master thesis programme by Alicja Szczesniak 1784 kadk 19
g a r b a (r)ge
programme
h ow to re a d i t ? manual
prologue
This programme should be treated and discussed
as a form of architectural discourse. Rather than fitting into certain categories and surrender to categorical reduction, it shows shapes and strategies within which the project might develop. The document itself includes both research and investigation that supports the master thesis programme. DOCUMENT’S MANUAL: COLOURED SPREAD forms an architectural investigation that will inform the design COLOURED TEXT informs important part of the paragraph that is particularly relevant for the programme STRIPES differentiate and their colours determine sections of the document
Alicja Szczesniak
programme manual
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ALICJA SZCZĘŚNIAK Student No: 1784 Tutor: Thomas Chevalier Bøjstrup Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Institute of Architecture and Technology Architecture and Extreme Environments master course spring 2019
PROLOGUE
academic framework /6 programme overview /8
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Solid Waste Management
/12
american consumerism /14 waste around the world /16 waste management in Alaska /18
Architecture of Mobility /22 definition /24 precedence /26
Mobile Alaska
/28
air /30 land /34 water /36 floating architecture /42
REDUCE - REUSE - RECYCLE reduce - reuse - recycle /44 recycling /46 recycling in Alaska /48 stop recycling - start thinking /58 life cycle thinking in Alaska /60
Architecture of Ephemerality /62 definition /64 Instant City /66 precedence /70
Architecture of Performance /72 definition /74 architecture on the move /76 precedence /78
CONTEXT context /4 anchorage /4 southwest region /4
METHODOLOGY project development & submission /4 un goals /4
APPENDICES the (up)bottle project /4 bibliography, images /4 rĂŠsumĂŠ /4
i ntro architecture & extreme environments
prologue
7
This is a master thesis programme for an architectural project that will be realized during the spring of 2019 as a part of the Architecture and Extreme Environment course at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, Denmark. Information and materials presented in this document are partly developed during a fieldtrip to Alaska in November and December 2018. The master programme pursues to explore the intersection between architecture, technology, culture and environment. Through a site-specific approach, it aims to respond to present and future global challenges through research by design and direct on-site involvement in the form of active expeditions to remote world locations where prototypes are put to the test and buildings are designed. kadk (2016)
It mediates its presence in the environment via design and technology, often disregarding the environmental impact. The design potential is working with technology not only as a performance orientated design parameter, but also as a process charged with aesthetic potential and cultural implications with sustainable aims, from building scale all the way to detail. There is a strong focus on site-specific design, achieving this through direct engagement and expeditions to environments which are out of balance. These exceptional scenarios, be it flooding, extreme cold or heat, high pollution and health risk zones, to name a few, are used as test beds for an architectural design to be developed.
Alicja Szczesniak
academic framework
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the language of architecture
w h at w hy h ow
rethinks solid waste management
prologue
9
WHAT.
A mobile facility that through the spectacularised act of
upcycling provides remote communities in Alaska with set of tools and knowledge about a circular economy approach to waste management. Moreover, its supplementary intention is to create an ephemeral act that provides fascination and entertainment for its users. WHY.
The remoteness and low population of Alaska makes it
challenging to manage its waste. Most of the landfills in bigger cities will reach their capacity within next 50 years whilst remote shores are struggling with waste pollution caused by waste burning and free dumping.
Building a processing plant inside the state is still
unaffordable and inefficient: the state is still producing too little waste and building material costs are very high. Alaska is sending some of its garbage and small recyclables to the markets in Lower-48 and China. Dependency on different localizations makes this problematic for the state. The 2019 ban from Chinese market to recycle most of plastics, glass and mixed paper means that most of this material will have to stay inside Alaska. Rethinking waste management in the state, by introducing a circular economy approach, would prolong capacity of regional landfills but also improve social awareness and sustainability. HOW.
The project will be developed using the language of
the architecture of performance, ephemerality and mobility. By investigating an architecture of mobility, the design seeks to provide a wider discourse on economical waste management strategy. Moreover, the project investigates whether an architecture of performance and fascination can facilitate engagement in upcycling strategies, and challenge the current paradigm of waste management.
Alicja Szczesniak
programme overview
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Alaska
wh e re.
prologue
11
Alaska can be seen as the state of extremity, belonging
to the United States since 1867 when it was purchased from the state of Alaska
Russian Empire. It is located on far northwest side of North America.
(2018)
It is the largest U.S. state by area and third least populated - it was estimated for 738 432 people in 2015. Alaska’s economy is dominated by fishing, natural gas and oil industries. It’s remoteness makes many aspects challenging; such as waste management and transportation that the programme looks into more thoroughly in next chapters of this document.
For the site for my programme I will investigate two locations:
1. Anchorage. It is an important hub in Alaska with more than 40% population of the state. The only public accessible harbor in the city, located near port of Alaska, will become a major dock for the design using its existing facilities. It will be important base from both social and pragmatic reasons for the project. 2. Southwest Coast. Its high density of remote communities and poor waste management condition became an area of interest for this master thesis programme. Throughout the semester more specific locations and the route of the mobile design will be distinguished supported by a comprehensive research about those areas.
Alicja Szczesniak
programme overview
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s oli d wa s te man a ge m e nt the meta-subject
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13
Waste management is defined as the activities and actions that are required to handle garbage from its inception to its final Department of
disposal. The process includes
Environmental
collection, transport, treatment
Conservation
and their disposition, together
(2018)
with monitoring and regulation its flow.
Waste
management
becomes
a meta-subject for this master thesis and is put in the context of Alaska. It discusses current methods,
challenges
of
the
remote state and proposes an architectural investigation that is rooted in an economical and mobile solution.
Alicja Szczesniak
definition
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14
The United States, according to What a Waste 2.0, produced
289 millions of tons of garbage in 2016, which classifies it 3rd in the
W h at a Wa s t e 2 . 0
amount of waste production. Although, it ranks first in waste production
(2018)
per person per day. An average American contributes with 2.21kg of garbage every day comparing it with an European person that add 1.18 kilograms per day to world’s wastes. Annie Leonard, a founder of Story of Stuff, points out that Americans are using way too much stuff. Currently United States with 5 percent of world’s population uses 30
Le o n a rd
percent of world resources. Continuing this tendency we will need not
(2007)
one planet but between three and five.
Moreover, 99 percent of all products that have been
harvested, mined, processed, transported, bought are being trashed after half a year. The tendency of wasteful over-production started around 50 years ago during Dwight Eisenhower’s presidency. The Ultimate purpose of an economy is to produce more consumer goods this was one of his mottos during his presidency. Why were people so enthusiastic about this idea? We could argue, there are two factors that drastically increased the turnover of consumer goods: planned obsolescence and perceived obsolescence. Planned obsolescence is
Le o n a rd
basically a design for dump (Leonard, 2007). Companies are producing
(2007)
stuff to make it useless as quick as possible. Starting from evident examples like coffee cups that are being thrown out after one usage but also bigger products like electronics. Computers etc. are becoming useless after few years due to constant changes in technologies. The other thing is perceived obsolescence. By constantly changing the appearance of products companies are convincing users to dump perfectly fine stuff and buy new versions of the same ones.
