37404197 essential oils encyclopedia

Essential oils - Encyclopedia

BERGAMOT CITRUS BERGAMIA Uplifting, refreshing and relaxing. Encourages cheerful emotions and ideal for depression. Its delicate, sweet aroma can also be used to freshen and uplift a room. Citrus Bergamia is a small tree about 4.5m high with smooth oval leaves. It belongs to the same family as the orange tree.

The essential oil comes from the small round fruits which ripen from green to yellow, similar to oranges in appearance.

Distribution Native to Morocco and tropical Asia it is grown commercially in the Ivory Coast and is extensively cultivated in Southern Italy. It was first cultivated around Bergamo, from where it takes its name.

History / Traditions The fruit has been used for hundreds of years in Italian folk medicine. However the fruit was unknown outside Italy and wasn't exported until recent times. The oil was primarily used for the treatment of fever and intestinal worms.

Extraction The essential oil is produced by cold expression of the peel of the nearly ripe fruit. Although many oils are produced by mechanical processes, the best quality oil is produced by hand.

General Description The oil is a light greenish yellow liquid with an uplifting citrus aroma and balsamic overtones. On aging the oil turns to a brownish olive color. The oil is known to have about 300 components the main being linalyl acetate 30-60%; linalol 11-22% and other alcohols, sesquiterpenes, terpenes, alkanes, and furocoumarins 0.3-0.39% Aromatherapy uses Bergamot oil has a strong affinity for the urinary tract and is valuable in the treatment of cystitis and urethritis. It should be used in the bath or as a local wash at a 1% dilution. In helping with mental and psychological states, Bergamot is most valuable for its uplifting effects. For tension anxiety or depression, bergamot should be used in a massage oil or in a dally bath. The fragrance blends well with lavender, neroli, jasmine, geranium, chamomile, lemon, cypress and juniper. bergamot can be used in the treatment of tensions causing dietary problems such as over and under eating. The antiseptic qualities of Bergamot make it ideal for the treatment of skin complaints such as acne, oily skin and all infections of the skin. Bergamot is cooling in feverish conditions and has effective insect repellent properties. Bergamot has an inhibiting effect on certain viruses, in particular Herpes simplex 1 which causes cold sores. Bergamot will also reduce the pain of shingles and ease chicken pox in small children. Bergamot is used extensively as a fragrance and is also found in toiletries and cologne.

Safety data Certain furocumarins (including bergapten found in Bergamot) are photo toxic on human skin.

This causes sensitivity and skin pigmentation when exposed to sunlight. Therefore exercise

caution when using Bergamot in sunny weather. Bergamot should never be used undiluted on the skin. Severe burning may result.

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CEDARWOOD JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA With a dry woody aroma, this oil is ideal for soothing, harmonizing and focusing the mind.

Antiseptic and astringent properties are beneficial to oily skin. Cedarwood oil was possibly the first essential oil to be extracted from a plant and was used by the Egyptians in the mummification process, they also valued it highly as an ingredient for cosmetics and impregnated papyrus leaves with it to protect them from insects. They used the wood to extensively to make jewelry, furniture and ships. They valued cedarwood so highly that the Lebanon area (which produced Cedrus Libani) was incorporated into the Egyptian Empire in order to ensure a regular supply.

Description Many fragrant or sweet-smelling woods are known as cedar. But, there are actually only four species of the true cedars. They are stately evergreen trees, whose branches grow in flat tiers or layers with clusters of needle-like leaves. The evergreen tree belongs to the coniferous family and is very slow growing. They eventually reach a height of up to thirty three meters and a possible trunk diameter of one and a half meters.

The heartwood is reddish in color and the branches will bear cones. It is referred to as Red Cedar and is closely related to the yellow cedar (Thuja Occidentalis), from which thuja oil is obtained.

Thuja oil is however not used in Aromatherapy due to its high content of thujone, which makes it very toxic. One of the distinguishing features of the cedars is their large barrel shaped female cones. They are green or purplish in color and are made up of overlapping scales which have claw like projections.

History / Traditions The North American Indians used cedarwood for respiratory infections, in particular catarrh. The leaves, bark, twigs and fruit all played a crucial part in treating a variety of ailments including menstrual delay, rheumatism, arthritis, skin rashes, kidney disease and much more. It is a very powerful insect and vermin repellent and is used against mosquitoes, moths, woodworm, and rats. It has also been used with citronella as a commercial insecticide.

Extraction Production is through steam distillation of the wood shaving and sawdust. Oil yields vary from 2.5% to 5%, with an average of 3.5%.

Details of Oil It is a pale yellow color, which on rectification, gives a water-white oil. The odor is oily, woody and almost sweet, mild and pleasant. It is slightly balsamic and very reminiscent of the wood. It is an oil which is commercially viable in several forms due to the process of rectification. Light fractions have a high percentage of cedrene, whilst more common cedarwood, available on the market has the 'typical' cedarwood odor.

Properties Abortifacient, Antiseborrheoic (helps control the production of sebum), Antiseptic (Pulmonary genito - urinary) Antispasmodic, Astringent, Balsamic, Diuretic, Insecticide, Emmenagogue, Expectorant, Sedative (nervous), Stimulant (Circulatory).

Physical and Psychological Effects Tends to be useful for long-standing complaints rather than acute ones. A combined toxic action on the glandular and nervous systems help put the body back in balance, thereby regulating homeostasis. Its main effect (due to its expectorant properties) is on the respiratory tract and may help ease bronchitis, coughs and catarrh. Excess phlegm is curbed through its drying effect.

It also reduces problems concerned with the genito-urinary tract, particularly where there is burning pain. It has a tonic effect on the kidneys. The astringent and antiseptic properties are of greatest benefit to oily skin conditions It helps acne, aids in clearing scabs and pus, and chronic conditions such as dermatitis and psoriasis. It is a good hair tonic and can be effective against dandruff, alopecia and seborrhoea. Skin softening properties can be enhanced when mixed with Frankincense and Cypress. Nervous tension and anxious states benefit greatly by its soothing and calming action. It can also be effective for arthritis and rheumatism.

Blends The oil is clear and relatively viscid. Like Sandalwood oil, it blends well with Rose, Juniper, Vetiver, Patchouli, Benzoin and Cypress. It somewhat resembles Sandalwood, but its fragrance is a bit hotter and more toxic.

Safety and Contra Indications Externally is it fairly non-toxic, but can cause local irritation and sensitization in some people. Only used diluted and in moderation. It should be avoided during pregnancy because it is a powerful abortifacient.

Other uses Extensively used in rooms sprays and household insect repellents. It's pleasant aroma is released nicely when used in a burner (particularly when mixed with Sandalwood).

Components Cedarine 26.6%, Thujopsene 18.9%, other sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 13.3%, Cedrol 31.6% and Widdol 4.8%.

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CHAMOMILE ANTHEMIS NOBILIS With its distinctive apple, herb aroma this oil aids sleep and soothes tired muscles. It also encourages emotional peace and calm with a gently calming effect on mind, body and emotions.

An excellent oil for dry, sensitive and allergic skins.

More information coming soon

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CLARY SAGE SALVIA SCLAREA Deeply relaxing and euphoric. Eases feelings of depression and helps when feeling run down emotionally and physically. Contains sensual properties and has a nutty pervasive fragrance.

A perennial or biennial herb with large hairy green leaves with a hint of purple. The flowers are small and blue growing out from large pinkish bracts. Branches of these bracts radiate in pairs from a spectacular central stem often reaching 1.5 meters in height. Other members of the Sage family include garden sage (S. Officinalis) and Spanish sage (S. Lavendulaefolia) Distribution It is native to Southern Europe and is cultivated in the Mediterranean region, Russia, USA, England, Morocco and Central Europe. The French, English and Moroccan sage are considered to be of the best quality for perfumery work.

History / Traditions It is believed that the word 'Clary' is derived from the Latin 'clarus' meaning clear. It was called 'Clear eye' in the middle ages since it was known for its ability to heal eye problems. Although it was highly esteemed in the middle ages, it has largely fallen out of use. It was used for digestive disorders, kidney disease, uterine and menstrual complaints, for cleansing ulcers and as a general nerve tonic. The mucilage from the seeds was used for treating tumors and for removing dust particles from the eyes. Like garden sage, it cools inflammation and is especially useful for throat and respiratory infections.

Extraction The flowering tops of the plant and the leaves are used and is extracted by steam distillation. A concrete and absolute are also produced by solvent extraction in small quantities.

Details of Oil The oil is a colorless or pale yellow/green liquid with a saturating nutty, sweet, and heady aroma.

The oil blends well with juniper, lavender, geranium, sandalwood, cedarwood, pine, jasmine, frankincense, bergamot and other citrus oils. Sage oil has antispasmodic qualities and it serves as an effective relaxant and sedative. In addition, the oil is antibacterial, anticonvulsive, antiseptic, astringent, cholesterol reducing and cicatrisant.

Uses Emotional: The oil has uplifting qualities making it suitable for the treatment of depression, anxiety, tension and mental fatigue. The oil may also prove effective in the treatment of migraine and stress related disorders.

Respiratory: The calming and anti-inflammatory qualities can help to relieve sore throats and hoarseness.

Skin: The soothing qualities make sage useful for all skin inflammations including boils and acne.

Sage can help to preserve moisture in dry skin. Benefits have also been shown in treating hair loss and dandruff.

Circulatory: The calming effect of sage can help to relieve high blood pressure.

Gynecological: Sage can help to relieve P.M.S. and menstrual pain and help to establish menstrual regularity. Sage can also help to soothe swollen breasts and prevent hot flushes.

Digestive: Sage can have a calming influence on colic, cramp and dyspepsia.

Other Uses The Oil and the absolute are used as fragrance components. The oil is also used by the food and drink industry, especially in the production of wines with a Muscatel flavor. German wine makers have used clary sage to improve the flavor of inexpensive wine.

Safety data Avoid it use during pregnancy and use cautiously in conjunction with HRT. Alcohol should be avoided after use as the combination induce a narcotic effect which exaggerates drunkenness.

Components Up to 75% linalyl acetate, linlol, pinene, myrcene and phellandrene. The constituents vary according to the geographical origin so there are several different chemotypes.

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CYPRESS CYPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS A rich woody aroma helps to build emotional and mental resolve. An effective foot bath and deodorant. Cypress essential oil is from Cupressus sempervirens from the Cupressaceae family and is also known as Italian or Mediterranean cypress.

Oil Properties Cypress oil has a woody, slightly spicy and refreshing masculine smell. The oil is colorless to very pale yellow in color and watery in viscosity. It has a calming and soothing effect on the nerves, is valuable as a vasoconstrictor, useful in the treatment of excessive discharge of fluids and beneficial for the respiratory tract.

Origin of Cypress oil The Cypress is a perennial tree, conical-shaped, about 28 meters (80 feet) high. It originates from the East, now mostly found in gardens and landscapes in the Mediterranean region. The evergreen tree has dark green foliage, small flowers and round brown-gray cones with seed nuts inside. The wood is hard, durable and a red-yellow in color. The Phoenicians and Cretans used the wood for building ships and houses; the Egyptians for making sarcophagi and the Greeks used it for sculpturing statues of their gods. The Greek word 'Sempervirens' means 'lives forever'. The tree gave its name to the island of Cypress where it used to be worshipped.

Extraction and Composition Cypress oil is extracted from the needles and twigs of young branches by steam distillation and yields 1.3-1.5%. The main components of Cypress oil include: Pinene, Camphene, Terpinolene, Cymene and Sabinol. The oil is considered non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing but is best to avoid during pregnancy and is best to do a skin patch test before using it a massage blend.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Cypress oil include: astringent, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor, respiratory tonic and sedative. Cypress oil has a calming and soothing effect on irritability, anger and stress. It has a valuable effect as a vasoconstrictor on varicose veins and hemorrhoids. It is beneficial in conditions of excess fluid, such as bleeding, nosebleeds, heavy menstruation, heavy perspiration, hemorrhages and fluid retention. Its antispasmodic action is very useful for asthma, whooping cough, bronchitis, emphysema and influenza. Cypress oil soothes muscular cramps, arthritis, rheumatism and is beneficial to oily skin and wounds.

Applications Cypress oil is useful in burners and vaporizers for the following: asthma, emphysema, whooping cough and bronchitis. It can be used as a massage oil or diluted in the bath for: arthritis, asthma, cellulite, cramps, diarrhea, sweaty feet, rheumatism, heavy menstruation and menopause. When used with a carrier oil. a massage is good for relief of arthritis, asthma, cellulite, cough, cramps and varicose veins. In a cream base, Cypress oil can be used for broken veins on the skin, as well as a greasy skin. Used diluted on a cold compress as a very good treatment for a nosebleed.

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EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS The well known aroma is stimulating and cleansing, especially in the winter months. It is a powerful, penetrating bactericidal and anti-viral oil. Often used in hospitals and to aid the sick.

Eucalyptus essential oil is extracted from Eucalyptus globulus from the Myrtaceae family and is also known as Tasmanian blue gum or blue gum.

Oil properties Eucalyptus has a clear, sharp, fresh and very distinctive smell. It is pale yellow in color and watery in viscosity.

Origin of Eucalyptus oil The Australian Blue Gum can sometimes reaches a height of 100 meters (300 feet), making it one of the highest trees in the world. There are over 500 species of Eucalyptus trees and they have blue-green long, narrow, tough leaves, creamy white flowers and smooth pale bark. The 'eu' and 'kalypto' means 'well' and 'covered' in Greek, referring to the cup-like membrane that covers the flower bud and is thrown off as the flower expands. The Australian Aborigines calls the Eucalyptus 'kino'. One of their uses for it was to cover serious wounds with the leaves. Eucalyptus was introduced to Europe in 1788 and the first oil exported to England was called 'Sydney peppermint'.

It was extracted from Eucalyptus peperita which is a more industrial type of oil.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Eucalyptus oil is extracted from the fresh or partially dried leaves and young twigs. The main chemical components of Eucalyptus are: Camphene, Citronellal, Fenchene, Phellandrene and Cineole. Eucalyptus oil is should be uses with care and people with high blood pressure and epilepsy should avoid it. Excessive use of the oil may cause headaches.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Eucalyptus oil include: analgesic, anti-rheumatic, anti-neuralgic, anti-spasmodic, antiseptic, balsamic, decongestant, deodorant, diuretic, expectorant, insecticide, rubefacient and stimulant. Eucalyptus has a cooling and deodorizing effect on the body, helping with fevers, migraine and malaria. For the respiratory tract, it helps with coughs, asthma, throat infections, sinusitis and catarrhal conditions. It soothes inflammation and eases mucus, clearing the head from the stuffiness of colds and hay fever. Eucalyptus oil is useful as a warming oil when used for muscular aches and pains, rheumatoid arthritis, sprains and poor circulation. In skin care it can be used for burns, blisters, herpes, cuts, wounds, skin infections and insect bites.

Eucalyptus oil can boost the immune system and is helpful especially in cases of chicken pox, colds, flu and measles. Eucalyptus oil is very helpful when used on headaches, fevers, on the respiratory tract, muscular aches and pains and in skin care. It has a soothing and calming effect on the whole body and helps with the immune system. The oil is also effective against bacteria, especially staphylococci.

Applications In burners and vaporizers, Eucalyptus oil is used for frequent sneezing, hay fever, flu, respiratory problems and as insect repellant. The oil can be used in blended massage oil or diluted in the bath to assist with arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, mucous congestion, colds, headaches, rheumatism, sinusitis, catarrh, fatigue and muscular aches and pains. Eucalyptus oil can be used directly on the skin for insect bites or wounds, but care should be taken when doing so. Diluted Eucalyptus can be used as a gargle for a sore throat.

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FRANKINCENSE BOSWELLIA CARTERI Aids meditation, fortifies and quiets the mind. Encourages feelings of well being. A lasting and resinous aroma.

Frankincense was one of the most highly praised substances of the ancient world. It has become synonymous with the term 'incense'. Known simply as encens (incense) in France, the English word derives from the old French 'franc encens' franc here meaning lavish. An excellent oil for soothing and calming. It is ideal to use for male or female treatments as its aroma is not overtly masculine or feminine.

Description It is a small tree or shrub with abundant pinnate leaves and white or pale pink flowers. The plant has a distinctive woody, spicy aroma with a hint of lemon. The plant yields a natural oleo gum which is collected by making incisions in the bark. A milky white liquid is given off which solidifies

into tear-shaped amber lumps varying in size from 1 to 4cm. Native to the Red Sea regions it grows wild throughout North East Africa. The gum is produced mainly in Somalia, China, South Arabia, and India.

History / Traditions Frankincense has strong religious connections which continue to this day. Burnt at altars in Egypt as an offering to the gods and used to aid meditation. It was also used to fumigate the sick, the aim being to banish the evil spirits responsible for the illness. Often combined with Cinnamon, Frankincense was used to soothe aching limbs. It was highly valued almost as much as gold. The Chinese found it helpful in the treatment of Scrofula (Tuberculosis of the lymph glands) as well as Leprosy.

Extraction The oil is derived by steam distillation from selected oleo gum resin. (approx.3- 10% oil to 60 70% resin). An absolute is also produced for use as a fixative.

Details of Oil The oils has a base note and a long lasting aroma. Its color is pale yellow to green and is fairly fluid. The whitish gum has to be dissolved and distilled to produce the essential oil Properties Antiseptic, Astringent, Carmative, Cicatrisant, Cytophylactic, Digestive, Diuretic, Sedative, Tonic, Utherine, Vulnerary.

Physical Effects It has a pronounced effect on the mucous membranes and is particularly helpful in clearing the lungs. Very good for respiration and it eases breathing, therefore useful for asthma sufferers. A good remedy for catarrhal conditions and it regulates secretions. It has a soothing action on head colds, coughs, bronchitis and laryngitis.

Because of its action on the genito-urinary tract, it may have a beneficial effect on cystitis, nephritis and genital infections. It also has astringent properties which may help uterine hemorrhages and heavy periods. Its calming action is said to be of value during labor, for breast inflammation, and post-natal depression. Digestive problems may also be relieved.

The excellent astringent properties make it an excellent tonic for the skin. Frankincense helps rejuvenate mature complexions, smoothes wrinkles and helps to balance oily skin conditions. Also effective for ulcers, scar tissue, wounds and inflammation.

Psychological Effects It has a calming effect and slows the breathing. Produces feelings of calmness and tends to bring about an elevating, soothing effect on the mind. Its comforting action is helpful for anxious and obsessive states linked to the past.

Blends Blends well with Basil, Geranium, Black Pepper, Grapefruit, Lavender, Melissa, Patchouli, Pine, and Sandalwood.

Safety A very safe oil, non-toxic, non-irritating, and non-sensitizing. Always needs to be diluted and is used for external use only.

Other uses The gum and oil are used as fixatives and fragrance components in soaps, cosmetics and perfumes. It is especially common is oriental, spice and men's fragrances. Also found in liniments and throat pastilles. Extensively used in the manufacture of incense and used in minute amounts in some foods.

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GERANIUM PELARGONIUM GRAVELOENS Sustaining, relaxing and restoring. It has a strong strengthening effect, balances emotions, raises energy reserves while soothing the mind and body. Balances sebum and is therefore suitable for all skin types. Has a penetrating floral perfume.

There are several aromatic pelargoniums. This particular variety grows to about two feet high and has serrated, pointed leaves with small pink flowers. The whole plant is aromatic. It is found on waste land, in hedgerows and on the outskirts of woods. There are several oil producing species, but pelargonium gravelolens is the main one commercially cultivated for its oil. It is native to South Africa and widely cultivated in Russia, Egypt, Congo, Japan, Central America and Europe.

History / Traditions It was used by the ancients as a remedy for wounds and tumors. The essence is clear to light green with a delightful scent. The British plant geranium robertianum and the American cranesbill geranium maculatum are the most widely used types in herbal medicine today.

Extraction Essential oils are extracted by steam distillation from the leaves, stalks and flowers. An absolute and concrete are also produced in Morocco.

Details of Oil Non-toxic, non-irritant, and generally non-sensitizing. Possible contact dermatitis in hypersensitive individuals, especially with the bourbon type oil. Geranium blends well with lavender, patchouli, clove, rose, sandalwood, jasmine, juniper, neroli, bergamot and other citrus oils. The bourbon oil is a greenish-olive liquid with a rosy-sweet, minty scent. The bourbon oil is generally preferred in perfumery work.

Properties It is a mild analgesic and sedative. It may be used for neuralgia and where there is pain of perhaps more nervous that physical origin. As an analgesic-cicatrisant-antiseptic, it is an excellent and effective remedy for burns. Geranium can be used in the treatment of inflammation, due to its mild, soothing effect. The action on the nervous system is pronounced, being a sedative with

uplifting characteristics. It is a stimulant of the adrenal cortex and can be used to balance the production of androgens or octoroons, such as occurs during the menopause. Geranium is a good insecticide due to its terpine content and is specifically effective as a mosquito repellent. It can also be used in the treatment of lice and ringworm. Geranium has great value in skin care and can be used on almost any type of skin.

Other Uses Used as a fragrance in all kinds of cosmetic products including soaps, creams, and perfumes. It is extensively used as a flavoring agent in most major food categories, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks.

Components Citronellol geraniol, linalol, isomenthone, menthone, phellandrene, sabinene.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------GRAPEFRUIT CITRUS PARADISI Refreshing and reviving, especially when feeling down. This oil clears the mind and uplifts the spirits. A sharp, clear citrus fragrance. Grapefruit oil is extracted from Citrus paradisi (a.k.a. Citrus racemosa amd C. maxima var. racemosa) from the Rutaceae family and is also known as shaddock.

Oil properties Grapefruit essential oil has a sharp refreshing aroma, is pale yellow and the viscosity is watery.

Like all citrus oils, grapefruit oil should be used within six month of purchase. The origin of grapefruit oil Originally from Asia, it is now cultivated in the USA, Brazil and Israel. Grapefruit is a glossy-leaved tree, about 10 meters (30 feet) high, with white flowers and large, pale yellow fruit.

The oil glands are imbedded deep within the peel and yield a small amount of essential oil.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Grapefruit essential oil is extracted from the fresh peel by cold compression and yields 0.5-1%.

The main chemical components are: Paradisiol, Limonene, Gamma Terpinene, Nootketone, Cadinene, Neral and Citronellal. Grapefruit oil is non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing and although listed as non-phototoxic it can irritate the skin if exposed to strong sunlight after treatment.

