.. . . PAPER 2 Writing PAPER 3 Use of English
Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
PAPER 4 listening PAPER 5 Speaking
Where was he? Sally (1)
the living room anxiously,
unable to keep still. How
would he take the news? Would he be angry? She doubted it, but then nor would he be over the (2) He might be pleased at first, then worry about how they were going to cope. How wouldthey cope? She (3) her hands in desperation. Why did it have to happen now, just when he was about to (4) on his PhD? She was supposed to work and support them both while he studied. Two years later and it would have been wonderful! But now? The key turned in the lock and she (5) round, her heart thumping. 'Hi, love: he said, as he came through the door. Then he saw her face and stopped dead in his (6) 'What's wrong?' There was nothing for it but to tell him. 'We're going to have a baby: she said simply. 1 2 3 4
A A A A A
stalked meadow wrapped endeavour swirled
5 6 A steps
B B B B B
paced hill shook embark rolled B tracks
C C C C C C
wandered top wrung depart coiled
D D D D D
marched moon clasped undertake
place
D feet
spun
To those of you who are pragmatic and have your feet firmly (7) on the ground, the Chinese art of feng shui may sound like just another bohemian (8) to be scoffed at. In fact, if you (9) with the philosophy, you will see that feng shui really does provide practical solutions to the problem of clutter in your life by encouraging you to reconsider your relationship with your surroundings. You are probably reluctant to part with mementos, yet this unwillingness (10) creates a connection with the past that prevents you from moving on, and your路 home atmosphere becomes (11) By teaching you to clear away clutter and create a fresh atmosphere in your home, feng shui brings a sense of harmony to your environment and so enhances your personal life. That (12) , you may then discover that you are less sceptical of the philosophy behind it. 7
A attached
8 A fad 9 10 11 12
A A A A
discard subconsciously torpid said
B B B B B B
rooted phase dispel unwittingly immobile done
C C C C C C
placed habit
D planted D whim
despatch unerringly stale won
D D D D
dispense indefinitely inactive finished
To many people, the ability to draw seems inexplicable, an innate talent reserved only for the chosen few. For this reason artists are usually revered, sometimes undeservedly so. That is not to (13) their admirable ability, but they themselves do little to dispel the mystery surrounding the skill of drawing. For skill it is: one which can be taught and learnt when you go (14) it in the right way. If you ask an artist how she draws so well, she is (15) to say, 'Well, I just look at something and draw what I see.' This naturally does nothing to help the uninitiated and the mystery is (16) Yet on reflection, the artist's words define the process of drawing precisely, (17) simplistically. For the secret of drawing lies in the artist's ability to see - not so much what she sees, but how she sees it. It is the art teacher's job, then, to teach students how to change their way of looking at things, and the student in turn must learn to adjust her (18) of things.
13 14 15 16 17 18
A A A A A A
degrade around prone
B belittle B about B predisposed
perpetuated even though conception
B continued B nevertheless B revelation
C C C C C C
defame over loathe extended albeit perception
D D D D D D
besmear through liable disseminated all the same vision
PAPER 2 Writing PAPER 3 Use of English
You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with robots. For questions 19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
PAPER 4 Listening PAPER 5 Speaking
Fancy creating your very own Ronaldinho? Well, before long, you may be able to do just that. Simply sign up for RoboCup. RoboCup is the nickname for an international scientific project called the Robot World Cup Initiative. Inspired by the idea of using football as a means of promoting science and technological development, the project organisers have set an ultimate goal of building a robotic football team that will be able to beat the human World Cup winners by the year 2050. Teams are becoming increasingly competitive in their endeavours to create humanoid footballers, and the annual RoboCup World Championships play host to robotic designs at the cutting edge of artificial intelligence technology. RoboCup Junior, an offshoot of the project designed for schools, has also witnessed some innovative designs from budding young scientists around the globe. The question is: 路can RoboCup's goal realistically be achieved by 2050? The organisers admit it's a tall order, but argue that it is nevertheless feasible. After all, there was only a matter of fifty years between the first flight by aeroplane and the first moon landing. So it would be folly to dismiss out of hand the possibility of a world class robot football team beating the human champions by 2050. For now, though, my money remains firmly on the real Ronaldinho.
19 The RoboCup project was launched A to advertise the use of artificial intelligence
technology
in football.
B to help children create a robotic football team by the year 2050. C to promote products created using robotics and artificial intelligence. D to provide incentives for progress in artificial intelligence and robotics.
