle, and six spoons) went to New York.The majorpiecesof this set, the

cups, the mug, the ladle, and the dishes,are engravedwith the nameof the owner,a certainSattia,daughter(or wife) of Lucius;the platterbearsthe nameof Roscia.The dish in the shapeof a halfshellis also inscribed,but the namesareonly partiallylegible.These inscribedvasesarealso markedwith the weights,a practicenot uncommonin antiquity.The two cups (nos. 116, 117) invite comparisonwith the similar, though plainer,cup (no. 98) from the earlythird-century hoard, and the ladle is still in the traditionof the fourthcenturyladle from Prusias(no. 72). The spouted pitcher (no. 118), however,is a new shape and relativelyrare.Its troughlike spout corresponds somewhat to the Roman encyclopedistM. TerentiusVarro'sdescriptionof a trulla(or truella),a diminutiveoftrua, the Latinword for gutter,and this shapehasthereforeat times been calleda trulla. The second Romanhoard,considerablysmallerthan the Tivolione, is saidto havebeenfoundnearLakeTrasimenein centralItaly.Thoughit too hasbeendispersed,the Museum is fortunateto haveacquiredtwo pieces:a pairofstrigilson a ring (no. 125) and a combinationcomb and pin (no. 126) with engraveddecorationdepictinga lion hunt. Roman silver of the Imperialperiod is less well representedin the Museum,for thereis nothingin New Yorkthat can be comparedto the HildesheimTreasurein Berlin,the BoscorealeSilverin the Louvre,the BerthouvilleTreasurein 13

the Cabinetdes Medailles,or the silverfrom the House of Menander in Pompeii. The cast handles (nos. 130, 131) of two very large dishes, however,of the second andthird centuriesA.D., are eloquent illustrationsof excellentlater Romansilverwork.The earlierof the two handlesshows, in relief,a lion hunt in a mountainouslandscape.The second handle is somewhatlater and the techniqueis differentin that the higher parts of the reliefwere cast separatelyand insertedor splicedinto cut-out depressions.Here the subject is the Indiantriumphof Bacchusin a chariotdrawnby two lionesses.

The storyof GreekandRomansilverdoes not, of course, end with the last pieces in this Bulletinor with the exhibition. Visitorsto the newlyopened gallerymaywell wish to explorethe lateantiquegold andsilverin the parallelgallery south of the greatstaircasethatis devotedto earlyChristian art andcontainsthe fabulousCyprusplate,or the Egyptian galleriesto the north thatexhibitmuchgold andsilverfrom PtolemaicEgypt. On the second floor toward the south, gold and silverplatefrom the ancientNear Eastwill round out the splendidstory of ancienttoreutic art, of which the GreekandRomanTreasuryis one of the finestchapters. DIETRICH VON BOTHMER

Chairman Departmentof GreekandRomanArt

Greek

and

Roman

Treasury

The installationof the GreekandRomanTreasuryis madepossiblethroughthe generosityof Gayfrydand SaulSteinbergandRelianceGroupHoldings,Inc.

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1,2. Pairof silverbowls. Saidto havebeenfoundtogetheron Euboea.Cycladic,ca. 3000-2300 B.C.Left:height4.8 cm;diameterca. 19.6cm;weight439.2 grams.Bequestof WalterC. Baker, 1971(1972.118.152).Right:height5.8 cm;diameterca. 24.6 cm; weight709.5 grams.Purchase,JosephPulitzerBequest,1946 (46.11.1) Thesetwo shallowsilverbowlsmaybe termedforerunnersof the libationbowlscalledphialaiin Greek.Metalvasesof the Cycladic periodareveryrare,andit is not surprisingthatgold andsilver, whicharesuchmalleablemetals,predominate. The decorationon the shoulderof the somewhatsmallerdish differsfromthaton the largerone by havingthreefieldsof vertical lines(eleven,nine,andelevenrespectively)betweenthreewider fieldsof chevrons. The rimof the largerbowl flaresout andthe neckis vertical.The decorationis limitedto the shoulder.Fouroblong fieldsof vertical strokes(nineteenin eachfield,exceptfor one thathasonly eighteen) alternatewith fourothers,somewhatwider,thatarecomposedof fivetriangleseach.The trianglesarehatched. Bibliography:GreekArtoftheAegeanIslands,1979, pp. 63-64 (with previous references).

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3. Gold kantharos(drinkingcup).Saidto be fromThebes.Greek,ca. 1500-1375 B.C. Height to top of handles8.6 cm; heightto rim7.2 cm; width 17.07cm;weight 71 grams.RogersFund, 1907 (07.286.126) The body of the cupwasraisedfroma disk of sheetgold; the two handleswith rolled edgeswereworkedseparatelyandattached with gold rivets.The handlesaredecorated with leafpatterns.Therearethreeconcen-

triccirclesin slightreliefon the bottom.In shapethiskantharosresemblesone found in ShaftGraveIV of Mycenae,the so-called Minyankantharos.The shapeoccursas earlyas the MiddleHelladicperiodandre-

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over a thousandyears.

CupsandAegean Bibliography:E. Davis,The Vapheio Goldand SilverWare,1977, pp. 324-25, no. 147, figs. 263-264.

4. Goldcup. Saidto havebeenfound at Mycenae.Greek,ca. 1500 B.C.Height 5.5 cm;diameterca. 7.95 cm;weight27 grams. Gift of WalterC. Baker,1961(61.71).Ex coll. AlfredAndre No exactparallelis knownfor this gold cup, whichmusthavehada loop handlesimilar to thoseon the morecommondrinking cupsof gold andsilverfoundin the shaft gravesof Mycenae. CupsandAegean Bibliography:E. Davis, The Vapheio Goldand SilverWare,1977, pp. 326-27, no. 149, fig. 266.

5-8. Four silver vases from Cyprus. Purchasedby subscription, 1874-1876. Ex coil. L. P.di Cesnola 5. Oinochoe(winejug).Cypriot,seventhcenturyB.C.Height 15.9 cm;diameter9.6 cm;weight271 grams.(74.51.4592) The lip is trefoil,andthe handleis formedby two reeds.The neckis set off fromthe body by a pronouncedwelt. Bibliography:TheSwedishCyprusExpedition,4,2 (1948), p. 160, fig. 33, no. 14; B. Shefton, Die "rhodischen"Bronzekannen, 1979, p. 58, note 120 (with previous references).

6. Goblet.Cypriot,sixthcenturyB.C.Height 8.1 cm;diameterof mouth 10.4 cm; weight 123 grams. (74.51.4566)

The wine cuphasa roundedbottomanda flaringrimandresembles NearEasterngoblets. Bibliography:J. L. Myres,Handbookf theCesnolaColection,1914, p. 466, no. 4566.

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7. Oinochoe. Cypriot, seventh century B.C.Height 17.8 cm; diameter 12.63 cm; weight 347 grams. (74.51.4586) The form of Cypriot silver jugs, with a globular body, a flaring mouth, and a drip ring on the neck, closely resembles that of the pottery vases of Cypriot make. The edges of the cast handle are decorated with a herringbone pattern.

9-11. Three bowls from Cyprus. Purchasedby subscription, 1874-1876. Ex coll. L. P. di Cesnola

8. Skyphos (wine cup). Cypriot, sixth to fifth century B.C. Height 8.2 cm; diameter 13.26 cm; width 13.37 cm; weight 681 grams. (74.51.4581) The skyphos has an offset lip and was probably cast ratherthan raised.

9. Gold bowl, decorated in repousse. Cypriot, eighth century B.C. Height 4.9 cm; diameter of rim 14.2 cm; weight 122.27 grams. (74.51.4551) The decoration is organized in concentric bands: around a small central boss, thirty-six tongues; halfway up the bowl, a papyrus thicket with seven swimming ducks; below the rim, another papyrus thicket with bulls pursuing fallow deer across the marshes; all have their legs in the water.

Bibliography:TheSwedishCyprusExpedition,4,2 (1948), p. 160, fig. 33, no. 12.

4 (1946), pp. 3,13 f., pl. 12. Bibliography:E. Gjerstad,in OpusculaArchaeologica,

Bibliography:TheSwedishCyprusExpedition,4,2 (1948), p. 160, fig. 33, no. 13.

10. Silver-giltbowl. Cypriot,seventhcenturyB.C.Height 3.3 cm;diameter16.9 cm; weight 155 grams.(74.51.4554) The bowl belongsto a classcalledCyproPhoenicianandwithinit to the second phase.In a medallionin the centera fourwingeddeityin Assyriangarbkillsa rampantlion with his sword.Behindhim hover two Egyptianfalcons.The tondo is surroundedby a narrativezone in Egyptianizing style borderedby cablepatterns.A kneelingarcheraimsat a lion thathasfelled a hunterandis attackedby anotherhunter poisinga spear.Next comesa grazinghorse separatedby a treefromanotherlion that hasthrownan Egyptianto the ground. Afteranothertreecomesa seatedsphinx and, againframedby trees,two confronted bulls;two bullswalkingto the rightanda cow andcalfconcludethe scene.This narrow zone formsthe predella,as it were,of the chiefzone, whichis largerin scale.This outerzone is dividedratherirregularlyby conventionalized"sacredtrees,"flanked once by an Egyptiangoddess,then by two sphinxes,two goats,two griffins,andinterspersedwith the groupof an Egyptian slayinga lion in a forest-an Assyriankilling a griffin,a pharaohclubbingthreecaptives in the presenceof a falcon-headedgod, anda young Egyptianspearinga winged monster.The outerborderis formedby uprightpalmettes.The Egyptianhieroglyphson the panelsdo not makesense. This curiousmixtureof Egyptianand Mesopotamianmotifs is not atypicalof Cypriotartof the archaicperiod,andwe mayneverbe ableto put in focus the artistic personalityresponsiblefor this amalgamof formsandmotifs. Whatis veryclear,however,thanksto the perspicacityofT. B. Mitford, is the identityof the firstownerof the bowl:Akestor,kingof Paphos,had his nameinscribedbelow the rimin the Cypriotsyllabary.At a latertime the bowl changedhands,probablyafter498 B.C. when Paphoswasplunderedby the Persians andtheirCypriotallies,andthe new owner added,againnearthe rim,but fartherto the left: "I belongto Timukretes." Bibliography:T. B. Mitford, in Universityof London, Institute of ClassicalStudies,Bulletin10 (1963), pp. 27-30, pls. 4-7 (with previous bibliography).

11. Silverbowl. Foundon Cyprus (Kourion).Cypriot,earlysixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.6 cm; diameter15.5 cm; weight 82 grams.(74.51.4552) Unlikethe two previousCypriotbowls, this one is not in repousseor in relief,but merelyincised.An inscriptionin West Cypriot(or Paphian)syllabaryidentifies both the owner (Epiorwos)andthe name of the shape(phiale).The decorationconsistsof a centralsixteen-petalledrosettefollowed by two bandsof whichthe lower representsa papyrusthicketandthe upper 20

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a curiousgroupingof pairedheraldic sphinxes,griffins,wingedcobras,falconheadeddivinities,andfalcons.In addition thereareisolatedbirdsanda divinitywith fourwings.The letteringis partof the designandappearsin an areadeliberately left emptyfor the inscriptionnextto a big waterbird.The groupsareseparatedby palmettes,lotuses,a palmtree,andtwo deciduous treesaswell as by a highlystylized "sacredtree." The styleof the engravingis whathas but the coexbeentermedCypro-Egyptian, istenceof the manydifferentdetailsmakesit clearthatthe engraverwasnot an Egyptian but a localartist. Bibliography:O. Masson, in BulletindeCorrespondanceHellnique, 104 (1950), pp. 225-31 (with previous bibliographyon the inscription);E. Gjerstad, 4 (1946), pp. 3,13 ff, pl. in OpusculaArchaeologica, 14 (on the style).

12. Silver phiale mesomphalos. Greek (perhaps Rhodian), late seventh or early sixth century B.C.Height 4.5 cm; diameter 22.07 cm; weight 422 grams. Classical Purchase Fund, 1981 (1981.11.13) This is the earliest of the Museum's traditional phialai with the pronounced omphalos (navel) or central boss, the hollow underside of which furnished a secure grip for two fingers while the phiale was tilted to pour a libation. The wall of the phiale is decorated by twelve radiallyarrangedstylized lotus blossoms. The omphalos was covered by another layer that was equipped with a brim or collar and was worked separately; this added member was gilt. The boss has in its center a small raised disk from which sixteen tongues or flutes descend radiallyover the side. The brim or collar is embossed with animals or monsters: two

sphinxes couchants are followed (clockwise) by a bull facing a lion, a boar facing right, a bird on a flower, and a panther facing left. Between the animals, tendrils spring from the ground line or are suspended from the circular top border. Not many Greek silver phialai mesomphaloi are known from this time-one in Berlin, said to be from Asia Minor, and two from Kameiros on Rhodes-but this is the only early one that has animals in addition to the floral ornaments, which help in the dating of the object. MuseumofArt Bibliography:TheMetropolitan Annual Report1980-1981,p. 37; idem,Notable Acquisitions1980-1981, p. 11 (ill.).