Therapeutic Uses Some of the therapeutic properties of Grapefruit oil are: antidepressant, antiseptic, aperitif, diuretic, disinfectant, lymphatic stimulant, tonic and anti-infectious. Grapefruit has a high vitamin C content and is therefore valuable to the immune system. It helps protect against colds and flu.

It has an effect on obesity; its diuretic properties help with water retention and cellulite.

Grapefruit oil is used in cases of muscle fatigue and stiffness. It has a helpful effect on congested oily skin and acne; it tones the skin and tissues, and promotes hair growth. It is valuable in cases of stress, depression and nervous exhaustion, as well as headaches. Grapefruit oil has great benefits for the immune system, it helps with skin problems, and can be used for muscle stiffness, water retention and for the nervous system.

Applications In burners and vaporizers, grapefruit oil can be used for hangovers, headaches, over indulgence and mental tiredness. Grapefruit oil can be used in blended massage oil or diluted in the bath to assist with: cellulite, colds and flu, lack of energy, jet lag, muscle fatigue, overweight, headaches, moodiness and mental and physical tiredness. Used in a base cream, lotion or as a wash, Grapefruit oil can be used for a greasy, congested and acne skin.

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JASMINE JASMINUM OFFICINALE The heady, exotic perfume uplifts and nurtures as well as boosting confidence. An emotionally warming sensual oil. Helpful for post-natal recovery and a good skin tonic. Jasmine essential oil is extracted from either Jasminum officinale, both from the Oleaceae family and is also known as jasmin, jessamine and common jasmine.

Oil properties Jasmine essential oil has a sweet, exotic and rich floral smell and the oil is deep orange-brown in color. Origin of jasmine oil Jasmine is an evergreen fragile climbing shrub that can grow up to 10 meters (33 feet) high. It has dark green leaves and small white star-shaped flowers, which are picked at night when the aroma is most intense. An experienced picker can pick 10,000-15,000 blossoms per day. Originally from China and Northern India, brought to Spain by the Moors and the Mediterranean with France, Italy, Morocco, Egypt, China, Japan and Turkey producing the best essential oil now. The name Jasmine is derived from the Persia 'yasmin'. The Chinese, Arabians and Indians used Jasmine medicinally, as an aphrodisiac and for ceremonial purposes. In Turkey, the wood is used for making rope stems. Jasmine tea is a Chinese favorite, but Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) is normally used for this. It is used in Indonesia as a popular garnish.

Extraction and Chemical Composition In manufacturing, Jasmine oil is produced as a 'concrete' by solvent extraction, and an absolute is obtained from the concrete by separation with alcohol, and an essential oil is produced off the absolute by steam distillation. 1,000 lbs of flowers yield approximately one pound of liquid concrete, which yields 0.2% aromatic molecules. The main chemical components of Jasmine oil are: Benzyl, Nerol, Terpineol, Linalyl acetate, Methyl anthranilate, Jasmone and Farnesol. Jasmine oil is non-toxic, non-irritant and generally non-sensitizing, although some people do have an allergic reaction to the oil. As Jasmine oil is used to ease labor as well as an emmenagogue, it should not be used during pregnancy. It can impede concentration, so should be used with care.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Jasmine oil include: anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, anti-spasmodic, antiseptic, stimulant and emollient. It is a valuable remedy in cases of severe depression. It soothes the nerves and produces a feeling of confidence, optimism and euphoria. It revitalizes and restores energy. Jasmine oil facilitates delivery in childbirth: it hastens the birth by strengthening the contractions and at the same time relieves the pain. It is effective in post-natal depression and promotes the flow of breast milk. Because of its soothing and calming nature, Jasmine oil helps with sexual problems such as impotence, premature ejaculation and frigidity. In the respiratory system it also soothes irritating coughs and helps with hoarseness and laryngitis. It

helps with muscle pain, sprains, and stiff limbs. Jasmine tones dry, greasy, irritated and sensitive skin, increases elasticity and is often used to assist with stretch marks and scarring. Jasmine is a very valuable oil and is used for severe depression, for childbirth, sexual problems, on the respiratory tract, for muscle pain and for toning the skin.

Applications In vapor therapy Jasmine oil can be useful for addiction, depression, nervousness, coughs, relaxation and tension. Jasmine oil can be used as a blended massage oil or diluted in the bath for: addiction, postnatal depression, relaxation, muscle pain, coughs, tension, stress and nervousness. Jasmine oil can be used in a base cream or lotion for dry or greasy and sensitive skin, as well as assisting with stretch marks and scars.

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JUNIPER BERRY JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS Purifying and eliminating with a clear woody aroma. This oil clears emotional overload and helps to cleanse the body of impurities. A great tonic for oily or congested skin.

The genus juniperus contains more than 70 species of aromatic evergreens. The species most widely used in healing is common juniper and grows 6-20ft high. Its tangled spreading branches are covered with reddish brown bark, sticky gum and pointed half inch bluish-green needles.

The male plant produces yellow flowers and the females green flowers. The females also produce scaly, green quarter inch aromatic cones (berries) that turn blue-black during their two year maturation. Immature and mature berries are produced simultaneously but it is only the mature ones which are harvested. They are dried in the sun until they turn black and stored in airtight containers to preserve the volatile oil. The potency of the berries varies according to the region in which they were grown.

Two types of essential oils are distilled from this shrub. Juniper berry oil is the better quality and the one recommended for therapeutic use. A cheaper and less effective alternative is juniper oil which includes the berries, leaves and branches. Occasionally a poorer quality juniper oil is produced by adding berries that have been partially distilled in the making of Gin. Both types are sometimes sold under the name of 'Juniper Berry Oil'.

History / Traditions Juniper has a long tradition of use. It was used by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks to ward off infections as well as being used as part of the embalming process. They also used juniper berries for a variety of medical purposes including flatulence and indigestion. During the middle ages, Europeans believed planting a juniper bush beside the front door kept witches out. Unfortunately this did not work if the witch could correctly guess the number of needles on the bush. Junipers protective reputation evolved into the belief that its smoke prevented leprosy and bubonic plague.

As recently as the Second World War, French nurses burnt juniper springs in hospital wards to fumigate them. The essential oil was used in body massage to treat fever and smallpox. By the 17th century, juniper was discovered to be a powerful diuretic. In the 19th century, the Americans dismissed the use of juniper in childbirth but endorsed it strongly for congestive heart disease.

They also prescribed it externally for eczema and psoriasis and internally for gonorrhea, bladder and kidney infections. Contemporary herbalists recommend juniper externally as an antiseptic and

internally for bladder infections, arthritis, intestinal cramps, and gout.

Extraction The essential oil is obtained by steam distillation.

Details of Oil Juniper oil is colorless to pale yellow when freshly distilled but grows darker and thicker with age.

The fresh woody aroma is similar to cypress, but sharper and more peppery.

Properties Antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitoxic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, cicatrisant, depurative, diuretic, nervine, emmenagogue, parasiticide, rebefacient, sedative, stomachic, sudorific, tonic and vulnerary.

Physical Effects Circulatory: Stimulant and diuretic, helps to lower blood pressure, cleanses the body, strengthens the kidneys, and relieves fluid retention. Also used for cellulite, varicose veins and hemorrhoids.

Genito-Urinary: Diuretic, helpful for irregular or painful menstruation, invaluable when breasts are swollen during menstruation.

Digestive: Antiseptic, relieves indigestion, flatulence, diarrhea and colic. Cleanses the liver after too much rich food and alcohol.

Immune system: Colds, flu and infections.

Muscular: Tonic and stimulant, useful for muscular aches and pains and rheumatism.

Skin: Astringent and cleansing, beneficial for acne, oily skin, greasy hair, dandruff, hair loss, weeping eczema and wounds.

Emotional: Calming and a tonic, helpful in overcoming anxiety, insomnia and mental fatigue.

Blends It blends well with frankincense, rosemary, sandalwood, cedarwood, cypress, clary sage, pine, lavender and geranium.

Contra Indications Juniper is an abortifacient and must not be used during pregnancy. High doses of juniper causes kidney irritation and possible kidney damage. Therefore it should not be used by anyone with kidney infections or a history of kidney impairment.

Other uses The berries and extracts are used in diuretic and laxative preparations. It is also used in veterinary medicine to prevent ticks and fleas. Juniper is common as a fragrance component of soaps, detergents, cosmetics and perfumes (especially spicy fragrances and aftershaves). It is also used extensively in many food products, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks. In Holland, its use in Gin making dates back to the 17th century.

Components Cedarine 26.6%, Thujopsene 18.9%, other sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 13.3%, Cedrol 31.6% and Widdol 4.8%. Terpenes: Camphene, pinene, limonene, myrcene, sabinene. Sesquiterpines: Caryophllene, cadinene, elemene. Alcohols: Borneol, terpineol.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------LAVENDER LAVANDULA OFFICINALIS Clear light flowery aroma, versatile oil for relaxing and balancing for mind and body. Aids sleep, soothes tired muscles, benefits the immune system, and encourages stillness and tranquility. Has some antiseptic qualities and is useful for the skin. True Lavender oil is extracted from Lavandula angustifolia (a.k.a. L. officinalis, L. spica and L. vera) from the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family and is also known as garden, common or English lavender.

Oil properties Lavender essential oil has a light fresh aroma, is clear in color and watery in viscosity. Lavandula angustifolia is further divided into two subspecies - L. delphinensis and L. fragrans. Due to the variances in lavender oil, we sell a lavender oil, marketed as Lavender SPP, which is a 100% standardized mix of the different variants of lavender. Lavender is an evergreen woody shrub about 1 meter high (3 feet), with gray-green narrow linear leaves and the most beautiful purpleblue flowers perched on a long stem. A few varieties of Lavenders grow wild in the Mediterranean region, but the main producer is France. The name Lavender is derived from the Latin word 'lavera' to wash. The Romans used Lavender frequently in their bath routine, and it is said to been have introduced by them into England, where it soon was a firm favorite. Lavender was a favorite for strewing on the floor since it released an aroma when walked upon. It is used in toilet water, as an insecticide placed between linen and to clean wounds.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Lavender oil is extracted from the flowering tops by steam distillation and yields 1.4%-1.6%. The main chemical components of Lavender oil are Borneol, Geraniol, Linalool, Lavendulyl acetate, Linalyl acetate and Cineol. If the plant material from which the oil is extracted is grown at a high altitude, it normally yields more esters. Although lavender is considered one of the safest essential oils, you should discontinue use is you have any allergic reactions.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Lavender oil include: Antiseptic, analgesic, anti-convulsant, antidepressant, anti-rheumatic, anti-toxic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, emmenagogue, antitoxic, carminative, deodorant, diuretic, nervine, restorative, sedative, insecticide and tonic.

Lavender oil has a soothing and calming effect on the nerves, relieving tension, depression, panic, hysteria and nervous exhaustion in general. It is effective for headaches, migraines and insomnia.

Lavender oil is beneficial for problems such as bronchitis, asthma, colds, laryngitis, halitosis, throat infections and whooping cough. It helps the digestive system deal with colic, nausea, vomiting and flatulence. Lavender oil relieves pain when used for rheumatism, arthritis, lumbago and muscular aches and pains, especially those associated with sport. Lavender tones the skin and is useful for all types of skin problems: abscesses, acne, oily skin, boils, burns, sunburn, wounds, psoriasis, lice, insect bites, stings and as an insect repellent. Lavender is one of the few essentials oils that can be used directly on the skin and this is especially useful when treating a

minor burn wound. Lavender is a very useful oil and can be effective for a variety of problems. Tt not only helps with nervous conditions, it is useful for the digestive system, the respiratory tract and skin problems, it also helps with muscle aches and pains and arthritis and rheumatism.

Applications In vapor therapy, Lavender oil can be useful for allergies, anorexia, dizziness, sleeplessness (also in children), hay fever, headaches, depression, trauma, anxiety, hysteria, fear, nightmares, irritability, nervous tension and as an insect repellant. Lavender oil can be used as a massage oil or diluted in the bath for: abdominal pains, allergies, anorexia, arthritis, bowel disorders, fatigue, hay fever, headaches, insomnia, moodiness, trauma, anxiety, depression, hysteria, nightmares, fear, irritability, nervous tension, stress and for relaxing. Lavender oil can be used as a wash or on a cotton bud for acne, insect bites, carbuncles, bruises, chilblains, dandruff and lice. On a cold compress Lavender oil can be used for arthritis, eczema and sores.

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LEMON CITRUS LIMONUM Refreshes and cools bringing clarity to mind and emotions restoring vitality acting as a tonic to the circulatory system. It has beneficial effects on the immune system and is cleansing on the skin.

Lemon essential oil is extracted from the Citrus limonum (a.k.a. Citrus Limon) from the Rutaceae family and is also known as cedro oil (which refers to terpeneless oil).

Oil properties Lemon oil has a sharp, fresh smell, is pale greenish-yellow in color and is watery in viscosity. The shelf life of Lemon oil is only 8-10 months if to be used in aromatherapy, but can still be used in fragrance therapies such as vapor therapy. Origin of lemon oil A native of India, this evergreen tree grows up to about 6 meters (20 feet) and has dark green serrated oval leaves. The pink/white flowers are highly perfumed and the trees have thorns and fruit that turn from green to yellow on ripening. Lemon is derived from the Arabic 'laimun' or Persian 'limun' and was brought to Europe by the Crusaders in the Middle Ages. Lemon has a high content of vitamins A, B and C and an ounce a day was given to sailors in the Royal Navy to alleviate scurvy and other vitamin deficiencies. In Japan Lemon oil is used in diffusers in banks to reduce worker-error and is a popular flavoring agent for food and perfumes.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Lemon oil is extracted from the fresh fruit peel by cold expression. The main chemical components of Lemon oil are: Limonene, Citronella, Phellandrene, Citral and Citroptene. Non-toxic, but can cause skin irritation and sensitizing in some individuals, and since it is a photo-toxic oil, should not be used (even in low dilution) before being exposed to the sun.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Lemon oil are: anti-acid, anti-sclerotic, antibiotic, sedative, carminative, anti neuralgic, diuretic, astringent, digestive, anti-spasmodic, antiseptic, febrifuge, laxative and vermifuge. Lemon oil can be very beneficial to the circulatory system. It aids with blood flow and brings down blood pressure and also helps with nosebleeds. It can help bring down fever, helps relieve throat infections, bronchitis, asthma and flu. It helps the immune system and

can be helpful in cleansing the body, it improves the functions of the digestive system, and it is helpful with constipation, dyspepsia and cellulite. Lemon oil can soothe and relieve headaches and migraines and it can be helpful for rheumatism and arthritis and is useful in helping to clear up acne, cleaning greasy skin and hair, as well as removing dead skin cells. Lemon oil eases painful cold sores, mouth ulcers, herpes and insect bites. Lemon oil helps to fight against infections, aids the digestive system, soothes headaches, migraines and muscular problems, and clears greasy skin and hair.

Applications In burners and vaporizers, Lemon oil can be used for colds, voice loss, flu, depression, stress, lack of energy and fatigue. It can be used in blended massage oils or diluted in the bath to assist with: digestive problems, lack of energy, fatigue, infections, flu, obesity, overweight, rheumatism, depression, stress and as a general tonic. Lemon oil can be used in a base cream, in a lotion or as a mouthwash, for mouth ulcers and throat infections and for oily skin.

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LIME CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA An uplifting, energizing oil with a sweet fragrance. Uplifts and restores vigour aiding recovery during convalescence. Has an astringent tonic action on the skin. Lime oil is extracted from Citrus aurantifolia (a.k.a. Citrus medica var. acida and C. latifolia) from the Rutaceae family and also known as Mexican and West Indian lime as well as sour lime.

Oil properties Lime oil has a sharp, citrus peel smell and is pale yellow to light olive in color. Origin of lime oil Originally from Asia, Limes are now cultivated in mostly warm countries, especially Italy, the West Indies and the Americas. Lime is an evergreen tree growing up to 4.5 meters (15 feet), with smooth, green leaves, stiff sharp spines and small, white flowers. The fruit is green and although there are many varieties of Lime, they usually measure about two inches in diameter. Limes were introduced into Europe by the Moors and from there to the Americas. Ships transporting Limes were called 'lime juicers' and ship crews depended on lime to prevent scurvy, because of the high vitamin C content found in limes and lime juice. They have been used to flavor ginger ale and cola drinks, and in the perfume industry.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Lime oil is extracted from the peel of the unripe skin by cold expression or the whole ripe fruit by steam distillation. The cold expressed oil is much lighter and has a sweeter fragrance and is preferred by the perfume industry. Non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing if the oil is obtained by steam extraction, yet the oil obtained from cold expression can cause photosensitivity in strong sunshine and can irritate the skin.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Lime oil are anti-scorbutic, antiseptic, antiviral, aperitif, bactericidal, febrifuge, restorative and tonic. Lime oil is useful to cool fevers associated with colds, sore throats and flu and aids the immune system. It eases coughs, bronchitis and sinusitis, as well as asthma.

Lime oil can stimulate and refresh a tired mind and helps with depression. It can be helpful for

arthritis, rheumatism and poor circulation, and in cases of obesity and cellulite. Lime has an astringent and toning action to clear oily skin and acne, as well as helps with herpes, insect bites and cuts. Lime oil can be beneficial to the immune system, it eases infection in the respiratory tract and relieves pain in muscles and joints.

Application In vapor therapy, Lime oil can be used for depression and a tired mind. Lime oil can be used as a massage oil or diluted in the bath for painful muscles and joints, respiratory problems and cellulite.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MANDARIN CITRUS RETICULATA Fruity, tangy and citrus with a gentle cheering effect. Soothing effect upon the digestive system.

Can be used in pregnancy with neroli to avoid stretch marks.

A small glossy evergreen tree up to six meters high with fragrant flowers and bearing fleshy fruit.

History / Traditions In France, Mandarin is regarded as a safe remedy for indigestion. It is also used for the elderly as it helps to strengthen the digestive system and the liver. Native to Southern China and the Far East, it was brought to Europe in 1805 and to America forty years later. The fruit takes its name from the fact that it was traditionally offered as gifts to the Mandarins.

Extraction The essential oil is extracted by cold compression of the outer peel. A Mandarin Petitgrain oil is also produced in small quantities by steam distillation of the leaves and twigs.

Details of Oil The essential oil has a delicate aroma true to the scent of the fruit. It is golden yellow in color with a slight blue/violet fluorescent tint in bright light. It blends well with other citrus oils, especially neroli, and spice oils such as nutmeg, cinnamon and clove.

Properties Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, digestive, diuretic, laxative, sedative, stimulant (digestive and lymhatic) tonic. A major application of Mandarin is used in treating digestive problems because of its stimulating effect on both the stomach and the liver. Its effect on the intestines is calming and has been found to be even more effective when used in synergistic combination with other citrus oils. Because of its gentle action, mandarin is often regarded in France as a children’s remedy. It is often used to treat stomach upsets, burps and hiccups.

Mandarin is one of the oils that is safe to use during pregnancy. It is also useful for treating acne, oily skin and as a treatment for fluid retention and obesity.

Other Uses Mandarin oil is used in soaps, cosmetics, perfumes and colognes. It is also used as a flavoring

agent in liqueurs, sweets and drinks.

Safety data Non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing. Possibly photo toxic although this has not been demonstrated decisively.

Components The major constituents are limonene, metyl methylanthraniate and small amounts of geraniol, citral and citronellal.

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MARJORAM ORIGANUM MARJORANA A warm and spicy aroma with comforting tones. Eases loneliness and grief, and relaxes muscles after sports or work. Aids sleep and rest. Marjoram oil is extracted from Origanum marjorana (a.k.a. Origanum hortensis) from the Labiatae family and is also known as knotted marjoram.

Oil properties Marjoram has a warm, slightly spicy smell and is colorless to pale yellow/amber in color. It is medium in viscosity. This tender bushy perennial herb, about 60cm (24 in) high, has a hairy stem, dark green oval leaves and small white or pink flowers. Originally from the Mediterranean region, the word origanum is from the Greek word 'orosganos' meaning 'joy of the mountain'. It was given to newlyweds as token of good fortune. It was a very popular herb amongst the Greeks and widely used in medicine and perfumes. The women used oil infused with Marjoram on their heads as a relaxant. In 16th century Europe Marjoram was strewn on the floor of rooms to mask unpleasant smells.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Marjoram oil is extracted from the fresh and dried leaves and flowering tops of the plant by steam distillation. The yield is 0.5-3%. The main chemical composition of Sweet Marjoram oil is: Borneol, Terpinene, Pinene, Sabinene and Terpineol. Marjoram oil is non-toxic, non-irritant and nonsensitizing but should not be used during pregnancy.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Marjoram oil are: analgesic, anti-spasmodic, anaphrodisiac, antiseptic, carminative, cordial, digestive, expectorant, emmenagogue, laxative, nervine, tonic and vulnerary. Marjoram is a warming oil and very good for the emotions. It comforts and relaxes the nervous system and relieves anxiety and stress and helps to calms hyperactive people.

Marjoram is a muscle relaxant and helps with rheumatic aches and pains, swollen joints and painful muscles. It soothes the digestive system and helps with cramps, indigestion, constipation and flatulence. It has a beneficial action on colds, sinusitis, bronchitis and asthma. As a general relaxant Marjoram oil is used for headaches, migraines and insomnia. Although it is said to quell sexual desires, it is useful in regulating the menstrual cycle and relieving painful periods.

Marjoram oil can be beneficial in cases of nervous tension, respiratory congestion, painful muscles and joints, digestive problems and menstrual disorders.

Applications In burners and vaporizers, Marjoram oil can be useful for: asthma, bronchitis, poor circulation, coughs, physical exhaustion, headaches, tension, insomnia, sinusitis, anxiety, nervous tension, stress and to calm. As a blended oil or diluted in the bath Marjoram oil can be used for: asthma, arthritis, back pain, bronchitis, poor circulation, colds, coughs, detoxification, physical exhaustion, fatigue, headaches, tension, heartburn, insomnia, painful periods, migraine, muscular pains and spasms, rheumatism, sinusitis, anxiety, stress and to calm.

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NEROLI CITRUS AURANTIUM A lingering bitter sweet aroma and is very relaxing and soothing. Brings feelings of peace serenity.