The project addresses UN sustainable goal 12, responsible
consumption and production, that will start a wider discussion on possible discourse on economical waste management strategy focusing on life cycle and upcycling approach in Alaska.
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15
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969)
‘The ultimate purp o s e of a n economy is to prod u ce m o re co nsume r goods’ D. Ei se nhowe r
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american consumerism
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16
W h a t a Wa s t e 2 . 0 . (2017)
An nu a lly 2 . 0 1 b i l l i o n ton e s of municipa l s o l i d waste is be ing ge n e rate d in the world . Gl oba l wa ste is ex p e c te d to grow significa nt l y, eve n up to 7 0 p e rce nt by 2 0 5 0 . Thi s mea ns globa l wa s te w ill increa se to 3 .4 0 b il l i o n to n n es . An ave ra ge pe rs o n ge ne rate s 0 . 7 4 kg of g ar b age p e r d ay .
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High-Income countries have a level of infrastructure that
allows them to deal efficiently and effectively with a vast amount of the waste that they produce. Facilities exist within countries such as sanitary landfills with landfill gas collection systems and incineration facilities that deal with waste in a variety of different ways that also benefit their economies. Examples of this can be found in Denmark where waste is converted to energy at the Amager Bakke power plant in Copenhagen which is the best performing facility of this kind in Europe. In high-income level countries at the high rank is also recycling which makes up 34 percent of waste management. As an example, Austria has the highest recycling rate in the world. 63 percent of all waste are being diverted from landfills.
This can be contrasted with the waste management
strategies of middle-income countries, such as Malaysia, that do not have the same level of infrastructure. In these countries, landfill is the W h at a Wa s t e 2 . 0 .
main driver for the management of waste that makes up 54 percent
(2017)
of all waste management strategies. Such waste has the potential to become both a serious pollutant (of land, water and air) and an occupier of vast swathes of land that could otherwise be used for beneficial purposes to the environment.
For lower-income countries the dependence, which makes
up 93% of the waste management, is on open dumping. Examples of this can be seen in the slums of East Africa and India where huge amounts of people live alongside toxic waste, posing serious health risks. There is effectively no holistic waste management strategy and so waste forms a constantly altering informal economy which encourages the inhabitants of a waste dump area to search for waste that is seen as valuable in return for a small wage. However, due to the informal nature of this strategy there is little chance of development into the more refined methods of higher-income countries. That being said, within these communities there are elements of upcycling that is done out of necessity that provide a degree of optimism for waste management.
Alicja Szczesniak
waste around the world
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18
don’t feed landfills in
s ou th ce ntra l Alaska
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19
Similarly to middle-income level regions, Alaska bases
state’s waste management on landfills. About 52 percent of all waste generated in the state is deposited in the Anchorage Regional Landfill. The eight largest landfills in Alaska manage 86 percent of the waste and about 208 small rural landfills are in control of the rest. These days more and more landfills have problems with their capacities. For instance, Ketchikan’s landfill reached capacity and closed 10 years ago SWANA.
and Kodiak’s is soon running out of space. The Anchorage Regional
(1999)
Landfill, has the capacity to hold 40 million cubic yards of waste. Currently one-third is full, officials expect that the landfill will reach its capacity around 2045. Since building a waste processing plant is still not economically feasible, because of state’s remoteness and
Gerlat
insufficient amount of waste produced in the state, two scenarios have
(2012)
been proposed in order to find a better solution for waste management in Alaska. The trend in the Lower-48 has been to close local landfills and open larger multiple-community landfills, whose area of collection crossed state lines. Through regionalization, communities often are able to accomplish together what is difficult to do individually. As an example, Washington DC has 10 times the population of Alaska and
SWANA.
has about 1/10th of the number of landfills. Many communities are
(1999)
interested in hosting regional facilities, however, the cost of building one with a recycling center is around $10-30 million and depends on many variables. The cost of building a landfill is also significant. The idea of shipping waste to Lower-48 (mostly Washington DC, Seattle and Oregon) is being the most cost-effective over the long term.
Another way apart from recycling to prolong the lifespan of
the regional landfill is Gas-to-Energy process which captures methane created within a waste and change it into the energy. Alaska’s First Landfill Gas-to-Energy Facility was built in Anchorage in 2013. There is often concern that energy from waste discourages greater recycling.
Alicja Szczesniak
waste management in Alaska
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20
trashy problem in
tri b a l co m m u ni t i e s of Alaska
research
21
Carl Safina, an American marine biologist, in his article
YaleEnvironment 360 poses a question If trash washes up on a beach remote that no one is there to see it, does it still make a mess? He traveled to the southeast shores and remote villages in Alaska and described a problem with waste pollution and poor waste management in small Safina
Alaskan communities.
(2013)
Managing
rubbish
in
Alaska’s
rural
villages,
mostly
communities accessible only by boat or aircraft and often hundreds of miles from the nearest highway, is challenging. Bigger communities have household collection systems in which tribal government employs solid waste workers to pick up trash at each household. Some communities have no collection service and individual haul trash to the Zender
landfill on their schedule. According to a report, prepared by The Alaska
(2018)
Chapter of the Solid Waste Association of North America, approximately 200 to 250 small open dumps are located around remote villages in Alaska. It is a serious threat to public health and the environment. As a matter of fact, they are the only communities in the country allowed to do this by law, since there is no proposal yet for them to manage their garbage. While burning keeps waste management cost lower, unregulated burning of waste creates serious health and environmental problem. Potentially hazardous materials that cannot be disposed of in the community landfill and recyclables need to be backhauled out of community and disposed of or recycled in Anchorage or Seattle. Most of this material leaves via small plane, or barge if the community is located on the coast or a major river.
New solutions for managing waste, therefore, in remote
communities need to be proposed.
Alicja Szczesniak
waste management in Alaska
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Can an arc h ite c tu re of mob il i t y p rov id e w i der disco u rs e o n e co n o m i c a l was te m an age m ent st rate g y fo r re m ote com mu n i t ie s i n Al a s ka as a c r it iq u e of s tati c fac il i t ie s?
investigation 01: architecture of mobility
23
Defining a technical investigation of waste management in
Alaska: it shouldn’t be looked at from the perspective of a singular area or community. Considering high building costs and low material accessibility it should implicate an architectural strategy that could be integrated with many communities and bigger cities in Alaska. Investigation and research itself will be divided into different scales:
1. Scale of the state. Mobile architecture, as an investigation,
will explore a potentially economical strategy for current waste management in Alaska, in opposition to a static architectural solution. It will also follow the current trend of regionalizing facilities inside the state.
