The Urban Kampung.
REVIVING MALAYSIAN LIVING TRADITION INTO THE MODERN CITY
SV | Assist. Prof. Dr. Zuraini Denan
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Master Design Thesis MAAR 7250 Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design | IIUM
DECLARATION Name of Project
Theme Prepared by Submission Date Supervisor Coordinator Subject Code
The Urban Kampung: Reviving Malaysian Living Tradition Into the Modern City Innovative Mohd Aliff Aidil bin Iskandar 4th July 2021 Assist. Prof. Dr. Zuraini Denan Assist. Prof. Dr. Zuraini Denan Master Design Thesis 2 (2021) MAAR 7520
I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees or IIUM or other institutions
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INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH THE URBAN KAMPUNG: REVIVING MALAYSIAN LIVING TRADITION INTO THE MODERN CITY I declare that the copyright holder of this thesis is Mohd Aliff Aidil bin Iskandar Copyright © 2021AliffIskandar. All rights reserved. No part of this published research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below
Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may only be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgment. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries.
By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understood the IIUM intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy.
Affirmed by Mohd Aliff Aidil bin Iskandar
...................................................................................................... Siganture
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I am eternally thankful to Allah S.W.T, the only Merciful in this world and the next, for providing me with rezq in many forms and ways to finish this book. Dedicated to my parents, three brothers, the love of my life, and my loyal network of friends for always being there for me physically, psychologically, and emotionally. Thank you for being such a significant source of motivation and inspiration for me to finish my thesis.
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Abstract The existence of the Kampung settlement in an urban context gave rise to the term Urban Kampung. However, in most cases, the image of the Urban Kampung is no longer lifted, in which the image occurs in the community is the physically be the main reason, the unplanned layout with poorly maintained houses in the middle of a metropolis city like Kuala Lumpur makes the community see the Urban Kampung as a slum and dirty area. In the face of sustaining the existence of Kampung development in the heart of a major metropolis, this challenge is incredibly complicated.
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01 02 03 INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
SITE STUDIES
The introduction of the project and overview of the background study.
The literature reviews of significant related to the topic of the project
Analysis & synthesis of the selected site of the project
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PAGE 08- PAGE 19
PAGE 20- PAGE 34
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FINAL DESIGN
SPECIAL STUDIES
The final outcome of the project with drawings, diagrams, etc.
Significant studies of the highlight topics for the urban kampung
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PAGE 77- PAGE 84
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04 05 DESIGN BRIEF
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Design intention of the project with thesis issues and objectives.
Develop from the brief, inspiration of concept and massing development.
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PAGE 47- PAGE 53
08 09 10 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Appendices
Conclusion with the summary solutions to the objectives.
References of the study and analysis of the project.
Compilation pictures of models and journal of the project.
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PAGE 86 - PAGE 87
PAGE 88 - PAGE 92
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01 Introduction The importance of choosing this topic as a study topic is discussed in this chapter. The research foundation for this thesis, as well as the difficulties that emerge, will be extensively. The research aim, objective and scope of research were also introduced in this chapter as a guide to obtaining the intended outcomes from this study. Furthermore, the research methods and research structure are used to illustrate the whole scope of this study.
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Thesis Statement
There is no doubting that modernity's currents and fast urban growth may enhance a country's living standards and economy. The quest for modernization, however, has had a negative impact, particularly on the traditions, customs, and values in life that have helped to shape a Malaysian country that knows, trusts, and cares for one another. The spirit and values of life that characterize Malaysians are now fading as a result of society's westernization, which has coincided with modernizing currents. Due to land restrictions and rapid population growth, the current development trend is to create more vertical structures, especially in places like Kuala Lumpur. There's no doubting that vertical structures have solved a slew of urban issues. However, without our knowledge, society has changed in terms of lifestyle, spending habits, social connections, and recreational activities, all of which do not reflect Malaysian culture. Many old dwelling neighborhoods have been destroyed and rebuilt with commercial centers and vertical housing structures, such as the long-established villages around Kuala Lumpur. As a result, the village's original residents have been relocated far from their livelihood, resulting in a shift in cultural norms as well as the destruction of the community's traditions and history that have been passed down through generations. This may result in the loss of our community's unique values and identity. As a result, there is a need to research strategies to retain the traditions, customs, and values of life that reflect the uniqueness of Malaysian living culture alive and well in the face of modernity. The Urban Kampong will be a dwelling type that may help to reestablish life standards that represent Malaysia's unique identity while still keeping up with modernity.
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Issues & Problems
Architecture: Lost of Architectural Identity
Social: Lost of Traditions & Cultures
Environment: Lost of Natural Heritage
The loss of architectural identity can affect the way of life and way of socializing among Malaysians because the architecture and interior layout of houses in Malaysia is a translation to the socio-culture of the people of this country. Malay architectural features are highly responsive to the surrounding environment. Each component of its architecture has a philosophy implicit in the design. The building design, interior layout, as well as building materials selection and construction methods are very unique and very suitable to the weather and geological conditions of the region. Therefore, it is a great loss if the art of construction that has been inherited from this generation is not implied to modern buildings in line with urbanization.
As a country that is rich with the unique tradition & culture, With the changes to the socio-culture, this will impact on lifestyle, spending patterns, social interactions, ways of recreation and so on. For example, the area of Kampong Abdullah Hukum which was once inhabited by a village community that rich in traditions and customs has now been replaced by a mixed development complex where human life is far from the road. All the activities and traditions that used to take place on the streets are now gone. No more interaction between neighbors. it is very rare for society today to know the names of their neighbors let alone want to care for each other. the spirit of helping each other and trusting each other is no longer in the neighborhood today even though it is one of the unique cultures that has been proud of every Malaysian. The original community has been replaced by tourists and visitors. After business hours, the street area becomes empty, in contrast to the past where there was nightlife that enlivened the area.
Urbanization has resulted in a lack of green space in urban areas. river areas around the city are also polluted. The condition of flora and fauna in urban areas has undergone many changes. No more crowing, birds chirping, the calm of the river flowing, and the fresh air in the morning. In the past, all kinds of good plants from trees that produce fruit to plants that can be used as herbs for medicinal and culinary purposes grew wild around the village land. Everything that is needed for daily use is easily available without having to travel the road to buy it. Fish can be found easily along the river but now are no longer available due to the building that is built along the river that blocking the access for the public. The impact of this issue is the increase in temperature due to the lack of greeneries. Lacking green areas will increase the speed of runoff water to the river and cause a flash floods.