13. Silverbowl. FromCyprus.Cypriot,

sixth century B.C.Height 5.5 cm; diameter ' 10.3 cm; weight 82 grams. Purchased by subscription, 1874-1876 (74.51.4562) Ex coil. L. P. di Cesnola On the offset lip thirteen birds are engraved marching to the right. The body is decorated with forty-four tongues or ribs radiating from the depression on the bottom that^ forms the omphalos. Engraved decoration occurs in the archaicperiod not only in Persian metalwork but also on East Greek silver vases (compare nos. 45 and 49). '.. Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.SilverfortheGods,Toledo,

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1977,p. 24, no. 1 (withpreviousreferences).

14. Silver bowl. Found in Sardis. Greek, sixth century B.C.Height 5.6 cm; diameter of mouth 11.44 cm; weight 147.3 grams. Gift of The American Society for the Exploration of Sardis, 1926 (26.164.13) The lip is sharply set off from the body of the bowl, which is decorated on the shoulder by two grooves.

15. Silversitula(pail)with swinginghandle. Saidto be fromthe Troad.Greek,sixthcentury B.C.Height, with bailupright,19.5 cm;heightto rim 13.3 cm;diameter14.3 cm;weight630 grams.Bequestof WalterC. Baker,1971(1972.118.153) The body of the situlais ribbed,andthe shoulderis decoratedwith a bandof fortyeight smallrosettes.The swinginghandle terminatesin smallanimalheads(perhaps snakes).The vesselis equippedwith a small ring base.No exactparallelsareknown,but the shapeanddecorationbetraya strong Achaemenianinfluence. Bibliography:AncientArtfrom NewYorkPrivateCollections,1961, p. 12, no. 56, pl. 100.

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16,17. Pairof silverphialai.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Left:height6.3 cm;diameter 12.46 cm;weight232 grams.Purchase, Mrs.CharlesS. PaysonGift, 1966 (66.11.21).Right:height6.3 cm; diameter 12.57 cm;weight243 grams.RogersFund, 1966 (66.11.22) Eachhasa shallowomphalos,an offset lip, andengravedtongueson the lowerpartof the bowl (borderedaboveon no. 16 [left] by a circleof puncheddots). Betweenthe lip andthe tongues,encirclingthe bowl, are attachedeighteenbeardedheadsthatare hollow andsolderedonto the wallof the bowl. Whensomeof the headsbecame detached,it wasdiscoveredthatinsidewere tiny bronzepelletsthatproducea rattling soundwhenthe cup is liftedandmoved. On the bowl of no. 16 an engravedbandof rosettesoccursabovethe headsat the junction of lip andshoulder,andstylized rosettesareengravedat the intersticesof the heads. The headshavea pronouncedOriental castandconformto our associationof Persianfeatures.No othersuchphialaiare knowntoday,but a "silverphialewith Persianheads"is mentionedin one of the Deliantempleinventories. Bibliography:M. Vickers,inJHS 90 (1970), p. 201; D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevreriede la Gr&ceorientaleau MetropolitanMuseumde New York,"in Academiedes Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres, ComptesRendus,1981, pp. 195, 196, fig. 1.

18. Silver-giltphiale.Greek,sixthcentury B.C.Height 3.7 cm; diameter15.23 cm; weight245.4 grams.Purchase,Rogers Fund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaand JohnKlejmanGift, 1968 (68.11.14) The shapeof the phialeis of the so-called Achaemeniantype-offset flaringlip, hollow omphalos-but the decorationis most unusual.The ten projectinglobesor bosses arenot workedin repousse(as,for example, on nos. 28 and29) but areseparatelyhammeredandattachedto the wallof the bowl in speciallypreparedgrooves.The plain lobes resemblein contourandvolumethe similarlyattachedPersianheadson nos. 16 and17.The intervalsbetweenthe lobesare decoratedwith gilt a jourreliefsof the Persiankingwalkingto the left in fullregalia. His feet areset on two eagleheadsplaced backto backthatsurmounta heraldically drop-shapedringdecoratedwith an ivy leaf below. Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevreriede la Grce orientaleau Metropolitan Museumde New York,"in Academiedes Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Comptes Rendus,1981, pp. 195-96, fig. 2.

19. Silverbowl, with omphalos.Greek, sixthcenturyB.C.Height 4.5 cm;diameter 10.56 cm; weight89 grams.RogersFund, 1975 (1975.11.4) This smalldrinkingbowl is technically relatedto the silver-giltphiale(no. 18) but somewhatcruderandlesswellpreserved. Sixhollow andshallowlobes alternatewith six plaquesof the Persiankingkillinga lion. The reliefzone is borderedaboveby a narrow bandof engravedhatchedtrianglesand below by a similarbandof doublehatched triangles.Halfwaybetweenthe lowerband andthe depressionof the omphalosis a circularrow of punchedcirclesandon the edge of the hollowof the omphalosa band of incisedherringbones. The two bowlswith appliquereliefs(nos. 18 and 19) maybe comparedto a phialein the BritishMuseum(WAD135571)that haseight smallplaquesof a rampantBesheadedwingedlion betweeneight lobes. The latter,however,arenot addedbut in repousse. 25

20-24. Five silver bowls. 20. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.8 cm; diameter17.0 cm; weight 271 grams.FletcherFund, 1968 (68.11.64) 21. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.7 cm; diameter17.4-17.65 cm; weight 302.3 grams.Purchase,Anonymous Gift, 1970 (1970.11.16) Whilenot an exactpair,thesetwo libation bowls areobviouslycontemporaryandthe workof the samesilversmith.Both, moreover,sharea similarlightlyengravedmonogramin the hollow of the omphalos.In termsof styletheyaresimilarto the phialai of the so-calledAchaemeniantype (nos. 28 and29) illustratedon the oppositepage. All fourhavenine lobes alternatingwith nine stylizedlotuses. 22. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.5 cm; diameter14.6 cm; weight 265 grams.Purchase,RogersFund,Anonymous Gift, andHalinaandJohnKlejman Gift, 1969 (69.11.10) The seventy-sixtongueson the outsideof the lowerpartof the bowl arechased,as are the threecarinationson the shoulder. 23. Silverwine cup.Greek,sixthcentury B.C.Height 4.9 cm; diameter10.85 cm; weight 161grams.Purchase,Anonymous Gift, 1967 (67.11.17) The decoration,limitedto the outside,is chased.It consistsof a sixteen-petalledrosette surroundedby a circleof beadingon the bottom andeighty-twotongueson the convexpartof the bowl; abovethe flutes, justbelow the offset lip, is a circleof kymatiaandeggs. The rosetteis a forerunnerof the similarones on the bottomsof nos. 75, 78, and 79. 24. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.1 cm; diameter14.9-15.1 cm; weight206.9 grams.Purchase,Rogers Fund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaand JohnKlejmanGift, 1968 (68.11.9) As on no. 22 the eighty-seventongueson the outsidearechased,andthereis an engravedcirclearoundthe depressionof the omphalos.In addition,however,this phiale hasthirty-eighttongueschasedon the inside,surroundingthe omphalos,the undersideof whichhasincisedletters(Alik) thatmaybe the beginningof a Greekname, anda complexmonogram.

25-29. Five silver phialai. Greek, sixth century

B.C.

25. Offset lip, shallow omphalos, carination on shoulder, ninety-five lightly chased tongues on the outside. Height 3.25 cm; diameter 17.0 cm; weight 210 grams. Classical Purchase Fund, 1980 (1980.11.13) 26. Offset lip, small omphalos, small tongue pattern on shoulder, thirty-two tongues on body. Height 4.25 cm; diameter 15.67 cm; weight 205 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.8) 27. Continuous convex contour, deep omphalos with collar consisting of sixty-one chased tongues. The outside is plain. Height 3.8 cm; diameter 18.0 cm; weight 409 grams. Purchase, Anonymous Gift, 1970 (1970.11.15)

29. Same type, but smaller.Height 3.2 cm; diameter 13.92 cm; weight 154 grams. Rogers Fund, 1966 (66.11.20) Phialai with flaring rims or offset lips (nos. 25, 26, 28, 29) are commonly called the Achaemenian type, though it is by no means certain that all were made by Persians.The pure Greek shape is represented by no. 27, and in Attic potteryoccurs as early as the sixth century B.C.A somewhat flatter and much lighter silver phiale in the Indiana University Art Museum (ace. no. 69.102.2; A. Oliver, Jr.,Silverforthe Gods,1977, p. 25, no. 2) shares its system of decoration with no. 27. The combination of carination on the shoulder and tongues below (no. 25) continues well into the fourth century and occurs on drinking cups (see no. 77).

28. Flaring rim, small omphalos, nine lobes separatedby nine lotuses. Height 4.2 cm; diameter 17.7 cm; weight 210.5 grams. Rogers Fund, 1966 (66.11.19)

30. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. G. Bastis,Mrs.ThomasS. Brush,Winslow Carlton,andMrs.JamesJ.RorimerGifts, 1969 (69.11.11) The phialehas an offset lip andan ornamental bandof somewhatirregulartongues below the junctionof lip andbody.An owner'smonogram(shownhere)is engravedon one sideof the lip; on the oppositeside thereis anothergraffito.

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31,32. Two deepsilverphialai.Greek,sixth centuryB.C.Left: height6.5 cm; diameter 15.84 cm; weight254.2 grams.Right: height 5.8 cm; diameter14.06 cm;weight 231.4 grams.Purchase,AnonymousGift, 1970 (1970.11.19,18) Thesetwo libationbowls introducefurther variations.The one on the righthasninetyeight shorttongueschasedon its shoulder andninety-twolong, narrowleavesthat radiatefroma reservedbandaroundthe hollow of the omphalos,whichis inscribed with a lambda.The largerof the two bowls, on the left, hasonly eighty-nineshort tonguesbelow the junctionof lip andshoultwo Greekletterschiandiota.

33. Deep silverbowl. Greek,sixthcentury B.C.Height 5.65 cm; diameter12.24 cm; weight253 grams.Purchase,Anonymous Gift, 1973 (1973.11.8) 34. Shallowsilverbowl. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 3.7 cm;diameter16.36 cm; weight 237 grams.Purchase,AnonymousGift, 1973 (1973.11.9) Thesetwo handsome,though totally undecorated,bowlswereacquiredtogether with a plainsilversitula(no. 53), a plainsilverladle(no. 64), andthe smallerof our two silverstrainers(no. 67); presumablythe fiveobjectswerefound together.

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35. Silvertrefoiloinochoe.Greek,sixth centuryB.C.Height to top of handle18 cm; to top of rim17.3cm;diameter9.55 cm; weight623 grams.RogersFund,1966 (66.11.23) The body of the jug is raised,whilethe foot andhandlearecastseparatelyandjoinedto the vasewith solder.The shoulderandthe foot aredecoratedwith tongues,andthere is a circleof beadingat the junctionof the foot andthe body;a kymationis chasedon the edge of the mouth.The handleis in the shapeof a nakedyouth bendingbackward, his long hairfallinginto the mouthof the vase.His feet reston a separatelycastlower attachmentthatterminatesbelowin a hanging palmette;the lateralprojectionsaretwo recumbentramsin high relief,theirheads turnedtowardthe viewer.Thesetwo rams correspondto two couchantlionsplaced backto backon the rimon eithersideof the headof the youth,who graspstheirtails. The schemeof the handlewith a youth,two lions above,andtwo ramsbelowis known fromGreekbronzehydriaiandoinochoai, but to datethis is the only examplein silver. Bibliography:T. P. F Hoving, TheChase,theCapture, 1975, p. 119, fig. 19.

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36. Silver trefoil oinochoe. Greek, sixth century B.C.Height to top of handle 20.6 cm; to top of rim, 18.1 cm; diameter 11.86 cm; weight 825 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.11) The body of the jug and the foot are raised separatelyand joined with solder. The handle is cast and attached to the rim and to the shoulder of the jug with solder. Arching high above the mouth, the handle terminates above in the head of a lion, its mouth wide open. The mane is not rendered in relief but by incision. The lateralprojections on top are in the shape of spools and are decorated at the ends with rosettes, likewise incised. The lower finial of the handle, in low relief, shows the frontal head of a panther flanked by its forelegs. The beading along the ridge of the handle and its edges is also applied to the edges of the spools above, the fillet between the body of the vase and the foot, the edge of the foot, and the junction of panther head and handle. The conceit of a handle with feline finials is also observed on bronze hydriai and oinochoai, but this jug gives us the first, and to date only, example in silver. Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevreriede la Grce orientaleau Metropolitan Museumde New York,"in Academiedes Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Comptes Rendus,1981, p. 201, fig. 6.