2. Scale of the community. The investigation will look
into chosen communities, for case of this master thesis, and explore their resource management; their lack of materials that can be supplemented by the design but also excess of material/waste that could be reclaimed.
3. Scale of the designed facility. Designing with an
approach of mobile architecture requires putting it into a context of Alaska and a thorough understanding of transport infrastructure that will inform the design and investigation itself. Moreover portable solutions will require an technical inquiry that will be suitable to the designed context.
Alicja Szczesniak
intentions
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m ob i li t y /məʊˈbɪləti/
investigation 01: mobile architecture
25
When talking about mobility within architecture it can be
understood as two things. It can be related to transit architecture or portable architecture. In the first case, architecture is a program that echos contemporary fluxes and logistics. In other words, the building is Gadano
a permanent formalization of those movements. Transit infrastructure -
(2007)
airports, train stations - simply is a permanent solution for dynamic and fluid plasticity. Moreover, within the architecture of mobility discourse, there is history of projects that meant to be moved that discusses the idea of self-contamination, independency and flexibility.
Mobility seen as portable architecture is something I would
like to investigate in my architectural thesis. The term more refers into industrial design where something can be compact, capable for transport or be reproduced. In this case would be interesting, for example, to challenge the idea of a mass-produced container that America mastered in 20th century and look at them as individual movement unit.
However, mobility also refers to the ability to change. When
talking about it we refer to not only the physical aspect but also social, political, economical or psychological. Architecture can not escape Bourdin
from responsibility to respond for constant changes. Permanently on the
(2005)
move means to follow modern trends, atmospheres or events. People confront accelerating societal and urban changes as well becoming more aware of ecological or communal disasters. Architecture, furthermore, needs to be able to respond to these scenarios.
Alicja Szczesniak
definition
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26
Howl’s Moving Castle Hayao Miyazaki,studio Ghibli (2004)
left: K s z ys z t of Wo d i c z ko Vehicle for Homeless (1988) right: Olson Kundig Rolling Huts (2007)
investigation 01: mobile architecture
27
J. Purdy Brown pionier of using circus tents (1825)
N55 snail shell system (2002)
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precedence
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mob i l e Ala s ka transportation & connectivity
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29
To incorporate mobile architecture into the context
of Alaska it is important to understand the way the transport infrastructure functions in the state and how it influences different communities; their daily fluxes, resource supply. The state can be described by its vastness; population density is about one person per square mile compared with 92.2 that represents the average for U.S. Indeed, historically, communities were developed pretty much the same way as rest of United States, along river streams or near the coast,
but the distance between them makes it challenging
for any type of transport to connect them with each other.
Considering the available time frame for this master thesis
I will investigate areas that were visited throughout last semester field trip, from where most data is accessible. The thesis will focus on the city of Anchorage - the biggest transportation hub in Alaska. Moreover the study will investigate the southwest
communities
that are most vulnerable in case of waste management and lacks supplementary facilities that will be introduced by the design.
Alicja Szczesniak
transport & connectivity
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air transport
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31
In the last 35 years there has been a six-fold increase in
the mobility provided by the U.S. air transport. In Alaska there are 747 recorded landing areas which is 16 time more comparing it to the rest of the mainland. Statistics are still showing that it is cheaper to build a remote based airport inside the state rather than W a i t z , To w n s e n d ,
constructing a mile of a road. Furthermore, air carriers are crucial
Cutcher-Gershenfeld,
especially for communities from Interior Region, where even water
Greitzer, Korrebrock
transport is not accessible. They are often the only way to get access
(2004)
to emergency health, since many of those communities doesn’t have any type of health facility. Moreover, aviation very often serves business in those areas on daily basis considering limited storage space. It resupplies villages with goods and food. In case of waste management and recycling there are some non-profit organizations that work thanks to generous support of private sponsors. ALPAR, which stands for Alaskans for Litter Prevention and Recycling, is one of those companies with program ALPAR Flying Cans that recycle cans from remote areas of Alaska and flies them back to Anchorage.
Anchorage lies within 9.5 hour by air to 90 percent of
the industrialized world. For this reason Ted Stevens Anchorage Wikipedia
International Airport is a common refueling stop for many international
(2019)
cargo flight but most importantly is the biggest airport in Alaska. It has the biggest amount of domestic and international flights.
Although aviation seems to have a big potential in terms of
transportation method it is important to keep in mind environmental consequences of aviation. As it can be read in the report to the United State Congress from december 2004; even though there has been 60 percent improvement in aircraft fuel efficiency and a 95 percent W a i t z , To w n s e n d ,
reduction in the number of people impacted by aircraft, the immediate
Cutcher-Gershenfeld,
action is required to address the interdependent challenges of aviation
Greitzer, Korrebrock
noise, local air quality and climate impacts. Environmental impacts may
(2004)
be fundamental constraint on air transport growth in the 21st century.
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transport & connectivity
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32
research
33
To m R e m i n g t o n ( 2 0 1 2 ) / p h o t o c r e d i t s Lake Hood, Anchorage the world’s largest and busiest seaplane base - serves 190flights/day
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transport & connectivity
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la n d transport
research
35
82 percent of Alaska communities are not served by any
land system. Most of highways or rail systems are located in central and southcentral area of the state. Frequently communities, especially from Interior Region, are situated along road systems or major rivers.
In total Alaska has 5609 miles of highways. Due to
extremely hard climatic issues, high constructing and maintenance coasts, 21 percent of them remain in poor conditions. Moreover, one mile of construction cost of building a road costs 7 million dollars which is equivalent to creating a remote airport in Alaska.
The Alaska Railroad (locally known as Railbelt)
covers
Wikipedia
756km and runs through Anchorage, Denali, and Fairbanks to North
(2018)
Pole, with spurs to Whitter and Palmer. It plays important role in Alaska transportation because it carries natural resources as coal and gravel to port of Alaska. Moreover, it distributes freight along the state where road system doesn’t reach. It also serves daily transport for passengers during summer month and weekly scheduled trips through winter.
Alicja Szczesniak
transport & connectivity
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wate r transport
research
37
Most of Alaskan communities historically was developed
along trade or migration routes. Studying the map of the state shows that majority of nation leaves near any water sources, near on the coast. Historically some of them were once seasonal hunting or fishing camps, some of them existed for thousand of years. Nevertheless, water transport was always important for Alaskan communities. Alaska’s well developed state-owned ferry system, known as Alaska Marine Highway serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula. Moreover, in recent years marine transport become more popular among tourists which contributes highly to state’s annual revenue.
Alicja Szczesniak
transport & connectivity
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38
W a i t z , To w n s e n d , Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Greitzer, Korrebrock (2004)
Through the Port of Adak, part of Alaska’s peninsula, four
main water routes connect the eastern and western part of the world. Moreover, due to climatic change and arctic ice melt the Nortwest Passage is now possible to pass which will bring potential benefits to ship transportation. Ship route from Europe to eastern Asia would be 4000 kilometers shorter, therefore Alaskan oil could move quickly by ship to ports in the eastern United States.