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Aim
The aim is to integrating the Malay architecture in the modern residential building that can revive the identity of Malaysian long lost socio-culture, hence to preserve the uniqueness of their tradition and heritage which is inline with the urbanization.
Objectives
To integrate the uniqueness of Malaysia architecture identity into the modern residential building. To create a social-sustainable residential complex that can preserve the Malaysian traditions and cultures. To proposed architectural solution to preserve and enhancing the green spaces.
Questions
How to integrate the Uniqueness of Malaysia architecture identity into the modern residential building? What is needed to create a social-sustainable residential complex that can preserve the Malaysian traditions and cultures? What is the requirement needed to preserve and enhancing the green spaces?
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Thesis Structure
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The Principle Principle of Building The Urban Kampung
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Thesis Rationale
Architecture as amalgamationarchitecture as a tool of unifying the Tradition that are rich with the positive social interaction between the occupants in an urbanized area as well as to create a unique identity that will benefits the surrounding landscape.
Chapter Summary
This chapter has presented and discussed the background of the study. It explained why Kampung is vital to the architectural identity, Social Interaction, and Environment; definitions of terms are to understand better with innovative ideas. Additionally, the problem statement was discussed, as this study is to discover the potential of the future housing development as part of the national identity of Malaysia. Furthermore, followed by the theoretical framework of this study, which holds the essential key points in identifying the characteristics of making the future Kampung needs and demands, either tangible or intangible manners. This chapter also presented the research questions, aims, and objectives. The study significance followed, highlighting how this study fills the gap in the research literature on the future kampung for future communities in Kuala Lumpur. Finally, The thesis structure was illustrated during a diagram to point out the connection from background study until possible solutions for the thesis.
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02 Literature Riview 1. Social vs. Crowding 2. Vertical Communities 3. The Kampung Life 4. Building The Kampung Spirit 5. Malay Traditional House 6. Kampung Structure
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2.1 Social vs Crowding
Social relations among human beings are important to understand in order to design a new typology of living within a dense residential and mixed-use environment for the community. There needs to be an understanding of the relationship of both human beings and the built environment, and the way dense spaces affect their behavior. In 1975, psychologist Jonathan Freedman conducted lab research on people to understand how their performance is valued under different density and crowding conditions. He concluded that "it isn't density that determines the degenerative behavior of population but crowding. (Social and architectural Implications, 2013) He continued by saying that “crowding by itself has neither good effects nor bad effects on people but rather serves to accentuate the individual's typical reactions to things. But comparing crowding with density, it does generally have positive effects on humans, but it also intensifies the standard reactions towards people involved within the crowding situation." (Social and architectural Implications, 2013).
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Overall, the well-being of people is inversely proportional to crowding - meaning to say that when density increases, so do the feeling of annoyance towards the surrounding environment. Density itself isn't unpleasant, but the perception would depend upon things that supported by the person experiencing it. The range of comfortable density' within a dense high-rise needs to be created in order to prevent the feeling of annoyance for the community living within it as the population in Kuala Lumpur increases rapidly. If spaces aren't planned with this in mind, the behavioral changes in humans could develop negativity if we are not careful with distinguishing between Density and Crowding.
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2.2 Vertical Village
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The term Vertical Village is defined as having a liveable close-knitted community that embraces density and promotes diversity through the cultivation of trust, support, and togetherness. According to MVRDV’s book on Vertical Village: Individual, Informal, Intense - a Vertical Community should be “lively, intimate and diverse”. (The Vertical Village, 2012). Specifically, a liveable vertical community has to be diverse yet collective, where densities are embraced and mutually supported through shared ways of living, working, learning, playing, and so on. It has to also provide a sense of liveliness to its inhabitants, allowing the inhabitant to possess a way of belonging.
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2.3 The Kampung Life A kampung usually comes attached with this identity of a strong sense of togetherness known as the Kampung Spirit. The successful model of Kuala Lumpur kampung could be seen as the origins of how a socially cohesive community was cultivated within a selfsufficient environment. In the local context of Kuala Lumpur, Kampungs are defined as clusters of human settlements often located within cool, shady environments with an abundance of greenery and resources within their vicinity. Besides its physical living conditions, the intangible aspect of community building and the spirit of helping one another is the most important quality of the kampung that makes it a unique community. Village residents would involve themselves in helping one another in everything in daily life. Within a cluster of the kampung, they were known for their ‘gotong royong’ spirit which translates to be joint reciprocity of goodwill towards others. A closed-knitted and community bonded kampung allows the kampung to develop this kindred spirit of trust and helpfulness amongst neighbors. The Kampung life is seen as safe and carefree. As kampung residents, there wasn’t a need to shut the doors as the system of trust and dependency was already cultivated amongst the villagers. Children could be seen exploring the field and having a good time playing with wildlife and being one with nature. As toys weren't easily available to the youngsters, they might make their own toys with their friends and be contented with their inventions within their own village. For adults, men would go about their work routine while the women would manage the household chores at home. This would mainly contain cooking, cleaning, feeding their animals, and gardening. As such, the kampung consisted of large multigenerational families living together in one household with a lively atmosphere.
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2.4 Building The Kampung Spirit Food There were essential elements found to bring out the Kampung Spirit. There were mainly through food, water and entertainment. Kampungs were able to accommodate two to three generations living in the same household. As such, mealtimes were always something that everybody looked forward to especially within the evenings. Although families were living in different houses, housewives in the kampung would spend time together cooking and preparing before the mealtimes. They would do so as their kitchens were designed to be facing each other. This was seen as a way of bonding with each other while doing their chores. Interaction was also done by sharing food recipes with one another . after mealtimes, cleaning and washing up was also another chores that was done cohesively as a village. Younger children would help their mothers with the dishes because the remainder of the adults continue their conversation with each other . Besides cooking, food was also easily available for beat the past. On typical days, residents would usually stay within their kampung as food is usually brought to them from food sellers on their stall. Food to Bring The Kampung Together Food was seen as an essential element of bringing the kampung together. During the fasting month of Ramadhan, a ‘barter system’ was practiced. Residents would share their cooked food with their neighbors and exchange it for another dish. It created a desired win-win situation as everyone would be ready to taste special dishes from each household, learn from one another various cooking methods also as reduce the workload for one household to be responsible of all the cooking. Bringing the kampung together through this essential element exceeded the boundaries aged , status, and private interests. Previously, people in the kampung used food as the center of their everyday lives, whether it is cooking, buying food, having food as a business for their family, or even taking over the role as a housewife to bring the family together during mealtimes.