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37. Silveroinochoe.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Height to top of handle 13.8 cm;to top of rim12.5 cm;diameter11.77cm;weight439 grams.Purchase,RogersFund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaand JohnKlejmanGift, 1968 (68.11.16) The body,asusual,is raised;the handle,however,is not solidsilver but hollow,composedof two halvesandfilledwith lead. Whilethe shapeof thisjug is moreEasternthanGreek,the sculpturaladjunctsof the handle-a lion'sheadaboveanda headof the EgyptiandivinityBesbelow-are typicallyGreek.The mouthis not completelycircularbut hasa slightspout,the edgesof whichare incisedon the insideof the lip.

38. Silveroinochoe.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Heightto top of handle19.6 cm;to top of rim18.8 cm;diameter13.93 cm;weight 850.5 grams.Purchase,RogersFund,AnonymousGift,Arthur DarbyNock Fund,in memoryof GiselaRichter,andChristosG. Bastis,DavidL. KleinJr.MemorialFoundation,Inc., Helen H. Mertens,RichardA. VanAvery,RuthElizabethWhite,andMrs. JamesJ. Rorimer,Gifts, 1976 (1976.11.1) The body is carinated,as is thatof no. 37, but the proportionsare differentandthe neckis set off moresharplyfromthe shoulder.The spout is quitepronounced.The casthandleis flutedandterminates abovein a stylizedeagle'sheadthatappearsto biteinto the lip. Similarstylizedanimalheadsappearon Lydianbronzes.

39-43. Five silver pitchers. Greek, sixth century B.C.

39. Height, with handle, 11.6 cm; weight 92 grams. Purchase, Anonymous Gift, 1967 (67.11.16) 40. Height, with handle, 11.3 cm; weight 72 grams. Classical Purchase Fund, 1980 (1980.11.16) 41. Height, with handle, 11.6 cm; weight 107 grams. Fletcher Fund, 1968 (68.11.59) 42. Height, with handle, 9.7 cm; weight 86.5 grams. Purchase, The Abraham Foundation, Inc., Gift, 1975 (1975.11.5) 43. Height, with handle, 11 cm; weight 104.5 grams. Purchase, Mrs. Vincent Astor Gift, 1966 (66.11.24) The five silver pitchers are too small to have served as wine jugs, and it is more likely that they contained an aromatic liquid that was added to the wine. All five have the underside of the foot decorated in repousse with a rosette; the handles are riveted to the body, which, including the foot, is invariably raised. The lower finial of the handle is always a palmette, but the decorations of the body differ. No. 42, the most elaborate, has tongues on the shoulder and tongues

below; nos. 39 and 43 have tongues only on the shoulder; nos. 40 and 41 have plain bodies. A further difference is that nos. 39, 42, and 43 have palmettes on the upper attachment of the handle as well. Other small silver pitchers of this type are in Berlin (1974.2 and 3) and Oxford. 44. Bronze jug with slip-on lid. Greek or Lydian, sixth century B.C.Height to top of lid 22.5 cm; diameter 16.5 cm. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.18) The bronze jug is exhibited in the Greek and Roman Treasurybecause it was acquired with a group of fourteen silver vases that may all have been found together. Of simple, rather squat form, the jug is remarkable owing to its lid, which was slotted along its lower edge and slipped over the flat handle before the latter was riveted to the mouth and body of the jug. The same technique is known from Lydian pottery (e.g., 14.30.22; MMA Bulletin n.s. 26 [1967-68], p. 199, upper right). The tiering of the lid may be compared with the similar convention on the lid of the incense burner (no. 68). Bibliography:C. H. Greenewalt,Jr.,Ritual Dinners in EarlyHistoricSardis,1978, p. 12. n. 3.

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45. Silveralabastron.Greek,sixthcentury B.C.Height 10.3 cm;diameter3.6 cm; weight 115grams.RogersFund,1966 (66.11.27) Of allthe silveralabastra knownthisis the most elaborate.The body is dividedinto fourpictorialzonesseparatedby ornamental bandsof differentpatterns.In the top registera naturaldivisioninto anobverse andreverseis furnishedby the two lugs in the shapeof ducks'heads;eachpicturein this zone is of two cocksconfrontingeach other.The secondregistercontinuesthe distinctionbetweenbackandfrontby havingon the obversea lionessanda lion attackinga bullfacingleft, whileon the reversethe bullbeing attackedby the lionessandthe lion facesright.In the third zone a battleof warriorsrages:two phalanxesattackeachother,fivewarriorson the left againstsixon the right,and,to avoid too obviousa suture,the battlesceneon the othersidedepictsa duel betweentwo hoplites.The lowestregistershowson the obversea trio of fallowdeer,followedby a fourthon the rightthattakesup mostof the spaceon the back.The roundedbottomof the alabastronis decoratedflorally:fourcircumscribedpalmettesarearrangedsymmetricallywith eight additional,somewhat smallerpalmettesin the spandrels. Bibliography:All our silveralabastraarediscussedin ArtibusAegypti,Brussels,1983, pp. 15-23, figs.

5-12.

46. Silveralabastron.Greek,sixthcentury B.C.Height 12.6 cm; diameter4.77 cm; weight 76 grams.FletcherFund, 1968 (68.11.61) The systemof dividingthe body into four zones by ornamentalbandsis the sameas on the alabastronwith figures(no. 45), but herethe zones areleft empty.On the bottom, insteadof the palmetteconfiguration, is a rosettecomposedof eight lozenges. The ornamentsin the bandsaretongues (on top), saltiresquares,a cablepattern, lozenges,andsaltiresquares.The lugs, againin the shapeof ducks'heads,arenot workedseparatelybut, as is usualin this groupof silveralabastra,raisedfromthe insideof the vase.

48. Silveralabastron.Greek,sixthcentury B.C.Height 14.04 cm; diameter4.36 cm; weight 71 grams.Purchase,ChristosG. BastisGift, 1967 (67.11.10) The body of the vaseis divided(ason some of the others)into threezones by narrow ornamentalbandsof whichthreehavespecialsaltiresquares.The secondbandhas hatchedtriangleslikethose appliedto no. 47. On the bottomis a rosettewith sixteen petals.The plumageon the duck's-headlugs is closerto thaton no. 47 thanto thaton no. 45.

47. Silveralabastron.Greek,sixthcentury B.C.Height, with stopper,16.46 cm, without stopper,15.15cm; diameter5.2 cm; weight 96 grams.ClassicalPurchaseFund, 1980 (1980.11.15) The stopper,hemisphericalanddecorated with a whirlingpattern,is attachedto a shorthollow cylinderthatslipsinto another cylinderattachedto the rimof the vesselby a flangethatcoversandstrengthensit. The ornamentaldecorationis limitedto tongues below the neckandthreedividingbands (squaresandhatchedtriangles,cablepattern,opposedhatchedtriangles).The bottom has an elaboratestarrosettewith twenty-twopoints. Likethe othersilveralabastraof this class,this one is equippedwith lugs in the formof ducks'heads. 36

49. Silverskyphos,with foot restored. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Height, as restored,16.6 cm, as preserved,12.5 cm; width 22.04 cm; diameter14.26-15.33 cm; weight,as restored,597 grams.Gift of Mr.andMrs.ThomasS. Brush,1971 (1971.118).Ex coll. Hagop Kevorkian As on the silveralabastra,the body is dividedinto zones by narrowornamental bands.The top zone hereis decoratedwith linkedhangingpalmettesandlotuses, lightlyengraved.The secondzone presents in the centerof eachsideheraldicsphinxes; undereachhandle,heraldiclions raisea forelegat an elaboraterosettein the center. In the thirdzone six grazingfallowdeer advanceto the left, followedby a wading bird(probablya demoisellecrane).The last zone is againornamental-a zig-zagband surmountedateachangleby palmettes. In techniqueandcompositionthe engraveddrawingis verycloseto thaton one of the silveralabastra(no. 45), especiallyin the treatmentof the fallowdeer. The bodyof the skyphosis raised;the roundhandlesarecast.The foot hasbeen restoredon the analogyof Lydianterracotta skyphoi. Bibliography:Sale cat., Sotheby's,London, Dec. 8, 1970, lot 36 (ill.).

50. Silverbeaker.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 10.7cm;diameter6.12 cm;weight 64 grams.Purchase,AnonymousGift, 1967 (67.11.11) The body is fluted,andat the junctionof neckandshoulderthereis a notchedfillet. The beakermaybe comparedwith a somewhatlargerglassbeakerin the Corning Museumof Glass(ace.no. 66.1.16;Journal ofGlassStudies9 [1967], p. 133, fig. 3).

51. Silverbeaker.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 11.8cm;diameter6.2 cm;weight 107 grams.FletcherFund,1968 (68.11.60) This beakershareswith no. 50 the fluting andthe filletat the junctionof neckand shoulder.Its bottom,however,is not round but flatanddecoratedwith a fourteenpetaledrosette.The rosettelinksthe beaker stylisticallyto the smallsilverpitchers(nos. 39-43).

52. Silverjarwith lid. Greek,sixthcentury B.C.Height, with lid, 9.06 cm, withoutlid, 6.8 cm; diameter5 cm; weight 72.6 grams. Purchase,RogersFund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohnKlejmanGift, 1968 (68.11.5) The body andlid areraised.The heavyring handleon top of the lid is solderedto it. The jarwasperhapsusedfor cosmetics.

53. Silversitulawith swingingbailand chain.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Height, with bailupright,9.5 cm, to top of rim6.75 cm; lengthof chain53.34 cm; totalweight 106.7grams.Purchase,AnonymousGift, 1973 (1973.11.10) The body of the situlais raised,andthe hammeredomega-shaped bailis slipped throughtwo holesnearthe rim.The chain, whichconsistsof forty links,is attached with an oval ringto the bailandfurnished with a ringat the otherend thatcanbe slipped on a finger.No exactparallelsexistfor this silversitula,but its shapecanbe saidto resembleEgyptiansitulae. Bibliography:Sale cat., Sotheby's,London, July10, 1972, no. 60 (ill.).

54. Silver saucer.Greek, sixth century B.C. Height 1.4 cm; diameter 7.25 cm; weight 38.4 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.6) The small saucer has a rounded bottom and resembles three such silver saucers excavated at Sardis and now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

55. Silversaucerwith spout andhandle. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Height 2.15 cm; diameter7.5 cm;width 10.5 cm; weight 51.5 grams.Purchase,RogersFund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.7) The shallowsaucerandthe spoutwere raisedfroma singlediskof sheetsilver;the loop handlewasforgedseparatelyand attachedto the rimwith rivets.The flattened,circularendsof the loop aredecoratedwith incisedrosettes.A ligature composedof a retrogradekappaandlambda appearstwice,lightlyengravedon the outside below andto the rightof the handle.

56. Silverdish.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 1 cm; diameter8.8 cm;weight 87.3 grams.Purchase,Mrs.VincentAstorGift, 1966 (66.11.25) This smallshallowdishbearsa faintgraffito on the flatbottomin the formof the Greek letterchi.

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57. Silverplatterwith swinginghandle. Greek,latesixthcenturyB.C.Height to edge 4.8 cm; diameter30.46 cm; length, with handleextended,39.7 cm; weight 1,525.5 grams.Purchase,RogersFund, AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohn KlejmanGift, 1968 (68.11.3) The shallowbowl of the platteris raised, andalmosthalfof the peripheryof the rim rodthatis is reinforcedby a semicircular rivetedto it in four places,aswell as solderedto it alongits entirelength.To this supportareattachedtwo hammeredrings thatin turnhold the hammeredomegashapedswinginghandle,the finialsof which arein the shapeof buds.Suchlargeshallow plattersareknownmostlyfrombronze examples,two of which,now in the British Museum,werefound in a tomb (datedto the late sixth century B.C.) in Amathus on

Cyprus;a third,now in the J.PaulGetty Museumin Malibu(acc.no. 78 A.C. 403), hasa largefloralrosettein the center.

58. Silvercoverwith ringhandle.Greek, latesixthcenturyB.C.Height to top of ring handle5.6 cm; diameter18.06 cm;weight 246.6 grams.Purchase,RogersFund, AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohn KlejmanGift, 1968 (68.11.15) The lid properis raisedfroma singledisk. To its top, in the center,is soldereda rosette with twenty-twopetals,whichin turnis surmountedby a smallballthatholdsthe ring.The ringhandlecover,acquired togetherwith the platter(no. 57), mayhave been foundsittingin it, for a faintcircular discolorationon the surfaceof the insideof the plattercorrespondsto the diameterof the lid.