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39
The a
Port
strategically
ADAK, AK
the
of
logistical
Adak
is
gateway, located
intersection
of
at the
three main water routes.
NO
H RT
PAC
OCEAN
IFIC
north g
cir reat
cle
ro
ut
e
bering sea
gulf of alaska
sea of Okhotsk
alaska chukchi sea east siberian sea
beufort sea
canada
laptev sea ARCTIC OCEAN
russia
a
a ss
greenland
ge
barents sea
northw
es
t
p
kara sea
poland
NO
RT
H
AT
LA
NT
IC
O
C
EA
N
Fig. 01 North Hemisphere
Alicja Szczesniak
transport & connectivity
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In Al a ska , wate r t ran s p ort contr i bute s to s u s ta i n a b l e an d e nv iro n m e nta l l y frien d l y l og is t ic c h a i n s i n te r m s of e nerg y con sum pt i o n, no is e a n d gas em i ssi o n, co n s i d eri n g mo st co m m uni t ies are acce ssi bl e m a i n l y by wate r.
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41
Port of Whittier (2018)
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transport & connectivity
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42
S t u d i o To m E m e r s o n “ P a v i l i o n o f R e f l e c t i o n s � (2016)
investigation 01: mobile architecture
43
As it is commonly known floating structures have their
disadvantages and limitations, including issues with accessibility and threats to marine environment, but the investigation that the project will engage with throughout the semester has a potential of minimalising the issues. The technical aspect and thorough understanding on floating structure will play crucial role in designing described, in this programme, facility.
The design will follow principles and concepts of
environmental design and will take into consideration some of the mentioned criteria: access to the shore, people accommodation, technical aspects of floating system to maintain appropriate level of stability of the load, choice of material to be certain that all resources are used adequate to the conditions to which they are exposed.
Moreover even though Alaska has a great potential for
water transport it is important to thoroughly understand the water life and specifics of the remote shores. As an example the design should address a challenge of west shores of Alaska. They are known to be just 3.5 meters deep in the most shallow places which should be incorporated as a criteria for the design.
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floating architecture
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rethinking
re u s e . re d u ce . re cyc l e . the three R’s of environmentalism
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45
Vanessa Keith is her manifesto asks : Is there a way of making cities living as natural organism? Generally, we can argue, that current trend for material economy is linear. Right now, we extract, process, make a Keith
product, sell the product, people buy it, use it for a year or so and then
(2017)
trash it. In 37 percent of cases the waste will end up on the landfill. Is it possible to change a system and make a circular economy out of the linear paradigm?
Life Cycle Thinking looks differently at waste management,
specifically focusing on production, site and manufacturing processes to include environmental, social and economic impacts of a product. GmbH
The main goal of Life Cycle Thinking is to reduce use of resources that
(2018)
contributes to production and emission to the environment. It can be achieved by one of the waste hierarchy tools for waste management that are commonly called 3xRs - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. On the top of the hierarchy there is a concept of reducing. It can be argued it is the most important of all three. The goal of the first R is to lessen the overall amount of waste and rubbish that humans use and consume. It is important to understand what is essential for us and cut down on stuff we are buying. The less we are purchasing the less waste is being produced later on. It is also important to look at the source of the product and acknowledge their ability to compost on their own. Therefore sometimes it is worth buying better quality products that can last longer.
Wikipedia
(2018)
of reusing looks into materials as a resource rather than a refuse. The
One person’s trash is another person’s treasure. The concept
creative art of reusing is called upcycling. From a definition it is a process of transforming by-products, waste materials, useless, or unwanted products into new materials or products of better quality or for better environmental value. The process is widely used in art, architecture and different creative areas.
Alicja Szczesniak
rethinking
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re cyc li n g /riːˈsʌɪklɪŋ/
research
47
Recycling is a process of transforming a waste item into a
new product that is more usable or purposeful. Recycling involves things that we use daily, and with the right procedure, these can generate energy or any beneficial items for the community. It also generates additional benefit for country’s economy. Recyclables make up a substantial fraction of waste streams, ranging from 16 percent paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, and glass in low-income countries to about 50 percent in high-income countries. As countries rise in W h a t a Wa s t e 2 . 0 .
income level, the quantity of recyclables in the waste stream increases,
(2017)
with paper increasing most significantly. One of the idealistic ideas of
Zaman (2011)
recycling is zero waste strategy, where 100 percent of solid waste are being recycled and 100 percent are being recovered of all resources from waste materials. The idea is challenging but a really good example is the case of Singapore. 15 years ago this country was about to flood their own landfills by producing 7600 tons of garbage per day. With their agenda to increase the recycling rate up to 70 percent until 2035 they were able to reduce amount of waste per person per year to 1370 kilograms in 2016.
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recycling
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48
The remote location combined with small population and
high transportation costs, makes Alaska rank dead last in recycling in the United States. Alaskans recycle around 25 percent of all waste while other states in lower-48, for example California, recycle up to even 50-60 percent. However, recycling is constantly growing in the state.
Anchorage - the largest populated city in Alaska - is the
biggest recycling hub in the state. For them recycling expands the lifespan of the regional landfill. Similarly to solid waste management, the easiest and most affordable way of dealing with small recyclables is to ship them to lower-48 for further processing. Anchorage Recycling Center in 2010 shipped 21000 tons of recyclables to markets in
Anchorage
Seattle. It is almost 75 percent of waste that has been put in the
Municipality
landfill 10 years ago. Accordingly, 9300 kilograms of cardboard 4300
(2010)
kilograms of mixed paper, 32000 tons of scrap autos and other metals, and finally 625 kilograms of electronics.
Thanks to the generosity and commitment to a greener
Alaska by Alaska’s shipping companies, Alaska’s residents and business can economically recycle. Matson, TOTE, Lynden/Alaska Marine Lines, Northern Air Cargo and small airlines serving rural Alaska donate millions of dollars worth of shipping annually. Without this annual donation, recycling would not be cost effective for Alaska without ratepayer assistance.
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49
Fig. 02 Anchorage Recycling Center
WO RL D M A RK ETS
PO RT
PAC IFIC NO RT HWES T
SWS C U RBS IDE A LA S K A WA S TE CU RBS IDE
com m ing l e d re c yc l a b l es
so rted recyclables
A N C HO R AGE R EC YC L I N G CE NT E R
L AN D F IL L
SC H OOL S
news pa p er
aluminium, news p a p er
This p rog ra m b roug ht in a b out 1400 tones of m i xed rec yc l a b l es .
balled recyclables
Th an k s to t h e contrib uti ons of A LPA R an d t he ship p i ng co m pan i e s s e r v i ng Anc hora ge, Th e An c h o rage Rec yc l ing Ce nte r s h i ppe d 21 000 tones of re c yc l abl e s to m a rkets in Se att l e i n 2009.