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Water Besides food, water is also another essential element in the kampung. In the past, water wasn’t made easily available. Villagers had to visit a centralized well to draw water from it for his or her usage. With this issue at hand, the spirit of ‘gotong royong’ allowed them to build their own village’s well to make water much more accessible to their kampung. As said by Mr. Othman who lives in Kampung Puah Lembah, with the ‘gotong royong’ spirit, we managed to build 10 wels before the standpipe was constructed. This allowed water to be supplied efficiently to our village. Households would use this wels for bathing, washing, and watering their plants. The standpipe was also a source of bringing the village together since it's an important item for survival. Women and youngsters would be seen spending time together to try to do their chores while chatting with each other. Entertainment Entertainment is also seen as a source of bringing the kampung residents together when they are not in their private quarters. The entertainment that brought the village together is mainly cultural activities such as wedding celebrations, dance, and film (wayang pacak). The spirit of togetherness was also evident at kampung Malay weddings. Everyone would pitch in to help out in the wedding preparation, such as setting up of the tent as well as food preparation for the celebration meal. Dance celebrations were also common in the kampung. Performers would dress up as cultural icons to curate various dance dramas supported by folkloric heroes and heroines. This cultural dance was also a way of educating the younger ones on their ancestral past. The film was part of the entertainment to build the kampung spirit. During the old days, Wayang Pacak is famous among the kampung people. the average fee for each film show is 50 cents for adults and 30 cents for children. Due to the affordability of the films, the villagers would make their way to the neighboring kampung to catch the show every evening. Thus, the turnout at these shows would always be an enormous lively gathering within the kampung. Through these 3 elements identified to build the kampung spirit, food was seen as a primary binder while water and entertainment are seen to take on a supportive role in bringing the community together. Thus, the types of programs proposed in this thesis would be required to cultivate the same spirit of togetherness as an integral part of the future community. ALIFF ISKANDAR
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2.5 Malay Traditional House 2.5.1 The Art of Interior Layout Serambi The serambi placement was at the front of the house to act as a common space to welcome guest and chit chatting between neighbours.
Anjung Located in between the serambi and rumah ibu. It is the space where can be used as meeting area (male).
Rumah Ibu Located at the center of the house. Rumah ibu is a space for family members to gather. The place is likely a private area only for family and relatives. The place emphasized good service and accommodation to its guests and at the same time maintaining the privacy of family members in accordance with islamic law.
Bedroom Located at the center of the house besides rumah ibu. Normally the bedroom constructed as an expandable space. It can be added and subtracted according to the needs of the household.
Kitchen Located at the back site of the house. Normally used as a space for food preparation area and the area where the household eat their meals.
Loteng Most of the Loteng once used as a bedroom for the unmarried sons of the family but nowadays, it only served as storage space for foods and goods.
Kolong Located underneath the house floor. Kolong used as a multipurpose space for a variety of activities such as a small feast area and also as a space to store equipment. Kolong also used as a workshop space for the house owner.
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2.5 Malay Traditional House 2.5.2 The Art of Adaptation of Building Components to The Local Climate
Roof Overhang Large overhangs and the low exposed vertical areas (windows & walls) in the traditional Malay house provide good protection against driving rain, provide good shading, and allow the windows to be left open most of the time for ventilation. Lighting The traditional Malay house tends to be undelighted. This gives the psychological effect of coolness. The underlighting, however, can be solved by artificial lighting. Layout Traditional Malay houses are randomly arranged. This ensures that wind velocity in the houses in the latter path of the wind will not be substantially reduced. Orientation Traditional Malay houses are often oriented to face Mecca (east-west direction) for religious reasons. This orientation minimizes areas exposed to solar radiation. Vegetation The use of coconut trees and other tall trees in the Kampung not only provides good shade but also does not block the passage of wings at the house level. Roof Ventilation Roof spaces in the traditional Malay house are properly ventilated by the provision of ventilation joints and panels in the roof construction. Cross Ventilation The elongated open plans of the traditional Malay house allow easy passage of air and good ventilation. There are minimal interior partitions in the Malay house that restrict air movement in the house. Wind Velocity Gradient The velocity of wind increases with altitude. The traditional Malay house on stilts captures winds of higher velocity at a higher level. This is especially vital in areas where there is plant cover on the ground which restricts air movement.
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2.5 Malay Traditional House 2.5.3 The Art of Building Construction
Malay Vernacular House construction method can be said as an adaptable architecture as its characteristics are flexible and can be dismantled, reassemble and relocate. The structure is flexible and easily adjusted as it uses pegged mortice and tenon methods to construct. Other than that, materials used for the construction are readily available, light, reliable and inexpensive.
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2.6 Kampung Structure 2.6.1 Neighbourhood Kitchen The position of the kitchen is usually facing each other to allow people to share foods and easily interact with each other. This particular space is mainly used by the females as they usually often do their house chores in the kitchen.
Staircase The location of the staircase is not far from one house to another. This may enhance social interaction and result in strong bonding between them. Due to this, they felt safe with each other and they felt free to lt the door of the house open at all day without worried. The staircase area (anjung) also not used as access to the house, but social interaction space for chit-chatting between neighbors.
Distance The distance from one house is not less than 10m. It is accessible between the neighbors because they have no fencing between the houses. Due to the short distance, it makes it easy for the neighbors to interact with each other. Usually, there is pocket space in between the housing that mainly uses as farming, workshop, and chicken farm. In Kampung, people used the space/gap as their gardening spaces
2.6.2 Culture Dewan Masyarakat As the culture in every Kampung is the spirit of ‘Gotong-Royong’, there is a Multi-purpose hall (Dewan Masyarakat) to accommodate the activity of Gotong Royong within the Kampung. Among the activities that being held in the hall are rumah terbuka hari raya, Balai mengundi, wedding ceremony, wayang pacak and lots more. Other than that, the hall also used as a big cooking area for the kampung. This space is very important so the gotong-royong tradition can always maintain to make the community still together and strengthen the ukhuwah without depends on catering.
Leisure Area In general, kampung has a lot of open public spaces for people to gather around. These spaces have been used by many people and communities of all ages. But these spaces are not well organized and maintained besides this leisure space such as the study corner (Wakaf) and playground have abandoned and vandalized by the youngsters.