59. Silverkyathos(ladle).Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Height 22.7 cm; diameterof bowl 4.8 cm; weight 89 grams.RogersFund, 1966 (66.11.26) Of allthe archaicmetalladlesknownthis is the most elaborate.It wasmadein several parts:the bowl wasraisedfroma silverdisk, andthe handleandthe loop on top were castseparately, aswerethe two sphinxes flankingit at the junctionto the bowl.The handleis joinedto the bowl with rivets;the loop on top is solderedon, as arethe two sphinxesbelow.The iconographyis quite The facetedhandletermiextraordinary. natesbelowin the forepartof a wingedlion, sculptedin the roundas farbackas its haunches;it seemsto plungeinto the bowl as if drinkingfromit. The two sphinxes heraldically placedon the rimof the bowl aresomewhatsmallerin scale.The handle terminatesabovein a lotus capitalof vaguelyAchaemenianform.The loop above is decoratedin reliefwith two hybrideaglegriffinsthathaveeagles'heads,wings, and talons,horses'ears,andlions'forelegs. Bibliography:T. P. E Hoving, TheChase,theCapture, 1975, p. 119, fig. 20; D. von Bothmer"Les Tresorsde l'orfevreriede la Greceorientaleau MetropolitanMuseumde New York,"in Academiedes Rendus,1981, Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres,Comptes pp. 194ff, fig. 3.

60. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 16.68 cm; diameterof bowl 5.3 cm; weight47 grams.RogersFund,1975 (1975.11.3) The facetedhandleandthe loop arehammeredfromone rod of silver;the lowerend is attachedto the bowl with threerivetsthat go throughandpartlyobscurethe engraved palmetteon the finial.The loop terminates abovein the headof a calf.This kyathosis somewhatshorterthanthe othersin the Museumbut the styleof the animalhead andthe facetinglinkit with the otherladles. The techniqueof rivetingthe finialof the handleto the body alsooccurson someof the smallsilverpitchers.

61. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 20.94 cm; diameterof bowl 6.12 cm; weight 107.6grams.Purchase,Rogers Fund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaand JohnKlejmanGift, 1968 (68.11.4) The bowl, stem,andloop areallhammered andraisedfromone pieceof silver.The loop curveson top awayfromthe bowl,not towardit as on no. 60. The finelychased finialis in the shapeof a calfs head. 41

62. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 23.25 cm; diameterof bowl 5.83 cm; weight 101grams.ClassicalPurchase Fund, 1980 (1980.11.14) On this kyathosthe bowl andthe handleare raisedfromone pieceof metal.The cast loop on top of the handleis joinedto the stemof the handlewith solder,as is the finial in the formof a quatrefoillotus.The stemis fluted.The loop is decoratedwith two heraldiclionsworkedin a techniquesimilar to thatusedon the loop of no. 59 in thatthe animalsarepartlyin the roundandpartlyin relief.The lions toucheachotherwith their extendedfrontlegs andaverttheirheads.A variantof this heraldicrepresentation occurson the loop of a silverkyathosin Cleveland(ace.no. 56.34; Bulletinofthe MuseumofArt 45 [1958], p. 46), Cleveland on whichthe lions faceeachother,andin placeof the lotus finialon top of the stem therearetwo animalheads. MuseumofArt, Bibliography:TheMetropolitan Annual Report1980-1981,1981, pp. 36-37; idem, 1980-1981, 1981, p. 12. NotableAcquisitions

63. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 22.04 cm; diameterof bowl4.556 cm; weight 72.7 grams.ArthurDarbyNock Fund,in memoryof GiselaRichter,and RogersFund,1976 (1976.11.4) This ladle,somewhatsmallerthannos. 59 and62, introducesyet anothervariant.The ladle'sstemandbowl areraisedin one piece as on no. 62, with whichit alsosharesthe quatrefoillotus on top, but the loop surmountingthe stemdoes not havecomplete animalsbut only lions'heads,as on many GreekandGreco-Persian bracelets.Closest to this kyathosis one formerlyin the collection ofTheodor Wiegand(K. A. Neuin deutschem gebauer,Antiken Privatbesitz, 1938, pl. 89, no. 209).

64. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 19.71cm; diameterof bowl4.665 cm; weight 80.4 grams.Purchase,AnonymousGift, 1973 (1973.11.11) This is the plainestof the Museum's kyathoi.It is withoutanysculptural adjunctsandornamentationandmaybe comparedwith a silverkyathosfromSardis in the museumat Istanbul.The loop in the form of a plainringis attachedwith solder. Bibliography:Sale cat., Sotheby's,London, July10, 1972, no. 60 (ill.).

65. Silverspoon. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Length,as preserved,10.7cm;weight27 grams.Gift of Mr.andMrs.J.J.Klejman, 1968 (68.5) Hammeredandraisedfroma singlepieceof silver,this ratherflatspoon hasa shortstem turnedinto a loop thatterminatesin a duck'shead.The headof a duckas a sculpturaladjunctalsooccurson the four silver alabastrain the Museum'scollection(nos. 45-48). 42

66. Silverstrainer.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Length,with the bowl horizontal,28.26 cm;diameterof bowl 12.76cm; depthof bowl 6.3 cm;weight 325 grams.Fletcher Fund, 1968 (68.11.58) The bowl of thisstrainer(whichis raised) hasa broadconcaverimanda steeper bulgethatis perforatedin omphalos-shaped two tiers:on the innercentralportion the perforationsform a whirligigto left, while on the surroundingzone the tiny holesare drilledin a sicklepatternfacingthe other way.The diameterof the innercup (8 cm) wouldhavecorrespondedto the diameterof the goblet or beakerinto whichthe wine wasstrained.The heavy,flathandleis cast andattachedto the bowl at an anglewith threerivetsthatarecarefullyplacedso as not to destroythe symmetryof the engravedandchasedpalmetteof the finial. A hook in the shapeof a duck'sheadand neckis providedat the otherend.

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67. Silverstrainer.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Length21.63 cm; diameterof bowl 8.5 cm; depthof bowl 5.45 cm;weight217.1grams. Purchase,AnonymousGift, 1973 (1973.11.7) Here the strainerpartof the bowl is domeshapedandset off fromthe broad,slightly slantedrimwith a collar.Its smalldiameter (belowthe collar:4.71cm) suggeststhatit wasusedwith a beakeror goblet with a fairlysmallmouth.Partof the stemof the handleis hexagonalin cross-section;at its junctionwith the rimof the bowl the handle flaresout at eitherside andis decorated on its uppersurfacewith an incisedlotus. ~' stemis reinforcedwith two groupsof ~The !' threeprofiledrings,andits upperend curvesin a semicircleto the left andterminatesin the headof a calf.A rowof small circlesis punchedallthe wayaroundthe edge of the rim.The holesof the strainerare evenlyspacedin elevenconcentriccircles andarelimitedto the verybottom.Two similarstrainersarein the BritishMuseum (118462;117840).This strainerwas acquiredwith a ladle(no. 64), a situlaand chain(no. 53), andtwo plainbowls (nos. 33 and34), allof whicharesaidto have beenfoundtogether. '^T~~I~

Bibliography:Salecat., Sotheby's,London, July10, 1972, no. 60 (ill.).

68. Silverincenseburner.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Height 28.2 cm; diameterof base 10.6 cm;weight221 grams.ClassicalPurchaseFund,1980 (1980.11.12) An inscriptionin Lydianletterson the flare of the baseidentifiesthis censeras the property of Artimas.The supportis carinated andshowsa pronouncedbulgetowardthe top. It also hastwo ducks'headslikethose on the manysilveralabastra(cf. nos. 45-48), one of whichhasa perforationfor the attachmentof a chainwith six linksstill preserved.The standis raisedfroma single diskof sheetsilverto whichthe raisedcup of the incenseburnerproperis soldered. This cup has a pronouncedoffset upright rim overwhicha conicalcoverfitssnugly. The cover,also raised,hasten tiers,of whicheight areperforatedwith arrowshapedslots for the diffusionof the smoking incense.This coveris surmountedby a caststatuetteof a cock,the plinthof whichis solderedto a smallfloralsaucer.The finialis rivetedto the cover,andthereis a ring in the fantailto whichthe chainwas attached. The sculpturaladjunctsof this veryelaborateincenseburnerconnectits styleso finealacloselywith thatof the particularly bastron(no. 45) thatone canthinkof both as beingmadein the sameworkshop. Cockson top of incenseburnercoversare knownfromEgypt (cf. G. Maspero,in Le 2 [1907], pp. 54ff, pl. 24), a MuseeEgyptien Punicgravestelein Vienna(J.M. Carrie, Byrsa,vol. 1, 1979, pp. 319ff,fig. lib), and an Etruscanbronzeincenseburneron the Swissmarket:it is not surprisingthatsuch decorativeconceitstraveledwidelyin the ancientworld. MuseumofArt, Bibliography:TheMetropolitan AnnualReport1980-1981,1981, pp. 36-37; idem, 1980-1981, 1981, p. 12; D. von NotableAcquisitions Bothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevreriede la Grce orientale au MetropolitanMuseumde New York,"in Academiedes Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres,Comptes Rendus,1981, pp. 194ff, fig. 5; R. Gusmani,inKadmos22 (1983), pp. 56-60, pl. 1 (on the inscription).

69. Bronzeincenseburner.Greek,sixth centuryB.C.Length62.5 cm. Purchase, RogersFund,AnonymousGift, andHalina andJohnKlejmanGift, 1968 (68.11.17) Thoughnot madeof preciousmetal,this uniqueincenseburneris exhibitedwith tablesilverof the periodandstylebecauseit musthavebeenpartof a banquetservice.It wasmadein severalparts:the bowl proper, in whichthe incensewasburned,is soldered to an interveningcastmemberthatendsin a sleevefor the carryingrod;lateralprojec-

tions in the form of ducks' heads set backto-back flank this member and are soldered to it as well as to the bowl, the whole forming a finial. On top of this finial a lug is perforated crossways to serve as a pivot for the hind feet of a cast statuette of a calf that turns its head back. Its front hooves are attached to a short plinth that in turn is riveted to the domed, tiered cover of the incense burner. Like the silver incense burner (no. 68), the cover has arrow-shaped perforations in two of its five tiers. It is equipped with a knob on top that is riveted to the cover. The other end of the long carrying rod is capped by a cast head of a calf. Unlike pedestaled incense burners, which were set on tables in a room or sanctuary, the horizontal one was carried by hand and moved from side to side, like the so-called arm censers from Egypt. No other incense burners of this type have been found in Greece or Anatolia, but a Syrian "arm censer,"made of steatite and somewhat shorter than ours, combines the Egyptian convention of a hand holding the cup with the new element of a long rod terminating in the head of a bull, and thus supplies the missing link between the time-honored Egyptian shape and its later adaptation.

41.

Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,in MonumentsPiot61 (1977), pp. 51-53. (The Syrianarmcenseris published in the sale cat., Sotheby's,London, Dec. 12-13,1983, pp. 22-23, no. 87.)

70. Silver cosmetic box with cover and its silver scoop. Greek, sixth century B.C. Height 3.35 cm; width 8.87 cm; length 9.22 cm; weight 350 grams. Length of scoop 7.35 cm; weight 10.4 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.12 [box] and 68.11.13 [scoop]) The box proper, almost square in shape, is divided into a cylindrical central compartment and four adjacent angular ones. One of the dividing walls is notched to accommodate the small cosmetic scoop. The lid is flat and swivels horizontally around a rivet in the middle of the north wall; on the opposite wall the lid is slotted to accept a swiveling stud that moves around an axle attached inside the box near the top of the wall. In addition to these two functional studs there are five other buttons, or "nail heads," on the lid, soldered onto its center and its four corners, that are purely ornamental (the one in the northeast corner is missing). Thus the cosmetic box when closed would look hermetically sealed and could only be opened by those familiar with the mechanism. The heads of the studs are gilt. Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde Porfevreriede la Grce orientaleau Metropolitan Museumde New York,"in Academiedes Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Comptes Rendus,1981, pp. 194ff, fig. 8.

71. Silver mirror disk. Greek, sixth century B.C.Diameter 17.3 cm; length, as preserved, 18.92 cm; weight 428.7 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.10) The highly polished convex surface of this mirror was used for reflection. It must have been hand-held, for the silver tong project-

ing from the disk has three rivet holes for attaching a handle of either wood or ivory, which has not survived. Not many archaicsilver mirrors are known. One was found in Gordion in a cremation burial of the mid-sixth century and is now in Ankara (UniversityMuseumBulletin [Philadelphia] 16 [1951], p. 20, fig. 1).