20 How does the writer appear to feel abut the ultimate RoboCup challenge? A B C D
amused but dismissive enthusiastic and optimistic interested but sceptical scornful and disbelieving
Home Help Maid to Measure • Having problems organising your day? • Need someone to wake you up in the morning without bending your ear? • Ever feel you would benefit from having your PA available on a 24-hour basis? Problem solved! Meet Wendy, the no-fuss, no-nonsense personal assistantof your dreams, Friendlyand reliable, she will remind you of the day's appointments or inform you of the latest news or weather forecast discreetly and without lumbering you with the usual emotional baggage, Thisis because this little lady isa robot, The latest in state-of-the-art robotic design by Won Industries,Wendy can be programmed to suit your needs, Her inbuilt link to the Internet enables her to record phone messages and incoming e-mails, while an alarm system is programmed to contact emergency services in case of an accident or fire in the home, Speech recognition software permits her to recognise up to six people, and she can respond to programmed spoken requests quickly and effectively, And of course, after the initial outlay, maintenance relatively low,
costs are
So, what are you waiting for? Call your local Won representative today to learn more, You won't regret it!
21 Which feature of the robot does the advertisement A its loquacity B its succinctness C its austerity D its reticence
22 Who does the advertisement A B C D
emphasise?
seem to be targeting? business executives who lead busy social lives professional people who live alone and need help anyone who can afford the luxury of such a product career women with pressing family commitments
Home Help Maid to Measure • Having problems organising your day? • Need someone to wake you up in the morning without bending your ear? • Ever feel you would benefit from having your PA available on a 24-hour basis? Problem solved! Meet Wendy, the no-fuss, no-nonsense personal assistantof your dreams, Friendlyand reliable, she will remind you of the day's appointments or inform you of the latest news or weather forecast discreetly and without lumbering you with the usual emotional baggage, Thisis because this little lady is a robot, The latest in state-of-the-art robotic design by Won Industries,Wendy can be programmed to suit your needs, Her Inbuilt link to the Internet enables her to record phone messages and incoming e-mails, while an alarm system is programmed to contact emergency services in case of an accident or fire In the home, Speech recognition software permits her to recognise up to six people, and she can respond to programmed spoken requests quickly and effectively, And of course, after the initial outlay, maintenance relatively low,
costs are
So, what are you waiting for? Call your local Won representative today to learn more, You won't regret it!
21 Which feature of the robot does the advertisement A its loquacity B its succinctness C its austerity o its reticence
22 Who does the advertisement
emphasise?
seem to be targeting? A business executives who lead busy social lives B professional people who live alone and need help C anyone who can afford the luxury of such a product o career women with pressing family commitments
Introducing Robo-Doc In an endeavour to ease the pressure on senior doctors and surgeons, who are often required to divide their time between two or three hospitals, scientists have developed a medical robot that will be able to cover ward rounds. The Remote Presence Robot (RP6) allows a patient immediate access to a surgeon or consultant anywhere in the world. The specialist, controlling the robot with a remote control joystick, is able to examine a patient via a screen on the robot's 'face', view X-rays, records and test results, and give advice to other medical staff, even though he or she cannot be physically present. In Britain, the RP6 robots are being trialled at St Mary's Hospital, London. Heading the project is Professor Sir Ara Darzi, Head of the Division of Surgery, Anaesthetics and Intensive Care at Imperial College London and a practising surgeon at St Mary's. In a news release announcing the start of the trials earlier this year, he stated: 'This is a revolutionary concept which opens new avenues for telemedicine research and integrates technology with healthcare at a grass roots level, increasing the interface between patients, clinicians and teaching staff.'
The trial also includes a study to assess how patients respond to the robot and to evaluate the potential for further developments.
23
Why is the robot scheme beneficial to both doctors and patients? A It enables specialists to examine patients physically and provide a diagnosis from a distance. B It saves specialists time and provides patients with instant support. C It enables staff to treat patients effectively from a distance. D Patients are able to seek the advice of any medical expert day or night anywhere in the world.
24
What does Professor Darzi mean when he says that the scheme 'integrates technology with healthcare at a grass roots level'? A Technology can playa direct role in the practical treatment of all patients. B Medicine combined with technology can offer effective healthcare. C Technology provides medical experts treating patients with a bedside manner. D Healthcare experts can make use of technology
to help them form diagnoses.
He was lying face down in the dark, a heavy object pinning him to the floor. Breathing was difficult and movement was impossible. What had happened? An explosion? An earthquake? Had the house collapsed? Jenny! Was she alright? He had to get out ... had to find her ... Pain seared through his chest and everything went black. A low, whirring sound reached his ear and he stirred. Had he left the mixer on? No, that was absurd! Even ifhe had, it wouldn't be working now. His mind must be playing tricks on him. He wondered how long he had been lying there. At that moment, a dull red glow lit up in front of his face and he found himself staring into what looked like a miniature camera stuck on the end of a probe. It was surreal; he had to be dreaming! The camera paused for a minute as if registering his presence, then backed away, and the whirring sound gradually receded, silence falling around him like a blanket. He felt nauseous again. Wait! Was that another sound? The weight above him shifted and he cried out in pain. 'Here's someone, Stan! In here!' yelled a voice above him. 'The robot actually did it! Get over here. Now!' He'd been found! He was safe! But what was that about a robot?