Good for ageing, dry, or sensitive skin. It can be balancing in times of shock and hysteria. Neroli oil is extracted from the flowers of Citrus aurantium var. amara (a.k.a. Citrus vulgaris and C. Bigardia) from the Rutaceae family and is also known as orange flower and Neroli bigarade.

Oil properties Neroli oil has a sweet, floral and slightly haunting aroma, the color is pale yellow and the viscosity is watery. Most neroli oil that is sold worldwide is really not pure neroli oil, since the cost of this oil is high. Our neroli oil is sold as a 20% blend, which is a higher concentration than what is normally sold as "pure neroli oil" by some companies. This essential oil is also known as 'orange blossom' and it takes about 1000 lbs. of orange blossoms to make 1 lb. of Neroli oil. The name Neroli is said to originate from the Italian princess, Anne-Marie de la Tremoille, Countess of Nerola, who used the oil as a perfume and to scent her bathwater and gloves. The orange petals were used in China in the making of cosmetics and are still an ingredient for making traditional smelling Eau-de-cologne. Orange petals are often associated with marriage, purity and brides who traditionally wore it in their hair.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Neroli oil is extracted from the small, white, waxy flowers of the bitter-orange tree by steam distillation. The yield is 0.8-1%. The main chemical components are Pinenes, limonene, Linalyl acetate, Linalol, Nerolidol, Nerol, Geraniol and Citral. Neroli oil is non-toxic, non-sensitizing, nonirritant and non-phototoxic yet do not use it when a sharp clear head is needed, as it can be very relaxing.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Neroli oil are antidepressant, antiseptic, anti-infectious, carminative, digestive, sedative and tonic. Neroli oil is very relaxing and can relieve chronic anxiety, depression, fear, shock and stress and its calming effect can also be beneficial to the digestive tract for intestinal spasms, colitis and diarrhea. It can be useful in cases of insomnia, headaches, neuralgia and vertigo and can help when a patient is convalescing and is generally a good tonic.

Neroli oil can help with the regenerating of skin cells and is useful for scar tissue, skin care and stretch marks. Neroli oil not only smells exquisite, but can also relax and calm the nervous system, the digestive tract and is helpful in skin care.

Applications In burners and vaporizers, Neroli oil can be useful for insomnia, nervous tension, headaches, vertigo and depression. As a blended oil or diluted in the bath Neroli oil can assist with: insomnia, headaches, neuralgia, nervous tension, anxiety, depression, colitis and diarrhea.

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PALMAROSA CYMBOPOGON MARTINI Refreshing and uplifting. Gently soothing while promoting clear thought. Helps all skin types and is especially useful fordry skin. Light floral aroma. Palmarosa oil is extracted from Cymbopogon martini (a.k.a. Cymbopogon martinii var. martinii) from the Gramineae family and also known as East Indian and Turkish geranium as well as Indian rosha and motia.

Oil properties Palmarosa oil has a sweet floral with a hint of rose smell and is pale yellow in color. The viscosity is medium to watery. Origin of palmarosa oil Palmarosa is a wild growing herbaceous green and straw-coloured grass with long slender stems with terminal flowering tops and fragrant grassy leaves. The grass is harvested before the flowers appear and the highest yield is obtained when the grass is fully dried about one week after it has been cut. There are two varieties of grass motia and sofia, motia yielding the better quality oil which has a finer aroma. It is originally from India and used to be called 'Turkish geranium oil' or 'East Indian geranium oil.' Because Palmarosa oil has a rose-like smell, it is often used to adulterate rose essential oil. It is an ingredient of soaps, perfumes and cosmetics, and is used in the flavoring of tobacco.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Palmarosa oil is extracted from the dried grass harvested before it flowers by steam distillation.

The yield is 1-1.5%. The main chemical components of Palmarosa oil are Geraniol, Citronellol, Farnesol, Citral, Citronellal, Geranyl acetate, Dipentene and Limonene. Palmarosa oil has no known contra indications but care should always be taken when using essential oils.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Palmarosa oil are: antiseptic, antiviral, bacteriacide, cytophylactic, digestive and febrifuge. Palmarosa oil could calm the mind and be helpful with physical and nervous exhaustion, stress-related problems and nervousness. It could be helpful during convalescence and cools the body of fever. Palmarosa oil could aid the digestive system, helps with intestinal infection, digestive atonia and anorexia nervosa. Palmarosa oil moisturizes the skin, helps to stimulate cell regeneration and is valuable to use for acne, dermatitis, and minor skin infections, scarring, sore feet and athlete's foot. Palmarosa oil could be used with good effect on the skin, for nervous and stress-related problems and for the digestive system.

Applications In burners and vaporizers, Palmarosa oil can help with: convalescence, fatigue, nervousness, exhaustion, stress and for relaxing. In a blended massage oil or diluted in the bath Palmarosa could assist with: convalescence, exhaustion, fatigue, nervousness, stress, eczema and relaxing.

Palmarosa oil can help for scarring when used in a wash, for general skin care in a lotion or cream

and directly on athlete's foot.

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PATCHOULI POGOSTEMON CABLIN Deep earthy, sensual, grounding oil which uplifts the spirit whilst clearing the mind. Moisturizing for dry skin. A musky, exotic, lingering aroma. Patchouli oil is extracted from Pogostemon cablin (a.k.a. Pogostemon patchouli) from the Labiatae family and also known as patchouly and puchaput.

Oil properties Patchouli oil has a musty-sweet, strong spicy smell and is reddish-brown in color. It is viscous in viscosity. Origin of patchouli oil Patchouli is a perennial bushy plant that grows up to 1meter (3 feet) with a sturdy, hairy stem and large, fragrant, furry leaves, about four inches long and five inches across. It has whitish flowers tinged with purple. Patchouli comes from Malaysia and India, where it is known as 'puchaput'. Patchouli comes from the Hindustan word 'patch' meaning 'green' and 'ilai' meaning 'leaf.' It was placed between Indian cashmere shawls en route to Victorian England to protect the merchandise from moths. Without the smell of Patchouli the shawls could not be sold. In the East Patchouli is used to place between linen to keep bedbugs away, in sachets and in pot-pourri. It is Patchouli and Camphor that gives Indian ink its characteristic smell.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Patchouli oil is extracted from the young leaves which are dried and fermented prior to steam distillation. The yield is 2-3%. Patchouli oil improves with age and gives a fuller odor. The chemical components of Patchouli oil are Patchoulol, Cardinene, Eugenol, Benzoic and Cinnamic.

The oil is non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing but the smell of Patchouli oil may be a little persistent for some people and it may cause loss of appetite in some individuals.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Patchouli oil are anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicide, insecticide, sedative and tonic.

Patchouli oil is useful for fungal and bacterial infection; it helps for insect bites and could also be used as an insect repellant. It has diuretic properties, therefore helpful for water retention, cellulite, constipation and overweight. It has a deodorizing action, and helps when feeling hot and bothered. Patchouli oil helps to cool down inflammations and assists with wound healing, scars and sores; it gives relief from acne, eczema and scalp disorders. It can be helpful with the regrowth of skin cells and scar tissue. Patchouli oil can assist with stress related conditions and anxiety; and is also helpful in cases of substance addictions. Patchouli oil has a beneficial effect on the skin, helps for infections and insect bites, water retention and can help with stress related problems and addictions.

Applications In burners and vaporizers, therapy Patchouli oil can be used for: overweight, anxiety and as an insect repellent. As a blended massage oil or diluted in the bath Patchouli oil can assist with: constipation, dermatitis, overweight, anxiety and dandruff. Patchouli oil can be used neat on insect bites. In a lotion or cream Patchouli oil can be used for general skin care, dermatitis,

athlete's foot, eczema, sores etc.

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PEPPERMINT MENTHA ARVENSIS Stimulating and penetrating. Clears the head and soothes the emotions, eases the digestive system, and relieves tired feet. A piercing menthol fragrance. Peppermint oil is extracted from Mentha piperita from the Labiatae family and is also known as brandy mint and balm mint.

Oil properties Peppermint oil has a fresh, sharp, menthol smell, is clear to pale yellow in color and watery in viscosity. The origin of peppermint oil Peppermint is a native of the Mediterranean, but is now also cultivated in Italy, USA, Japan and Great Britain. Peppermint is a perennial herb that grows up to 1 meter (3 feet) and has slightly hairy serrated leaves with pinkish-mauve flowers arranged in a long conical shape. It has underground runners by which it easily propagates. This herb has many species, and Peppermint piperita is a hybrid of Watermint (M.aquatica) and Spearmint (M. spicata). According to Greek mythology the nymph Mentha was hotly pursued by Pluto, whose jealous wife Persephone, trod her ferociously into the ground. Pluto, however, turned her into a herb, knowing that people would appreciate her for years to come. Peppermint has been cultivated since ancient times in Japan and China; in Egypt evidence of a type of peppermint was found in a tomb dating back from 1000 BC. Extraction and Chemical Composition Peppermint oil is extracted from the whole plant above ground just before flowering. The oil is extracted by steam distillation from the fresh or partly dried plant and the yield is 0.1-1.0%. The chemical components of Peppermint oil are Menthol, Menthyl acetate, Carvone, Menthone, Carvacrol and Limonene. Peppermint oil is non-toxic and non-irritant in low dilutions but sensitization may be a problem due to the menthol content. It can cause irritation to the skin and mucus membranes and should be kept well away from the eyes. Peppermint oil should be avoided during pregnancy and should not be used on children under seven.

Therapeutic Uses The therapeutic properties of Peppermint oil are analgesic, antiseptic, anti-infectious, antispasmodic, carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, decongestant, digestive, stimulant, vasoconstrictor and vermifuge. Peppermint oil is excellent for mental fatigue and depression; it can help for apathy, shock, headache, migraine, nervous stress, vertigo and faintness. It is useful in general respiratory disorders as well as dry coughs, sinus congestion, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis and cholera. For the digestive system Peppermint oil can be effective for colic, cramps, dyspepsia, flatulence and nausea. It can relieve pain in cases of toothache, aching feet, rheumatism, neuralgia, muscular pains and painful periods. Peppermint oil can be useful for dermatitis, acne, ringworm, scabies and pruritus. It can relieve itching, sunburn and inflammation of the skin. Peppermint oil can assist in nervous disorders, the respiratory tract, for muscle aches and pains and for skin problems.

Applications In burners and vaporizers, Peppermint oil can help with: coughs, headaches, nausea, mental

tiredness and as an insect repellant. As a blended massage oil or diluted in the bath Peppermint oil can assist with: colic, cra mps, back pain, inflamed bowel disorders, catarrh, colitis, circulation, constipation, coughs, diarrhea, sweaty and tired feet, flatulence, headaches, muscular pains, cramps and spasms, neuralgia, nausea, rheumatism and mental fatigue. A mouthwash with Peppermint oil added can help with bad breath and gum infections.

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ROSE ROSA DAMASCENA With a deep and luxurious floral aroma, this oil is both soothing and uplifting. It is great when sad or tired and a tonic for the female reproductive system. Truly a sensual and delightful oil, romantic, creative, and gently cheering.

A small prickly shrub growing to 1- 2 meters in height with very fragrant pink blooms. The leaves are whitish with hairs. The plant is very specific in its choice of soil and climate. It is believed to be native to the Orient. Now cultivated mainly in Bulgar, Turkey and France. Other types are also grown in China, India and Russia. India produces only rose water and Aytar, a mixture of rose otto and sandalwood.

History / Traditions There are a number of historical traditions associated with rose. The Greeks associated the rose with Aphrodite, goddess of love, beauty, arts and creativity. Rose is seen as the supreme oil of the 'heart chakra', the center of love. In medieval Christian tradition, the scent of rose was associated with the presence of angels.

Extraction The essential oil is produced by steam distillation from fresh petals. A concrete and absolute is made by solvent extraction from fresh petals.

Details of Oil A pale yellow or olive yellow liquid with a very rich, sweet and floral scent. The oil becomes semi solid under cool conditions. The oil is non toxic, non irritant and a non-sensitizing.

Properties Rose oil is cooling, relaxing and toning. Its effects are similar to Bergamot, Geranium and Jasmine, decreasing sympathetic nervous system activity, while strengthening the parasympathetic nervous system. Rose therefore increases feelings of vitality, creating a sense of well-being.

Rose oil can be used in the treatment of a wide range of stress related conditions and can be used for hyperactivity in children. Rose also has a strong effect on reproduction and sexuality and is helpful for menopausal women or during heavy periods. The antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties of rose made it good for the treatment of digestive disorders such as gastroenteritis and gastric ulcers. It can help relieve feelings of nausea and help regenerate damaged intestinal

walls. Rose can also be used in the treatment of skin problems. Its rejuvenating properties relieve dryness, inflammation, heat and itching of the skin.

Physical Effects The oil is an antidepressant and counteracts inflammation. It is antiseptic, antispasmodic, an antitubercular agent, antiviral, astringent, bactericidal, choleratic, cicitrisant, depurative, an amenagogue, haemoststic, a regulator of appetite and a sedative. It is also a good tonic of the heart, liver, uterus and stomach.

Blends Rose blends well with citrus oils and floral scents. Cedarwood, Coriander, Chamomile, Frankincense Sandalwood and Vanilla are all good blends.

Uses In skin care, the oil is used for broken capillaries, conjunctivitis, dry skin, eczema and sensitive complexions. The benefits for the circulation include treatment of poor circulation, palpitations, muscles and joints. The respiratory benefits include treatment of asthma, coughs and hay fever.

Digestive benefits include treatment of cholecystititis, liver congestion and nausea. Benefits for the nervous system include treatment of depression, impotence, insomnia, frigidity, headaches, nervous tension and stress related complaints.

Components The principal constituents are Citronellol (34-55%), Geranol and Nerol (30-40%)

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ROSEMARY ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS A powerful mental stimulant which aids memory and concentration, restores vitality and invigorates. It is helpful when overworked and has a refreshing herb and wood fragrance.

Rosemary is a shrub like herb growing to 90cm high. Evergreen pointed, narrow leaves and small pale blue flowers distinguish this plant. It flowers in late spring and early summer. There are variegated silver and gold striped varieties but the green leaved variety is the only one used for medicinal purposes. While native to the Mediterranean region, the main oil producing countries are France, Spain and Tunisia. The plant is now cultivated worldwide in California, Russia, England, France, Spain, Portugal, the middle east, Yugoslavia, Morocco and China. Other members of the rosemary family include clary sage, basil, thyme, marjoram, mint, patchouli, myrtle and hyssop.

The name is derived from the Latin 'ros maris' meaning dew of the sea based on its growth close to the sea and the appearance of the blossoms from a distance.

History / Traditions The plant was considered sacred by the Romans and was used as a decoration for statues and paintings of the gods. The Greeks also decorated statues with rosemary wreaths. The Egyptians

used the plant for incense in ritual cleansing and healing and there is evidence that it was used from the earliest recorded times.

Rosemary was said to have rejuvenating properties and was used in "Hungary water", a popular toilet water named after queen Elizabeth of Hungary. Many legends and folk tales have built up around this plant and ornaments made from rosemary were used on festive occasions as signs of love and faithfulness.

Extraction The higher quality oil is produced by steam distillation of the leaves and the flowering tops of the plant. In Spain a lesser quality oil is produced from the whole plant. 60-70 pounds of plant material yields a pound of essential oil.

Properties of Oil The essential oil is colorless or pale yellow. It has a strong, fresh, clear woody aroma. Poor quality oils have a strong camphoraceous note. It is an analgesic, antidepressant, antirheumatic, antieptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, cleansing, diuretic, fungicidal, hepatic, restorative, stimulant, tonic.

Aromatherapy Uses The oil has a positive effect on the digestive system, helpful for indigestion, colitis and constipation. Being a liver and gall-bladder tonic, it is good for hepatic disorders. The circulatory system also benefits from the oil because it helps normalize blood pressure and helps combat hardening of the arteries. Rosemary is good for rheumatic and muscular pain, especially tired and over worked muscles. It has a warming effect on cold limbs and is helpful in the winter for rheumatism aggravated by cold. Rosemary has a stimulating effect on the nerves and is beneficial for all nervous disorders including hysteria, and paralysis.

The other benefits of rosemary include a positive effect on menstrual cramps, an excellent skin tonic, a stimulant for the scalp to encourage hair growth and provides treatment for dandruff and greasy hair. The emotional benefits of Rosemary include its ability to clear the mind and the emotions promoting mental clarity. It also provides an uplifting boost to confidence.

Safety data Non-toxic, non-irritant (in dilution), and non-sensitizing. Rosemary should not be used during pregnancy or by epileptics. The oil should be used with caution if suffering from high blood pressure, hypertension or insomnia. Skin irritation may occur with sensitive individuals.

Components Pinene, camphene, cineol, borneols, camaphos, resisn, saponin.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------ROSEWOOD ANIBA ROSAEODORA Grounding, balancing, reviving, stabilizing and comforting to the emotions. A great oil to steady

the mind, and ideal for exams. Seductive floral woody perfume. Rosewood oil is extracted from Aniba rosaeaodora (a.k.a. Aniba roseaodora var. amazonica) from the Lauraceae family and also known as bios de rose and Brazilian rosewood.

Oil properties The oil has a slightly spicy, floral and sweet smell. The origin of rosewood oil is the Brazilian evergreen tree that can grow up to 40 meters (125 feet) with reddish bark and yellow flowers. It is extensively felled in the South American rainforest but now legislation requires distilleries to plant a new tree for each tree cut down. The Rosewood tree is used for building, French cabinet making, carving, for the production of chopsticks in Japan and of course, essential oil.

Extraction and Chemical Composition Rosewood essential oil is extracted from the wood chippings by steam distillation. The main chemical components of Rosewood oil are Geraniol, Linalool, Nerol, Cineole, Terpineol and Dipentene. Rosewood oil is non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing and generally reputed to be a safe oil.

Therapeutic Uses Rosewood oil has the following therapeutic properties: anti-depressant, mildly analgesic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, bacteriacide, deodorant, insecticide, stimulant and tonic. Rosewood oil may help for colds, coughs, fever and infections; it could be valuable for the immune system. As an aphrodisiac it may have an effect on sexual problems such as impotence and frigidity.

Rosewood oil may be helpful for headaches, nausea, nervous tension and stress related conditions. In cases of dull, dry or oily skin, acne, dermatitis, scars, wounds and ageing skin, Rosewood oil can be effective. Although Rosewood oil is not very powerful, it has a place in aromatherapy and could help with the respiratory system, with sexual problems, with stressrelated conditions and for skin care.

Applications In burners and vaporizers, Rosewood oil can help with: colds, coughs, infections, headaches, nausea and stress-related problems. As a blended massage oil or diluted in the bath, Rosewood oil can assist with: colds, coughs, infections, headaches, fevers and nervous tension. As part of a lotion or cream Rosewood oil can be helpful for: skin care, acne, scars and wounds.

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SANDALWOOD SANTALUM ALBUM A relaxing and meditative oil with sensual properties, soothing and comforting to body and mind.

Encourages feelings of well being. Helps ageing, dry and itchy skin. Sweet woody fragrance.

Pterocarpus santalius or santalum rubrum (red sandalwood) is solely used for coloring and dyeing.

Other varieties come from the Sandwich islands, Western Australia and New Caledonia. The Australian variety (S. picatum or Eucarya spicata) produces a very similar oil but with a dry, bitter top note. The West Indian Sandalwood or Amyris (amyris balsamifera) is a poor imitation and bears no botanical relation to the East Indian sandalwood. When buying Sandalwood oil, one should make sure that it is not Australian or West Indian. Oils from these sources have little

therapeutic value. Vietnam and New Caledonia have well controlled plantations of genuine Sandalwood. The best quality oil comes from the Indian province of Mysore, where the Sandalwood trees are protected by the state government.

History / Traditions Sandalwood has an 4,000 year history documented in Sanskrit and Chinese manuscripts. The oil was used in religious rituals and many deities and temples were carved from its wood. The wood is soft to carve and offers fragrant carvings. The ancient Egyptians imported the wood and used it in medicine, embalming and ritual burning to worship the gods. The base note of this oil lingers for a long period. In India, temples built of Sandalwood centuries ago still emit the odor of this wood.

The true sandalwood (Santalum Album) is an evergreen, semi-parasitic tree native to southern Asia. The tree is medium sized, 12-15 meters, maturing at 40-50 years. This is when the center of the slender trunk has achieved its greatest oil content. The heartwood and roots are fragrant and contain the oil, the bark and sapwood are odorless. The tree has leathery leaves and small pinkish purple flowers. The trees must be at least 30 years old before it produces essential oil.

Extraction The heartwood and roots are used for both wood and in the production of volatile oil.

Details of Oil Once the oil has been distilled, it is matured for six months. It develops from a very pale yellow to a brownish yellow. It is extremely thick and viscous with a heavy, sweet, woody and fruity aroma.

Properties Bitter, astringent, and slightly sweet. It is a urinary and pulmonary antiseptic, astirnging, restoring, relaxing, disinfecting, soothing, and calming.

Physical Effects The oil is one of the main remedies in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. In Europe, it is used mostly in soaps and perfumery. Its sweet, powerful, lasting odor makes it an excellent fixative in perfume. It is usually safe for use during pregnancy and has minimal chronic toxicity. It is also an oil that can be applied undiluted as a perfume. It is non toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing.

Uses The oil is a powerful urinary antiseptic. It is a pulmonary antiseptic useful in the treatment of dry, persistent coughs. The soothing of sore throats is an effective application for the oil. It also has a strong effect on other throat conditions such as laryngitis. Other uses include dry eczema, relief of itching and inflammations, sensitive skin, tension, stress, nausea, vomiting and sunstroke.

Components The oil includes 80 to 90% terpeniod alcohols. These include alpha-santalol and beta santalol, which is a mixture of two primary sesquiterpenic alcohols. Also, santalic and teresantalic acid, aldehyde, pterocarpin and hydrocarbons, isovaleric aldehyde, santene, and santenone.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TEA TREE MELALEUCA ALTERNIFOLIA An effective oil with powerful antiseptic properties. It benefits the immune system, disinfects, deodorizes, and strengthens during the winter months and convalescence. Very helpful in skin care and currently very popular for a number of uses. A tree or shrub with needle like leaves and heads of sessile pale flowers. It is native to Australia, but other varieties have been cultivated elsewhere.