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72-76. Group of objects said to have

been found at Prusias. Greek, second half of fourth century B.C.Bequest of WalterC. Baker, 1971. Ex coll. Wilhelm Fabricius 72. Silver kyathos. Height 27.3 cm; diameter of bowl 6.95 cm; weight 150.4 grams. (1972.118.161) 73. Silver kylix. Height to top of handles 7.7 cm, to rim 6.7 cm; diameter of mouth 10.61-11 cm; width 16.62 cm; weight 220.1 grams. (1972.118.164) 74. Bronze situla with swinging handles. Height, with handles raised, 32 cm, with handles lowered, to top of attachments, 24.9 cm; diameter of mouth 19.4 cm. (1972.118.88) 75. Silver phiale. Height 4.8 cm; diameter 15.8 cm; weight 315 grams. (1972.118.163) 76. Silver strainer.Length 13.13 cm; diameter of bowl 7.58 cm; weight 49.2 grams. (1972.118.162) These five objects, said to have been found together in Prusias (Bithynia), constitute a table service that on the analogy of similar finds in South Russia and Arzos (northern Greece) can be dated in the second half of the fourth century B.C.The kyathos is in the tradition of the archaicladles of which the Museum has many examples. The cup and stem are worked from a single piece of silver. The upper end of the stem is bent back to form a hook that terminates in a duck's head and neck. The perforations of the strainer are patterned in a whirligig; the handle, which is worked separatelyand soldered on, has a duck's-head finial. The phiale is decorated on the outside with a complex rosette in the center of its bottom from which forty-eight narrow leaves rise. The drinking cup is of a shape well known from bronze and terracotta kylikes. The foot and handles are worked separatelyand soldered on. The inside has a tondo bordered by a kymation in a zone around the central circle, which is embellished with six palmettes connected with tendrils-a pattern known in Attic pottery from the second half of the fifth century on. The phiale has sometimes been called Persian, but as more phialai are becoming known an equally strong claim for Greek manufacture can be made.

77. Silver bowl with offset rim. Greek, late fourth-third century B.C.Height 5.1 cm; diameter 9.8 cm; weight 124.6 grams. Bequest of WalterC. Baker,1971 (1972.118.160) The bowl has a slight depression on the bottom; the shoulder is carinated and has a chased tongue pattern below it. Similar conventions of decoration occur on earlierEast Greek silver vessels that betray the influence of Achaemenian silver phialai. Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,Greek,Etruscan,and RomanAntiquities... WalterCummingsBaker,Esq., 1950, p. 13, no. 103; idem,AncientArtfromNew YorkPrivateCollections, 1961, p. 69, no. 275, pi. 100; New idem, in TheSearchforAlexander, Supplement, York,1982, p. 13, no. S49.

78. Silver cup. Greek, late fourth century B.C.Height 6.4 cm; diameter 9.56 cm; weight 184 grams. Bequest of WalterC. Baker, 1971 (1972.118.159) This sturdy wine cup is of a type well known from recent finds in northern Greece (cf. The SearchforAlexander [1980], pp. 160-61, no. 120; p. 184, no. 164). It has a central boss decorated on the underside with an elaborate floral rosette done in repousse. The lower part of the wall is chased with flutings surmounted by a narrow guilloche and, on the shoulder, a Lesbian kymation. Tracesof parcel gilding remain in these two bands. Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,Greek,Etruscan,and RomanAntiquities... WalterCummingsBaker,Esq., 1950, p. 13, no. 102; idem,AncientArtfromNew YorkPrivateCollections, 1961, p. 70, no. 276, pl. 100; New idem, in TheSearchforAlexander,Supplement, York,1982, p. 13, no. S48.

Bibliography:K. A. Neugebauer,Antikenin deutschemPrivatbesitz,1938, p. 47, pls. 90-91, nos. 210-14; G. M. A. Hanfmann,AncientArtinAmericanPrivateCollections, 1954, p. 37, pls. 86, 88, no. 307; D. von Bothmer,AncientArtfromNew York PrivateCollections, 1961, p. 37, no. 142, pls. 44, 52, and pp. 68-69, nos. 266-69, pls. 100-101; D. E. Strong, GreekandRomanGoldand SilverPlate,1966, pp. 91-92, fig. 21, pl. 22A-C; D. von Bothmer,in TheSearchforAlexander, New York, Supplement, 1982, pp. 8-9, nos. S24-28.

79. Silverphiale.Saidto be fromAkarnania (Greece).Greek,fourthcenturyB.C.Height 4.5 cm; diameter15.4 cm; weight 378.3 grams.RogersFund, 1921 (21.88.34). Ex coll. CecilHarcourtSmith This libationbowl bearson the outsideof the offset lip justbelow the rimtwo Greek letters,alphaandgamma,thatarelightly incised;to the left of the lettersa sixpointeddot circleis punchedmoredeeply. As on the Prusiasphiale(no. 75), the center of the undersideis decoratedwith a rosette-here composedof sixteenpetals. Aroundthis rosetteandreachingallthe way up to the beginningof the offset lip are twenty-fivepointed, ribbedleaves,with anothertwenty-five,partlyhidden, arrangedin an innercircle.The innerleaves andthe rosettearegilded, as is the ridge encirclingthe tips of the leavesat the junction of lip andbody.The floraldecoration andthe ridgearechased. Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods,1977, p. 42, no. 12 (with complete references).

80. Silverkylix.Saidto havebeenfound in Athens.Greek,thirdcenturyB.C.Height to top of handles7.74cm, to top of rim 7.25 cm;width 18 cm;diameter10.12-10.46 cm;weight 170 grams.RogersFund,1916 (16.62) The handlesarecastandsolderedon; the foot, whichis raisedseparatelyandlikewise soldered,is in two degreesandbearsa

kymationon the uppermember.Belowthe rima narrowwavepatternencirclesthe cup, andfollowingthat,partlyobscuredby the handles,is a broaderbandof ivy leavesand corymbs.All the ornamentalzones aregilt. Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,in TheSearchfor New York,1982, p. 12, no. Alexander,Supplement, S42 (with earlierreferences).

81-85. Group of five silver objects said to have been found together Greek,late fourth-thirdcenturyB.C.Bequestof Walter C. Baker,1971. 8L Silverpyxiswith lid. Height,without lid, 5.7 cm, with lid, 6.1 cm;diameterof base6.3 cm;weight91.2 grams. (1972.118.157) 82. Silverstrigil(scraper).Length25.1 cm; weight 64.9 grams.(1972.118.158) 83. Silverkylix.Height to top of handles 8.45 cm, to top of rim9.35 cm;width 18.14 cm;diameter10.51cm;weight 157.9grams. (1972.118.154) 84. Silverpitcher(handlemissing).Height 8.75 cm; diameter8.2 cm;weight 130.2 grams.(1972.118.156)

85. Silverperfumebottle. Height 11.1cm; diameter6.25 cm;weight97.2 grams. (1972.118.155) The strigilandthe kylixareundecorated, but the bottle,the pitcher,andthe pyxis havechasedornamentalbandsthataregilt. In addition,the pitcherhason its slightly depressedbottoma gilt floralrosettecomposedof two differentquatrefoils.The pyxisbearsengravedconcentriccircleson the underside. Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,in TheSearchfor New York,1982, pp. 12-13, Aleander, Supplement, nos. S43-47 (with completeearlierreferences).

-C

86. Goldphialemesomphalos.Greek,perhapsfourthcenturyB.C.Height 3.7 cm; diameter22.4-22.75 cm;weight 747 grams.RogersFund,1962 (62.11.1) This libationbowl, of the traditionalGreek form anddecoration,is workedin repousse. The motifs arearrangedin fourconcentric circlesof thirty-threeelementseach:the bottomrow representsbeechnuts,the other three,acornsincreasingin size towardthe rim.The largerintersticesin the top register aredecoratedwith bees,the smallerones in the lowerpartwith simplerornaments basedon stylizedlotuses.On the insideof the phialea collararoundthe omphalosdisplaysfifteencircumscribed palmettes;six solderingmarksaroundits peripheryindicatethatseparategold ornamentswereonce attachedto it. Therearetwo incisedinscriptions on the outsidein the flatzone around the depressionof the omphalos.One, in Greekletterstracedverysketchily,givesthe beginningof a name,"Pausi...,"which maybe restoredto Pausias,Pausileon, Pausimachos,Pausippos,or Pausistratos. The other inscription,moredeeply engraved,readingfromrightto left, is in Punic(Carthaginian)charactersthatindicatethe weight,givenhereas 180. Ancient weightswerebasedon monetaryunits,and if we dividethe preservedweightin grams by 180 we obtaina unitveryclosein weight to thatof the Attic drachmain the period betwen429 and230 B.C.The Carthaginian charactersaredatedin the thirdcenturyB.C., but the inscriptionmayhavebeenadded laterwhen the bowl changedownership. In anyevent,the decorationwith acorns occursas earlyas the latesixthcenturyB.C. on a fragmentaryphialefromCyprusnow in Warsawandmusthavebeentraditional: not only aregold andsilverphialaiin temple inventoriesoften called"phialaiakylotai"or "phialaibalanotai"(both adjectivesreferringto acorns),the acornsalsoappearon the phialaiheldby the caryatidsof the Erechtheumon the Acropolisin Athens,as we learnfromthe Romancopiesfoundin Hadrian'svilla. Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,in MMABulletinn.s. 21 (1962-63), pp. 154-66; D. E. Strong, Greekand RomanGoldand SilverPlate,1966, pp. 97-98, pl. 23A.

87. Silver-giltbowl. LateHellenistic,second-first centuryB.C. Saidto havebeen found at Olbiain SouthRussiain 1917. Height 7.25 cm; diameter14.64 cm;weight 242 grams.RogersFund,1922 (22.50.2). Ex coil. J.Chmielowski The decorationon the bowl is in repousse. Featuredon the bottomis a starrosetteof eight pointswith leavesbetween,from whichrisetendrilsthatterminatein flowers andfan-shapedpalmettes.In this floralsetting a pairof Erotesflyingtowardeach otherappearon eachsideof the bowl. On the better-preserved side,the Eroson the left holdsa stemmedcupwhilethe one on the rightapproachesplayingthe double flutes.On the oppositeside,the righthand of the Eroson the left is hidden;the one facinghim carriesa kantharosby the handle.

Bibliography:CatalogueoftheAmericanArtGalleries, New York,Feb. 23-25,1922, no. 745 (ill.); MMA Bulletin17 (1922), p. 134, fig. 2; K. V. Trevor, Greco-BactrianArt 1940, pp. 70ff, fig. 6; Treasures, G. M. A. Richter,HandbookoftheGreekCollection, 1953, p. 127,no. 52, fig. 106b; P. E. Corbett and D. E. Strong, in BritishMuseumQuarterly23 (1961), p. 81, no. 43; D. E. Strong, GreekandRomanGold and SilverPlate, 1966, p. 110.

.-~

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88. Bronzemirrorwith wooden backing set in a silver-giltframe.Saidto havebeen found in Bulgariabefore1911.Hellenistic, fourth-thirdcenturyB.C.Diameter16.7 cm;depth5.6 cm;weight,with backing, 311grams.RogersFund,1922 (22.50.1). Ex coill.J.Chmielowski The bronzediskof the mirroris attachedto a dome-shapedwooden backequippedwith a ringhandle.The frame,castin cire-perdu, slipsoverthe wooden backingandthe disk likea collar.It wasfastenedwith nailsalong the overhangingflangeandon top, where the nailheadsarecamouflagedby the centers of the floralvolutes.The decoration,in openwork,is a rinceauof palmettes, flowers,andleavesthatservesas a feeding groundfor fourgracefulherons.The frame is borderedby beading. The provenancein the firstpublication (1922), "Foundat Olbiain SouthRussia between1900 and1918,"is contradictedby a mountedphotographof this mirrorin the archivesof the BritishMuseumthatbears the label(datedFebruary1911):"Saidto Suchmirrors havebeenfound in Bulgaria." areknownfromthe East,especiallySouth Russia.It hasbeensuggestedthatthe wooden backmayhavebeencoveredwith fabric,whichwouldhaveset off the a jour of the framemost effectively. Galleries, Bibliography:CatalogueoftheAmenricanArt New York,Feb. 23-25,1922, no. 753; G. M. A. Richterand C. Alexander,inAmericanJournalof (1947), pp. 221ff. Archaeology

89, 90. Pairof silvered-tinphialai.Saidto havebeen found togetherat Spina.Greek, latefifthcenturyB.C.(39.11.4):height4.5 cm; diameter(estimated)25 cm; weight 458 grams.(47.11.9):height4.6 cm; diameter (estimated)25 cm; weight464 grams. HarrisBrisbaneDick Fund,1939 (39.11.4); RogersFund,1947 (47.11.9) Both phialaiwerehammeredoverthe same matrixandaredecoratedwith the samesubjects.The insideof eachphialeis divided into two zones, the outerof whichis much broader.The chiefsubjectin the outerzone is the triumphalapotheosisof Heraklesin a cortegeof four chariotsdrivenby Victories. The chariotof Dionysosis followed by those of Herakles,Athena,andAres.The lowerzone, the predella,showsgods feasting on Mt. Olympusat the weddingof HeraklesandHebe: Hebe is offeringa phiale anda wreathto Herakles;a reclining woman(or goddess)is playingthe tympanon;a smallwingedfigureis flying towardAphroditeandAres;Erosis proffering a wine cup to an old silenwho helps himselfto food; nextcomesApollo playing the kitharaanda museplayingthe harp;and the compositionis concludedby Ariadne andDionysosandanold hairysilenplaying the flutes,who areflankedon the left by an incenseburnerandon the rightby a panther. The mainsceneis knownfromseveral replicas,some of laterdate,thatattestto the popularityof the subject. Bibliography:G. M. A. Richter,inAmericanJournal (1941), pp. 363ff, and (1950), pp. 357ff. ofArchaeology