SPEC IAL IZE D R EC YC L E R S
m eta l , el ec troni cs, lamps
CARRS TH E R M O- KOOL Thermo - Ko o l of Alaska used almo st 3 000 to nes of newspap er in 2009 to make insulatio n, hydro - mu lch and animal bedding.
What d oe s it m ean to recycle in Al ask a? Alicja Szczesniak
recycling in Alaska
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research
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Alicja Szczesniak
recycling in Alaska
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There are different available option to recycle in Alaska,
considering its location. Curb side pickup, provided by Alaska Waste or Solid Waste Services, is only available in bigger cities like Anchorage, Eagle River, Wasilla, Fairbanks, Girdwood, Whittier, Kenai, Seward, Homer and Kodiak. In most of mentioned cities there are located as well drop-off spots where people can recycle rest of products that can’t be picked up by trucks. Some of the material, however, are more difficult to recycle and are stying permanently inside the state. One of the examples is glass.
Glass, as a material, doesn’t have the same recycle value in
Alaska comparing it to different states. Most of them have facilities that sort glass by colour and grade, re-melts it and then transfers the material to a glass plant for a new production. Since it is not affordable to ship it all the weight to Lower-48 because of material’s weight 1200 tons of glass annually is staying in state. Indeed, 30% of it goes to CRC facility where is it crushed and used as aggregates on construction sites but still 800 tones of glass are being left behind.
Wa s t e 3 6 0 (2017)
Moreover not only glass would stay inside the state.
Recently recycling businesses in China announced plans to stop buying mixed paper and some types of plastic containers. That worried Alaska and West Coast businesses that collect, sort and ship those materials overseas. At least one major wholesaler in Alaska said it would remove the paper and plastics from its recycling stream and dump it in its landfill. But so far, that’s not happening much. The company said the problem means an estimated one-quarter of what its customers has brought needs to be thrown out.
research
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Alicja Szczesniak
ALUMINIUM CANS
FOOD SCRAPS
Automated curbside & All major drop-off centers
Anchorage Com. Compost, Anchorage Regional Landfill
ALUMINIUM FOIL
GRASS CLIPPINGS
Drop-off only & Anchorage Recycling Center
Composted by American Landscaping ($2/bag)
CARDBOARD
M I X E D PA P E R
Automated curbside & All major drop-off centers
Automated curbside & All major drop-off centers
recycling in Alaska
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54
PLASTIC BAGS
STEEL CANS
Various retail stores such as Carrs, Anch. Recycling Center
Automated curbside & Anchorage Recycling Center
PLASTIC BOTTLES #1 PETE Automated curbside & All major drop-off centers
PLASTIC JUGS #2 HDPE Automated curbside & All major drop-off centers
CFL BULBS
ELECTRONICS
Anchorage Regional Landfill Household Hazardous Waste
Total Reclaim, Batteries&Bulbs
research
55
USED OIL
S C R A P M E TA L
Central Transfer Station, Anchorage Regional Landfill
Central Recycling Services, Alaska Scrap, WOTC
A U T O B AT T E R I E S
DEBRIS
Central Transfer Station, Anchorage Regional Landfill
Central Recycling Services
N E WS PA P E R
APPLIANCES
Automated curbside & All major drop-off centers
CTS, ARL, Anchorage Regional Landfill ($20/unit)
Alicja Szczesniak
recycling in Alaska
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stop recycling start thinking recycling is lazy way to be green
research
57
Even though recycling is one of the waste reduction methods;
most popular and mostly known by the society while being used as a pretext to consume and dump more than we need, the question arises - is recycling really the best option? As a matter of fact one can argue, CMC Co
recycling in not enough and it’s not an answer for sustainable waste
(2017-2018)
management. Waste that are being recycled from outside users homes is just the tip of the iceberg. This number corresponds to 1/7 of all waste that is being recycled. Moreover, some of products that are being used in daily life are not even able to be recycled because of mixture of different raw materials used to create them. As a matter of fact when using the term ‘sustainable waste management’ we should look into the bigger picture and consider conscious consuming, green chemistry, renewable energy, local living and a circular economy.
In the same manner, life cycle thinking considers reducing,
reusing and recycling equally in terms of their importance, which might be big misconceptions. Recycling, does indeed prolong the lifespan of a landfill but eventually after reprocessing several times it will end up there. Also, the primary idea behind recycling is that, rather than using raw materials to create “primary goods”, it is cheaper and better for the environment to produce “secondary goods” from the recycling process. On the contrary, research is showing that it is difficult to fully displace Sudakow
primary goods due to user demands. One can argue, is then recycling
(2018)
effective in providing an environmentally friendly solution to tackling an increasing production of waste.
Alicja Szczesniak
rethinking
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DOM E S T I C M AT E R I A L E X T R
Fig. 04 Rout-cause analysis
DI R EC 2 5 % Al a s k a n a re re c yc l i n g t h e i r wa s te
R EU SE
5 2 % of a l l wa s te ge n e rate d i n Al a s k a i s d e p o s i te d i n An c h o ra ge Re gi o n a l LandямБll
R ECYCLE
REGIONAL L AND FILL
DOM E S T I C 9 9 % of go o d s b e i n g p ro ce s s e d i n U S i s b e i n g t ra s h e d afte r 6 m o nt h s
WAS T E
H AZARDOUS WA STE
O RGANIC WAS T E
WAS TE -TO - ENERGY P LA N T
ROT
PLACT IC WAS T E
C E RAMICS & G LA SS
research
R ET H IN
S OLI
PAPE R /
59
RACTIO N
IMP O RTS 9 5 % of a l l go o d s i s i m p o r te d i n Al a s k a
CT M AT ER I A L IN P UT
REDU CE MATE R I A L CON SU MP T ION
NK OTH E R I N PUTS
ID WAS T E
LIQ U ID WA STE
P H YS IC AL & CHEMI CA L TRE ATMENT
CAR D WA S T E
TIN S & ME TA L S
I don’t believe the answer is to totally abandon recycling. Rather, it is about prioritizing the ideas of reducing and reusing, where less consumptionism would tangibly lower the level of waste production and, in so doing, will improve the sustainability of managing it.
R EC YC L E PRO CESSI NG PL AN TS IN LOWER-48 & C H IN A Alicja Szczesniak
approach
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C an an arc h i te c tu re of e p h e me ral i t y, th at for m u l ate s me rc u r i a l spati al co nf i g u rat i o n s at the s c al e of t h e s i n gu l a r space an d t h e fa c i l i ty itse lf, c h al l e n ge t h e m o re pe r man e nt ap p roa c h to was te m an age m ent i n Al as k a?
investigation 02: architecture of ephemerality
61
By expanding the waste hierarchy from current strategies
of landfill dumping and recycling to reducing and recycling, waste could become an ephemeral product. By those process, not only is the reliance on landfills being reduced, but also the waste has the potential of becoming an object of a greater value. How then can emphemerality
be manifested by an architectural language? The
investigation will inform the spatial intention for the project.