Void Deck Space As a result, the void deck spaces need to be introduced so that all the residents can use the facilities for their own purpose and to create a sense of place and identity by delineating a fraction of the void deck space.
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2.6.3 Foods Farming & Livestock Livestocks - Goat & Chicken Farming - Lots of farming activity can be seen around the kampung houses. The villagers usually planting herbs for daily usage for medicine and cooking. Lots of edible plants like fruit trees can be seen around the house compound.
Commercial Food Supplier- The food supplier is usually a local dry and wet market. The villagers nowadays called the market “Kedai Acheh” as the owner of the shops are descendants of acheh. Kampung people usually restock their food stock from here instead of travel out the Kampung. Food Stall- This area is where the male villagers and youngsters spend most of their time. Locally they called it “Kedai Kopi”. This place act as the social space for them to update current information about everything that happens around the kampung and nation.
2.6.4 Security JKK JKK- Other than ‘Kedai Kopi’ there is JKKK office space where the villagers discuss problems and solved it together. This space usually used for small meetings and activities like kompang practices, music, dance, and all sorts of things that related to the Kampung matters. JKK also act as the prep area for the small occasion.
Surau Surau- Every kampung at least has a surau for religious and educational purposes. The surau is a place where the Muslims perform solah and religious talk. Surau also used as Janazah management if there any death occurs in the area. Other than that, Surau also can act as security control in the kampung. Usually, the villagers will announce if any emergency with the speaker of the surau to alert all the villagers about the danger.
Courtyard
Courtyard- The compound in Kampung can act as a big courtyard for social Interaction. It can maximize free-flowing open and unobstructed public-private areas. Children can freely play safely anywhere in the kampung compound. The random layout due to the natural setting. Lack of physical barrier gives kampung an informal and open atmosphere that is conducive to intimate social relations. The Kampung environment is an expression of the culture and needs of the villagers.
Territories Demarcation
Territories Demarcation- In a Kampung area, There is no geometric order in the layout. Instead, the layout is determined by the social relations and the cultural lifestyles of the villagers. The houses are separated in distance for the future expansion of the houses. The villagers marking their territories by planting trees at every corner of their boundaries. There has no fence in between the houses. So, trees act as physical barriers and also as direction control. By planting trees, it can control the movement of the people and avoid them to go freely into the compound.
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Chapter Summary
This chapter has presented and discussed here are few summarizations from this chapter. The Kampung Structure and the living tradition have been highlighted for successfull social sistainable living acted as part of the solutions to the thesis issues. Relationship of urban fabric with Kampung is vital in making the connection and accessibility for community to the surrounding is good enough. Urban kampung is well associated with experiencedesign due to its cultural way of living, hence the principle of experience-design have been highlighted in tangible and intangible manners.
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03 Site Studies This chapter will discuss the process of evaluating a particular location's physical, mental and social characteristics with the ambition of developing an architectural solution that will address and enhance its macro and micro context. Kuala Lumpur is unique and will consist of many complex elements such as topography, natural features, climate, and demographics.
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3.1 Location of the site Proposed Site Information
Key Plan
Location Plan
The proposed site for The Urban Kampung is located at Wangsa Maju (previously called Mukim Setapak) Kuala Lumpur in between Jalan Gombak and Duke Highway. The proposed site consists of an existing Village alongside the Gombak river. The proposed site area 8 acres, which is equal to 32374.9 sqm. It is called Kampung Puah Lembah because the location of the site is in the valley area of Kampung Puah. Kampung Puah is one of the oldest Kampung establishment in Kuala Lumpur since 1960. It is the second oldest camping establishment after Kampung Baru. The majority of the occupant is Javanese and Minangkabau descent. Despite the changing times, the villagers still maintain the practice of gotong royong apart from the tradition of kompang, silat, traditional dance and marhaban. However, all this uniqueness will surely eroded by the constant pressure of the rapid urbanization resulting the village no longer seems relevant for conservation especially in metropolitan city like Kuala Lumpur. Location Kampung Puah Lembah, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur Size 8 Acres (32374.9 sqm) Existing House 60 Units Total of Residents 300 Persons Current Household 3/Unit House Density 10 Unit/Acre
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3.2 Population Profile Structure
Kuala Lumpur is the largest city in Malaysia, Covering an area of 243 km2. According to Kuala Lumpur City Hall (2019), The population of Kuala Lumpur is 1,795,200 in 2018. Kuala Lumpur's population increased by 1.88% from 1.4 million in 2000 to 1.8 million in 2018. While Household size is 3.4 people in 2018 compared to 4.1 people in 2010.
1,795,200 Kuala Lumpur Population 2018
3.4 people Kuala Lumpur Household size 2018
The population and population growth rate of Kuala Lumpur
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3.3 Future Population Growth
According to Kuala Lumpur City Hall (2019), The population of Kuala Lumpur increased from 1,674,800 in 2010 to 1,795,200 in 2018 and is estimated to reach 2,254,000 by 2040 with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.05% from 2018 to 2040. From a demographic point of view, residents aged 65 and older are expected to reach 17.3% by 2040 from 6.7% by 2018. This makes Kuala Lumpur a city with high ageing population density. Besides, the average household size also dropped to 3.4 in 2018 compared to 4.1 in 2010. The average household size is expected to continue to decrease to 3.0 by 2040. Slow population growth, ageing population structure and decreasing household size are challenges that Kuala Lumpur must address in order to review future development planning policies, strategies and initiatives.
2,254,000 Estimation of Kuala Lumpur Population in 2040
17.3 % Percentage of Senior Citizen population in 2040
3.0 people Kuala Lumpur household size in 2040
Future population growth from 2010-2040
Population age profile, 2018 and 2040
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3.4 Climate, Temperature & Rainfall Analysis 3.4.1 Temperature & Humidity Analysis
Average relative humidity in Kuala Lumpur
Average min. and max. temperature in Kuala Lumpur
3.4.2 Windrose Analysis
Windrose in Kampung Puah Lembah
Average wind speed
Malaysia Standard 1525 recommended thermal comfort range
0.25 m/s - 1.5 m/s 3.4.3 Sunpath Analysis & Shadow Casting
1 pm
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7 am
9 am
11 am
3 pm
5 pm
7 pm
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3.4.4 Temperature, humidity & windrose synthesis Thermal Comfort plays a critical role in sharing spaces so it os vital to ensure efficient crossventilation,
3.4.5 Sunpath & Shadow Synthesis To prevent excessive heat in the internal building space, the building openings should not be directed directly towards the east and the west. proposed deep overhang roof to minimize the sun penetration into the building.