91. Goldplatefor a scabbard.Saidto have beenfoundnearNikopol in SouthRussia. Greek,fourthcenturyB.C.Length54.5 cm. RogersFund,1930 (30.11.12) This swordsheathhasbeenknownsince before1914,as photographsof it wereformerlyin the ImperialRussianInstitutein Constantinople.The shapeis thatof the traditionalScythianscabbardsfor the akinakes, of whichthe best preservedis in the Hermitage(Dn. 1863, 1/447,448). The Greek artistwho decoratedthe gold platehas dividedit into threeparts.At the chevronshapedapex,at rightanglesto the sheath proper,he has placedtwo heraldicwinged griffins;in the roughlytriangularextension parallelto the mainscenea lion hasleaped on a fallowdeer;behindthis groupa smallerwingedgriffinslaysa deer.In the mainfrieze,for whichthe artistusedthe samematrixason the Chertomlykscabbard in the Hermitage,a battlebetweenGreeks andbarbarians ragesoverthe entirelength. As the scabbardtaperstowardthe chapethe figuresareadaptedto the diminishing height.Thusthe warriorson the left are completelyupright,those in the middle becomesomewhatsmaller,andthe ones on the rightareeitherkneelingor fallen. Bibliography:G. M. A. Richter,in MMAStudies4 (1933), pp. 109-30. (For the Chertomlyksword and scabbardsee most recentlyThe Metropolitan Museumof Art catalogueFromtheLandsofthe Scythians,1975, pp. 108-109, color pl. 10.)

92-106. Hoard of silver vases and utensils. Hellenistic, third century B.C.

Purchase,RogersFund,ClassicalPurchase Fund,HarrisBrisbaneDick Fundand Anonymous,Mrs.VincentAstor,Mr.and Mrs.WalterBareiss,Mr.andMrs.Howard J.Barnet,ChristosG. Bastis,Mr.andMrs. MartinFried,JeromeLevyFoundation, NorbertSchimmel,andMr.andMrs. ThomasA. SpearsGifts, 1981-82. (1981.11.15-22;1982.11.7-13) This groupof fifteenobjects,presumably found togethera generationago, represents some of the finestHellenisticsilverknown fromMagnaGraecia.Not enoughsilverof the earlyHellenisticage hasbeen recovered to be certainwhetherthe silverwasmadein Tarantoor in easternSicily,but it canbe reasonablyassumedthatthe objectsareof the thirdcenturyB.C.,andwithinthatperiodof the secondhalfratherthanearlier.Decorativemotifs not only enjoya long life but travelfreely,andparallelsfor some detailsof shapeandornamentationoccuralso in the East(especiallyPergamon)andin the South Weareon the roadtowarda (Alexandria). Hellenistickoine,whichfromthe second centuryon renderslocalattributionsso difficult. 54

92. Deep bowl, parcel gilt. Height 6.8 cm; diameter (estimated) 21 cm; weight 479 grams. (1981.11.19) The underside of the bowl bears a sixpetalled rosette done in repousse. The inside has four concentric decorative bands. Near the rim is a wreath of pointed leaves, held together by four sleeves set at regular intervals and twelve spiraling bands. Almost directly below this, a narrow band of wave patterns is followed by a pronounced ridge topped by beading and, below that, a band of fern leaves set in panels. The bottom of the bowl is embellished with an emblema worked in repousse and soldered to a circular frame with four sprockets that in turn is soldered to the bowl. The floral pattern on the emblema is particularlyrich: a garnet is set in the center of a sixteen-petalled rosette, from which spring four acanthus leaves separated by four nymphaea nelumbo, with eight other flowers, rendered less symmetrically,in the background. There is beading along the inner edge of the frame. A notation in pointed Greek letters gives the number 127 preceded by a symbol, perhaps the weight. For the floral motif of the emblema compare, especially, the underside of the lid of

the pyxis in the TarantoTreasure(Rothschild collection; P. Wuilleumier, Le Tresor de Tarente,1930, pl. 2, 2). 93. Silver bowl, parcel gilt. Height 7 cm; diameter (estimated) 22.8 cm; weight 407 grams. (1981.11.20) The separatelyworked central emblema is an elaborate rosette of different petals and leaves arranged in three tiers. A slight hollow in the very center may have held a small garnet. The petals on the two top tiers are rounded; the leaves on the bottom, somewhat larger, alternate between acanthus and pointed ones. The next decorative band is a kymation of special shape, which is followed by a somewhat broader zone of swastika maeanders and saltire squares. The maeander gives the effect of a third dimension, since one of its component angular strips is not gilt and crosses or is crossed by the gilt strip. As on the previous bowl, the ornamentation below the rim is a wreath held together by sleeves and spiral straps. Below the wreath appear an egg-and-dart pattern and, after a brief interval, a wave pattern. On the outside of the rim are remnants of a numerical notation in Greek letters, no doubt the weight. This bowl held at one time, soldered to the inside, the emblema with a Scylla (no. 95).

95. Emblema,parcelgilt. Scyllahurlinga rock.Height 2 cm;diameter,with frame, 10.5 cm;weight 81 grams.(1981.11.22) Scylla,the seamonsterwho livedin a cavein a cliffoff the Straitsof Messina,is shown frontally,the humanpartsof herbody in veryhigh relief.Both armsareraisedabove herhead,as she is aboutto hurla largeboulder.Fromherhipsspringthreedogs. The one in the centerhascaninepawsandeatsa fish,the one on the left (withfinsfor feet) devoursa sepia,whilethe dog on the right, likewisefinned,is eyeinga dolphin.The junctionof Scylla'shumanhalfandthe forepartsof the dogs is cleverlycamouflagedby a finworn likea skirt.The lowerpartof her body is formedby two long fishtails,and, in addition,a wolf-headedseasnake,the socalledketos,encirclesher body.Grimand ferociousthoughshe is, Scylladoes not spurnjewelry,for she wearstwo gold bracelets. The repousseemblemamayhaveoriginallybeenthe lid of a pyxis.The underside of the framein whichit restsis notched, andtracesof soldershow thatit wasonce attachedto the insideof bowl no. 93, thus hidingits rosette.Perhapsthe vasefor whichthe Scyllaservedas a coverwas damagedbeyondrepairin antiquity,andthe ownersalvagedthe beautifulrepousserelief andaddedit to one of his valuablebowls.

94. Deep bowl, parcel gilt. Height 6.2 cm; diameter 22 cm; weight 418 grams. (1981.11.21) This bowl, like nos. 92 and 93, has a central leaf-rosette of three different layers. Here, each layer is a hexafoil. A garnet is set in the center. The decorative bands encircling the inside of the bowl on three levels are somewhat simpler: on the inside of the rim an egg-and-dart band is followed by a wave pattern; farther down comes a pronounced welt with beading in the middle and, lastly, close to the tips of the floral rosette, a guilloche. The layers of leaves are, on top, nymphaea, next, plain leaves with a central spine, and, on the bottom, acanthus. This bowl bears two notations in pointed Greek letters. On the outside of the rim the number 25 is preceded by the same symbol as written on no. 92, and on the opposite wall is the ligature eta and rho.

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96. Pitcher,parcelgilt. Height 9.1 cm;diameter8.13 cm;weight 178 grams.(1982.11.13) The handleandfoot areworkedseparatelyandsolderedon. The bodywasraisedfroma diskof sheetsilverand,likemost Hellenistic silver,finishedon a lathe.The gildingis limitedto the kymationon the shoulder,partof the handle,andpartsof the theatricalmask below it. Underthe foot is a weightnotation,"27"in pointedGreekletters,precededby a tau andan eta. 97. Hemisphericalbowl, parcelgilt. Height 7.7cm;diameter 13.85-14.44 cm (originallyca. 14 cm);weight 151grams. (1981.11.16) The gildingis limitedto the groovededge of the rim,a guilloche borderedby beadingdirectlybelowthe rimon the outside,two suspendedivy wreathswith berriestied with sashes(atoppositesides), andthe outlinesof the geometricpatternof six pentagonsabutting a centralhexagonthatcoversthe outsideof the bowl.Theseoutlines areengravedandreinforcedwith rowsof dots at irregularintervals. Bowlswith this patternareknownin terracottafromPergamon andCorinthandin glassfromGordion. 98. Skyphos,parcelgilt. Heightto top of handles8.84 cm, to top of rim7.71cm;diameter12.64-13.31 cm;diameterof foot 5.75 cm; weight299 grams.(1981.11.17) The handlesandthe foot areworkedseparatelyandsolderedon, andthe undersideof the foot is coveredwith a profileddisk.Gilding is limitedto the attachmentsof the decoratedhandlesandthe wavepatternon the lowerparts.The slopingtop of the foot is decoratedwith a kymation. On the undersideof the foot aretwo inscriptionsin dottedGreek letters:EPMAanddeltaandomega. 99. Kyathos.Length247 cm;diameterof bowl 5.5 cm;weight119 grams.(1981.11.15) This ladleis one of the latestin the Museum'scollectionbutcontinues in the traditionof the one fromPrusias(no. 72). The endof the handleis in the shapeof a deer'shead.The inscribeddot letterson both sidesof the top of the stemhaveso fardefiedtransliteration. 100. Phialemesomphalos,parcelgilt. Height 2.3 cm;diameter14.8 cm;weight104 grams.(1982.11.10) Thissmallphialeis unusualin thatit is equippedwith threesaucershapedfeet thatkeepit fromwobbling.The patternworkon the insideis gilt: twelveelongatednarrowbossesradiatearoundthe omphalos,connectedat theirtips by a circularbandof waves. Withinthiswheelformedby the wavecirclethe surfacehasbeen deliberatelyroughenedto insurebetteradhesionof the gold leaf. Onlytracesof whatmayhavebeena weightnotationin pointed lettersremainvisibleon the outsideunderthe incrustation.Forthe conventionof placingthreesmallsupportsunderthe convexbottom of a vasecomparethe Hellenisticterracottabowl in Bowdoin Collegethathasthreecomicmasks.

101. Pyxis,parcelgilt. Height 5.5 cm;diameter8.34 cm;weight 148 grams.(1982.11.11A-C) Likethe altar(no. 102),this pyxiswas"sacredto the gods,"aswe learnfromthe Greekinscriptionin dottedletterson the edge of the underside.It cannothavebeena powderbox or cosmeticcontainer but mustratherhavebeenthe receptaclefor the incensethatwas burnedon the altar.It consistsof threeparts:the pyxisproper,with threefeet formedby the pawsof lions, an innercontainer,anda lid in repousse.The subjectof the reliefis a goddessseatedon a rock, and holdinga hornof plentyfilledwith grapes,pomegranates, otherfruit;aninfantseatedon herlapholdson to the cornucopia. The subjectmustbe DemeterandPloutos.Gildingis preservedon the cornucopiaandits contents,on the himationof Demeterand on hershoes,herhair,one earring,andherbracelet,aswellason the hairof Ploutos.A Lesbiankymation,gilt, decoratesthe lower moldingof the pyxis. In the centerof the undersideis a numericalnotation:"nine"precededby the symbolthatlookslikea Romanthree.In the zone aroundit, hastilytraced,is a wordnot unlikethe notation"fromthe war"on the altar(no. 102). A similarsilverpyxisin Basel(BS 607) containedcoinsof Hieron II of Syracuse(274-216 B.c.).

102. Smallportablealtar,parcelgilt. Height 11.3cm; the rectangularbasemeasures10.6 by 10.83 cm. (1982.11.9A-E) The altaris madeof differentpartsand includesaccessories.A hollow cylinder workedin the repoussetechniqueis solderedto a castbase.Two insetsfit into the openingon top: a shallowbasinequipped with loops for two handlesanda somewhat largerbasinwith anoverhangingrim.When not in use, the two insetswerenestedinside the altar,andit wascoveredwith the lid. The outsideof the altarproperandthe top of its lid areornamented.On the upper moldinga narrowbandof lotus flowers (alternatinglyuprightanddownward)is followedby an egg-and-dartpattern;next to it, separatedfromit by beading,comesa row of starsandfivepointsarrangedlike rosettes;below the starsandrosetteswe find a band(not gilt) of verticallinesand,finally, a triglyph-metopepatternbandin which the triglyphsareleft silverwhilethe metopesaregilt. At mid-levelof the altar four bulls'skulls(bucrania)areshown frontally,connectedwith one anotherby a heavygarlandof vine leavesandother foliage.At the bottom a plainbandof gold is separatedfroma kymationby beading. On the undersideof the baseseveral Greekinscriptionscanbe read;some are lightlyscratched,othersarefinished.The latteraredone in dot letters:one reads "sacredto the gods"andis followedby the letterpianda symbolresemblinga Roman three;the otherdot inscriptiongivesa monogram composed of a delta and a mu.