1. Scale of the village. It is important for the design
to understand the impact of the temporary facility onto existing structures. Moreover spatial investigations of the facility’s layout incorporating rural community access will be developed during semester work.
2. Scale of the facility. The facility, despite its permanent
functions, will take advantage of an ephemeral approach to the architecture and will investigate flexible spaces that will be inform the facility.
Alicja Szczesniak
intentions
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eph e m e ra l i t y e p h e m · e r · a l · i · t y | \ i - ˌ f e - m ə - ˈ r a - l ə - t ē
investigation 02: architecture of ephemerality
63
Temporary structures are usually used in many disciplines to
start a relevant conversation about a topic by introducing interesting physical installations that encourage people to engage with the relevant subject by becoming part of it. Moreover, they are working in favor of perceiving the urban context. By temporarily appearing at the various remote communities, the facility (alongside supplementary functions that can provide additional value) challenges their daily rhythms. Ozola
(2012)
something temporary. My programme, although itself is functioning
Architecture as a performance is perceived very often as
as a permanent facility, it is identified as a ephemeral event from a perspective of visited community. Furthermore, ephemeral structures are working in favor of developing the project in Alaska. In many cases the building cost is too high or simply the amount of waste produced is too little to make any static architectural project feasible inside the state. Currently, as stated earlier, there is tendency to consolidate facilities by region in order to make it more affordable.
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definition
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Instant City is a project developed by Peter Cook and
Archigram. It was created on the basis of previous experimentation with Plug-In City (1964) and Walking City (1964) created by Ron Herron. Archigram developed an idea of a traveling city that benefits from the performative act of temporarily infiltrating the existing city. The temporary metropolis superimposes the city with audiovisual, mobile and technological elements. The idea behind infiltration is intended as a complementary rather that foreign addition to the communities visited.
Instant City implicates that the architecture doesn’t have
to be permanent; it can function as an event coming to the existing town and then disappearing after certain amount of time. It doesn’t mean, however, that its presence was impassive towards visited city. Furthermore, Peter Cook claims that the idea of an Instant City is impossible to represent. It’s a type of architecture that has no existence, no really defined form. The city is free from its foundation - he defined it as something between permanent and transitory, mobile and ephemeral.
By investigating this almost utopian version of an aerial
city, that transforms the city into an act of a performance, I would like to challenge its physical appearance throughout the semester and incorporate it into the context of Alaska. The idea is to focus on creating an architecture of performance that would provide visited communities with set of tools and knowledge about managing waste and specifically looking into possible ways of upcycling.
investigation 02: architecture of ephemerality
C e n t r e - Va l d e Lo i r e (2017)
65
Archigram �Instant City, Before IC� (1969)
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precedence
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‘Arch i tect ure do e s n ot h ave to be a construct i o n a nd ca n b e s i m pl y a n eve nt , an acti o n i n t he pres e nt .’ Archigram
Ro n He r ro n ” Wa l k i n g C i t y ” ( 1 9 6 4 )
investigation 02: architecture of ephemerality
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Alicja Szczesniak
precedence
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SITTEW ERK Kasselhaus Josephsohn
SITTEW ERK Material Archive (left) Art Library (right)
investigation 02: architecture of ephemerality
69
A n t Fa r m Inflatocookbook (1971)
The design itself will be seen as an ephemeral even from
the perspective of visited community. Nevertheless it will have supplementary function that, informed by the ephemeral investigation and remote area needs, will be permanently engaged with the mobile facility. Their specificity will be developed throughout the semester work. It is important for the design, however, to distinguish also permanent functions that will be helping to economically maintain the mobile facility.
Alicja Szczesniak
precedence
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The p ro je c t inve s ti gates w het h e r an arc h i tec tu re of p e r fo r m an ce a n d fasc i n at i o n c an fa c i l i tate e ngage m e nt i n u pc yc l i n g strate g ie s , an d c h a l l en ge the c u r re nt p aradi gm of was te man age m ent.
investigation 03: architecture of performance
71
With the tendency of sending recyclables to Lower-48
people are usually caught up with an out of sight out mind approach. However, waste is never truly out of sight; it can be temporarily discharged but it, or its effects, will usually reappear in some form. The aim of this study is, through the language of the architecture of performance, find a way for users to engage with proposed waste management strategies.
1. Scale of the facility. Can the architecture spectacularise
the act of upcycling? The event aims to spread awareness through the active participation of users reusing their own waste whilst also gaining knowledge that they can incorporate in their daily lives.
2. Scale of the user. The theoretical investigation will
be developed throughout the semester on how entertainment and fascination are perceived from the perspective of the users.
Alicja Szczesniak
intentions
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performance /pəˈfɔːm(ə)ns/
investigation 03: architecture of performance
73
Performance in architecture can relate to its technical
and economical efficiency. However, I want to investigate a form Gadano
of architecture that becomes a performative act; some kind of
(2007)
phenomenon. Architecture as a performance takes on the historical tendency of performance art that became popular around 1970s. It is a practice that escaped the canon of the self-contained work of art and started being body, site and action orientated. The same comes with architecture: it seeks to engage with spatial and social challenges. Furthermore, the architecture itself becomes a big event for the local community. The design transforms into an egalitarian activity that
Ozola
allows people to participate, learn something new and take pleasure
(2012)
of what has become their new surrounding. The performative aspect of the architecture, however, doesn’t reduce the intellectual lever nor the quality of it. Very often it is used to enhance the intention of the design. The notion of performance also reveals itself to be quite efficient tool for architecture to create fast statement in a fast changing urban context.
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definition
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Mack Senior (1915)
Autocar (1930)
Garbage Barge (1987)
investigation 03: architecture of performance
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Alaska, despite its longstanding heritage and history, can
recognise the reasoning and efficiencies of resources and equipment being brought from the contiguous United States. For instance, in the whole of Alaska there is no architectural university and therefore all practicing architects are coming from Lower-48 or abroad. That means that most of knowledge of technology and building design is brought with them and very often is not being incorporated to the context of Alaska. This is happening in other disciplines and arguably with an approach to waste managing strategies also. Very often waste production or recycling statistics are being compared to Lower-48 which is, and will continue to be, unparalleled if the current infrastructural paradigm is to be maintained. Rather than focusing on generic methods blindly appropriated from the Lower-48, it is important to incorporate these idea in the context of Alaska.
The investigation intends to be a critique of current methods
of managing garbage but also about challenging spatial opportunities of contemporary waste collection methods. During a semester the design will look into ways of spectacularising the act of upcycling and translating it into an architectural language of spatial opportunities.