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3.5 Neighbourhood Context 3.5.1 Commercial Area
Strenght Located along the main road. have various types of shops from restaurants, workshops, furniture stores, convenience stores, and groceries store to cater to the needs of the surrounding neighborhood.
Weakness Not in the range of a comfortable walking distance from the site. No proper pedestrian facilities connecting the site to the commercial area. there is no available/proper parking space for vehicles along the commercial area.
Opportunities create business opportunities into the site and enhance villagers' socio-economic.
Threat The villagers will compete with each other for business opportunities.
Synthesis to propose a cooperative businesses shop/center that will benefit the villagers.
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3.5.2 Institutional
Strenght All the institutional are in the accessible range from the site and surrounding neighborhood.
Weakness Not sufficient. have no healthcare center/clinic nearby the site. several institutional will create traffic congestion during peak hours.
Opportunities To upgrade the basic facilities for the site and surrounding neighborhood. to promote the use of public transportation to the neighborhood.
Threat Will attract people from the surrounding neighborhood to come and the site will be crowded with people and vehicles. create traffic congestion.
Synthesis To proposed Sekolah Rendah Agama, Tadika & Taska into the new building so that the villagers no need to travel to send their children to school and this can reduce the carbon footprint and traffic congestion.
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3.5.3 Residential
Strenght located near the Gombak river. most of the residential areas are villages that exist since before the independence of Malaysia. the villagers still practice the Malay traditions and culture such as lifestyle, games, sports, dance handcraft etc.
Weakness don't have proper master planning for the area of the village. the house pattern was scattered. don't have proper infrastructures such as sanitary pipelines, narrow roads, poor maintenance d houses and lack of vehicle parking area.
Opportunities Re-planning the proposed site with a proper master planning of urban kampung complete with the upgrade infrastructures and required facilities.
Threat The villages are located along the Gombak River and exposed to flooding problems due to the location at the flood plain area.
Synthesis to propose a proper master planning of the villages that complete with upgraded infrastructures and new facilities to cater and preserve the traditions and heritage activities. To proposed new retention pond to avoid flooding.
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3.5.4 Mix-Development/High rises
Strenght enhance the local socio-economy and create more business opportunities.
Weakness lack of green spaces for the public and surrounding neighborhood.
Opportunities create more green spaces for the public at the proposed site.
Threat Traffic congestion due to the increased population in the area.
Synthesis proposed ingress and egress away from the mix development area to avoid traffic congestion. preserve and maximize green lungs area for the site and surrounding neighborhood.
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3.5.5 Vehicles Path and Movement
Strenght easy access to Jalan Gombak, Sentul, and Duke Highway.
Weakness no direct public transportation route to the site. the road is too narrow, has no proper parking facilities, no bicycle lane, and proper pedestrian walkway.
Opportunities provide new routes connecting Sentul, Duke Highway, and Jalan Gombak hence propose a new route directing the public transportation to the site.
Threat not pedestrian and bicycle-friendly.
Synthesis Proposed new route for public transport, proposed new access to sentul, Duke Highway. Proper parking facilities and pedestrian walkway. proposed new road with adequate width.
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3.5.6 Human Density
3.5.7 Human Path
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3.5.8 Types of Green Spaces
3.5.9 Types of Existing Kampung Housing
House Single Storey House Built on Stilt Have void under the floor Pitch Roof Wood or Concrete Staircase at front.
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Space Has at least 2 entrances. Divided into 3 main areas 1. Serambi 2. Rumah ibu 3. Kitchen
Orientation Position of kitchen normally facing each other to allow people to supply food during festive event. Location of the staircase is not far from house to house. The front entrance normally not facing each other.
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3.6 Micro-Site Analysis
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Chapter Summary This chapter has presented and discussed here are few summarizations from this chapter. The site analysis of the proposed site is vital to ensure the identity and sense of place preserve. however, the objective of the design thesis is ti revive the Malaysian living tradition in a modern city like Kuala Lumpur. The urban characteristics are essential for this project since its location is within the cityscape. A microsite study helps to identify the fundamental value that needs to be considered and to seek solutions for potential synthesis to achieve benefits in all aspect.
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04 Design Brief This chapter mainly aims to provide a list of requirements, instructions, and directions to fulfill the project’s needs. A clear vision with the aid of case and precedent studies will guide this thesis to achieve the objectives of thesis. Equally, a short brief or program would help the author to understand the vital role and point of reference for the project’s developments. All this necessary information will then proceed to the next stage, which is schematic design.
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4.1 Project Brief
The Target User
The Target Client
The main target user of the urban kampung is the existing resident of the kampung as the main attraction to attract users from surrounding neighborhoods to participate in their living tradition and culture and to spread the knowledge and information on the traditions to the younger generations. the number of youngster seem do not interested into their own living tradition especially the one that living in the high rise building where there are limited interaction between neighbours.
The apparent client for this project is the city council of Kuala Lumpur, which is known as DBKL. Furthermore, PR1MA Corporation Malaysia is also one of the potential client as their mission is to plan, develop and provide affordable and highquality homes inspired by modern living concepts for middle-income Malaysians.
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Sustainable Development Goals
Goal 1: Innovative and Productive Enhance the economic value of the city by promoting innovation as the driving force for the economy and productivity of all walks of life in Kuala Lumpur. Goal 2: Inclusive and Equitable Ensure that the people of Kuala Lumpur have the same choice, opportunity and access to quality housing and neighbourhoods. Goal 3: Healthy and Vibrant
4.1 Project Brief
Create a quality green environment and make Kuala Lumpur an attractive city to live and work in. Goal 4: Climate Smart and Low Carbon Strenghten Kuala Lumpur as a carbon low city and resilient to climate change and efficient use of resources. Goal 5: Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Mobility Expand networks and strenghten the Kuala Lumpur mobility system in improving accessibility. Goal 6: Integrated and sustainable Development Manage and support the growth of Kuala Lumpur in terms of phisical and spatial development.