The preliminary, lightlyscratchedinscriptions read"sacredto the gods"and"sacred to allthe gods."Addedacrossthe middle,in anotherhandandin largerletters,is a notation "fromthe war."Lastly,we havea numericalsevenprecededby the ligature thatlooks likea Romanthree. Forsuchminiaturealtars,I knowof only one parallelin silver,of rectangularshape with an inset anda lid. It wassold in Lucerneat auction(ArsAntiqua3 [Apr.29, 1961],no. 132) andhasdisappearedfrom view. It, too, is richly profiled and has

garlandssuspendedfrombucrania.

103,104. Pairof horns.Lengthof each15.5 cm;weight (1981.11.7):70 grams, (1981.11.8):74.5 grams. Eachhornwashammeredfroma silverstrip androlledwith the edgesfoldedoverand welded.The tips werecastseparatelyand insertedinto the openingon top. The lower openingis crimpedandthe flangeis perforated,indicatingthatthe hornswere attachedto an objectmadeof anothermaterialby meansof studs.Perhapsthe horns wereaddedto a bronzehelmetor one made of leather. 58

105 105,106. Pair of buckets, parcel gilt. (1981.11.18): height 19.6 cm; diameter 26.26 cm; weight 891.3 grams. (1982.11.12): height 18.5 cm; diameter 26.8 cm; weight 820.5 grams. Each of the two parabolic bowls has three knobs in the shape of theatricalmasks, which helped to balance it when it was filled with wine and stood upright. In this position, however, the heads were upside down: when not in use, the bowls sat on their rims, with the three supporting masks right side up. Two of the masks are of a young person (Dionysos?); the third is of a comic actor. There is much gilding in the heads on the two silver bowls; in addition, the larger one (no. 105) has a gilt guilloche directly below the rim. No exact parallelsin silver are known, but a terracotta bowl found at Butrinto in Albania is of comparable size. There the comic mask is accompanied by one of a young satyr and another of an old satyr. The notion of putting some vases upside down when not in use has affected the decoration of painted vases from as early as the sixth century B.C.;the convention is common on Boeotian bird bowls, both stemmed and flat bottomed, Boeotian lekanides, and even some Attic cups. In Hellenistic times masks or cockleshells

often servedas supportsfor drinkingcupswithouta foot or base, andit is not unlikelythatthe pottersacceptedthisconventionfrom metalware;comparealsono. 100, the silver-giltphiale. The Butrintobowl is publishedby L. M. Ugolini inAlbania Antica3 (1942),p. 132, no. 6, andpl. 19; the earliestterracotta bowlwith cockleshellsis one foundin the AthenianAgorathatwas publishedanddiscussedby StellaMillerin Hesperia43 (1974),pp. 204-205, p. 234, no. 34, pl. 32; maskson reliefbowlsarediscussed desDeutschenArchaologischen Instituts by W. ZuchnerinJahrbuch 65/66 (1950-51), pp. 194ff.Forthe Boeotianconventionof painting birdsin flightupsidedown see, e.g., CorpusVasorumAntiquorum(Heidelberg)1 (1954), pls. 23, 24; the earliestAttic examplefor an upside-downfriezeis Boston03.784 (CorpusVas[Boston]2 [1978], p. 43, pl. 100,1-4). The orumAntiquorum masksof the youngpersonresemblethe gold headsof the Thessalianhoardthatis partlyin Hamburg(Athenische Mitteilungen50 [1925], pp. 173-74, pl. 8, h; pl. 9, 5-6). 59

106

Detail of no. 105 __

__am I_

Detail of no. 106 _

107-109. The Bolsena Silver. Rogers Fund, 1903. An Etruscantomb discoverednearBolsena (the ancientVolsinii),a smalltown about twelvemilessouthwestof Orvieto,contained,besidesa greatdealof obviously Etruscaniron, bronze,andterracottavases andutensilsanda gold ring,threesilver objectsthatfor the longesttime wereconsideredEtruscanuntilDonaldE. Strong,in 1968, stressedtheirclosestylisticaffinities with ApulianHellenisticsilverware.All threeobjectsbear,in Etruscandottedletters,the legend"suthina"(whichis commonlyrenderedas "ofthe tomb"),a word thatalsooccurs,writtenin the samestyle, on manyof the bronzesfromthe same find;it mustthereforebe assumedthat thesepiecesof silverwereacquiredby an Etruscanwho laterwas buriedwith them. The dateshouldbe earlyin the thirdcen-

109. Strigil.Length27.27 cm;weight82 grams.(03.24.7) Strigils,or scrapers,aretoilet accessories andwereusedchieflyby athletesto scrape awaythe oil andsandon theirskin.Like manyof the ladlesor spoons,strigilswere madefroma stripof metal.The lower, curvedpartwashammeredinto the traditionalshape,the returnof the handle, whichsometimesterminatesin a leafshapedfinial,waslikewisehammered,and the finialwasthensolderedto the underside of the curvedportion. Etruscandottedlettersonce againmark the strigilas"ofthe tomb"(suthina).There arealsotwo monograms,DA andMV,separatedby two verticaldots.

tury B.C.

Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods, Toledo, 1977, pp. 54-57 (with earlierreferences).

107. Amphoriskos(perfumevase),parcel gilt. Hellenistic,thirdcenturyB.C.Height 15.4 cm, to rimonly,14.12cm; diameter 7.12cm;weight120.4 grams.(03.24.5) The curvinghandlesarehammeredfrom stripsof silverandattachedto the shoulder andthe mouthof the vasewith solder.The top of the mouthslopestowardthe narrow opening;it wasworkedseparatelyandlaid likea collaroverthe originalrimof the neck.Exceptfor theseadjunctsthe vase itselfis raisedin one piece.Fromthe base springthreeengravedacanthusleavescoveredwith gilding,andsuspendedfromthe shoulder,belowthe lowerattachmentof the handles,aretwo necklacesterminatingin ivy leaves.The gilt necklacesappearto be tied to broadfilletswith tasselsthatare crownedaboveby a floralwreath. In additionto the word"suthina," punchedrathercrudelyon the shoulderof one side,a monogramcomposedof the lettersD andMI separatedby two vertical dots appearson the bottom. 108. Pyxiswith conicalcover,parcelgilt. Height, with lid in place,8.4 cm, to top of body 4.7 cm;diameterof base5.6 cm; weight 54.9 grams.(03.24.6) The body andthe lid with its slightoverhangareraised;the lid is toppedby a cast spindle-shapedfinial.The gilt ornamentation on the overhangof the lid is a Lesbian kymationthatmirrorsthe one alongthe moldingabovethe base.Halfwaybetween thesetwo a banddecoratedwith anivy rinceauencirclesthe body.On top of the lid sevenpointedgilt leavesalternatewith sevenleft plain,andbetweenthe pointsof theselongerleavesarethe tips of fourteen gilt acanthuses. The inscription"suthina"appearsboth on the lid andon the body. 61

110-114.

The MolltefoLtio

Hoard.

Rogers Fund, 1908. Excavations carried out in a necropolis at Montefortino (about thirty miles west of Ancona in central Italy) uncovered, in December 1895, the burial of a Gallic warrior. The tomb (number 33) contained not only iron weapons, knives, and spits, an iron strigil, a bronze cauldron with a swinging iron handle, a bronze wine jug, a bronze saucepan, two plain pointed terracotta amphorae, and numerous terracotta plates and cups but also, and this is exceptional for the cemetery, a gold ring and five silver vessels. The silver from this tomb is obviously not of local production but must have been an "importation" from another part of Italy. Since the cemetery is that of Gauls, who in the early fourth century B.C. had begun to invade central Italy and whose intermittent raids extended as far as Apulia, the early Hellenistic silver from Montefortino must represent loot. The five silver vases can be dated on stylistic grounds to the end of the fourth century B.C. Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods, Toledo, 1977, pp. 62-66 (with earlierreferences).

110. Silver jug. Height 11.2 cm; diameter 7.53 cm; weight 242 grams. (08.258.51) The handle is cast separately and attached with solder to the mouth and the shoulder. The underside of the foot is richly profiled. 111. Silver bowl with swinging handles. Height 11.6 cm; diameter 17.27 cm; weight, as preserved, 255 grams. (08.258.50) This bowl is relatively thin-walled. The foot was worked separatelyand the swinging handles were hammered and slipped into the tubelike projections that are attached with solder on opposite sides of the rim. The shape is rare, but similar silver bowls or basins with swinging handles were found in Macedonia (cf. H. G. Horn and C. B. Riiger, Die Numidier,Bonn, 1979, pp. 295ff). 112,113. Pair of stemless silver cups. Both: height to rim 3.3 cm; diameter 13.7 cm. Width (08.258.52): 19.03 cm, (08.258.53): 18 cm; weight (08.258.52): 297 grams, (08.258.53): 309 grams.

The cups, handles, and feet are cast separately and soldered together. The cone projections in the center were also made separatelyand riveted to the bowl. Each tondo is decorated with a complex floral pattern; the cone in the center of no. 112 has, in addition, nineteen tongues on its slope. The scheme of decoration is known from other silver cups, notably three in Berlin and one in London. The conical projections in the center may be derived from certain Etruscan bronze phialai of the fourth century B.C.

114. Silver kyathos. Length 20 cm; diameter of bowl 5.43 cm; weight 91 grams. Rogers Fund, 1908 (08.258.54) The handle terminates above in the head and neck of a duck or swan, with details of the head and plumage chased. This ladle is somewhat shorter than the others known of this period. An owner's graffito on the inside of the bowl gives, in Greek letters, the beginning of his name (lambda, upsilon,chi).

112 113

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15-124. The "Svoli Hoard" of table silve. RogersFund, 1920. Two cups,a spoutedjug, a ladle,andsix spoons arepartof a serviceof thirtypieces now dividedbetweenthe FieldMuseumof NaturalHistoryin Chicagoandthe MetropolitanMuseum.Thoughthe exactcircumstancesof the discoveryarenot known,the allegedprovenance,Tivoli,cannotbe disproved,nor need it be doubtedthatthe hoardwas, indeed,foundtogether:technique,style,andowner'smarksestablishthe cohesionof the group.The date,as hasbeen convincinglyargued,is the lateRepublican period,probablythe middleof the firstcenturyB.C.whenthe civilwarsin Romemay haveforcedthe familythatowned the silver to buryit for safekeeping.

118. Spoutedpitcher.Height to top of rim 6.7 cm; diameterof bowl 8.24 cm;weight 149.4 grams.(20.49.4) The foot andthe ringhandlearecastseparatelyandattachedto the body of the pitcherwith solder.The bowl wasraisedto the desiredheightandthe long spoutwas subsequentlyshapedby stretchingthe metalthroughhammering.Thereareno inscriptions. The shapeof this pitcher,with its long troughlikespout,has beenassociatedwith thatof a wine ladlewhichthe Roman encyclopedistVarrocalleda trulla,but the identificationis not absolutelycertain.

Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods, Toledo, 1977, pp. 98-109; idem, inArcheologie54 (June1981), pp. 53-59.

119-122. Fourspoons.Lengthsvarying from14.66 to 15.36 cm;weightsvarying from12.5 to 17 grams.(20.49.6-9)

115. Kyathos.Length17.5cm; diameter of bowl 4.86 cm;weight 51.6 grams. (20.49.5) The ladleis of the traditionalform:the hook on top of the stemterminatesin the headof a duckwith eyes,ears,bill,and plumageincised.Comparedto the earlier EastGreeksilverladles,of whichthe Museumhaseight, it is considerablysmaller andits bowl is muchdeeper.The dotted LatininscriptionestablishesSattia's ownershipandthe weight (two ounces, threescruples).Here the discrepancy betweenactualandrecordedweightis a merethreegrams.See alsonos. 116,117

Thesefourspoons,likethe six fromthe sameset in Chicago,aremadein one piece andhammeredratherthancast.The endsof the handlesterminatein stylizedducks' heads.A V-shapedgrooveon the underside alongthe junctionof bowl andhandlesimulatesan attachmentby solderof two separateparts.