Due to its unique composition, Tea Tree oil displays a number of remarkable properties making a very effective oil for a wide range of complaints. What makes Tea Tree outstanding in comparison to other remedies is that it is active against all three varieties of infectious organisms: Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses. Independent microbiological testing has confirmed the effectiveness of Tea Tree oil in fighting infection.

History / Traditions The narrow-leafed paper bark Tea Tree is one member of an extensive botanical family, the Myrtaceae. All plants belonging to this family are aromatic because they have glandular dots in their leaves which, when crushed, release essential oils of varying amounts and constituents.

There is a large group of plants in Australia known collectively as Tea Trees. The fact that the same name is commonly used to describe a very diverse and wide spread botanical group of plants has led to some confusion. Aborigines used a number of tea trees in medicine for coughs and colds. The leaves were crushed and inhaled or soaked to make an infusion. Leaf washes were applied to painful areas, sores and burns.

Extraction Essential oil is produced by steam or water distillation from the leaves and twigs.

Details of Oil A pale yellow-green or water-white mobile liquid with a warm fresh, spicy-camphoraceous aroma.

Aromatherapy Uses Skin Care: Abscess, acne, athlete's foot, blisters, burns, cold sores, dandruff, herpes, insect bites, oily skin, rashes (nappy rash), spots, verrucae, warts, wounds.

Respiratory System: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, sinusitis, tuberculosis, whooping cough.

Genito-urinary System: Thrush, vaginitis, cystitis, pruitis.

Immune System: Colds, fever, flu, infectious illnesses such as chicken pox.

Antiseptic / Bacterial Properties Treatment of cuts, burns, insect bites, infected splinters and all kinds of wounds. As an antiseptic, it is valuable for general skin care, spots, acne and blackheads. As a general disinfectant, it is especially useful for respiratory or genito-urinary tract infections (i.e. bronchitis, sinusitis or cystitis).

Anti-fungal Properties: Tea Tree is an effective treatment for ringworm, athletes foot, and thrush (candida). It has also been used to combat fungal diseases affecting animals, fish and plants.

Anti-viral Properties: Viruses are the invading organisms responsible for most epidemic illnesses.

As a powerful anti-viral agent, Tea Tree is effective in fighting many common infectious diseases such as measles, chicken pox, flu, cold and shingles, as well as other viral complaints (i.e. cold sores and warts).

Immuno-stimulant Properties: Tea Tree is of great value as a preventative remedy to help the body fight off all kinds of infection. Especially important if the body is already in a weakened condition brought on by either stress, illness or the use of antibiotics or other drugs which have lowered the body's natural resistance levels. It can be helpful to those who need to build up their strength before a surgical operation or for those suffering from chronic or long standing debilitating illness. Its possible application to AIDS is also currently being researched.

Blends Lavandin, Lavender, Clary-sage, Rosemary, Oak moss, Pine, Cananga, Geranium, Marjoram and spice oils (especially clove and nutmeg).

Safety Non-toxic, non-irritant, possible sensitization in some individuals. The strength of Tea Tree oil should be respected and therefore large amounts should never be used undiluted on the body or in particularly sensitive areas.

Other uses Tea tree oil is employed in soaps, toothpastes, deodorants, disinfectants, gargles, germicides and increasingly in aftershaves and spicy colognes.

Components Terpinene-4-01 (up to 30%), cineol, pinene, terpinenes, cymene, sesquiterpenes, sespuiterpene alcohols.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------THYME THYMUS VULGARIS A stimulating and protecting oil that has a strengthening effect on the the nerves. Ideal for the treatment of physical and mental exhaustion, and beneficial to the immune system. Warms with its pungent herbal aroma.

A perennial evergreen shrub growing to 45cms high with a woody root and branched upright stem. The plant has small greenish oval leaves and pale purple or white flowers. The aroma is rich, powerful, sweet, warm and herbaceous with a somewhat spicy aroma. Native to Spain and the Mediterranean region, it is now found throughout Asia Minor, Algeria, Turkey, Tunisia, Israel, the USA Russia, China and central Europe. The oil is mainly produced in Spain, but also becoming common in France, Greece, Israel, Morocco, Algeria, Germany and the USA. History / Traditions Used by the ancient Egyptians in the embalming process and by the Greeks to fumigate against infectious diseases. Thyme was one of the earliest medicinal herbs of the Mediterranean region.

The name derives from the Greek "thymos" meaning "to perfume". It is also long established as a culinary herb.

Extraction The essential oil is extracted by steam distillation from the fresh or partly dried leaves and flowering tops.

Details of Oil Red thyme oil is a red, brown or orange liquid with a warm, spicy-herbaceous and powerful aroma. White thyme oil is a clear or pale yellow liquid with a sweet, green, fresh and milder scent.

It blends well with bergamot, lemon, rosemary, melisa, lavender, marjoram, peru balsam and pine.

Other Uses There are many chemotypes of thyme oil: notably the 'thymol' and 'carvacol' types (warming and active). In Western medicine, the main application has been in the treatment of digestive complaints, respiratory problems and the prevention and treatment of infection.

Muscles joints and circulation: Rheumatism, muscular aches and pains, cellulites, arthritis, sprains, anemia.

Skin: Insect bites, lice, scabies, dermatitis, eczema, cuts, bruises, acne, abscess, cellulites, gum infection, athletes foot, and wounds.

Respiratory: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, laryngitis, sinusitis, sore throat, tonsillitis, flu, whooping cough, and throat infections.

Digestive system: Diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and flatulence.

Genito-urinary system: Cystitis and urethritis.

Immune system: Infectious diseases, staphylococcus, physical an psychological weakness.

Nervous system: Headaches, insomnia, nervous debility, neurasthenia and stress related complaints. Helps to revive the body and the mind.

Reproductive system: Vaginitis Usage The oil can be used as a massage oil (diluted with a carrier), as an inhalation, in a diffuser or vaporizer.

Safety data Thymus Vulgaris is a skin irritant in high concentration. It should not be used with epileptic conditions, hyperthyroidism, high blood pressure or during pregnancy (because it is a euterine stimulant). Red thyme oil, serpolet (from wild thyme), 'thymol' and 'carvacrol' type oils all contain quite large amounts of toxic phenols (carvacol and thymol). They can irritate mucous membranes, cause dermal irritation and may cause sensitization in some individuals. Use in moderation and in low dilution. They are best avoided during pregnancy. Lemon Thyme and 'linalol' types are in general less toxic, non-irritating and with less possibility of sensitization. Safe for use on the skin

and with children.

Components Thymol and cavacrol (up to 60%) cymene, camphene, borneol, linalol. Depending upon the source, it can also contain geraniol, citral and thuyanol.

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YLANG YLANG CANANGA ODORATA An exotic and sensual oil with relaxing qualities. Soothes and uplifts and has a regulating effect on excited and nervous conditions. Good for both oily and dry skin. Sweet heady floral aroma. This plant is native to tropical Asia and is produced from the flowers of the Annonaceae family. The oil is grown commercially in Madagascar, the Philippines and Reunion islands. The essential oil is produced from the flowers year round. These flowers are yellow and star shaped in form.

Extraction of the oil Four grades of oil are available reflecting the distillation process and can produce inconsistent standards. The oil is graded into four grades or distillations with 'extra' being the finest.

Properties Ylang Ylang is a deeply relaxing fragrance with a long tradition of use in men's fragrances. The oil also has a balancing effect allowing strong emotions to be moderated. The oil also has a rejuvenating effect upon skin and hair. Good quality Ylang Ylang will have a smooth aroma which is not overly strong and which lacks the thick, dominant sweetness of some distillations.

Usage Ylang Ylang is used for its calming effects. A few drops in a massage oil or a soothing bath brings great soothing benefits. Ylang Ylang is best used in moderation. When blended, the oil requires from some time to mature and develop. Blended oils benefit from a lower dilution of Ylang than with many other essential oils.

Ingredient Dictionary

ACETIC ACID: Occurs naturally in apples, grapes, oranges, skimmed milk and a variety of other fruits and plants.

ACACIA GUM: A soothing mucilage, thickener and stabilizer.

ACEROLA BERRY: Rich in sugars, minerals & flavonoids. A powerful source of vitamin C that helps stimulate connective tissue formation and the collagen-elastin network.

ALGAE: Seaweed and kelp contain those same vital nutrients, trace elements, and amino acids present in human blood plasma. Because of this, they can penetrate the skin more readily than most other ingredients. Minerals from these algae are rich in anti-oxidants, vitamins, and mucilage that can protect, hydrate and soften the skin.

ALLANTOIN: A natural compound occurring in herbs such as comfrey, wheat and sugar beets. It can also be extracted from the urine of most animals, including humans (urea). It is an effective healing agent that is easily absorbed through the skin helping to promote cellular renewal. It has a soothing and softening effect on the skin.

ALMOND GLYCERIDES: Softening, smoothing, and soothing to rough irregular skin tone.

ALMOND MEAL: The residue that remains after almond oil has been expressed; it is an excellent meal to use for exfoliation.

ALMOND OIL: Oil high in moisturizing fatty acids.

ALOE VERA GEL: A concentration derived from one of the oldest medicinal plants known. A- It has remarkable healing properties that can draw and hold oxygen to the skin. B- It is one of the most effective cellular renewal ingredients available. C- The plants composition is similar to that of human blood plasma and seawater and, because its pH is the same as the human skin, it is extremely soothing and protective. It is a natural astringent!

AMINO ACIDS: The building blocks of protein. Some amino acids (essential amino acids) are not produced in the body and must be supplied externally. They are necessary for the hair , skin, nail and connective tissue growth.

AONORI: A green algae containing large amounts of sulfated polysaccharides providing waterretaining properties for deep tissue moisture.

APPLES: Rich in natural pectin, containing polysaccharides, vitamin B, flavonoids and a high level of “ malic” acid. This acid has been scientifically proven to be one of the 5 most beneficial AHAs that help stimulate and speed skin cell renewal. The other acids are “glycolic”, from the heart of the raw cane sugar plant, “citric”, from citrus fruit, “lactic” from milk, and “tartaric” from fruit fermentation, similar to that found in wine sediment. Astringent; smoothes and tightens. Contains zinc.

APPLE CIDER: Detoxifying. When added to a toner’s formulation it acts as an “acid rinse” to adjust the skin’s own pH. APRICOT EXTRACT: Rich in vitamin A, beta-carotene and zinc, it has softening, cleansing, and soothing properties.

ASCORBIC ACID: (Vitamin C). An anti-oxidant that plays an essential role in building collagen, the connective tissue that holds us together. The bioflavonoids (like rutin/ hesperidin etc.) found in fresh food, especially citrus fruits, help promote the effectiveness of vitamin C and build capillary strength

AVOCADO OIL: Natural oil rich in vitamins and minerals. It is an excellent skin conditioner and moisturizer that readily penetrates the skin.

AZULENE: An essential oil derived from the German camomile flower (matricaria chamomilla). It is an excellent analgesic, detoxifier, and anti-inflammatory, and extremely soothing and calming to the skin.

ANGELICA: (Angelica archangelica). An herb with bactericidal and fungicidal properties, it is also calming to the skin

BANANA EXTRACT: Contains vitamins A, B, and F. It softens, and smoothes the skin.

BARLEY: A demulcent. Soothing. Combined with tomato, it helps improve penetration, creating a delivery system to suspend the critical components and facilitate delivery into the stratum corneum.

BEE PROPOLIS: Tree resin collected by bees to line their hives; it is antiseptic and possibly antibiotic.

BEESWAX: Obtained from the honeycomb of the honeybee. Used as an emulsifier, thickener.

BENTONITE: Natural clay from volcanic ash. Used in facial masks for it’s drawing abilities.

BETA-CAROTENE: Precursor of Vitamin A occurring naturally in plants, especially abundant in carrots, papaya and algae. It possesses both healing and cellular renewal properties.

BIOTIN: One of the B complex vitamins used to improve the texture of creams and add body and shine to hair products.

BISABALOL: Camomile oil. Moisturizing, soothing and anti-inflammatory.

BLUE GREEN ALGAE: The smallest and most primitive of plants that contain chlorophyll in their protoplasm. Their unicellular bodies contain all the biological constituents necessary for life functions. Hydrates and protects skin.

BLUE MALLOW: Cleansing, non-irritating, and softening.

BROMELAIN: An enzyme derived from pineapple. Digests dead protein, as in surface skin cells (used in meat tenderizers)

CALENDULA: (Marigold) Astringent, cleansing, anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, soothing, softening and an anti-oxidant.

CAMOMILE: Healing, extremely soothing, and moisturizing.

CARRAGEENAN: A gel-forming polysaccharide found in the “red algae” seaweed known as “Irish moss”. Soothing, and a natural emulsifier.

CARROT JUICE: High in both alpha & beta-carotenoids (possibly more powerful than beta carotene alone) which are responsible for Pro-vitamin A activity in formulation. Soothing and

healing.

CARROT SEED OIL: An essential oil used in formulation to help quiet dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, and rashes. It’s high content of Vitamins A, C, B and B2 relieves dryness in mature skin.

CITRIC ACID: Found in plants and citrus fruits. This organic acid is a pH adjuster and acts as a preservative and anti-oxidant.

CITRUS BIOFLAVONOIDS: Essential support molecules for vitamin C to have the greatest benefits. Acts as free radical scavengers and neutralizes singlet oxygen oxidizers.

CHLOROPHYLL: The green component of plants that has antiseptic and anti-fungal properties.

CLARY SAGE: Antiseptic, astringent, clarifying, and softening.

COCOA BUTTER: Derived from the cocoa plant, cocoa butter is used as an emollient.

COCONUT OIL: Used as an emollient.

CO-ENZYME Q 10: A natural substance found in every cell of the human body. In our mid twenties its activity decreases. Naturally occurring in the tissue of plants, Co-enzyme Q 10 (also known as “ubiquinone”) is a vitamin-like anti-oxidant that boosts cellular activity. It helps to fortify the skin’s defenses against UV damage, while reducing the appearance of wrinkles, strengthening cell membranes, and providing the skin with new energy.

CONEFLOWER: (Echinacea) Anti-inflammatory, soothing to skin and scalp.

COLTSFOOT: Soothing, and healing.

COMFREY: One of the most famed healing plants; it contains allantoin, a substance that promotes the growth of connective tissue and is easily absorbed through the skin. Moisturizing, rejuvenating!

CUCUMBER: An anti-inflammatory. It has an extremely soothing effect on the skin.

DULSE: A flat leaved red sea weed (“Fucus”). It is high in bio-nutritional vitamins including B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9 and Beta-carotene. It stimulates connective tissue repair and is cell energizing.

EMULSIFYING WAX: Vegetable waxes that are treated so that they mix more easily with other ingredients.

ENZYMES: Protein that act as a catalyst in some chemical reactions.

EVENING PRIMROSE OIL: Calming, cleansing, and moisturizing. High in essential fatty acids; especially gamma-linolenic acid.

EYEBRIGHT: Astringent, cleansing.

FENNEL: Cleansing, anti-bacterial, rejuvenating.

GERANIUM: Astringent, cleansing, moistening, softening, stimulating.

GINGER: Purges and stimulates.

GRAPES: Powerful free radical scavenger/anti-oxidant rich in sugars, minerals, flavonoids, vitamins in B group. Promotes cellular health rejuvenation. Percentage of AHAs: 10 citric, 5 malic, 10 tartaric.

GRAPEFRUIT: Stimulating, astringent, cleansing, exfoliating…anti-viral, a free-radical invader.

Percentage of AHAs: 15 citric, 2.5 glycolic, 2.50 malic, 5 lactic.

GRAPEFRUIT SEED EXTRACT: Extracted from grapefruit seeds and used in combination with propylene glycol and glycerin as a preservative, bactericide, and stabilizer.

GRAPE SEED OIL: Ultra fine oil with especially non-allergenic properties. Free-radical scavenger.

GREEN PAPAYA: Fruit used in formulation when it contains the highest content of “papain”. As the fruit matures this powerful enzyme decreases. To protect this “active” enzyme a low -heat extraction must be maintained. It is an excellent free-radical scavenger and cellular renewal ingredient with the ability to digest protein, selecting only dead cells without harming the living ones.

GUAR GUM: A natural resin from the seeds of an Asian tree. Thickener, plasticizer, and emulsifier.

GUAVA: Soothing and moisturizing, guava also contains vitamins A and C, beta-carotene and zinc.

HAMAMELIS WATER:(Witch hazel) an astringent herb that possesses the ability to soothe the skin.

HONEY: A natural skin softener used in formulation as an emollient, humectant! Honey is antifungal and anti-bacterial, suggesting that it contains anti-microbial ingredients. It offers high levels of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxide stimulates white blood cells that initiate the body’s immune response to infection. Honey contains other significant amounts of vitamins, including vitamin C and trace amounts of iron, copper, manganese, calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus and magnesium, all possibly adding to Honey’s wound healing effect. Some Scientists even suggest that adding honey (or sugar) into sterile butter or margarine will provide home remedy for cuts and scrapes as effective as anything on the market.

IRISH MOSS: Brownish purple algae that grows attached to rocks at low tide marks. It is a rich source of the emollient and moisture binding substance carageenan, and many micro-nutrients.

JASMINE: Moisturizing; calming to the skin.

JOJOBA OIL: (Technically liquid wax). The oil is expressed from the vanilla shaped beans found on shrubs in the arid deserts of southwest America. A plant oil most similar to skin’s own sebum; it can effectively penetrate the skin because of its small molecular size.

KAOLIN: A very fine white “China” clay with drawing and tightening properties that gently absorbs surface oil secreted by the skin. It can stimulate circulation deep into the capillaries.

KUKUI NUT OIL: From the Hawaiian kukui nut, it is very emollient, very moisturizing.

LACTIC ACID: One of the five most beneficial AHAs, it is naturally occurring in milk fermentation.

A mild exfoliant that helps reduce wrinkles and improve the skin’s texture.

LAVENDER OIL: A rainbow of beneficial rewards for the skin. It is astringent, calming, cleansing, moisturizing, softening, rejuvenating…and soothing with anti-bacterial properties.

LECITHIN: Present in all living cells, it is a waxy oil derived from soybeans and eggs that has great water binding abilities, and acts as an anti-oxidant, and emulsifier.

LEMON: Antibacterial, softening, anti-wrinkle, anti-oxidant, antiseptic. Percentage of AHAs: 15 citric, 2.5 glycolic, 2.5 malic, 5 lactic.

LEMON GRASS OIL: Distilled from the grassy herb of the same name; it purifies, and hydrates.

LEMON OIL: Expressed from the outer rind of the lemon, it acts as a mild bleach that can brighten dull skin and calm redness. Naturally astringent, antiseptic and bactericidal; abundant in vitamins A, B & C. LICORICE ROOT: Rebalances dermal cells & helps reduce the formation of melanin, (pigment that gives skin color); has significant healing effects on many skin diseases. Firming, soothing.

LIMNANTHIS ALBA OIL: From the seeds of the one year old Limnanthis alba plants of Oregon.

Its 97% fatty acid content and small molecule structure, make it one of the most penetrating oils available in skin care…and…it is one of the most stable lipids known. This oil has a beautiful “slip”.

LIME OIL: Antiseptic, bactericidal and restorative; high in vitamins A, B & C. LYCOPENE: Abundant in the red flesh and skin of the tomato. It appears in very high concentration when tomatoes are processed…and is the most active carotenoid (one of nature’s most important anti-oxidant families) in terms of anti-oxidant activity. It appears to strengthen cellular integrity and function. (Lycopene is one of the top 3 carotenoids found in human tissue and blood plasma). It is more than twice as powerful as beta-carotene at quenching free radicals.

MANDARIN OIL: Antiseptic, toning and bactericidal.

MAGNESIUM: A lightweight mineral occurring in nature. It is especially abundant in specific varieties of sea algae and salts from the sea. Magnesium can help re-mineralize and soothe the skin.

MANGANESE: A mineral occurring abundantly in mineral mud, sea salts and specific sea plants.

METHYLPARABEN: A preservative with anti-microbial abilities that prevents the formation of bacteria, and is effective in low concentrations.

METHYLSULFONYYLMETHANE: (MSM) An organic bio-available form of sulfur, which is the “nuts and bolts” of the skin proteins. The sulfur bond is responsible for the strength, shape and resilience of the collagen, elastin, and keratin structures of the skin.

MUGWORT: A stimulant. When combined in a complex with Algae, it has anti-stinging, antiinflammatory and anti-irritant properties.

OAT BETA GLUCANS: A blend of oat extract & refined oat proteins. Together they form an invisible layer over the skin to help retain moisture while promoting the repair of skin cells. High levels of naturally occurring anti-oxidants help protect against cellular damage. Soothing, healing!

OATS: Calming, cleansing, softening, and moisturizing.

ORANGE OIL: (Sweet blossom). Astringent, bactericidal, moistening, softening and rejuvenating.

PALMAROSA OIL: Brings exceptional hydration to the skin. Effectively renews skin cells.

PAPAIN: An enzyme found in papaya, most potent from unripe green papaya. Dissolves dead skin cells.

PAPAYA: See “papain” PEACH: Rich in sugars, minerals (zinc), vitamins (vitamins A & C, beta carotene) and organic acids, particularly citric and malic. Moisturizing, soothing, toning, exfoliating. Percentage of AHAs: 10 citric, 5malic, 5 tartaric, 5 salicylic.

PECTIN: An enzyme extracted from citrus fruits and apples. Emulsifier, thickener, soothing.

PEG 120 METHY GLUCOSE DIOLEATE: Conditioning agent from corn.

PINEAPPLE JUICE: Contains abundance of the enzyme “bromelin” that dissolves dead skin cells.

PISTACHIO: Nut rich in calcium, thiamine, phosphorus, iron and vitamin A.Percentage of AHAs: 10 citric, 3.5 glycolic, 6 malic, 3.5 lactic, 2 tartaric.

PLANTAIN: Cell proliferating, astringent and healing.

POLYSORBATE 20: Derived from sorbitol. Used as a stabilizer. It has a soothing effect on the skin.

PUMICE: Finely ground volcanic rock to cleanse and slough off dead skin.

PUMPKIN: Enzymes in the whole “pumpkin”, including the seeds, exfoliate dead skin cells while promoting skin repair. It cleanses, conditions and moisturizes while helping to firm the skin.

Pumpkin is an excellent source of anti-oxidants, vitamins and essential elements the skin needs.