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Living
+ Sleep + Family Time + Eat + Bath
Marketplace
Food & Beverages
Farming
+ Meat
+ Hawker Stalls
+ Fruit Garden
+ Fish
+ Kiosk
+ Herbs Garden
+ Vegetables
+ Vegetables
+ Goods
+ Goat Pen
+ Clothes
+ Kitchen
+ Handcraft + Hardware + Bookstore
Play
Religious
Learn
Services
+ Playground
+ Praying
+ Tadika
+ Loading Bay
+ Futsal Court
+ Religious Talk
+ Taska
+ Pool
+ Quran Class
+ SR Agama
+ Waste Management
+ Jenazah management
Building Programs The Urban Kampung has 8 main components of building programs in order to achieve the desired objectives. The marketplace program consists of fresh products from the supplier, deliver and process daily. Another component is food and beverages, which represent the warung that sells local foods in a variety of concepts of the flexible and adaptable kiosks. The farming area is to be separated and hide from the sight of the public. This area is where the resident has their community farm area and it consists of fruit garden, herbs and vegetable garden and also a goat pen.
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The play program area also will be provided and it includes Playground, a Futsal court, and a swimming pool for recreation. next is the religious program, which represents the surau where all the activities related to the religion will be held. There are also learning components in the building program which consist of Tadika, Taska, and SR Agama Rakyat. Last but not least, space for services includes loading bay, service lane, vertical transportation system and waste management.
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4.2 Precedent Studies Sky Garden - Oasis Dowtown
Oasia Downtown shows a perforated, permeable, furry, verdant tower of green in the midst of Singapore's central business area, combining innovative techniques to enhance land use with a tropical approach (CBD). WOHA created a number of distinct layers, each with its own garden, in the style of a club sandwich. Every 5-8 floors, elevated ground levels were created as public spaces for social interaction and leisure activities. The base, the SOHO office, the hotel, the hotel club, and the top area are the five sections of the skyscraper. (2012, Oasia Downtown) From a plan, Oasia Downtown seems to be a set of L-shaped programs on opposing sides of the tower, with the hotel volume in the middle. This ensures that no two building masses are stacked on top of one another. These numerous sky gardens are surrounded by a large flow of wind, allowing users to enjoy dynamic and unobstructed views of the surrounding environment. The idea of a conventional skyscraper being contained, hidden, and integrating itself with air-conditioned spaces is reversed in this design. The tropical environment of Singapore was embraced in the vertical architecture of Oasia Downtown, where vegetation and fresh air can be found in public gathering places.
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Communal Spaces - The Interlace
The Interlace challenges whether high density should be built horizontally rather than vertically. Instead of creating separate buildings, the design reintroduces the concept of communal living by transforming vertical isolation into horizontal connectivity. (The Interlace, n.d.) This horizontal block community is made up of stacked dwelling blocks organized in a hexagonal pattern. The interconnecting blocks provide exciting "interlaced" outdoor and interior areas that link individual flats to the dynamic communal life. Its architecture provides a diverse range of features and options for its residents, creating a sense of multilayered richness and living freedom. The lush environment and pockets of community programming entrenched in each block define the essence of a vertical village. Its green covering is enhanced by integrating sky gardens, water bodies, community areas, and courtyard spaces vertically with the goal of fostering social contact among inhabitants. Furthermore, the overall quantity of green space accounts for 112 percent of the development site's entire area. The Interlace takes into account the quantity of daylight that one would experience living in the apartment in our tropical environment. The project's innovative massing provides enough self-shading in the courtyards to provide a pleasant tropical outdoor climate throughout the year. Furthermore, this would allow the courtyards to be used for social activities and community building on an ongoing basis.
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Shared Garden - Kampung Admiralty The Kampong Admiralty is designed as a contemporary Vertical Village concept that promotes social connection, engagement, and the 'Kampong spirit.' This is accomplished by forming urban clusters and weaving informal places into residents' everyday commutes. Good neighborliness, reciprocal care, shared ownership, watchfulness, and a sense of cultural belonging are among the values derived from the Kampong spirit. Kampong Admiralty is a model public housing complex that combines a variety of activities together under one roof. It merges health-care centers with public amenities, mostly for the elderly, in order to create social cohesiveness among the young and old. It is planned to house 104 studio apartments with 36sqm and 45sqm unit floor sizes. (A modern kampung, n.d.) Two senior people per home are expected to live in these studio flats. The development is not meant to be an isolated senior cocoon and is located in a mature community on prime property right close to the MRT station. Its dynamic combination of housing, medical, recreational, social, and commercial programming is intended to serve as the estate's new community heart by developing a collective identity via place-making and intergenerational social connection (CTBUH Video Library, 2014). The bottom stratum has a completely public, pedestrianized, and tropical "People's Plaza" for community gatherings and joyful festivities, which is made even more vivid by a "Community Dining Room" that looks out over it, as well as retail stores, a pharmacy, and a supermarket (CTBUH Video Library, 2014). The hawker center and a two-story Medical Centre make up the mid stratum. This guarantees that older citizens have easy access to the necessities. The Internal Air Well, which is organized around a huge central courtyard, serves to cool the plaza while also providing daylight and natural ventilation. Finally, at the top stratum, a new ground level in the sky is introduced. With child and elder care facilities, rooftop farming on sky decks, and senior studio homes, an intimate yet elevated inclusive "Community Park" brings the young and elderly together. Photovoltaic panels are visible on the higher units, allowing for renewable energy generation. Kampong Admiralty envisioned as a kampong village in the sky, evokes the idea of a bigger community actively engaging with one another, resulting in a tropically-inspired design for urban communal spaces. ALIFF ISKANDAR
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Adabtability - Next 21 The NEXT21 project is a one-of-a-kind example of experimental housing based on a very individualized lifestyle in the setting of high urban density and Osaka Gas Company's commitment to resource conservation. The structure is designed on two primary building systems and dwelling concepts: Building Systems The term "building system" refers to a structure made up of a number of subsystems separated by age and manufacturing lines (structure, cladding, infill, and plumbing). Two-Stage Housing The term "two-stage" refers to the division of a building's housing into two categories: frame (permanent. shared infrastructure) and infill (temporary. shared infrastructure) (shorter, individual property). Exterior panel replacements can be done without the need of scaffolding from the inside. Building systems are structures that employ ways to alter specific components of the building systems, such as the main structure, external walls, and windows. In practical terms, the NEXT12 project is a very adaptable architectural system. The outside walls, bathroom, and toilet, as well as a garden, are separated into four groups based on the requirements of each component and manufacturing line, and then created as a separate module system, allowing the outer walls, bathroom, and toilet, as well as a garden, to be relocated.
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4.3 Schedule of Accommodations The Urban Kampung Schedule of Accommodation
Location
Kampung Puah Lembah, Jalan Sungai, Setapak, 53000, Kuala Lumpur.