116,117. Pairofskyphoi. Both: heightto top of rim9.5 cm;diameter10.7cm. Width (20.49.2): 16 cm, (20.49.3): 16.24 cm; weight (20.49.2): 467.2 grams,(20.49.3): 449.5 grams. The bowls, handles,andfeet werecastseparately,andthe bowlswerefinishedon a lathebeforethe handlesandfeet were attachedwith solder.The ornamentationis in the bestHellenistictradition:a kymation on the outsideof the lip, a guillocheon the shoulder,anda Lesbiankymationon the foot. Eachcup hasconcentriccircleson the undersideof the foot, a slightgrooveruns allthe wayaroundthe insideof the rim,and fartherdown a circleis lightlyincised. Thatthe cupswereintendedas a pairis provedby the Latindot-inscriptionon the undersideof eachfoot thatstates,"[belonging to] Sattia,daughter(or wife) of Lucius, two [cups],two pounds,elevenounces, sevenscruples."Comparedto the current weightof the two cups,this representsa loss of 45 grams,whichmayhavebeencaused by corrosionandcleaning.

123,124. Pairof cochlearia(snailspoons). (20.49.11):length12.35 cm;weight6.1 grams.(20.49.12): length11.47cm;weight 5.9 grams Cochleariawasthe Latintermfor spoons used, as the namebetrays,for eatingsnails. The pointedendsareadmirablysuitedfor extractingthe snailfromthe shell.The Field Museumin Chicagohassevenmoreof these spoons.

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125, 126. The 1asimene Silver. A Swisscollector,the industrialistArnoldRuesch,hadin his villa in Zuricha groupof silverobjectssaidto havebeenfoundin the tombof a womannearthe LagoTrasimeno(the siteof Hannibal's

victory over the Romans in 217 B.C.). Seven years after his death, in

1936, his extensivecollectionof antiquitieswassold at auctionin Lucerne.Of the silverhoardthreelots-a pairof strigilson a ring,a combinationcombandpin, anda strainer-were boughtby WilliamRandolphHearst,while a fourthobject,a silverpitcher, stayedbehindin Switzerland.Mr.Hearst'ssilverpurchasesat that saleneverwentto SanSimeonbutweresoldoverthe counterat Gimbelsin New Yorkin 1943. Therethe hoardwasfurtherreduced anddispersed:HarrisDunscombeColt acquiredthe strigilson a ringandJosephBrummerboughtthe combandthe strainer.When Brummerdied in 1947,allmemoryof the Trasimenehoardhadvanished.The combwasselectedby the MedievalDepartmentof the Museumas one of manyobjectsboughtfromthe estate,in the beliefthatit wasof the Migrationperiod,aboutfifthcenturyA.D., andthe silverstrainerwassold at auctionin New York(Parke Bernet)on May11,1947,for $50 to the WaltersArtGallery.There the matterwouldhaverested,but in April1961,I sawthe strigilsin the collectionof HarrisDunscombeColt andthe ownergraciously gavethemto the Museum.This pavedthe wayto havethe comb fromthe samefindreclassifiedandtransferred fromthe Medievalto the GreekandRomanDepartmentin 1964, so thattodayhalfthe Trasimenefindis once againunited. 125. Pairofstrigils on a ring.Roman,mid-firstcenturyB.C. Diameterof ring 7.525 cm;lengthof eachstrigil21.7cm;total weight109.3 grams.Gift of H. DunscombeColt, 1961(61.88) The strigilsareworkedfromsinglestripsof silver(asis the one fromBolsena,no. 109), but differfromthe earlierones in thatthe handleproperis angular.The carryingringis flaton top but angular belowthe decorativemoldings.The catchon top is formedby two slots;the catchproperis attachedin one slot and,whenpivoted, fitssnuglyinto the other.The protrudingendof the catchis in the shapeof a stylizedduck'shead.The closestparallelto this pairof strigilson a ringis furnishedby the silverathleticequipmentof the samedatein Berlinthatalso includesanoil bottlewith a suspension chain(cf. U. Gehrig,inBerlinerMuseen 23 [1973], pp. 41ff). Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods,Toledo, 1977, p. 112 (with earlier references).

126. Combinationcombandpin. Roman,mid-firstcenturyB.C. Length17.7cm;weight13.8 grams.FletcherFund,1947 (47.100.27) The flatcombis set into a taperingoctagonalhandle,the junction ornamentalcuff.In the areabelowthe camouflagedby a rectangular teeth,the two sidesof the combcombinedillustratea lion hunt.A smallAmorkneelson a rockto the left andlooksback;for protection he haswrappeda cloakaroundhis left armandhandin the time-honoredtraditionof lion huntersthatcanbe tracedbackin Greekartto the sixthcenturyB.C.In his righthandhe holdsa weapon,perhapsa bow.To hisleft a houndin frontof a treeleaps to the attack.On the othersideof the combtheirprey,a lion, chargesto the left, againin frontof a tree.The contoursof the figures,the rock,andthe treesareengraved,with lighterlines for innermarkings,andthe backgroundis stippled. A similarsilvercomb-and-pinwasfoundin a Romantombof a womannearAnconatogetherwith a pairof bronzestrigilson an iron ring,a smallsilverkantharos,two gold earrings,a gold necklace,threegold rings,anda bronzemirror.Forthe stippled backgroundof the huntingscene,aswell as the breedof hound, comparethe decorativebandon a smallsilverpitcherin Berlin(U.

Gehrig, in BerlinerMuseen23 [1973], p. 44, fig. 12), from the same hoard that also gives us the best parallelsfor the strigils. Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods,Toledo, 1977, pp. 110-11.

127. Silverplate.Roman,latefirstto early secondcenturyA.D. Height 0.8 cm;diameter 12.67 cm; weight 161grams.Rogers Fund, 1918 (18.145.37) The platewascastandfinishedon a lathe. On the rim,in low relief,two femaleand two maletheatricalmasksalternate:the womenfaceleft, the men right.Behindeach maskis a structureon whichcakesareset. Besideeachmalemaskis a lagobolon(hunting stick)andnextto eachfemalemaskis a thyrsos;the lagoboloiandthyrsoiareberibboned.Two of the four animalsbetween the heads,a lionessanda hound,faceright; the others,a wild goat anda wolf, arerunning to the left. On the undersideof the platea dotted Latininscription,M. C. FLA,givesthe initialsof an owner.A lightlyscratchedcursive inscriptionhas been interpretedby AlanK. Bowman to read "Aria ... nidis." The geni-

tive endingsuggestssomethinglike"Aria,

daughter of ... ides." For the masks and

animalscomparea silvercup in Vienna (VII A 12).

Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods, Toledo, 1977, pp. 150-51.

128. Silverhandleof a vaseor lamp.Saidto havebeenfoundnearRome. Roman,perhapsfirstcenturyA.D. Height 4.5 cm; weight26 grams.RogersFund,1910 (10.210.41) The casthandlewasonce attachedto a small cup (or perhapsa lamp),the bodyof which is now missing.The forepartof a panther emergesfroma flowerandbendsover,both frontlegs extendedhorizontally.The lower finialshowsthe frontalheadof a lion in relief. Forthe modelingof the panther'shead, the finialof a silverkyathosfromAsia Minormaybe compared(Boston61.159;A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods,Toledo,1977, p. 115).

129. Silvermirror.Saidto be fromEgypt. Roman,firstcenturyA.D. Length,20.4 cm; diameter12.11cm;weight 192 grams. RogersFund,1907 (07.286.127) The disk,the handle,andthe leaf-shaped supportarecastseparatelyandjoinedwith solder.The slightlyconvexside,whichwas usedasthe mirroringsurface,is plain, whereasthe slightlyconcavebackis decoratedwith a kymationframedby beading alongthe rimandby concentriccircles.Also on the back,to the rightof the leafsupport, is a Latininscription(readby AlanK. Bowman)thatgivesthe owner'sname, "Iris,"followedby a ligaturebasedon the

letterA andthe weightof one-halfpound, one ounce,ten scruples(202.5 grams), whichcorrespondscloselyto its actualcurrentweight.Lossof weightis normalowing to corrosionandrepeatedcleaning. Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods, Toledo, 1977, p. 139, no. 92.

130. Silver handle of a large dish, parcel gilt. Roman, second century A.D. Length 36.5 cm; weight 1438.5 grams. Rogers Fund, 1906 (06.1106) The lower edge of the cast handle is grooved to fit into the rim of a dish (now lost), which probably had a diameter of 58.5 cm. There would have been another crescent-shaped cast handle on the opposite side that, on the analogy of the pair found in the harbor ofBizerte (Tunisia), would have been the same shape and size but not necessarily identical in decoration. This handle shows in relatively high relief a lion hunt in a landscape. A lioness has been cornered in her lair. One hunter, partly shielded by an elevation in the ground and keeping his balance by holding on to a branch of the big tree in the center, attacks from above; another, mounted and accompanied by a hound, attacks from the right. A gazelle and a doe run away from the confrontation. Six animal heads, two of lions in

three-quarter view and four of goats and eagles in profile, form part of the ornamental frame. The landscape, in addition to the big tree in the center, also includes stylized rocks, small plants lightly engraved on the background, stumps of two other trees, and the skull of a bull. The gilding is limited to the leaves of the tree; the mantles of the hunters; the saddle cloth; parts of the rocky outcroppings; the mane, hooves, bridle, and rein of the horse; the fur of the lioness, the deer, and the hound; the horns of the gazelle; parts of the heads of the lion, the eagles, and the goats; the skull; and three unidentified objects on the ground (two diamond-shaped, the third oval). Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.,SilverfortheGods, Toledo, 1977, cover,pp. 152-53 (with earlier references).

131. Silverhandleof a dish,originallygilt. Saidto havebeenfoundin Iranbetween HamadanandKirmanshah.Roman,early thirdcenturyA.D.Length,aspreserved, 22.7 cm;weight672.7 grams.Rogers Fund, 1954 (54.11.8) The dishto whichthishandlewasonce attachedwouldhavehada diameterof about38.1 cm. The loweredge of the handle is straight,not grooved,but tracesof soldershowhow it wasattachedto the bowl.The subject,the Indiantriumphof Bacchus,is renderedin relativelyhigh relief, whichnecessitateda castingtechnique peculiarto some Romanvesselsof the third century.Herethe highestpartsof eachfigurearecastseparatelyin purersilverandfitted into bedsnow readilyvisiblein the areas wherethe insertshavefallenout andbeen lost; alsomissingis the wheelof the chariot of Bacchus.His processionmovesfromleft to right.Two lionessespullthe vehicle.The god is accompaniedby Panandthreesatyrs who carryelephanttusks,a syrinx,a plant with threeblossoms,anda stick.The motif

of a triumphis furtherstressedin the predellaby the two trophiesconsistingof helmet,cuirass,andshields;the helmets, greaves,andsheathedswordsnearthe middle; andtwo pairsof captivesseatednextto the trophies.In the centerof the lowerregistera pairof cymbalsis arrangedsymmetrically.Of the gilding,only traces remainin some of the folds of Bacchus's tunic,the headof his thyrsos,the harnessof one lioness,andone of the elephanttusks. The Indiantriumphof Bacchuswaspopular on Romansarcophagi,whichhelpto date this silverreliefin the earlythirdratherthan the second century A.D.

Bibliography:C. Alexander,inMMABulletinn.s. 14 (1954-55), pp. 64-67; A. M. McCann,RomanSarMuseumofArt, 1978, pp. cophagiin TheMetropolitan 88-89, fig. 99.

Acknowlegments The authorgratefullyacknowledgesthe support and help he has receivedover the years from PierreAmandryand AndrewOliver,Jr.,mostly on questions pertainingto the East Greeksilver,and from Dr. MichaelPfrommeron the problemsof Hellenistic chronology.Other, more specific acknowledgmentsappearin the captions.Dr.JoanMertens, Curatorand Administratorof Greekand RomanArt, renderedinvaluableassistancein the planningandorganization of thisBulletin.The Departmentof Conservation(underthe supervisionof JamesFrantz and RichardStone) worked long hourswith CarlieCleveland,ShinichiDoi, andHermes Knauerto cleanand restorecarefullythe manyobjectsthat had not been on publicview for decades.WalterYeeof the Photo Studio took greatpainsto photograph,and in many casesto rephotograph,the gold and silverhere illustrated. JoanHolt andSuePottershowedmuchpatiencein handling a long and somewhat unwieldy text and struggling with deadlines. The Department also wishes to single out for special thanksthe manydonors,whosenames(exceptfor thosewho wish to remainanonymous)appearin the creditlines.Their unstintingsupport,especiallyfor purchasesproposedin the last eighteen years, is largely responsiblefor the present strengthof the collection. Bibliography:The bestgeneralaccountof GreekandRoman gold andsilveris the lateD. E. Strong'shandbook,Greekand RomanGoldandSilverPlate(1966).The exhibitioncatalogue Silverfor the Gods(1977) by AndrewOliver,Jr., and Kurt Lucknerbrings the story up to date and goes more deeply into manyaspects.The entrieson the 119objectsshown in Toledo,KansasCity,andFortWorth,fromOctober1977 to April1978, arefullydocumented,andthe generalintroduction gives an excellentsurvey.

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