RASPBERRY: Rich in minerals, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), flavonoids, tannins, and ellagic acid, a super antioxidant. Soothing, astringent and exfoliating. Percentage of AHAs: 10 citric, 5 glycolic, 8malic, 2 lactic.

RAW CANE SUGAR: Rich in “natural” glycolic acids, it has cellular renewal properties. Raw sugar cane is particularly rich in mucilage, thus bringing its softening and moisturizing activity at the skin level. Percentage AHAs: 2.5 citric, 15 glycolic, 2.5malic, 5 lactic.

RICE BRAN OIL: Rich in vitamin E. It has a smaller molecule than wheat germ oil making it much easier to penetrate the skin. Contains high percentages of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids.

ROSEHIPS: The fruit of the rose bush, high in vitamin C; tonic, astringent, soothing to the skin.

ROSEMARY: Cleansing, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, moisturizing, softening, rejuvenating.

SAFFLOWER OIL: High in linoleic acid.

SEA ALGAE/SEA KELP: See ALGAE. SEA BUCKTHORN: Grows on the sand dunes by the sea and produces a yellow berry. The liquid wax from the berry is very compatible with the lipid structure of the skin and provides a strong water retentive and skin moisturizing quality.

SEA PALM: Very rich in potassium and beta-carotenoids and a wealth of co-enzymes and trace minerals. It is known as the most elastic of all seaweeds and used as a connective tissue enhancer.

SEAWEED ESSENTIAL OIL: A CO-2 microburst extraction of French kelp varieties of seaweed; it yields aromatic oil and the protoplasmic bio-substance of the ocean.

SHEA BUTTER: From the nut of the karate nut tree; a cellular renewal ingredient that has excellent nourishing and moisturizing benefits for the skin. It is a natural “sun block’.

SOAP BARK: Healing properties, emulsifier.

SOAPWORT: Cleansing and healing properties.

SORBITOL: Derived from apples, cherries, berries, plums, pears, sea algae and seaweed. Feels velvet- smooth applied on the skin. Used as a humectant, emulsifier and thickener in formulations.

SOYBEAN OIL. Rich in fatty acids and vitamin E; readily absorbs into the skin.

SQUALANE: Nutrient rich oil derived from olives. It is a natural bactericide and healer.

STEARIC ACID: (Vegetable). A white, waxy fatty acid used as an emulsifying agent.

STRAWBERRY: Soothing, astringent, and firming; strawberry contains more vitamin C than an orange and also contains ellagic acid, a super antioxidant.

TEA TREE OIL: (Melaleuca alternifolia). From the leaves of the Australian tea tree, this oil is used to treat acne, cuts, burns, insect bites, fungus and other skin and scalp disorders.

TITANIUM DIOXIDE: A “natural white powder mineral with the distinction of being a “class one”, “full spectrum” sunscreen. In cosmetic use it has the greatest concealing power of all white pigment.

TOCOPHEOL: Vitamin E. An anti-oxidant and cellular renewal ingredient that when combined with vitamins A and C, acts as a preservative in the oil phase of cosmetic formulations.

THYME: Anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory with astringent properties that help firm collagen in the skin.

ULVA: A sea plant known as “sea lettuce” because of its bright green lettuce like leaf; a high source of soluble iron, potassium, and complex polysaccharides compatible with natural skin oils.

UVA URSI: Bearberry (or manzanita). It is the astringency of the tannin acid on the berries and leaves of this plant that make them work well as a natural source of hydroquinone (pigment lightener).

VITAMIN A: A powerful free-radical scavenger used as an anti-aging and healing ingredient.

Topically applied vitamin A is one of only three vitamins able to be absorbed by the skin. The other two are vitamins E and D. VITAMIN C: See Ascorbic Acid.

VITAMIN D: One of only three vitamins, topically applied, that are absorbed by the skin (the other two are vitamins A and E). Vitamin D is necessary for the re-production of new skin cells, and when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light, it is the only vitamin that the body is able to manufacture.

VITAMIN E: See Tocopherol.

WAKAME: A fern like member of the kelp family, rich in bio-available amino acids and vitamins, making it a highly nutritious food source for the skin.

WATERMELON: High in Vitamin A, beta-carotene and zinc; it soothes and softens the skin.

WITCH HAZEL: See Hamamalis Water.

WHEAT GERM OIL: A natural source of vitamins A, E and D, and squalane.

WILLOW BARK: Rich in phenolic compounds and salicin (glycodise of salicyl alcohol). Its constituents are salicylic glycosides and tannins, which contribute to its analgesic properties.

XANTHAN GUM: A natural carbohydrate gum used as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer.

YARROW: Moisturizing, softening, and soothing with mild astringency.

YLANG-YLANG OIL. A natural antiseptic essential oil with soothing properties.

YUCCA: Cleansing, soothing.

ZINC OXIDE: A natural “skin protecting” sunscreen agent; antiseptic, and astringent.

Essential oils are very concentrated and should always be diluted before use on the skin. Carrier oils are used for this purpose and are typically vegetable oils. Each carrier oil offers different properties and the choice depends on the therapeutic benefit being sought. Unlike essential oils, carrier oils do not evaporate or impart their aroma as strongly as essential oils. However, they usually have a shorter shelf life and can be mixed with a natural preservative such as vitamin E for longer storage. Carrier oils should be natural and preferably cold-

pressed. This ensures that the therapeutic qualities remain in the oil and have not been damaged by heat or chemicals. Below is a list of the most commonly used carrier oils.

The Herbal Encyclopedia Agrimony

Agrimonia eupatoria MEDICINAL: An infusion of the leaves is used to treat jaundice and other liver ailments, and as a diuretic. It is also used in treating ulcers, diarrhea, and skin problems. Externally, a fomentation is used for athlete's foot, sores, slow-healing wounds, and insect bites.

RELIGIOUS: Agrimony is used in protection spells, and is used to banish negative energies and spirits. It is also used to reverse spells and send them back to the sender. It was believed that placing Agrimony under the head of a sleeping person will cause a deep sleep that will remain until it is removed.

GROWING: Agrimony is grown throughout much of the United States and southern Canada. It is a perennial that reaches 2 to 3 feet tall, prefers full sun and average soils. Agrimony tolerates dry spells well.

Alfalfa

Medicago sativa MEDICINAL: Eliminates retained water, relieves urinary and bowel problems, helps in treating recuperation of narcotic and alcohol addiction. Used in treating anemia, fatigue, kidneys, peptic ulcers, pituitary problems, and for building general health.

RELIGIOUS: Placed in a small jar and kept in a pantry or cabinet, it protects the home from poverty and hunger. Burn alfalfa and scatter the ashes around the property to protect it.

GROWING: Alfalfa is cultivated in many regions of the world. It is not picky as to soils, prefers full sun, and regular waterings, although it will tolerate dry spells. It is a perennial that grows to 1 to 3 feet tall, depending upon growing conditions.

See the article about Alfalfa in the Articles section of this site.

Allspice Pimenta dioica MEDICINAL: Allspice is used as a paste to soothe and relieve toothache, and as a mouthwash to freshen the breath.

RELIGIOUS: Allspice encourages healing, and is used in mixtures to ask for money and good fortune.

GROWING: Allspice comes from a tree that grows in Central and South America and the Caribbean, and prefers those climates.

Aloe Vera Aloe vera, Aloe spp.

MEDICINAL: The gel of the inner part of an aloe leaf is used to treat burns, skin rashes, and insect bites, as well as chafed nipples from breastfeeding, when applied to the affected area externally. Internally it can be used to keep the bowels functioning smoothly, or when there is an impaction, although it can cause intestinal cramping when taken internally, and there are other herbs that do this job better. It aids in healing wounds by drawing out infection, and preventing infection from starting. The fresh gel is best to use, rather than "stabilized" gels found in the stores. The fresh gel was used by Cleopatra to keep her skin soft and young.

RELIGIOUS: Growing an aloe vera plant in the kitchen will help prevent burns and mishaps while cooking. It will also prevent household accidents, and guard against evil. It is reported that aloe was used to embalm the body of Christ.

GROWING: Best grown indoors in pots. Those living in the deep South, as in southern Texas or southern Florida, can grow aloe outdoors. Remember that Aloe is a succulent, not a cactus, so it needs water to keep the leaves fleshy and juicy.

See the article about Aloe Vera in the Articles section of this site.

Amaranth Amaranthus spp.

MEDICINAL: Amaranth is used to battle stomach flu, diarrhea, and gastoenteritis. It was used by Native Americans to stop menstruation and for contraception. Applied externally, it can reduce tissue swelling from sprains and tick bites. Not to be used by pregnant or lactating women.

RELIGIOUS: Amaranth is used to repair a broken heart. It is also associated with immortality, and is used to decorate images of gods and goddesses. It is sacred to the god Artemis. Woven into a wreath, it is said to render the wearer invisible. Also used in pagan burial ceremonies.

GROWING: Amaranth is an annual, whose varieties grow from one to five feet tall. It does not transplant well, so sow it where you want it to grow. It is generally not picky about soil type, and tolerates heat and drought well.

Angelica Angelica archangelica MEDICINAL: Angelica is a good herbal tea to take for colic, gas, indigestion, hepatitis, and heartburn. It is useful to add in remedies for afflictions of the respiratory system, as well as liver problems and digestive difficulties. Promotes circulation and energy in the body. It is often used to stimulate the circulation in the pelvic region and to stimulate suppressed menstruation. Angelica should not be used by pregnant women or diabetics.

RELIGIOUS: Grow it in your garden as a protection for garden and home. The root is often used as a protective amulet, and has been used to banish evil by burning the leaves. It is also used to lengthen life, and is used in protection against diseases, as well as to ward off evil spirits. Adding it to a ritual bath will break spells and hexes. It has often been used to ward off evil spirits in the home.

GROWING: Angelica needs rich, moist garden soil in partial shade. It prefers wet bottomlands and swamps, and prefers the cooler northern regions to grow best. It is a perennial that can reach up to 6 feet tall.

Anise Pimpinellaa anisum MEDICINAL: Another good herb for colic, gas, and indigestion. It can also be used in herbal remedies for coughing, as it aids in loosening phlegm. It is the mildest of the herbs used for these purposes.

RELIGIOUS: Anise mixed with bay leaves provides an excellent bath additive prior to ritual. Using anise in potpourri around the house wards off evil, and anise in your sleeping pillow at night will chase away the nightmares. The essential oil is used in ritual baths prior to any divination attempts. It is believed that hanging an anise seed head on your bedpost will restore lost youth.

GROWING: Anise likes warm, sunny areas with well-drained, rich sandy soils. It is suitable for all areas of North America. It is an annual, and grows 1-2 feet high. It needs 120 days to produce fully ripened seed heads.

Apple Pyrus spp.

MEDICINAL: Apples are used to treat constipation. The pectin in fresh apples can help to lower cholesterol levels, an aid in treating heart disease. Crushed apple leaves can be rubbed on a fresh wound to prevent infection.

RELIGIOUS: Apple blossoms are used in love and healing incenses. An apple should be given to a lover as a present - you should eat one half, the lover the other. It is given as an offering on Samhain to the dead, since it is a symbol of immortality. Apple wood is used to make magickal wands. Pouring apple cider on the ground in your garden before you plant gives the earth life.

GROWING: Apple trees grow over most of North America. They need a cool winter period, making them unsuitable for low desert or tropical regions. Check with your local nursery for varieties best suited to your area and growing conditions.

Astragalus Astragalus membranaceous MEDICINAL: Astragalus strengthens metabolism and digestion, raises metabolism, aids in strengthening the immune system, and is used in the healing of wounds and injuries. It is often cooked with broths, rice, or beans for a boost to the healing energies during those illnesses that prevent one from eating normally.

Basil Ocimum basilicum MEDICINAL: Basil is used to treat stomach cramps, vomiting, fevers, colds, flu, headaches, whooping cough, and menstrual pains. It is also used to reduce stomach acid, making it a valuable part of any treatment for ulcers, and a valuable addition to any recipe using tomatoes for those with sensitive stomachs. Externally, it can be used for insect bites, to draw out the poisons.

It has been used in other countries to eliminate worms from the intestines, and the oil from basil leaves is applied directly to the skin to treat acne.

RELIGIOUS: Basil protects from evil and negativity, and aids in attracting and keeping love. It is

used for purification baths, and in wealth and prosperity rituals. Carrying a basil leaf in your pocket brings wealth, and if powdered basil is sprinked over your mate while they sleep, it is supposed to eliminate infidelity from your marriage.

GROWING: Basil will grow in any well-drained, fairly rich soil, and full sun. It can be grown throughout most of North America. It is an annual, which reaches 2-3 feet tall. Pinch off the tips to promote bushiness and flower buds to maintain growth.

Bayberry Myrica cerifera MEDICINAL: Bayberry, taken in small doses, increases the vitality of your total body systems, improving circulation. It can also be used as a poultice over varicose veins to strengthen the blood vessels. A douche made of the tea is used for vaginal infections. Tea made of Bayberry is a good gargle for sore throat and tonsillitis.

RELIGIOUS: The oil of Bayberry will bring prosperity and luck.

Bay Laurel Laurus nobilis RELIGIOUS: The leaves are burned to enhance psychic powers and to produce visions. Worn in an amulet, it will provide protection from evil and negativity. The leaves are used as decorations during the Yule season, and placed in your window it will protect against lightning striking your house. Write a wish on a bay leaf and then burn it if you want the wish to come true. Sprinkling the crushed leaves in your cupboards will keep out cockroaches and other insect pests.

Bergamot Monarda citriodora MEDICINAL: Also known as Oswego tea and Bee Balm. It is used to treat nausea and vomiting, and cold and flu relief. The essential oil is used to treat acne, coughs, fevers, tension, stress, and depression.

MAGICKAL: Used in money and success spells and rituals.

GROWING: Bergamot grows to 2 feet tall, and is a member of the mint family, so grow it as you would a mint.

Bistort Polygonum bistorta MEDICINAL: Bistort root, when ground and mixed with echinacea, myrrh, and goldenseal, is a great dressing for cuts and other wounds. It is also a powerful astringent, used by mixing a teaspoon in a cup of boiled water, and drunk several times a day, as a treatment for diarrhea and dysentery. The same mixture can be used as a gargle for sore throats. Bistort is good to drive out infectious disease, and is effective for all internal and external bleeding.

RELIGIOUS: An amulet fashioned of the root of Bistort is carried when one wishes to conceive.

Sprinkle an infusion of bistort around your home to keep out unwanted visitors of the mischievous variety, such as poltergeists, sprites, etc.

GROWING: Bistort prefers damp soils, such as in cultivated fields. It is native to Europe, but has been grown in Nova Scotia and as far south as Massachusetts. It is a perennial that reaches up to 30 inches tall.

Blackberry Rubus villosus MEDICINAL: A syrup made from the root is used to treat diarrhea and upset stomach (good for treating children). An infusion of the leaves is good for treating diarrhea and sore throat.

RELIGIOUS: Blackberry leaves are used in money spells, as are the berries.

GROWING: Blackberries are perennial vines that grow in many areas, depending on the variety.

They require full sun, ver good air circulation, fertile soil that is kept moist, not soggy. Do not grow where you have grown other fruits or vegetables, to avoid transferring diseases to the young vines. Some varieties need pollinators, so check with your local nurseries to find a variety best suited to your needs and climate.

Black Cohosh Cimcifuga racemosa MEDICINAL: Black Cohosh is useful in all conditions dealing with arthritis. It improves blood circulation, and is used in treating delayed and painful menstruation, and is often used in conjunction with other herbs in treating menopause symptoms. It should not be used during

pregnancy. Black Cohosh can be poisonous in large doses. It contains a chemical much like estrogen, so those advised by their doctor's not to take the Pill shoud avoid using this herb.

RELIGIOUS: Black Cohosh leaves laid around a room is said to drive away bugs, and to drive away negativity.

GROWING: Black Cohosh grows in open woody areas. It needs good soil and partial to mostly shade to do well. It has been grown as far south as Georgia, and as far west as Missouri. It is a perennial which reaches 3 - 8 feet tall.

Blessed Thistle Cnicus benedictus MEDICINAL: Blessed Thistle is used to strengthen the heart, and is useful in all remedies for lung, kidney, and liver problems. It is also used as a brain food for stimulating the memory. It is used in remedies for menopause and for menstrual cramping. Often used by lactating women to stimulate blood flow to the mammary glands and increases the flow of milk.

GROWING: Blessed Thistle is generally found along roadsides and in wastelands. It is an annual, and reaches to 2 feet tall. Most folks consider this a pesky weed, so cultivation is not common. Try gathering some for yourself from the wild, if you dare the stickers - buying commercial is best!

Blue Cohosh Caulophylum thalictroides MEDICINAL: Blue Cohosh is used to regulate the menstrual flow. It is also used for suppressed menstruation. Native Americans used this herb during childbirth to ease the pain and difficulty that accompany birthing, as well as to induce labor. This herb should not be taken during pregnancy, and should be taken in very small amounts in conjunction with other herbs, such as Black Cohosh.

GROWING: Blue Cohosh grows best in deep, loamy, moist woodlands. The berry of this plant is poisonous, and the plant itself can irritate the skin. The root is the part used in herbal medicine. It has a range from southern Canada, as far south as the Carolinas, and as far west as Missouri. This herb is best purchased from the stores, rather than cultivated.

Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum MEDICINAL: Used for treating severe fevers, as well as flu and catarrh conditions. One to two tablespoons of the tincture in hot water is used for sweat therapy to break fevers.

RELIGIOUS: An infusion sprinked around the house will drive away evil spirits and negativity.

GROWING:Boneset prefers damp to moist rich soils. It is a North American native perennial that reaches 2 to 4 feet high, and grows in partial sun.

Borage Borago officinalis MEDICINAL: Used for treating bronchitis, rashes, and to increase mother's milk. The infusion is used as an eyewash.

RELIGIOUS: Carrying the fresh blossoms brings courage. The tea will induce your psychic powers.

GROWING: Borage was once widely planted in gardens throughout Europe. It was brought to the United States, and now grows wild in much of the eastern half of the nation. It is an annual that grows in most soils, tolerates dry spells, and prefers full sun, reaching to 2 feet in height.

Burdock Arctium lappa MEDICINAL: Burdock Root is used to treat skin diseases, boils, fevers, inflammations, hepatitis, swollen glands, some cancers, and fluid retention. It is an excellent blood purifier. A tea made of the leaves of Burdock is also used for indigestion. Very useful for building the systems of young women. Helps clear persistent teenage acne if taken for three to four weeks. Used with dandelion root for a very effective liver cleanser and stimulator.

RELIGIOUS: Used to ward off all sorts of negativity, making it invaluable for protective amulets and sachets. Add to potpourri in the house.

Caraway

Carum carvi MEDICINAL: Caraway aids digestion, can help promote menses, can increase a mother's milk, and is good to add to cough remedies as an expectorant.

RELIGIOUS: Carry Caraway in an amulet for protection. Carrying caraway seeds promotes the memory. It can also guard against theft. It is said to promote lust when baked into breads, cookies, or cakes.

GROWING: Caraway can be found in meadows, woods, and rocky areas. It prefers a rich soil.

Native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, it also grows wild here in North America. It is a biennial that reaches 1 1/2 - 2 feet high.

Cascara Sagrada Rhamnus purshiana MEDICINAL: Used in treating chronic constipation, and is a stimulant to the whole digestive system. It is a safe laxative, and is useful for treating intestinal gas, liver and gall bladder complaints, and enlarged liver.

RELIGIOUS: Sprinkled around the home before going to court, it will help you to win your case.

It is ued in money spells and in repelling evil and hexes.

GROWING: Cascara Sagrada is a tree that is native to the Pacific Northwest regions of North America.

Catnip Nepeta cataria MEDICINAL: Catnip is effective alone or in herbal remedies for colds, flu, fevers, upset stomach, and insomnia. Particularly good for children with upset stomachs in a very mild infusion.

RELIGIOUS: Use the large leaves, well dried, to mark pages in magickal books. Use in conjunction with rose petals in love sachets. It will also create a psychic bond between you and your cat. Grow near your home to attract luck and good spirits.

GROWING: Catnip will grow in most soils, and tends to enjoy a bit of the dry spells once it is established. It grows throughout North America, and is a perennial reaching to 3 feet high.

Cat's Claw Uncaria tomentosa MEDICINAL: Also known as una de gato. Used in treatment of arthritis, gastritis, tumors, dysentery, female hormonal imbalances, viral infections. It is effective in aiding treatment of the immune system, the intestinal system, and the cardivoascular system. This herb should not be taken by those who have received an organ transplant, nor by pregnant or nursing women.

Cayenne Capsicum spp.

MEDICINAL: Cayenne, also called capsicum, is very effective added to liniments for all sorts of arthritis and muscle aches. Internally it benefits the heart and circulation when taken alone or added to other remedies. It is also used to stimulate the action of other herbs. Capsicum is also used to normalize blood pressure. It will stop bleeding both externally and internally, making it excellent for use with ulcers. It is used in antibiotic combinations, for menstrual cramps, and as a part of treatment for depression. Sprinkle a small amount into socks or shoes to warm the feet during the winter months. It can be taken safely with NSAIDS, and may help you to reduce your dosages of these common arthritis drugs.

RELIGIOUS: Cayenne pepper scattered around your house will break bad spells. Adding it to love powders will ensure that your love will be spicy, and can inflame the loved one with passion.

GROWING: Cayenne pepper plants like a good, rich soil, plenty of water, and full sun. The peppers are dried after ripening. For herbal use, the peppers are usually ground into a powder and mixed with other powdered herbs in capsules.

Cedar Cedrus spp.

RELIGIOUS: Cedar chips used in rituals or burnt attracts money, and is also used in purification and healing. It is a symbol of power and longevity. Hung in the home it will protect against lightning. Juniper can be used in place of cedar.

GROWING: There are many types of cedars that grow throughout the world. Check with your local nursery for varieties best suited to your area. Cedars are evergreen perennials that are attractive in any landscape.

Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile), Anthemus nobilis (Roman chamomile) MEDICINAL: Use the tea for nerves and menstrual cramps. The tea is also useful for babies and small children with colds and stomach troubles. Also used to calm the body for inducing sleep in insomniac conditions. It is also a good wash for sore eyes and open sores.

RELIGIOUS: Chamomile is used in prosperity charms to attract money. Added to incense, it will produce a relaxed state for better meditation. Burned alone it will induce sleep. Added to a ritual bath, it will attract love. Sprinkle it around your property to remove curses and bad spells.