Coordinate
3.1971° N, 101.7041° E
Building Classification
Integrated Public Devolopment
Land Area
8 Acres
Building Zone
Residential Zone
Plot Ratio
1 : 10
Authorities
Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL)
Tower Block
7 Tower Block
Storey
6 Storeys for each tower block
Parking
Covered Parking
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The Urban Kampung Schedule of Accommodation
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The Urban Kampung Schedule of Accommodation
Total Area GFA: 192,645 sqft
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Chapter Summary The following are a few highlights from this chapter: In the heart of a contemporary metropolis like Kuala Lumpur, the precedent study illustrates the relationship of integrated public spaces with vertical living while maintaining the uniqueness of Malaysian Living Tradition. The author should use the project brief as a guide to the design theoretical framework. The schedule of accommodation was created from eight key parts in order to accommodate building programmes that react to the environment of the site as well as the design thesis' demands.
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05 Design Development Design Development is a step in the process that requires all decisions to be assessed for their feasibility and implementation. The next step is design development, which is when decisions are taken and thoughts are turned into actions. Schematic design is all about putting ideas on paper that express the programming goals while also fitting inside the constraints set by site planning. Design development hones these ideas into actual and concrete alternatives, whereas schematic design concentrates on broad aims and broader concepts.
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5.1 Design Concept The Kampung Spirit Kampung meaning village in the Malay language. Kampung spirit is a culture that refers to neighborly spirit rooted in the country’s humble past. It often refers to a sense of community where everybody looks out for each other. Good things are shared, and burdens are carried together. Yet it is more than that. Kampung spirit is also about connecting with nature. It is an unspoken honor code and a way of living that values simple joys and being in the moment. Kampung's spirit is a positive attitude. It is a value that reflects the living tradition of the nation. The term can be misleading. It makes some people assume that the kampung spirit making us moving backward from the advancement of the modernday era. The idea of this concept is to experiment and innovate by integrating the Kampung spirit into the modern residential building that has lost the sense of togetherness and poor social interaction that are not reflecting our uniqueness of tradition and culture of living.
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5.2 Design Development Site Planning The entire scheme's site planning (masterplan) is a detailed building program for the three zones. The resident's car park, residents drop-off area, visitors car park, visitors drop-off area, two loading bays, utility area, service road, and retention pond are all located on the ground floor. The first-floor level has all of the community facilities. Centre Plaza, Surau, Warung, Commercial Area, Dry and Wet Market, Community Hall, Public Toilet, Classroom, Tadika and Taska, Recreational Area including Futsal Court, Swimming Pool, and Children Playground. Every corner of the facility has a wakaf or sitting place where people may socialize with one another.
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Massing Diagram
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Ground Floor
First Floor
Housing Block
Devided into several Block
Vista
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Design Approach
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Chapter Summary There are a few summarizations from this chapter: The site's strengths, limitations, possibilities, and dangers were addressed in the synthesis and site planning. This activity aims to maximise good results while minimising negative ones. The massing shape, which follows the site planning methods, was driven by the design idea. Analyze the kampung's value and regenerate spatial organisation design would aid in the achievement of the thesis's goals. The design schematic developments show the initial layout planning of future kampung.
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06 Final Design This chapter depicts the project's final design, which included space zoning, function flow in the Kampung structure, and essential drawings to describe size, space utilisation, and link to the surrounding setting, among other things. Diagrams and views were used to project the project's understanding, allowing for a better visual representation of Urban Kampung.
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6.1 Zoning of the urban kampung
HB
Type A Unit Tipe B Unit Type C Unit Shared Garden
2F
Classroom Area Taska Area Tadika Area Herbs Garden Swimming Pool
1F
GF
Open Plaza Warung Area Surau Area Shoplot Area Wet & Dry Market Community Hall Moreh Hall Storage Area Futsal Area Playground Area Multipurpose Hall Herb Garden Goat Pen Area
Grand Staircase DropOff Area Residents Car Park Visitors Drop Off Area Visitors Car Park Loading Bay TNB Chamber Refuse Chamber Water Tank Room Hose reel Tank Room Pump Rooms Retention Pond
Figure 6.1: Exploded massing diaggram
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03 01
01
02
02
03
Ground Floor Plan
Not to scale
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6.2 Basic Drawings of the Project Figure 6.2 shows perspective view towards the open plaza area which function as a centre stage for community activity such as traditional performing arts stage, open area for Wayang pacak event, senior citizen morning excercise area and etc. the open plaza are connected directly to the warung area and located at the centre of the building connected the east side to the west side of the building.
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Figure 6.3: Perspective view towards warung
Figure 6.3 & Figure 6.4 Perspective View Towards Warung area. The warung area is the area where the resident spent the most of their time together.
Figure 6.4: Perspective view towards warung
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Figure 6.5: Perspective view towards children playground and surrounded with wakaf area for sitting and family picnic area that can be use by the residents and visitors.
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Figure 6.6: Perspective view towards futsal court from the sitting area located alongside the futsal court and the river.
Figure 6.5: Perspective view towards futsal court from the Open Plaza area. On the left of the picture is the ramp that link to the second floor where the educational area located.
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03
01
01
02
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03
First Floor Plan
02
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03
01
02
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03
Second Floor Plan
02
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Typical Plan of House Unit
Figure 6.6 Perspective view of aerial view of south side of the proposed urban kampung
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Section 01 not to scale
Section 02 not to scale
Section 03 not to scale
Sectional drawings illustrate the distribution of areas on a human scale based on the function of each zoning space. Due to the space necessary for growing tall trees, the Farming area appears to have a larger volume.
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Figure 6.7 Perspective view towards the urban kampung from the riverside area.