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precedence
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Thomas Randall-Page and B e n e d e t t a Ro g e r s “A i r D r a f t “ (2018)
Marshall Blecher and Magnus Maarbjerg “CPH-Ø1“
investigation 03: architecture of performance
(2018)
77
S t u d i o To m E m e r s o n “Pavilion of Reflections” (2016)
Entertainment is essential when the architecture of
performance is discussed. The architecture, although, shouldn’t be seen as an entertainment itself; deliberately constructed for a decorative purpose so it never intended to be practical. The entertainment should be understood as a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience; it can be an idea or a task. Importantly the programme will focus on the experience of the audience, investigating both passive and active roles in the ‘performance.’
Alicja Szczesniak
precedence
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co ntex t c o n · t e x t | \
context
79
The programme aims to discuss new waste strategies
for Alaska as a whole. However, considering the time frame of this project, the importance of specificity for the project and the amount of accessible data, the design will focus on the area of Anchorage and southwest coastal communities. 1. Anchorage. It’s the biggest city in Alaska, covering almost 300 000 citizens which makes up for more than 40% population in whole state. Anchorage is particularly important in terms of waste governance. Firstly, its regional landfill among 7 different around south coast collects more than 85% of all waste in the state. Moreover most of recyclables are being sent through the city and port of Alaska for further processing (other are being sent from Seward and Southeast coastal cities). From the perspective of the project, the accessible for public harbor located right next to the port of Alaska, it will become an important dock facility for the mobile structure. 2. Southwest Region. Its high density of remote communities and poor waste management condition became an area of interest for this master thesis programme. It stretches over thousand miles into the Pacific Ocean. Also, the region captives by its exquisite nature offering volcanic islands, mountains and countless lakes. Moreover, the Youkon-Kuskokwim Delta region houses the largest rural community in Alaska with 5500 residents. Its remoteness makes it not-feasible and not-affordable to implement any static supplementary facilities.
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public harbour in Anchorage, Alaska will become a an important port for the mobile facility
context
81
Fig. 05 Anchorage, Alaska
Alicja Szczesniak
Anchorage
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Fig. 06 Southwest Region of Alaska
context
83
satelite view of Shaktoolik in Alaska
Alicja Szczesniak
southwest region
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meth od o l og y in project development
methodology
85
The exploration of theories related to the architecture of mobility, performance and ephemerality; their relations to each other, definitions and relevant precedences, will inform the specific functions and facilities of the project throughout the semester.
Festivity and playfulness is a part of my methodology
when dealing with realistic and serious matter of waste management. Transforming a generic act of upcycling into a spectaculairaised act through a language of architecture is playing a key role in this project; it is used to create an approachable and engaging design. The colour scheme and playful ambient of the project will reference, among others, the illustrations of Nigel Peake.
Physical models will play an important role in the project
development. Not only is it a personal ambition to engage with this particular type of work process, but it also has the potential of functioning as a test bed for concepts and configurations of the design.
Alicja Szczesniak
Preliminary scope of submission:
1. Masterplan 1:5000
2. Siteplan 1:500
3. Context model
4. Sections 1:100 / 1:50
5. Construction details 1:2 / 1:5
6. Plans 1:100 / 1:50
7. Perspective Views
8. Detail model
project development
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UN
re s pon si b l e con s u m pt i o n & prod u c t i o n sustainable goal
methodology
87
United Nations (2019)
The project addresses the UN sustainable development goal 12: responsible consumption and production - pertinently located in the country that is critiqued for having consuming more natural resources and promoting much less sustainable lives than any other country in the world. It is not intended to be used solely as a parameter for the outcome of the design but it will also start a wider discussion on possible discourses around economical waste management strategy - focusing on a life cycle and upcycling approach that will be appropriated to the context of Alaska. By addressing the UN sustainable development goal 9: industry, innovation and infrastructure, the project aims to challenge and implement the architecture of mobility as a driver for providing an architectural language for lack of waste infrastructure in remote communities.
12.5
Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human wellbeing, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all.
Alicja Szczesniak
By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse.
9.1
UN sustainable goals
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appe n d ice s
appendices
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CONTENT the (up)bottle project bibliography, images résumé
Alicja Szczesniak
definition
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the
(up)bottle project
appendices
91
During December 2018 I spent three weeks in Anchorage
in Alaska as part of the field trip for the winter semester 2018. The aim was to gather important information about the region but ,most importantly, to test architectural prototypes.
Prior to leaving Alaska presented unique challenges for
developing an effective solid waste management plan. Landfills are soon reaching their capacity and processing mills, considering the amount of waste production in Alaska, are not affordable to be built inside the state. Recycling prolongs the lifespan of a landfill. Most of recyclables are being sent to lower-48 for further processing. Although, glass as a material, is too heavy which makes it too expensive to be shipped. Indeed, 25% of glass is being recycled and crushed in order to be used as aggregates in construction. However, rest of it lands in the regional landfill. The way to make glass recycling work in Anchorage is to find an end use it inside the state.
My proposal from first semester does not answer that
directly: it addresses an issue and leaves the possibility to answer it by the user. The design consists of aluminum exoskeletons, working with scissor-hinged frames principle, that is filled with wine bottles. The design opposes to permanent solutions and it allows for many configuration by stacking frames together. The structure is tested for its compressive strength and the distance of deflection under the load. Moreover, built structures are designed to initiate discussion about waste upcycling. For purpose of the Alaska field trip 3 different assemblies were created. Two in downtown Anchorage and one in residential area.
Alicja Szczesniak
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The first structure, the bench, was created with 2 frames,
a wooden board and 70 upcycled previously wine bottles. Its luminance brought more liveliness into the park nearby and the sheltered structure itself. The second structure was put together near unsheltered bus stop in the city center. This assembly was looking into its structural properties. It was created using 8 frames and was filled with 280 earlier upcycled wine bottles. The structure was strong enough to hold its own weight and the load of bottles. Moreover, multiple times it started the discussion with local residents of the town. The last structure intended to look into possibility of integration a self-standing landscape furniture into residential area that hopefully would start a discussion on upcycling methods in Anchorage. The test was mostly successful in terms of self-standing structure. The structure was the most stable of all 3 of them.
appendices
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The (up) Bottle Project: the Bench (2018)
Alicja Szczesniak
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The (up) Bottle Project: detail shot (2018)
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The (up) Bottle Project: detail shot (2018)
(left) The (up) Bottle Project: the Contemplation Station (2018) (right) The (up) Bottle Project: the Bus Stop (2018)
Alicja Szczesniak
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abdul-Rahman, Fahzy. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Alterna-
Gerlat, Allan. “Alaska’s First Landfill Gas-to-Energy Facility
tives for Waste Management. Report. College of Agricul-
Opens.” Waste360. August 01, 2012. Accessed February
tural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, NM State
12, 2019. https://www.waste360.com/landfill-gas-energy-lf-
University. January 2014. Accessed February 12, 2019.
gte/alaska-s-first-landfill-gas-energy-facility-opens.
https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_g/G314.pdf.