GROWING: Chamomile is an annual that adapts to most soils, likes lots of water and full sun. It grows up to 20 inches tall.

Chickweed Stellaria media MEDICINAL: Chickweed is an excellent source of many B vitamins and various minerals. It is used to treat bronchitis, pleurisy, coughs, colds, and as a blood builder. Externally it is good for skin diseases, and the tea added to the bath is good for soothing skin irritations and rashes.

RELIGIOUS: Chickweed is carried and/or used in spells to attract love and to maintain a relationship.

GROWING: This annual spreading plant is usually hated as an obnoxious weed by the typical gardener. It is found throughout temperate areas of North America and of Europe, the plant's native homeland. It prefers full sun, average to poor soils, and infrequent watering.

Cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum MEDICINAL: Add cinnamon to remedies for acute symptoms, as this herb is a stimulant to other herbs and the body, enabling herbal remedies to work faster. It is also a blood purifier, an infection preventer, and a digestive aid. Do not ingest cinnamon oil.

RELIGIOUS:Burned in incense, cinnamon will promote high spirituality. It is also used to stimulate the passions of the male. It should also be burned in incenses used for healing. The essential oil is used for protection.

Clover, Red Trifolium pratense MEDICINAL: Red Clover is used as a nerve tonic and as a sedative for exhaustion. It is used to strengthen those children with weak systems, and is used with children for coughs, bronchitis, wheezing, as it is mild to their systems. It is often used in combination with many other drugs in the treatment of cancer. It is also used for skin eruptions (acne).

RELIGIOUS: Clover brings luck, prsperity, and health. Carrying a three-leaf clover gives you protection. Worn over the right breast it will bring you success in all undertakings.

GROWING: Grow clover as you would lawn grasses. Clover is an excellent cover crop, planted in fallow areas and turned under in the fall, it makes an excellent fertilizer for poor soils.

Cloves Eugenia caryophyllata MEDICINAL: Clove oil will stop a toothache when it is applied directly to the cavity. It is very warm and stimulating to the system, and is very useful with people who have cold extremities.

Cloves will promote sweating with fevers, colds, and flu. It is often used in remedies for whooping cough. Cloves are also safe and effective for relieving vomiting during pregnancy.

RELIGIOUS: Cloves worn in an amulet will drive away negativity and hostility, and stop gossip. It is often carried to stimulate the memory, and can be added to attraction sachets. Clove oil is also worn as an aphrodisiac, and the buds when eaten are said to stir up bodily lusts. It is placed in sachets with mint and rose to chase away melancholy and to help one sleep soundly. Carried, it can also bring comfort to the bereaved and mourning.

Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara MEDICINAL: Used to treat respiratory problems, and is soothing to the stomach and intestines.

Combine with horehound, ginger, and licorice root for a soothing cough syrup.

RELIGIOUS: Coltsfoot is added to love sachets and is used in spells of peace and tranquility.

GROWING: Coltsfoot is a perennial that prefers damp, clay soils. It grows 5 to 18 inches high, and likesfull to partial sun.

Comfrey Symphytum officinale MEDICINAL: A poultice of comfrey heals wounds, burns, sores, and bruises. It is a powerful remedy for coughs, ulcers, healing broken bones and sprains, and is used in treating asthma.

Large amounts or dosages can cause liver damage, but there are no problems with using it externally. Used internally, it is best and safest to use a tea, rather than capsules.

RELIGIOUS: Carrying comfrey during travel will ensure your safety. Put some in your luggage to prevent it being lost or stolen. It will also bring luck to the carrier.

GROWING: Comfrey prefers well-drained soils and partial shade. It grows from Canada to Georgia, as far west as Missouri, in the wild. It is a perennial that grows to 3 feet high. It can be started from seed, but you will be more successful with cuttings. Once established, it will spread vigorously. Harvest leaves when the flowers bud, and roots in the autumn after the first frost.

Cornflower Centaurea cyanus MEDICINAL: Juices from the stems of this plant are used externally to treat wounds and cuts.

RELIGIOUS: Cornflower is used to promote and enhance phsychic sight, as well as normal eyesight.

GROWING: Cornflower is adaptable to many soils and conditions. It is an annual that grows 1 - 2 feet tall.

Cramp Bark Viburnum opulus MEDICINAL: Cramp Bark is one of the best female regulators in the herb world. It is a uterine sedative, aiding in menstrual cramps and afterbirth. It helps to prevent miscarriage, as well as internal hemmorhaging.

Damiana Turnera diffusa MEDICINAL: Damiana is used to regulate the female cycles. It is also used to stimulate the sexual appetite. It is good for urinary problems and nervousness, as well as hypertension.

RELIGIOUS: Damiana is used in infusions to incite lust, and is burned to produce visions.

Dandelion

Taraxum officinale MEDICINAL: Dandelion benefits all functions of the liver. It clears obstructions (such as stones) and detoxifies poisons that gather in the liver, spleen, and gall bladder. It will also promote healthy circulation. The juice from a broken leaf stem can be applied to warts and allowed to dry; used for 3 days or so it will dry up the warts. It is also used to treat premenstrual syndrome, as it is a diuretic. It has been shown to reduce cholesterol and uric acid. Dandelion also helps clear skin eruptions when used both internally and externally. It is a rich source of potassium, and contains more vitamin A than carrots.

RELIGIOUS: It is a sign of rain when the down from a ripened dandelion head falls without wind helping it to do so. To blow the seeds off a ripened head is to carry your thoughts to a loved one, near or far.

GROWING: Dandelion is a common yard, garden, and roadside weed. Do not gather where chemicals have been used, and don't gather those near roadsides, as they have been contaminated from exhausts.

Dill

Anethum graveolens MEDICINAL: Dill is used to treat colic, gas, and indigestion.

RELIGIOUS: Dill is used in love and protection sachets. The dried seed heads hung in the home, over doorways, and above cradles provides protection. Add dill to your bath to make you irresistible to your lover.

GROWING: Dill grows in most regions of North America. It needs sun and a well-drained soil, and frequent waterings. It is a hardy annual, biennial in the deep southern regions, that reaches 2 - 3

feet tall. Dill matures quickly, and self-sows for the following year. Plant in six week intervals for a season-long supply of fresh dill.

Dong Quai Angelica sinensis MEDICINAL: A powerful herb for the female reproductive system. It is a powerful uterine tonic and hormonal regulator. Used in premenstrual syndrome formulas as well as menopausal formulas.

Dragon's Blood Daemonorops draco MEDICINAL: The resin of Dragon's Blood is used externally as a wash to promote healing and stop bleeding. Internally it is used for chest pains, post-partum bleeding, internal traumas, and menstrual irregularities.

RELIGIOUS: Added to love incenses and sachets, it increases the potency of other herbs used. A piece of the plant is often used under the mattress as a cure for impotency. It is also used in spells to bring back a loved one. A pinch added to other herbs for magickal purposes will increase their potency.

Echinacea

Echinacea purpurea MEDICINAL: Echinacea, also known as Purple Coneflower, is a natural antibiotic and immune system stimulator, helping to build resistance to colds, flus, and infections. It increases the production of white blood cells, and improves the lymph glands. The tea from this herb should be used in all infections, and has been used in treating skin cancers and other cancers. Please note that if you suffer from any auto-immune disorder, you should use Echinacea, or any other immune stimulant herb, only under the guidance of a professional, such as a naturopathic doctor, TCM practitioner, etc.

RELIGIOUS: Echinacea is used as an offering to the spirits or gods and goddesses to strengthen a spell or ritual.

GROWING: Echinacea likes the prairies and other open, dry places. It adapts to most soils, in full sun, except wet ones. It grows over most of North America. It is a perennial, and reaches to about 2 feet tall. The root is used ground, and the leaves are used for teas.

Elder Sambucus nigra MEDICINAL: Elder flowers, mixed with mint and yarrow blossoms, are excellent internal cleansers when fighting flu and colds. A tea of the elder flowers and sassafras is a remedy for acne. Elder flower oil is a remedy for chapped skin. Elder is used to cleanse the body, build the blood, treat inflammation, fever, and soothes the respiratory system. The leaves can be used as an antiseptic poultice for external wounds, and as an insect repellant. The Greeks used a tea from the root as a laxative. Elder can be toxic, especially if fresh, most notably the stems as they contain cyanide. This herb should not be used internally by pregnant or lactating women.

RELIGIOUS: The branches of the sacred elder are used to make magickal wands for ritual.

Scattering the leaves in the four winds will bring protection. Elderberry wine, made from the berries, is used in rituals. In Denmark, it is believed to be unlucky to have furniture made of elder wood. Grown near your home, elder will offer protection to the dwellers. It is used at weddings to bring good luck to the newlyweds. Flutes made formt he branches are used to bring forth spirits.

GROWING: Elder is a tree or shrub, growing to 30 feet tall. It prefers moist areas throughout North America. The leaves, bark, and roots of the American varieties generally contain poisonous alkaloids and should not be used internally.

Elecampane Inula helenium MEDICINAL: Elecampane is used for intestinal worms, water retention, and to lessen tooth decay and firm the gums. It gives relief to respiratory ailments. It is usually used in combination with other herbs. Externally it is used as a wash for wounds and itching rashes. It is burned to repel insects.

RELIGIOUS: Add this herb to love charms and amulets of all kinds. Used with mistletoe and vervain, it is especially powerful. Use when scrying for better results.

GROWING: Elecampane enjoys roadsides and damp fields and pastures. Plant it in full sun in a damp, but not soggy, location. It is a perennial that grows 3 - 6 feet tall. The root is most commonly used.

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus MEDICINAL: Eucalyptus oil is a powerful antiseptic, and is used to treat pyorrhea (gum disease), and is used on burns to prevent infections. The oil breathed in will help clear the sinuses, as will the steam from boiling the leaves. When mixed with water or vegetable oils, it makes a good insect repellant. A small drop on the tongue eases nausea.

RELIGIOUS: Healing energies come from the leaves. A branch or wreath over the bed of a sick person will help spread the healing energies. The oil is added to healing baths, and for purifications.

GROWING: Eucalyptus reigns among the tallest trees in the world, capable of reaching heights of over 250 feet tall. It thrives only in areas where the average temperature remains above 60 degrees, and is adaptable to several soil conditions.

Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis MEDICINAL: Evening Primrose oil stimulates to help with liver and spleen conditions. In Europe, it has been used to treat Multiple Sclerosis. It lowers blood pressure, and eases the pain of angina by opening up the blood vessels. It has been found to help slow the production of cholesterol, and has been found to lower cholesterol levels. Used with Dong Quai and Vitex, it is a valuable part of an herbal remedy for treating the symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and menstrual cramping.

GROWING: The American variety is found throughout North America. It enjoys dry soils and full sun. It is a biennial, and grows 3 - 6 feet tall. The seed oil is the most commonly used portion of the plant. Some nurseries sell evening primrose, but they are actually a small, showy hybrid of the perennial Missouri Primrose, and does not have the same medicinal uses, so be sure you are buying the plant you really want.

Eyebright

Euphrasia officinalis MEDICINAL: Eyebright stimulates the liver to remove toxins from the body. It has been used internally and externally to treat eye infections and afflictions, such as pink-eye. The herb strengthens the eye, and helps to repair damage.

RELIGIOUS: Eyebright is used to make a simple tea to rub on the eyelids to induce and enhance clairvoyant visions.

GROWING: Eyebright is adaptable to many soil types in full sun. It is a small annual, growing 2 8 inches high. It attaches itself by underground suckers to the roots of neighboring grass plants and takes its nutrients from them. To be cultivated, it must be given nurse plants on whose roots it can feed.

False Unicorn Chamaelirium luteum MEDICINAL: False Unicorn is very soothing for a delicate stomach. It also stimulates the reproductive organs in women and men. This herb is very important for use during menopause, due to its positive effects on uterine disorders, headaches, and depression. :GROWING: False Unicorn grows primarily in very moist areas, in partially shady areas, throughout North America.

Fennel Foeniculum vulgare MEDICINAL: Fennel helps to take away the appetite. It is often used as a sedative for small children. It improves digestion, and is very helpful with coughs. It is also used for cancer patients after radiation and chemotherapy treatments. Enriches and increases the flow of milk for lactating women.

RELIGIOUS: Use for scenting soaps and perfumes to ward off negativity and evil. Grow near the home for the same purpose.

GROWING: Fennel prefers dry, sunny areas. It is a perennial that can reach 4 - 6 feet high, and grows in most average to poor soils.

Fenugreek

Trigonella foenum-graecum MEDICINAL: Fenugreek is used to soften and expel mucous. It has antiseptic properties and will kill infections in the lungs. Used with lemon and honey, it will help reduce a fever and will soothe and nourish the body during illness. It has been used to relax the uterus, and for this reason should not be taken by pregnant women.

RELIGIOUS: Adding a few fenugreek seeds to the mop water used to clean your household floors will bring money into the household.

GROWING: Fenugreek likes dry, moderately fertile soil in a sunny location. It is an annual, and grows to 1 - 3 feet tall.

Feverfew Tanacetum parthenium MEDICINAL: Feverfew is used to treat colds, fevers, flu, and digestive problems. It is often used to end migraines and other headaches.

RELIGIOUS: Feverfew is carried for protection against illnesses involving fever, as well as for preventing accidents.

GROWING: Feverfew bears a resemblance to chamomile. It prefers dry places, will tolerate poor soil, and is a hardy biennial or perennial, growing to 2 1/2 feet. It prefers full sun.

Flax Linum usitatissimum MEDICINAL: Flax is used as an aid to achieving cardiovascular health, to help in menopause, and as a mild laxative. The seed and the seed oil are being studied as a possible cure for cancer. The oil helps slow the kidney disease that accompanies lupus.

RELIGIOUS: Flax is used to attract money and wealth, and is used in healing spells and rituals.

GROWING: Flax grows in a wide range through North America. It is an annual that grows to 3 feet high, and is adaptable to many soils and conditions.

Frankincense Boswellia carterii MEDICINAL: Frankincense relieves menstrual pains, and treats rheumatic aches and pains.

Externally it is used for liniments and for its antiseptic properties.

RELIGIOUS: Frankincense is burned to raise vibrations, purify, and exorcise. It will aid meditations and visions. The essential oil is used to anoint magickal tools, altars, etc.

Garlic

Allium sativum MEDICINAL: Garlic is a powerful natural antibiotic. It can stimulate cell growth and activity. It reduces blood pressure in hypertensive conditions. A main advantage to using garlic for its antibiotic properties is that it does not destroy the body's natural flora. It is excellent for use in all colds and infections of the body. When ingesting the raw cloves, a sprig of parsley chewed immediately after will freshen the breath.

RELIGIOUS: Peeled garlic cloves placed in each room is said to ward off disease. It is hung in new homes to dispel negativity and evil, and (don't laugh!) to ward off vampires. It is a strong protective herb. Place a clove under the pillow of sleeping children to protect them.

GROWING: Garlic is a perennial herb that likes moderate soil and lots of sun and warmth. The plant grows to 2 feet tall. The bulb is the most common used portion, although the greens are often used in salads.

Ginger Zingiber officinale MEDICINAL: Ginger is an excellent herb to use for strengthening and healing the respiratory system, as well as for fighting off colds and flu. It removes congestion, soothes sore throats, and relieves headaches and body aches. Combined with other herbs, it enhances their effectiveness. It is also very effective in combatting motion sickness. Recommended during pregnancy for treating morning sickness and digestive problems, as well as safe to use during pregnancy for colds and sore throats.

RELIGIOUS: Ginger is used in passion spells, to "heat up" the relationship. It is used in success spells, and to ensure the success of spells.

GROWING: Ginger grows through most of North America. It reaches to 6 inches high, and is a perennial. The ground root is the part used for healing.

Gingko Biloba Gingko biloba MEDICINAL: Gingko Biloba is used to treat memory loss and difficulties, and is used to treat head injuries. It is also used to treat tinnitus, circulatory problems, strengthening the cardiac system, impotence, asthma, allergies that affect breathing, and Alzheimer's disease, in its early stages. Its properties enable the opening of the smaller veins, helping to improve circulation to all organs and especially the heart.

RELIGIOUS: Gingko is held or carried to help improve the memory. A mild tea prior to bedtime will help to remember dreams during sleep.

GROWING: The Gingko Biloba tree is a remnant of prehistoric times. It grows 50 to 70 feet tall.

It prefers temperate areas with moist soils, and needs full sun and high humidity.

Ginseng Panax quinquefolia(American ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng), Panax spp.

MEDICINAL: Ginseng stimulates the body to overcome all forms of illness, physical and mental.

It is used to lower blood pressure, increase endurance, aid in relieving depression, and is a sexual stimulant. The dried root is used for healing purposes. It has been used throughout ancient times to the present day for use in conjunction with most herbs in treating all sorts of illnesses, including cancers, digestive troubles, and memory. It is used to tone the body during stress and to overcome fatigue. During menopause it aids in rejuvenating the system and balances hormones, as well as aids in regulating hot flashes.

RELIGIOUS: Ginseng is carried to guard your health and to attract love. It will also ensure sexual potency. Ginseng is an effecitve substitute for mandrake in all spells.

GROWING: Ginseng can be very difficult to grow. Germination of disinfected seeds (to kill mold, which plagues ginseng at all stages of growth) can take up to a year or more. Plant in early autumn in raised beds of very humus-rich soil. Plants must be shaded at all times. Roots are not

harvested until the plants are at least 6 years old. Take care during harvesting and drying not to break off any of the "arms" of the root. Dry for one month before use.

Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis MEDICINAL: Goldenseal is another natural, powerful antibiotic. It should not be used by pregnant women. The herb goes straight to the bloodstream and eliminates infection in the body.

It enables the liver to recover. When taken in combination with other herbs, it will boost the properties for the accompanying herbs.

RELIGIOUS: Goldenseal is used n properity spells, as well as healing spells and rituals.

GROWING: Goldenseal prefers rich soils in partial shade. It is a perennial herb that grows 6 - 18 inches high. The dried ground root is the part most often used, although the dried leaves are used in teas. It is difficult to grow successfully, and the plants need to be at least 6 years old before harvesting.

Gotu Kola Centella asiatica MEDICINAL: Gotu Kola is and excellent mental stimulant. It is often used after mental breakdowns, and used regularly, can prevent nervous breakdown, as it is a brain cell stimulant. It relieves mental fatigue and senility, and aids the body in defending itself against toxins.

RELIGIOUS: Gotu Kola is used in meditation incenses.

Green Tea Camellia sinensis, Various spp.

MEDICINAL: Green tea has recently come into prominence as an effective anti-oxidant. It has been shown to reduce the risk of many forms of cancer, and it has the ability to stabilize blood lipids, making it part of an overall cardiac care regimen. It aids in treating high cholesterol, hypertension, and stimulates immune functions. This herb eases mental fatigue, and may lower the risks for arteriosclerosis. It can also help to prevent plaque buildup on the teeth. People who are sensitive to, or cautioned to reduce or avoid, caffeine, can still use the decaffeinated form of Green Tea, which is still shown to have the same medicinal properties and qualities.

MAGICKAL: Used for prosperity rituals, and to honor deities around the world.

GROWING: Grown in various temperate climates around the world; check your local county extension service to see if a species will grow in your area.

Hawthorn Crataegus oxycantha MEDICINAL: Hawthorn is effective for curing insomnia. Hawthorn is used to prevent miscarriage and for treating nervousness. Hawthorn has been used for centuries in treating heart disease, as regular use strengthens the heart muscles, and to prevent arteriosclerosis, angina, and poor heart action.

RELIGIOUS: The leaves are used to make protection sachets. They are also carried to ensure good fishing. In Europe, Hawthorn was used to repel witchcraft spells. Bringing branches of it into the home is supposed to portend death. It is incorporated into spells and rituals for fertility. It will protect the home from damaging storms.

GROWING: Hawthorn is a deciduous tree or shrub, that can reach 40 feet tall. It grows throughout North America. It is tolerant of most soils, but prefers alkaline, rich, moist loam.

Consult a nursery for the best species to use in your area. The fruit is the part used in healing.

Hazel Coylus spp.

RELIGIOUS: Hazel's forked branches are used for divining, and the wood makes wonderful wands. Hazel nuts hung in the house will bring luck, and can be carried to cause fertility. Eaten, the nuts bring wisdom.

GROWING: Hazelnut trees do best when planted in a well-drained, fertile, slightly acid soil. They do best where the winter temps are above -10.

Heather Calluna spp.

MEDICINAL: A tea made of heather blossoms is used to suppress coughing, and as an aid for sleeplessness.

RELIGIOUS: Heather is carried as a guard against rape and violent crime. In potpourri, it adds protection. When burned with fern, it will bring rain.

GROWING: Heather prefers rocky or sandy soils and full sun. It is an evergreen shrub that grows 1 -2 feet tall.

Henbane Hyosycamus niger MEDICINAL: Henbane stops pain, and lessens perspiration. Henbane is very toxic, so it should not be used by pregnant women or the weak or children, and should be used in only extremely small amounts for external use only, and not on a regular basis. A poultice of leaves is used briefly to remove pain from wounds.

RELIGIOUS: Henbane is sometimes thrown into the water to bring rain. In olden times, it had many more uses, but is seldom used today due to its poisonous nature.

GROWING: Henbane grows wild throughout temperate North Americal. Due to its toxic nature, it is not advisable to grow in the home garden.

Holly Ilex spp.

RELIGIOUS: Holly is used as a protective plant, and used as decoration during the Yule season.

Planted outside the home, it will also afford protection. Sprinkle holly water on newborn babies to protect them.

GROWING: Holly likes slightly acid soils, and can tolerate poor, sandy soil. It needs full sun, and grows to about 4 feet tall.

Hops Humulus lupulus MEDICINAL: Hops is a sedative. Therefore, it is useful in treating insomnia and nervous tension.

It is mild and safe. It is used in brewing beer and ales. Hops is also used for treating coughs, bladder ailments, and liver ailments. Externally it is used to treat itching skin rashes and hives. It also removes poisons from the body.

RELIGIOUS: Hops is used in healing incenses. Sleep pillows often include hops to induce sleep and pleasant dreams.

GROWING: Hops prefers full sun, and will adapt to many soils. It is a perennial vine that reaches to 30 feet in height. The portion of the plant used in healing are the dried flowers.