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North Elevation not to scale
South Elevation not to scale
West Elevation not to scale
East Elevation not to scale
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Fire Staircase | To ensure all places are available to have an escape route ALIFF ISKANDAR
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Electrical | Electrical point from the TNB station as planned in the master plan ALIFF ISKANDAR
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Water | Using pump to pump the water to the water tank at the top of the building and from there the water supply depend on the natural gravity. ALIFF ISKANDAR
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Service Link |There are two loading bay provided. one is for the commercial area and the other one is for the use of warung area. ALIFF ISKANDAR
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Elevator | every two block shared the same core of elevator. and 1 elevator are located at the surau area for transporting jenazah to the ground level. ALIFF ISKANDAR
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02
01
01. Roof Garden Detail
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02. Gable Roof Detail
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Roof Rafter
01
Roof Support Structure
02 03
RC concrete Beam
04 Primary & Secondary Columnt joint
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Architectural Maquette
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Architectural Maquette
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Architectural Maquette
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Architectural Maquette
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07 Special Studies This chapter shows the special studies that are significant for this project. The analysis and synthesis for specific cases have been done to achieve the objectives and enhance the purpose of the urban kampung. diagrams in this chapter will help to understand better the application of each system mentioned in this chapter
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7.1 Goat Pen Design Consideration There is a significant requirement to be addressed in order to build a suitable goat enclosure. There are many different sorts of goat pen designs, and this study may aid in determining which form of goat enclosure is best for development.
General Considerations for goat housing.
Site Location Facilities should be built on locations that are high and well-drained. The open side of a three-sided shelter should be facing south, away from the prevailing wind. For deliveries and manure handling, the barn should be conveniently accessible. Water and electricity should be able to be installed on the location. Space requirement
Floor space requirement
Feeding and watering space requirement
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Elevated Floor Shed This sort of goat housing is very useful in areas with a lot of rain and flooding. This is a proposal for raised goat housing. This sort of shed is clean and sanitary because goat dung drains off the floor and the shed stays dry at all times, and goats don't like damp floors, therefore this form of shed is goat-friendly.
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Floor Material
Wooden slatted floor Elevated shelters 4 to 6 feet above the ground also utilize this sort of wooden slatted floor. It's made especially for lightweight animals like goats and lambs. Long wooden strips are utilized in sheds and are installed at a half-inch spacing, as seen in the image, where all of the goats' excrement and urine goes down to be composted as fertilizer.
Plastic slatted floor Plastic slatted floors may be found almost anyplace. It's made specifically for goat farming. It's utilized in raised structures that are 4 to 6 feet from the ground. In this sort of floor, all dung and urine drain from the area, leaving the floor dry and sanitary 24 hours a day. Goats prefer to live in a dry environment, and this sort of floor appeals to them.
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7.2 Retention pond Retention ponds are ponds or pools with extra storage capacity meant to slow down surface runoff during heavy rains. They are made out of a permanent pond with landscaped borders and surrounds that give additional storage capacity during heavy rains. They are made by digging a new depression, utilizing an existing natural depression, or building embankments. Existing natural water bodies should not be used because of the possibility of contamination events and lower water quality disrupting/damaging the system's natural ecosystem. By providing additional storage capacity to hold the runoff and release it at a regulated rate, retention ponds can provide both stormwater attenuation and water quality treatment. By holding surface drainage and gently releasing it once the risk of floods has gone, ponds may be built to regulate runoff from all storms. Each rainstorm's runoff is captured and cleaned in the pond. Pollutant removal is aided by the retention period and still water, while aquatic vegetation and biological absorption processes provide further treatment. Retention ponds have a high capability for removing urban contaminants and improving surface runoff quality.
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Ponds should contain the following zones: a sediment forebay or other form of upstream pre-treatment system (i.e. as part of an upstream management train of sustainable drainage components) a permanent pool which will remain wet throughout the year and is the main treatment zone a temporary storage volume for flood attenuation, created through landscaped banks to the permanent pool a shallow zone or aquatic bench which is a shallow area along the edge of the permanent pool to support wetland planting, providing ecology, amenity and safety benefits.
An emergency spillway for safe overflow when storage capacity is exceeded, maintenance access, a safety bench, and appropriate landscaping should all be included in the pond design. Ponds that are well-designed and managed may provide aesthetic, amenity, and ecological value to the urban landscape, especially when they are part of public open areas. Along their coastline, they are intended to sustain emergent and submerged aquatic plants. Through appropriate landscape design, they may be efficiently incorporated into parks.
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8.0 Conclusion The three major objectives of the Urban Kampung project have been adequately addressed: architecture, socio-culture, and environment. From an architectural standpoint, this project has taken the qualities of traditional dwellings and integrated them into urban living. The integration of communal spaces has improved social contact between neighbors, and the approach of replicating the Kampung atmosphere and structures into vertical living has solved the issue of social culture's aim.
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The absence of vegetation in this region was remedied by improving the infrastructure of the urban kampung with a fruit and herb garden surrounding the building compound. The construction of the new retention pond has helped to restore the richness of the area's flora and wildlife while also tackling the area's flooding problem.
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9.0 References
Muhammad, S. A. (2012). The relationship between the royal socio-culture and the residence palaces in Kedah. Xiaoping Zhuang, Yong Yao and Jun (Justin) Li (2019). “Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism on Residents of World Cultural Heritage Sites in China” Fangzheng Li, Wei Zheng, Yu Wang, Junhui Liang, Shuang Xie, Shiyi Guo, Xiong Li and Changming Yu (2019). “Urban Green Space Fragmentation and Urbanization: A Spatiotemporal Perspective.” Urbanization and Water Quality. (n.d.). USGS Saving for a Changing World. Retrieved June 27, 2021, from https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-scienceschool/science/urbanization-and-water-quality?qt-science_center_objects=0#qtscience_center_objects Robert I. McDonald, Peter J. Marcotullio and Burak Güneralp (2013). “Urbanization and Global Trends in Biodeversity and Ecosystem Services.” Retention Ponds | Natural Water Retention Measures. (n.d.). Natural Water Retention Measures. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from http://nwrm.eu/measure/retention-ponds? order=field_nwrm_benefits_2&sort=asc Average Weather in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Year Round - Weather Spark. (n.d.). Weather Spark. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from https://weatherspark.com/y/113829/Average-Weather-in-Kuala-Lumpur-Malaysia-YearRound Housing of sheep and goats. (n.d.). Agritech. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/sheepgoat/Housing%20of%20sheep%2 0and%20goats.html#gen Kuala Lumpur City Hall (2019). Town Planning Department, KL STRUCTURE PLAN 2040 file:///C:/Users/Del/Downloads/2%20KLSP2040%20FULL%20(ENG)v2.pdf
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9.0 References
Kuala Lumpur Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). (n.d.). World Population Review. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from https://worldpopulationreview.com/worldcities/kuala-lumpur-population Wind Rose Kuala Lumpur. (n.d.). Meteoblue. Retrieved July https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/archive/windrose/kualalumpur_malaysia_1735161
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5,
2021,
from
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10.0 Appendices
Final Presentation Board
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