“Inflatocookbook.” Hidden Architecture. Accessed Febru-
SWANA. Alaska Solid Waste Regionalization Report. Pub-
ary 13, 2019. http://www.hiddenarchitecture.net/2015/04/
lication. The Alaska Chapter of the Solid Waste Associ-
inflatocookbook.html.
ation of North America. May 1999. Accessed February
Brand Agency Punda. “Managing Waste like Singapore.”
12, 2019. https://3tb2gc2mxpvu3uwt0l20tbhq-wpengine. netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Alaska_Solid_Waste_Regionalization_Report-May_1999.pdf. “Alaska’s Remote Villages Have a Trashy Problem.” The Economist. September 07, 2017. Accessed February
12,
2019.
https://www.economist.com/unit-
ed-states/2017/09/07/alaskas-remote-villages-have-atrashy-problem. Your Guide to Zero Waste in Anchorage.” Spring 2010. Accessed February 12, 2019. https://www.muni.org/Departments/SWS/recycle/Documents/3.1 A to Z Guide Spring Summer 10.pdf. Magazine. December 22, 2017. Accessed February 13, http://www.damnmagazine.net/2017/10/30/archi-
tecture-performance-love-affair/. “Architecture as Performance.” Shrapnel Contemporary. October 13, 2009. Accessed February 13, 2019. https:// shrapnelcontemporary.wordpress.com/archive-texts/architecture-as-performance/. Bank, World. “What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050.” World Bank. 2018. Accessed February 13, 2019. https://www.worldbank.org/ en/news/infographic/2018/09/20/what-a-waste-20-aglobal-snapshot-of-solid-waste-management-to-2050. Compactor Management CompanyNorthern California Compactors Inc. “Safeguard Your Environment with the Three R’s – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.” Plastic Recycling - Processes, Stages, and Benefits. January 09, 2019. Accessed February 12, 2019. https://www.norcalcompactors. net/safeguard-environment-three-rs-reduce-reuse-recycle/. “Frac Centre.” Frac Centre. 2019. Accessed February 2019.
http://www.focusingfuture.com/eco-city/manag-
ing-waste-like-singapore/. Moore, Rowan. “The World According to Archigram.” The Guardian. November 18, 2018. Accessed February 13, 2019.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/
nov/18/archigram-60s-architects-vision-urban-living-theNethery, J. “STOP Recycling – Start Thinking Differently! -.” Plastic Recycling - Processes, Stages, and Benefits. January 09, 2019. Accessed February 12, 2019. https:// www.norcalcompactors.net/stop-recyling-start-thinking-differently/.
“Architecture and Performance: A Love Affair.” DAMN°
13,
2019.
book.
Anchorage Municipality. “Anchorage to Zero Waste:
2019.
Focusing Future. May 22, 2018. Accessed February 12,
http://www.frac-centre.fr/_en/art-and-archi-
tecture-collection/cook-peter/instant-city-317.html?authID=44&ensembleID=113.
Olóriz, Clara, and Lus Arana. “Amazing Archigram!” MAS CONTEXT. March 04, 2016. Accessed February 13, 2019. http://www.mascontext.com/issues/20-narrative-winter-13/amazing-archigram/. Safina, Carl. “No Refuge: Tons of Trash Covers The Remote Shores of Alaska.” Yale E360. July 1, 2013. Accessed February 12, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/features/carl_safina_gyre_tons_of_trash_covers_shores_alaska. “The Story of Stuff.” The Story of Stuff Project. May 24, 2017. Accessed February 12, 2019. https://storyofstuff. org/movies/story-of-stuff/. Webmaster. “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: The 3Rs Solid Waste Management.” Green Mountains. March 22, 2018. Accessed February 12, 2019. http://www.greenmountains.ae/blog/en/reduce-reuse-recycle-3rs-solid-waste-management/. “WHAT A WASTE 2.0.” Education Statistics. Accessed February 12, 2019. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/whata-waste/challenges_to_the_solid_waste_sector.html. Zaman, Atiq Uz, and Stefen Lehmann. Challenges and Opportunities in Transforming a City into a ‘Zero Waste City’. Report. Curtin University. August 2011. Accessed February 12, 2019. https://www.researchgate.net
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IMAGES
p. 15
Dwight D. Eisenhower, (n.d.). http://bookhaven. stanford.edu/tag/dwight-eisenhower/.
p. 26
p. 74
p. 74
animasyon-reklam-ve-tanitim-metni-
p. 26
garbage-truck-has-evolved.
Krzysztof Wodiczko, 2004. Vehicle for Homeless.
p. 74
York, the United States. https://www.waste360.
homeless-vehicles/.
com/trucks/then-and-now-look-how-garbagetruck-has-evolved.
Olson Kundig, 2007. Mazama, United States. p. 76
AirDraft. London, UK. https://thespaces.com/an-
J. Purdy Brow, 1825. Circus’ Tent. https://www.
inflatable-theatre-pops-up-on-regents-canal-in-
N55, 2002. Snail shell system. Denmark. http://
east-london/. p. 76
floating-artificial-island-harbour/ p. 77
p. 39 f. 01
Alicja Szczesniak, 2019. North Hemisphere.
p. 41
Alicja Szczesniak, 2018. Port of Whittier. Whittier, Alaska. Tom Emerson Studio, 2016. Pavilion of Reflections. https://www.archdaily.com/790430/pavilion-ofreflections-studio-tom-emerson.
p. 49 f. 02
marshall-blecher-magnus-maarbjerg-fokstrot-
https://tomremington.com/2012/03/08/
lake-hood-alaska/.
p. 42
dezeen.com/2018/03/13/copenhagen-islands-
Tom Remington, 2012. Lake Hood. Anchorage, Alaska.
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Alicja Szczesniak
bibliography, images
kadk 19
ALICJA SZCZĘŚNIAK 16/10/1993 RÈSUMÈ
szczesniak.alicja@gmail.com +48 606690103 Copenhagen, Denmark
appendices
99
E D U C AT I O N A L B A C KG R O U N D 0 9 / 2 017 - present
Danish Royal Academy of Fine Arts
/Master Student
School of Architecture, Extreme Environments 0 2 / 2 015 - 02/2016
University of Technology in Gdansk, Poland
/BSc
Department of Architecture and Urban Design 0 9 / 2 014 - 02/2015
Bauhaus Universitat Weimar, Germany Architektur und Urbanistik
0 9 / 2 012 - 07/2014
University of Technology in Gdansk, Poland Department of Architecture and Urban Design
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 0 2 / 2 017 - 09/2017
WE Architecture
/Junior Architect
WE Architecture
/Architectural Intern
Copenhagen, Denmark 0 8 / 2 016 - 02/2017
Copenhagen, Denmark 0 7 / 2 015 - 08/2015
BoArch Designing Studio
/Architectural Intern
Gdansk, Poland
APTITUDES e t n
Photoshop
Illustrator
Indesign
Premiere Pro
Rhinocerous
AutoCad
Revit
Sketchup
Languages: Polish, English /fluent, German /intermediate
Alicja Szczesniak
resume
kadk 19