Horehound Marrubium vulgare MEDICINAL: Horehound is used in children's cough remedies, as it is a gentle but effective expectorant. It acts as a tonic for the respiratory system and stomach. In large doses it acts as a laxative.

RELIGIOUS: Horehound is used in incenses for protection. It is also used in exorcisms.

GROWING: Horehound likes dry sandy soils and full sun. It is a perennial (except in very cold climates) that reaches to 3 feet tall. It is a vigorous grower and can become a pest if not carefully controlled. It needs little water, tolerates poor soils, and does best in full sun. It blooms during its second year.

Horseradish Armoracia lapathifolia MEDICINAL: Grind some of the fresh root, combine it with a carrier oil, and use it to massage

away muscular aches, and help loosen chest congestion. It can be used to warm a cold body, and to clear up drippy sinuses.

RELIGIOUS: Horseradish is part of the Jewish Passover ritual. It also repels evil around the home and property.

GROWING: Horseradish is a perennial plant that is cultivated throughout the world for its long, tasty root. It will grow two to three foot tall by its second year.

Horsetail Equisetum arvense MEDICINAL: Horsetail is used in treating urinary tract infections. It aids in coagulation and decreases bleeding. It will also help broken bones heal faster, and will help brittle nails and hair, due to its high silica content. It has also been used as part of a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

The plant alone, boiled in water, makes an effective foot soak for tired feet, or for the treatment of athlete's foot. Do not use if pregnant or nursing.

RELIGIOUS: Whistles made from the stalks of Horsetail are used to call the spirits.

GROWING: Horsetail needs swamps and damp places to grow, in full sun to partial shade. It grows to 1 - 2 feet tall. The plant itself is used in healing.

Hyssop Hysoppus officinalis MEDICINAL: Hyssop is used in treating lung ailments. The leaves have been applied to wounds to aid in healing. The tea is also used to soothe sore throats. It has been used to inhibit the growth of the herpes simplex virus.

RELIGIOUS: Hyssop is used in purification baths and rituals, and used to cleanse persons and objects.

GROWING: Hyssop prefers dry conditions, tolerates most soils, and full sun. It is a member of the mint family. It is a perennial shrubby plant growing to 3 feet tall.

Iceland Moss

Cetraria islandica MEDICINAL: Iceland Moss, a lichen, has been used for centuries to treat all kinds of chest ailments. It is used to nourish the weak, elderly, and weakly children.

GROWING: Iceland Moss grows in cold, humid mountain areas and wooded areas. It grows to 4 inches tall.

Ivy Hedera spp.

MEDICINAL: The leaves have been used externally as a poultice to treat sores, ulcers, and other skin eruptions.

RELIGIOUS: Ivy is grown to grow up the ouside of the home to act as a guardian and protector.

It is worn by brides to bring luck to the marriage.

Jasmine Jasminum officinale MEDICINAL: Jasmine tea is drunk for its calming affect, especially after dinner, as well as for its aphrodisiacal qualities. Jasmine oil used in massage is soothing to the skin, and reported to be an aphrodisiac. It is used in aromatherapy to treat depression and nerve conditions, and as a massage oil for menstrual cramps.

RELIGIOUS: Jasmine is used in love sachets and incenses. It is used to attract spiritual love. A drop of the essential oil in almond oil, massaged into the skin, is said to overcome frigidity.

Carrying, burning, or wearing the flowers attracts wealth and money. If burned in the bedroom, Jasmine will bring prophetic dreams.

GROWING: Jasmine is best grown indoors in pots. It is an evergreen vine. It likes bright light, but no direct sun, some support such as a trellis, lots of water, and occasional fertilizing.

Jojoba Simmondsia chinensis MEDICINAL: Jojoba oil from the seed has been used to promote hair growth and relieve skin problems for centuries. It is effective in treating dandruff, psoriasis, dry and chapped skin.

Juniper Juniperis spp.

MEDICINAL: Juniper has been used to clear uric acid from the body. It is high in natural insulin, and has the ability to heal the pancreas where there has been no permanent damage. It is useful for all urinary infections and for water retention problems. Juniper is used externally as a compress to treat acne, athlete's foot, and dandruff.

RELIGIOUS: Juniper is used to protect from accidents and theft. Grown at your doorstep, it will offer your home protection. It is used in incenses for protection.

GROWING: Junipers of all species are adaptable to many growing conditions. They are lowmaintenance plants. Choose a species suited to your landscape needs, to avoid problems later, as some folks plant them with no regard for their eventual size, and sometime find they have a nuisance on their hands as the plant matures. If you want berries, you must plant a male and a female juniper.

Kava Kava

Piper methysticum MEDICINAL: Used to treat insomnia and nervousness. Relieves stress after injury. Used as a tea for pains associated with nerve and skin diseases. Large doses can cause a buildup of toxic substances in the liver.

RELIGIOUS: A tea of kava kava is drunk to offer protection against evil and to invite good luck.

Sprinkle the tea around the home and property for the same uses.

GROWING: Kava Kava grows on many South Pacific tropical islands. It grows 8 to 20 feet tall.

Try growing it as a houseplant, with frequent misting for humidity, or placing on humidity trays.

Seeds and plants are available from several mail-order sources.

Kelp

Fucus versiculosus MEDICINAL: Kelp is used to strengthen and promote the glands. It controls the thyroid and regulates metabolism. It is a sustainer to the nervous system and the brain, and is a terrific boost for pregancy and the developing child. It contains over 30 minerals and vitamins.

Lavendar Lavandula officinalis MEDICINAL: Lavendar tea made from the blossoms is used as an antidepressant. It is used in combination with other herbs for a remedy for depression and nervous tension and stress. It is also used as a headache remedy.

RELIGIOUS: Lavendar is used in purification baths and rituals. It is used in healing incenses and sachets. Carrying the herb will enable the carrier to see ghosts. The essential oil will heighten sexual desire in men. Lavendar water sprinkled on the head is helpful in keeping your chastity.

The flowers are burned to induce sleep, and scattered throughout the home to maintain peaceful harmony within. Carrying lavendar brings strength and courage.

GROWING: Lavendar likes light sandy soil and full sun. It grows to 18 inches. It should be mulched in colder climates for winter protection for this perennial.

Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis MEDICINAL: Lemon Balm is used to treat children with fever, flu, and colds. In adults, it treats colds, headaches, depression, menstrual cramps, insomnia, and nervous stomachs. It has also been used to treat hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease), herpes simplex, and indigestion. The crushed leaves are applied to wounds and insect bites to aid in healing. The essential oil, also known as Melissa, is used in aromatherapy to ease depression.

RELIGIOUS: Lemon Balm is used in spells to bring success, and in healing spells. It is often used in spells to find love and friendship.

GROWING: Lemon Balm is a perennial that can reach up to 3 feet high. It needs full sun and rich soil with regular watering. Plant where you can enjoy the lemon scent of the leaves from a porch, deck, or open window.

Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra MEDICINAL: Licorice Root is a great source of the female hormone estrogen. It is used for coughs and chest ailments. It is an important herb to use when recovering from an illness, as it supplies needed energy to the system. Used as a remedy for stomach and heart problems, indigestion, and most respiratory ailments. Helps to normalize and regulate hormone production.

Should not be used by pregnant women as it can sometimes lead to high blood pressure with prolonged use.

RELIGIOUS: Licorice root was buried in tombs and caskets to help the soul pass easily into the Summerland. Chewing on a piece of the root will make you passionate. It is added to love sachets, and an ingredient in spells to ensure fidelity.

GROWING: Licorice is a perennial that reaches 3 to 7 feet tall. Hard freezes will kill it, so it grows best in warm sunny climates.

Lovage Levisticum officinale MEDICINAL: Lovage root eases bloating and flatulence. It is also used with other herbs to counteract colds and flu.

RELIGIOUS: Lovage is added to baths to clean the pysychic portion of the mind. Added to baths with rose petals will make you attractive to the opposite sex.

GROWING: Lovage is a perennial that grows 3 - 7 feet tall. It is adaptable to many conditions, and does best in full sun.

Mandrake Podophyllum peltatum MEDICINAL: Mandrake is a very strong gland stimulant. It is used to treat skin problems, digestion, and chronic liver diseases. It is most often combined with other herbs. It is very powerful and should be used with caution, as well as in very small small dosages. Pregnant women should not use this herb. It is potentially very toxic to anyone if improperly used. Do not use this herb without the proper guidance from a professional!

RELIGIOUS: Mandrake is used in the home as a powerful protection. It is carried to promote conception, and men carry it to promote fertility and cure impotency.

Marigold

Calendula spp.

MEDICINAL: Marigold is a great first aid remedy. It relieves headaches, earaches, and reduces fevers. It is excellent for the heart and for the circulation. It is also used externally to heal wounds and bruises.

RELIGIOUS: Fresh marigolds in any room heightens the energy within. Placed under the pillow before bed, it induces clairvoyancy. Planted in rows with tomatoes, it will keep pests from them and other vegetables. Planted near the porch/deck, it will keep mosquitoes away. It is also used to attract and see the fairies. Scattered under the bed, they protect during sleep. Add to bath water to win the respect of everyone you meet.

GROWING: Marigold is an annual plant that comes in many sizes and colors. It is adaptable to many soils. Give plenty of water and full sun.

Marjoram Origanum majorana MEDICINAL: Marjoram is useful for treating asthma, coughs, and is used to strengthen the stomach and intestines, as well as used with other herbs for headaches.

RELIGIOUS: Marjoram should be added to all love charms and sachets. A bit in each room will aid in protection of the home. If given to a grieving or depressed person, it will bring them happiness.

GROWING: Marjoram is a perennial herb growing 1 - 3 feet tall. It likes all kinds of soils, and prefers full sun and rich soil. It is grown as an annual or wintered indoors in cold regions.

Marshmallow Althea officinalis MEDICINAL: Marshmallow aids in the expectoration of difficult mucous and phlegm. It helps to relax and soothe the bronchial tubes, making it valuable for all lung ailments. It is an anti-irritant

and anti-inflammatory for joints and the digestive system. It is often used externally with cayenne to treat blood poisoning, burns, and gangrene.

GROWING: Marshmallow needs marshes and swamps to grow. It is a perennial growing to 4 feet tall.

Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria MEDICINAL: Meadowsweet is used to treat headaches, fever, arthritis, rheumatism, menstrual cramps, and flu, as well as diarrhea in children. Use it in place of aspirin, or white willow. It is used to rebuild the digestive system during recovery from drug and alcohol abuse.

MAGICKAL: Meadowsweet is used in love spells, and blossoms placed in the home will bring peace and tranquility to those who live there.

GROWING: Meadowsweet is a perennial that prefers wet soils and marshes. It grows to 6 feet high, and prefers partial to full sun.

> Mugwort

Artemisia vulgaris MEDICINAL: Mugwort is used in all conditions dealing with nervousness, shaking, and insomnia.

It is used to help induce menses, especially combined with cramp bark. Often used to stimulate the liver and as a digestive aid. It should not be used by pregant women. Fresh juice form the plant is used to treat poison ivy.

RELIGIOUS: Add to divination incenses. It is carried to prevent poisoning and stroke. Fresh leaves rubbed on magickal tools will increase their powers. An infusion made of mugwort is used to cleanse crystals and scrying mirrors. Placed beneath your pillow, or in a dream pillow, it will promote astral travel and good dreams.

GROWING: Mugwort likes dry areas in full sun. It is a perennial shrubby plant that grows 1 - 6 feet tall, depending upon growing conditions.

Mullein Verbascum spp.

MEDICINAL: Mullein is a terrific narcotic herb that is not addictive or poisonous. It is used as a pain killer and to bring on sleep. It loosens mucous, making it useful for treating lung ailments. It strengthens the lymphatic system.

RELIGIOUS: Mullein is worn to give the carrier courage. The leaves are also carried to prevent animal attacks and accidents when in the wilderness. In a sleeping pillow it will guard against nightmares. Use as a substitution in old spells for "grave dust".

GROWING: Mullein is adaptable to many soils. It prefers full sun. It is a biennial plant growing to 8 feet tall. It is a prolific self-sower.

Myrrh Commiphora myrrha MEDICINAL: Myrrh is a powerful antiseptic, being a remedy second only to echinacea. It is a strong cleaning and healing agent, soothing the body and speeding the healing process. It is often used with goldenseal. It is most often used in mouthwashes, gargles, and toothpastes for fighting and preventing gum disease.

RELIGIOUS: Myrrh is burned to purify and protect. It is used to consecrate and purify ritual tools and objects needing to be blessed. It is a standard magickal herb to be included in the tools of everyone.

Myrtle

Myrtus communis

MEDICINAL: Myrtle is used to treat bronchitis, bruises, bad breath, wounds, colds, sinusitis, and coughs.

RELIGIOUS: Myrtle is burned as an incense to bring beauty, to honor Diana and to Venus, and is a symbol of glory and happy love. Myrtle tea will make you look beautiful to your loved one. A distillation of the leaves and flowers combined will make a wonderful beauty wash for the face, and is known as "angel water". It is used in spells to keep love alive and exciting. Grow on each side of the house to preserve and protect the love within.

GROWING: Myrtle is an evergreen plant that prefers warm climates. It has small pointed leaves, and grows to about 12 feet high. Its blossoms are small, white, and in clusters. The leaves are gathered and dried for use in August.

Neem

Azadirachta indica MEDICINAL: This plant, known as "the village pharmacy" in India, has been used for at least 4000 years for its medicinal qualities.All parts of the plant are used. Neem has been used to treat a wide range of ailments, including wounds, burns, sprains, bruises, earache, headache, fever, sore throat, food poisoning, shingles, colds, flu, hepatitis, mononucleosis, fungal infections, yeast infections, sexually transmitted diseases, acne, skin diseases, heart diseases, blood disorders, kidney problems, digestive problems, ulcers, periodontal diseases, nerve disorders, malaria, fatigue, and a host of others. It is being closely studied for use in battling AIDS, cancer, diabetes, allergies, and as birth control for both men and women. Neem should not be used for more than two weeks at a time. For chronic ailments, it should be used on a schedule of two weeks on, one week off, or as directed under the guidance of a health practitioner. It is anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-septic, and strengthens the body's overall immune reponses. It should not be used by internally by pregnant women.

RELIGIOUS: Neem leaves were traditionally strewn on the floor of temples at weddings, to purify and bless the area and the couple, and the air was fanned with neem branches during the ceremony. The bark was burned to make a red ash for religious decoration of the body in adulthood. Neem branches were used to cover the body at death, and the wood used to burn the funeral pyre. Neem is considered to be the Goddess Neemari Devi.

GROWING: Neem is a tropical evergreen, native to India and Burma, and growing in southeast Asia and western Africa. It can grow to reach 50 feet tall in a desirable climate, and tolerates drought and poor soils. It can live up to 200 years. Neem bears fruit at 3 to 5 years of age. It cannot take freezing temperatures, so those in northern climates can grow it as a houseplant.

Summer it outdoors, and place near a bright or sunny window in the winter. It needs organic fertilizers, well drained soil, and as large a pot as possible. Ten gallon sized pots are recommended as the minimum. Be careful not to overwater.

Nettle Urtica spp.

MEDICINAL: The plant is used for treating high blood pressure, gout, PMS, rheumatism, and ending diarrhea, scurvy, liver and prostate problems. Externally it is used as a compress to treat neuralgia and arthritis. It is a very high source of digestible iron. It also treats anemia, fatigue, edema, menstrual difficulties, eczema, enlarged prostate (especially when combined with Saw Palmetto), urinary tract problems, hay fever and allergies. It is very supportive during pregnancy.

Use the infusion as a hair rinse to treat dandruff and to stimulate hair growth.

RELIGIOUS: Sprinkle nettle around the room to protect it. It is also burned during ceremonies for exorcism. Stuffed in a poppet and sent back to the sender of a curse or bad spell, it will end the negativity. Nettles gathered before sunrise and fed to cattle is said to drive evil spirits from them.

GROWING: As nettle is considered a bothersome weed, it is best to purchase this herb from a store. The spines on a nettle plant can cause painful stinging, so it is not a good idea to include it in your herbal garden.

Nutmeg Myristica fragrans MEDICINAL: A small amount of nutmeg, about the size of a pea, can be taken once daily over a long period (6 months to a year) to relieve chronic nervous problems, as well as heart problems stemming from poor circulation. Added to milk, and baked fruits and desserts, it aids in digestion, and relieves nausea. Large doses can be poisonous, and may cause miscarriage for pregnant women.

Oak

Quercus spp.

MEDICINAL: Oak bark is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and bleeding. For external use the bark and/or leaves are boiled and then applied to bruises, swollen tissues, wounds that are bleeding, and varicose veins.

RELIGIOUS: The oak is the most sacred of all the trees. The most powerful mistletoe grows in oaks. The leaves are burned for purification, and the branches make powerful wands. The acorn is a fertility nut. It is carried to promote conception, ease sexual problems, and increase sexual attractiveness. The leaves and bark are used in binding spells. Planting an acorn in the dark of the

Moon will bring you money. Oak wood carreid will protect from harm, and hung in the home it will protect the home and all within.

Oats Avena sativa, A. fatua MEDICINAL: Oats are a traditional food for those recovering from an illness. It also supplies necessary fiber in the diet. Oats made into packs and pastes clear up many skin disorders, such as acne.

RELIGIOUS: Oats are used in prosperity and money spells, and in rituals to the harvest.

GROWING: Oats are an annual grass that grows up to 4 feet tall. Easiest to purchase from a health food store, as much is needed to be beneficial, and takes up more room than the average gardener has available. It does make a pretty ornamental grass in the garden and around foundations.

Onion Allium sepa MEDICINAL: Onion is used externally as an antiseptic. Internally, it can alleviate gas pains, reduce hypertension, and reduce cholesterol.

RELIGIOUS: Has been used as a charm against evil spirits. Halved or quartered onions placed in the home absorb negativity. An onion under your pillow will give you prophetic dreams. Magickal swords and knives are purified by rubbing them with an onion half.

GROWING: Onion is a perennial herb that grows from a bulb. It prefers rich garden soils and plenty of water. The greens above ground can be used alone, and the bulb harvested by pulling from the ground, and allowing the tops to dry before storing in a dry location, with temperatures between 35 and 50 degrees F.

Orange Citrus aurantium RELIGIOUS: The dried peel is added to love charms. The fresh or dried orange flowers added to

the bath makes you attractive. The fruit itself hinders or banishes lust. Orange juice is used in rituals in place of wine.

GROWING: Oranges prefer a rich, sandy soil, and warm year-round temperatures. For most of us, that means growing them indoors as house plants.

Oregano

Origanum vulgare MEDICINAL: Oregano is used to promote perspiration as a treatment for colds, flu, and fevers. A tea of oregano is often used to bring on menses and relieve associated menstrual discomfort. It is also used in baths and inhalations, as well drinking the infusion, to clear lungs and bronchial passages. Internally and externally it can help alleviate dry itching skin. The essential oil is used to treat viral infections, respiratory ailments, and muscle aches. Pregnant women should not ingest large amounts of oregano.

RELIGIOUS: Oregano is used to help forget and let go of a former loved one, such as a former spouse, boyfriend, girlfriend, etc. Burn in incenses or drink the infusion to aid in spells for letting go.

Passionflower

Passiflora incarnata MEDICINAL: Passionflower is used to treat hyperactivity, insomnia, Parkinson's disease, nervous tension,and the infusion is used to treat eye infections and eye strain. Native American tribes used it as a poultice for bruises and injuries, as well as for an overall tonic.

RELIGIOUS: Passionflower will calm a troubled household when placed inside the home. Spanish missionaries believed the flowers were a symbol of Christ's crucifixion, and the crown of thorns of Christ's passion, giving this plant its name.

GROWING: Passionflower grows best below zone 7 outdoors, so grow indoors in the north. It prefers partial shade and a fertile soil with good drainage. It grows to 25-30 feet as an outdoor vine. Prune old growth in the winter or very early spring to encourage flowering.

Patchouli

Pogostemon cablin, P. patchouli MEDICINAL: Patchouli is used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, colds without fevers, vomiting, and nausea.

RELIGIOUS: Patchouli is a powerful oil worn to attract the opposite sex. It is a sensual oil, and it can ward off negativity and evil. It is also burned in incenses to aid divination and clairvoyance.

Pennyroyal

Mentha pulegium MEDICINAL: Pennyroyal herb removes gas from the digestive system. It is also used as a tea, taken a few days before menstruation to aid a suppressed flow. It is used in treatments for colds, upset stomach, and to stimulate blood flow to the pelvis area. It's strong minty smell makes its essential oil useful for externally repelling insects such as mosquitoes, fleas, and flies. It should not be taken or used by pregnant women. Large internal doses have been known to cause convulsions and coma. Pennyroyal oil is an effective insect repellant. Pennyroyal oil should NEVER be taken internally!

RELIGIOUS: Pennyroyal placed in a shoe will prevent weariness on long walks and hikes, or journeys. It is also added to protection and exorcism incenses. It aids in making favorable business deals. It is given to arguing couples to cease their fighting and restore harmony in the relationship.

GROWING: Pennyroyal is a perennial that grows to 1 1/2 feet high. It tolerates most soils, and prefers direct sun. Grow as you would any member of the mint family.

Peony Paeonia officinalis MEDICINAL: Peony root treats menstrual cramps and irregularities, gout, and asthma. It is also used in combination with other herbs to ease emotional nervous conditions. It should be used only under the guidance of a professional, as it can be toxic if taken incorrectly. Do not use the flowers or leaves internally.

RELIGIOUS: Dried Peony roots are carved and/or made into bracelets and necklaces for protection, as well as for breaking spells and curses. Peonies planted outside the home guard against storm damage and demons. A chain of beads cut from the dried root was worn as a protection against illness and injury, and to cure insanity.

GROWING: Peonies are a perennial shrub-like plant, growing 2 - 4 feet high. They prefer rich, humousy, well-drained soils, and full sun.

Peppermint Mentha piperata MEDICINAL: Peppermint cleans and strengthens the body. It acts as a sedative on the stomach and strengthens the bowels. It is also mild enough to give to children as needed for chills and colds. Used with bitter herbs to improve their taste.

RELIGIOUS: Peppermint is used in charms to heal the sick, as well as in incenses in the sickroom of the patient. It is burned to cleanse the home, and is used in sleep pillows to aid in getting to sleep. Placed beneath the pillow, it can bring dreams that give a glimpse into the future. The essential oil is used in spells to create a positive change in one's life.

GROWING: Peppermint is a perennial grown in full sun, is tolerant of most soil types, and grows to 3 feet tall.

Periwinkle Vinca major, Vinca minor MEDICINAL: Periwinkle is used made into a tea or salve for external use to treat skin problems such as dermatitis, eczema, and acne.

RELIGIOUS: Periwinkle can help restore memory when it is gazed at or carried. It is also hung on a door to protect all within, and to prevent a witch from entering a home.

GROWING: Periwinkle is a perennial plant that spreads by putting out runners, mostly used for a ground cover in partial to full shade. It prefers moist, well-drained soils.

Plantain Plantago lanceolata, P. major MEDICINAL: Plantain is used to clear mucous from the body, and to neutralize poisons. As a mild tea it is used to treat lung problems in children, and as a stronger tea is used to treat stomach ulcers. It is also used for diarrhea, bladder infections, and for treating wounds.

RELIGIOUS: Plantain is hung in the car to guard against evil spirits.

GROWING: Plantains are common weeds, some varieties being annual and some perennial. They are found in all soil types, and prefer full sun.

Poppy Papaver spp.

MEDICINAL: Poppy is used for pain, insomnia, nervousness, and chronic coughs.

RELIGIOUS: Poppy seed pods are used in prosperity charms. The seeds are added to food to aid in getting pregnant. To find the answer to a question, write it in blue ink on a piece of white paper. Place the paper inside a poppy seed pod and put it beneath your pillow. The answer will come to you in a dream.

GROWING: Poppies are perennials that like poor to average soils that tend toward dryness.

There are varieties that will grow most anywhere in North America. Their foliage tends to die off

by July, after a spectacular showing of flowers in the spring, but the foliage begins rejuvenation around September, which waits until spring to begin growing again. There are many annual varieties, but the perennial ones are most commonly used for healing.

Queen Anne's Lace

Daucus carota MEDICINAL: Queen Anne's Lace is used for treating gallstones and kidney stones, as well as water retention and strains and sprains. It is also called Wild Carrot.

GROWING: Queen Anne's Lace is found throughout most of North America. It is a wildflower, distinguished by the one red flower in the center of a cluster of many tiny white flowers. It is a biennial that grows to 3 feet tall.

Raspberry

Rubus idaeus MEDICINAL: Red Raspberry is one of the most proven female herbs. It strengthens the uterine wall during preganancy, reduces the pain of childbirth, and helps to reduce false labor pains. After childbirth it is used to decrease uterine swelling and cut down on post-partum bleeding. It is used to ease menstrual cramps and to regulate the flow during menstruation. It is also good for vomiting in small children, and dysentery and diarrhea in infants.

RELIGIOUS: Raspberry is served as a love-inducing food. The brambles are hung at the entrance to the home to prevent unwanted spirits from entering.

GROWING: Red Raspberry is a biennial or perennial, depending on the variety, growing 3 - 6 feet tall. They need a cold winter and a long cool spring, so they do not do well in the South. They aren't too picky about soil, so long as they get plenty of water.

Rose

Rosa spp.

MEDICINAL: Rose hips are very nourishing to the skin, as well as containing vitamin C. It is used as a blood purifier, and for treatment of infections, colds, and flus.

RELIGIOUS: Rose water is used in gourmet dishes and in love potions. Petals are used in healing incense and sachets, and burned to provide a restful night's sleep. The essential oil is used in ritual baths to provide peace, love, and harmony within the self. The hips are strung like beads and worn to attract love. Rose petals sprinkled around the home will calm personal stress and upheavals in the home.

GROWING: Roses of all varieties are adaptable to most soils as long as they have adequate water, and are occasionally fed through the growing season. There are varieties that will grow throughout North America. Plant them where you can enjoy their beauty and fragrance.

Rosemary

Rosmarinus officinalis MEDICINAL: Rosemary is a stimulant of the circulatory system. It is used to treat bites and stings externally. Internally it is used to treat migraines, bad breath, and to stimulate the sexual organs. It is also used to treat nervous disorders, upset stomachs, and is used to regulate the menstrual cycle and to ease cramps. Mix the crushed leaves generously into meats, fish, potato salads, etc. at your next picnic to prevent food poisoning. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy as an inhalant and decongestant, and to enhance memory and clear concentration.

It is also used in lotions to ease arthritis and muscle pain.

RELIGIOUS: Rosemary in all of its forms is used for protection and banishment. Rosemary leaves under your pillow do away with evil spirits and bad dreams. It is hung on porches and doors to keep thieves out. Rosemary is grown to attract elves.

GROWING: Rosemary is a perennial that prefers mild climates, so it needs to be grown indoors where the winters are harsh, or very heavily mulched. It reaches 2-4 feet in height, and is tolerable of poor soils. Cut back after flowering to keep it from becoming leggy.

Rue

Ruta graveolens MEDICINAL: Rue is used in small amounts to expel poisons from the system, such as those from snake bites, scorpion, spider, or jellyfish bites. It should not be taken with meals, and it should never be used by pregnant women. Juices from the fresh plant can cause the skin to blister. It is used internally and externally as a remedy for tendonitis.

RELIGIOUS: The herb is used in sachets and amulets to ward off illness. The smell of the fresh, crushed herb will chase away thoughts or envy, egotism, and love gone wrong. Rue leaves placed on the forehead will chase away headacahes. Added to baths, rue drives away spells and hexes placed on you. Rue is said to grow best if it is stolen.

GROWING: Rue is a bushy perennial growing to 2-3 feet tall. It is found in in average to poor soils throughout North America, and prefers full sun.

Saffron

Crocus sativus MEDICINAL: Saffron is used as a preventative for heart disease, as it prevents the build-up of cholesterol. It is also used to soothe the membranes of the stomach and colon. It is not to be taken in large doses, nor should it be taken by pregnant women.

RELIGIOUS: Saffron is used to clean the hands before rituals. It is used in healing mixtures. The essential oil is used to induce clairvoayancy. Thrown into the air, it can bring the winds.

GROWING: Saffron grows from a bulb commonly known as a corm. It is a perennial. Plant in the fall, 3 inches deep in light, well-drained soil where it will receive plenty of sun. The three-pronged stigmas that remain after flowering is the part to harvest for healing use.

Sage

Salvia spp.

MEDICINAL: Sage is used to relieve excess mucous buildup. It is beneficial to the mind by easing mental exhaustion and by strengthening the concentrating abilities. In a lotion or salve, it is useful for treating sores and skin eruptions, and for stopping bleeding in all cuts. Chewing the fresh leaves soothes mouth sores and sore throats, as will sage tea. It is good for all stomach troubles, diarrhea, gas, flu and colds. As a hair rinse, it removes dandruff. Sage combined with peppermint, rosemary, and wood betony provides an excellent headache remedy. It is used to regulate the menstrual cycle, to decrease milk flow in lactating women, aids in treating hot flashes, and is used as a deodorant.

RELIGIOUS: Sage is used in healing amulets, incenses, and sachets, and is also used in the same manner for bringing prosperity. Sage burned at the altar or in sacred space consecrates the area. Burned in the home, it removes impurities and banishes evil, as well as providing protection.

GROWING: Sage is an evergreen perennial, growing to 2 feet tall. It does best in sandy, limey soil in full sun.

St. Johnswort

Hypericum perforatum MEDICINAL: St. Johnswort is useful for bronchitis, internal bleeding, healing wounds, and for dirty, septic wounds. It is used to ease depression, headaches, hysteria, neuralgia, shingles, as well as symptoms that occur during menopause. It is useful in swellings, abcesses, and bad insect stings. Studies are showing that it may be effective in combatting AIDS by increasing the immune functions of the body. DO NOT GO INTO THE SUN if using this herb, as it causes blistering sunburns, especially in fair-skinned people.

RELIGIOUS: St. Johnswort is hung around the neck to prevent fevers. Wearing the herb aids you in war and other battles, including those of the will and indecision. Burnt it will banish evil and negativity. Hung in the home or carried, it will prevent spells of others from entering, and it is used in exorcisms. If you pick the plant on the night of St. John and hang it on your bedroom wall, you will dream of your future husband. The red juice of the stems was associated with the blood of John the Baptist, hence the plant's name.

GROWING: St. Johnswort is a perennial reaching 32 inches tall. It is grown throughout much of North America. It prefers rich to moderately rich soils, and full sun. It is not long-lived, so replant every few years. Harvest the leaves and flower tops as they bloom and store in air-tight containers.

Sandalwood

Santalum album MEDICINAL: Sandalwood oil is used to cool the body during fevers and heat stroke. It is also used to aid in the passing of kidney and gall stones, and for infections in the urinary tract.

RELIGIOUS: Sandalwood oil is massaged on the forehead and between the eyes to help center and calm the mind. It is used in healing oils and sachets. It is burned as a purifiying agent in every room of the home, and as a protective agent.

Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens, S. serrulata MEDICINAL: Used for all wasting diseases. Also very useful for all diseases of the reproductive glands and organs. It is also used for the mucous membranes, as well as for treating bronchitis and lung asthma. It's most popular current use is for treating enlargement of the prostate gland.

Scullcap

Scutellaria laterifolia MEDICINAL: Scullcap is a food for the nerves. It supports and strengthens as well as giving immediate relief from all chronic and acute diseases that affect the nerves. It is used to regulate sexual desires, and is very useful in remedies for feminine cramps and menstrual troubles. It reduces fevers and aids in easing insomnia and restlessness. It is also used to lessen the affects of epilepsy.

RELIGIOUS: Scullcap is used in spells that bring about peace, tranquility, and relaxation.

GROWING: Scullcap prefers moist well-drained soils. It is a perennial that reaches to 3 feet in full to partial shade. It is not long-lived, so replant every few years.

Senna Cassia senna MEDICINAL: Senna is used as a very effective laxative, often used as a cleanser during a fast. It is strong, so you should combine it with fennel or ginger. Do not use for prolonged periods to avoid the bowel becoming dependent, and do not use in cases of dehydration.

RELIGIOUS: Senna is used in love sachets.

GROWING: Senna is a shrub native to North Africa, India, and China, and grows to 3 feet high.

Slippery Elm Ulmus fulva MEDICINAL: Slippery Elm is used to neutralize stomach acids. It is used to boost the adrenal glands, draws out impurities and heals all parts of the body. It is most useful for the respiratory system. Externally it is an excellent healer for burns, skin cancers, poison ivy, and wounds.

RELIGIOUS: Slippery elm is burned to stop gossip.

GROWING: The inner bark of the slippery elm is the portion used for healing. It is a deciduous tree that grows 50-80 feet tall. It needs full sun and good soils. It is found from Canada to Florida, west to the Dakotas and Texas.

Solomon's Seal Polygonatum officianale MEDICINAL: Solomon's Seal is used to treat tuberculosis, diabetes, and wasting diseases. It is also used as a kidney tonic, and as a healer of broken bones.

RELIGIOUS: It is added to protection sachets and incenses. It is also used for exorcisms and cleansing mixtures.

GROWING: Solomon's Seal is a perennial herb that grows from 1 - 3 feet high. It prefers moist woods, thickets, and roadsides. It prefers full to partial sun.

Spearmint Mentha viridis MEDICINAL: Spearmint is a valuable herb for stopping vomiting during pregnancy. It is gentle enough to use for colic in babies, while aiding in curing colds, flu, and gas.

RELIGIOUS: Spearmint is added to healing incenses and sachets to aid in healing lung diseases and other afflictions. Place some in a sleeping pillow for protection during sleep.

GROWING: Grow Spearmint as you would any other member of the Mint family. It is a perennial growing to 3 feet tall and is tolerable of many different growing conditions.

Squawvine Mitchella repens MEDICINAL: Squawvine is most beneficial in childbirth. It strengthens the uterus, helps prevent miscarriage, and relieves congestion of the uterus and ovaries. Its antiseptic properties make it valuable for treating vaginal infections, and is a natural nerve sedative. It is most often used in combination with Raspberry.

GROWING: Squawvine is a perennial evergreen creeper that grows on forest floors.

Taheebo Tabebuia spp.

MEDICINAL: Also known as Pau d' Arco. Taheebo is found in South America. It is a powerful herb with antibiotic and virus-killing properties. It gives the body the energy needed to defend itself and to help resist diseases. It is used in South America to battle cancer and leukemia. It is useful in aiding all chronic diseases.

Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus MEDICINAL: A mild infusion is used to treat insomnia and hyperactivity. It stimulates that appetite and aids in digestion.

GROWING: Tarragon is a perennial shrub growing to 2 feet high that likes dry areas, full sun, and is found in comparable climates in many places in the world.

Thyme Thymus spp.

MEDICINAL: Thyme is a powerful antiseptic. It is used in cases of anemia, bronchial ailments, and intestinal disturbances. It is used as an antiseptic against tooth decay, and destroys fungal infections as in athlete's foot and skin parasites such as crabs and lice. It is good for colic, flatulence, and colds.

RELIGIOUS: Thyme is burnt to purge and fumigate magickal rooms and spaces, as well as to bring good health. Thyme in a sleeping pillow repels nightmares.

GROWING: Thyme is a perennial that loves warm, sunny fields, and is found throughout North America. It grows to 15 inches tall, and makes an excellent ground cover on dry slopes. Trim it back after flowering to prevent it from becoming woody.

Uva Ursi

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi MEDICINAL: Uva Ursi strengthens and tones the urinary tract. It is especially useful for kidney infections, bladder infections, and inflammatory disease of the urinary tract. It is used as a diabetes remedy for excessive sugar in the blood. It is used for postpartum women to return the womb to its natural size, as well as to prevent infection of the womb after childbirth. It should not be used by pregnant women.

RELIGIOUS: Add to sachets to increase psychic powers.

GROWING: Uva Ursi rarely grows more than a few inches tall. It is best propogated from cuttings. It takes an unusually long time to root, so consider instead buying small plants from nurseries. It does poorly in rich soil, as it prefers poor soils in full sun. Once established, it spreads and becomes an attractive, hardy ground cover, surviving temperatures of -50.

Valerian

Valeriana officinalis MEDICINAL: Valerian is a relaxer, and is very effective for insomnia. It is often used as a tranquilizer, but it leaves no sluggish effects on the user. It is used for nervous tension, pain relieving, strengthening the heart, lowering blood pressure, IBS, diverticulosis, menstrual cramps, and for muscle spasms. It should not be taken over a long period of time, as it can cause mental depression in some people after long-term steady use. It is not habit forming.

RELIGIOUS: Valerian is used to get fighting couples back together, in spells of love, and in purification baths.

GROWING: Valerian is a perennial plant that grows to 3 feet tall. It prefers full sun, and average to rich well-drained soil. Root cuttings are best for propogation, and once the plants are established, they self-sow and spread by root runners. Valerian has a similar effect on cats as catnip, so you may need to protect your patch with chicken wire. Harvest roots for medicinal use in the fall of their second year.

Vervain

Verbena officinalis MEDICINAL: Vervain is used to treat the liver and diseases related to the liver, exhaustion, fatigue, fever, insomnia, asthma, post-natal depression, as well as painful or irregular menses. It will also help increase the flow of a mother's milk. The Chinese use it to treat malaria, dysentery, and congestion. It is also a pain reliever and to reduce inflammation. Do not use during pregnancy.

RELIGIOUS: Vervain is used for cleansing incenses and baths. Buried in a field, it will make your crops abundant. It is burned to attract wealth, and hung above a bed to prevent nightmares, and above a baby's crib (out of reach!) to offer protection for the little one, and will enable the child to grow up with a love of learning and a happy outlook. Hung in the home it offers protection from negative spells, and is used as a pledge of mutual faith when given to a friend.

GROWING:Vervain is a perennial herb that grows 1-2 feet tall. It prefers full sun, average to rich soils, and is grown throughout temperate North America. It is rather short-lived, but self-sows.

Harvest leaves and flower tops as the plants bloom.

Violet Viola odorata MEDICINAL: Violet is effective in healing internal ulcers. It is used both internally and externally for pimples, abscesses, tumors, and swollen glands. It is useful in treating malignant growths as well. Native Americans soaked corn seed in an infusion of yellow violet to prevent insects from eating the seeds.

RELIGIOUS: Violet in a pillow will help ease headaches away. Carrying the flowers brings a change in luck, and mixed with lavendar makes a powerful love sachet.

GROWING: Violets are a perennial, prefer partial shade, average to rich well-drained soil, and grow to 8 inches tall.

Vitex Vitex agnus-castus MEDICINAL: Vitex is a normalizing herb for the reproductive system. It is most commonly used in treating infertility, PMS, menopausal problems, and hormonal imbalances. It is most effective when taken over a period of time, and in conjunction with other herbs used for the same purposes. It is also known as chaste tree fruit, or chaste berry.

RELIGIOUS: Vitex blossoms and branches were strewn in temples during festivals to honor Demeter. Hera is said to have been born under a Vitex tree. Vesta carried twigs of Vitex as symbols of purity.

GROWING: Vitex is a small shrub or tree native to Asia and Europe. It has been introduced in the United States, and has naturalized throughout the southeast, as far north as Maryland. It typically grows 9 to 16 feet tall, but may grow larger in the warm areas of the deep south.

Walnut

Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) MEDICINAL: Walnut bark is used to treat dysentery and skin diseases. The nut is used to promote strength and weight gain. The ground hull of the nut is used to treat skin diseases, herpes, head and body lice, and internal parasites. Walnut leaf is used to treat eczema, hives, and boils. Diluted walnut oil is used to treat dandruff. A strong decoction of walnut leaves, painted around doorways and woodwork, will repel ants.

RELIGIOUS: The nut still in its shell is carried to promote fertility. To discover if a Witch is in your midst, legend has it that you should drop a walnut still in its shell into the lap of the person suspected, and if that person is truly a Witch, they will be unable to rise from a sitting position as long as the walnut is in their laps.

GROWING: Walnuts are trees that grow to 60 feet tall. They prefer full sun, deep and welldrained soil, and regular water. They grow well in areas such as the eastern and midwestern United States.

Wild Cherry Prunus serotina MEDICINAL: Wild Cherry Bark is a very good expectorant. It is therefore useful for all ilnesses that have related lung congestion. The bark is boiled down into a syrup, which is safe to use even for children.

GROWING:Wild Cherry grows throughout North America in moist areas, and along riverbanks. It is either a tall shrub or small tree, depending upon growing conditions of the area.

Wild Yam Dioscorea villosa MEDICINAL: Wild Yam is helpful to the liver and the endocrine system. It is also used in regulation of the female system, particularly during menopause and menstrual distress, as well as used in treating infertility. Used with chaste berry and dandelion it is an effective treatment for morning sickness.

GROWING:Usually found wild in the eastern half of North America, it is a perennial plant that is a low creeper, and occupies average to poor soils and full sun.

Willow Salix spp.

MEDICINAL: Willow works like aspirin. In fact, aspirin was derived from willow bark. It is also used to cleanse and heal eyes that are infected or inflamed. It is safe to use, and is mild on the stomach and leaves no after-effects.

RELIGIOUS: Willow trees are planted near the home as a guard. Its branches have been used for the bindings on a witch's broom, and as healing wands. It is also used to bring the blessings of the moon into your life.

GROWING: Willows prefer damp, low spaces, as a long rivers and streams, or areas that receive regular water. They grow throughout North America. It grows to 70 feet or more.

Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana MEDICINAL: Witch Hazel is used externally for insect bites, burns, bleeding wounds, hemorrhoids, and varicose veins. Internally it will stop bleeding from internal organs, treats bronchitis, flu, and coughs as well as promotes healing of stomach ulcers. It is often used as a mouthwash for conditions of the mouth and throat, and for bleeding gums. Native Americans used witch hazel in sunflower oil as a massage oil for sore muscles, and used witch hazel as a natural deodorant.

RELIGIOUS: The forked twigs of the Witch Hazel are used for divining. It will help heal a broken heart and cool passions when carried.

GROWING: Witch Hazel is a shrub or small tree that grows 5 - 15 feet. It ranges throughout the eastern half of North America. It prefers full sun, and average soils.

Wormwood Artemisia absinthum MEDICINAL: Wormwood is used for all problems within the digestive system, as well as liver and bladder ailments. It promotes menstruation and will help with menstrual cramps. Do not give to small children, and use only in very small quantities for very short periods of time, as the FDA considers this a poisonous plant.

RELIGIOUS: Wormwood is burned to raise your spirits to a higher level, enabling easier divination and clairvoyance. Thrown on the fire at Samhain, it will protect from the spirits that roam that night.

GROWING: Wormwood grows mainly in temperate regions of the eastern portion of North America. It is a perennial shrub that reaches to 4 feet tall, and prefers full sun and average to poor soils.

Yarrow

Achillea millefolium MEDICINAL: Yarrow is used to stimulate and regulate the liver. It acts as a blood purifier and heals the glandular system. It has been used as a contraceptive, and as a part of diabetes treatment, as well as treating gum ailments and toothache. Also is used in formulas for treating colds, flus, and fevers. It arrests internal and external bleeding during childbirth. It is used to stop the bleeding of external wounds.Pregnant women should avoid this herb.

RELIGIOUS: Since Yarrow has the ability to keep a couple together for 7 years, it is used in love sachets as well as a gift to give to newlyweds. When worn it wards off negativity, and if held in your hand it repels fear. Yarrow added to the bath protects from harm.

GROWING: Yarrow is a perennial, and its various varieties range from 8 inches to 3 feet tall. It prefers full sun, and average to poor dry soils.

Yellow Dock

Rumex crispus MEDICINAL: Yellow Dock is a powerful blood purifier and astringent. It is used in treating all diseases of the blood and skin. It is very high in iron, making it useful for treating anemia. It nourishes the spleen and liver, detoxifies the liver, and cleanses and enriches the blood.

Yucca Yucca spp.

MEDICINAL: Yucca is used to treat joint pain caused by arthritis, and to reduce inflammation in the joints. Shampoo made from the root is used to treat dandruff and other scalp conditions.

MAGICKAL: Yucca protects your home from evil influences. It can be used to make a soap and/or shampoo that is used to cleanse the body prior to rituals. The Navajo use it to cleanse and purify, as do the Hopi.

GROWING: Yucca loves hot, dry, sunny locations. It is a perennial, and there are many varieties available to the home gardener.