25 The man thought
he must be dreaming because
A of the incongruity of what he could see. B he imagined he could see a camera.
e o
of the fact that he was hallucinating. he was bewildered by the light.
26 We can infer from the text that A the man is married to Jenny. B the man is the first survivor to be found by the robot.
e o
Jenny had been cooking when disaster struck. Stan is the robot's operator.
You are going to read an extract from a novel. Seven paragraphs have been
PAPER3 Use of English
removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
PAPER4 Listening PAPER 5 Speaking
School Tie The bus journey seemed interminably long. It was a warm day for March and the atmosphere inside the bus was stifling. My crisp new uniform felt like a straitjacket, the infuriating scarlet tie round my neck threatening to choke me. Ties! We have to wear a tie to school, in this day and age? An outrage, an abomination! My aesthetic senses were affronted.
[E]~
_
'Let's see you do it, then, mother! I mean women wear them all the time, don't they? So it's natural that their daughters should wear them to schoo!!' Sarcasm remained my strongest weapon against my patient, care-worn mother. Frustrated, I tore the offensive object from my neck and threw it unceremoniously on the floor. 'Just another yoke around our necks to force us to submit to their authority!' ~------------
'Come on, dear. It's not so bad. It's only a uniform, and you'll look so smart.' My mother always tried to avert potential head-on collisions between my father and me. 'I'm not wearing it! And I'm not going to that crummy school! Why did we have to move? Why couldn't dad have stayed where he was?' I ranted on, relentless, fighting back angry tears, lamenting the injustice of the situation forced upon me. ~------------
With the benefit of hindsight, of course, I realise that she was undoubtedly the person who suffered most from that move. It had been thrust upon her just as much as on us children, and had rocked her world too. She had been happy with her life, her circle of friends, her daily routine. Suddenly, she too found herself in an alien environment, keenly aware not only of her own problems in readjusting, but of those of her offspring as well. ~------------
That I was the focus of some speculation was understandable. A new girl starting in the middle of the school year was bound to arouse interest. It boded change - of both a demographic nature in the classroom and a geographical one, for where would I sit? And beyond that, a readjustment in the social dynamics of the group, a potential reshuffle m hierarchy.
QTI~----------Sinking lower in my seat, I silently cursed my father's appalling timing in being relocated, thus bringing upon his daughter anguish and embarrassment for the second time in six months. Was the youngest member ofthe family suffering the same humiliation? I doubted it. Sporting an equally crisp new uniform, with an equally constrictive tie, but seemingly unaware of it, my sibling had casually strolled off to school that morning as if it were no big deal.
QI]~----------'Hello.' A voice close to my ear broke through my jumbled thoughts and returned me abruptly to the present. It seemed that one of the girls could contain her curiosity no longer. 'What's your name?' I struggled against an urge to be sick, forcing down the lump in my throat, and eyed her suspiciously. Staring at me was an open, fun-loving face, with eyes that sparkled with mischief. It showed potential. At least she was making an effort. I had to give her that.
[EJ
_
The content of that first conversation escapes me now. All that remains is the feeling of relief I enjoyed as the knot of fear and embarrassment that had been churning in my stomach gradually dissipated, and even my tie seemed to loosen its stranglehold on my throat. I began to breathe normally again and the prospect of entering a new phase in my life no longer seemed so dark and terrifYing.
A The egocentricity of youth often prevents us from perceiving the pain of others. So concerned are we with our own feelings, we believe that no one can be suffering with the same intensity as ourselves. In the emotional turmoil caused by the upheaval of moving house and changing school, of having my world turned upside down, I failed to even consider, let alone comprehend, the pressures upon my parents. Rather, I callously blamed them for the situation, and as usual, mother bore the brunt of my rage. B My mother thought I was overreacting, as always. 'Ever the drama-drawers!' she would say, exasperatedly. 'Everything is of major importance when it concerns you. Think of your father for once! It's not easy for him, either. Don't be so difficult!' C The root of my present discomfort lay in the fact that my new classmates were being about as subtle as a couple of sledgehammers, standing up in their seats and peering over at me, then falling back and giggling at some not very private joke concerning my appearance. D 'What kind of establishment are you sending me to this time?' I had berated my mother. It had taken me an age to learn how to do the tie up, standing in front of the mirror, with my father ostensibly showing me how. He soon despaired of my miserable efforts, however, patience not being one of his strong points.
E Sitting there sweltering on that bus, however, the tie now neatly in place - my father had seen to that - understanding and compassion were beyond me as I cursed my misfortune in being forced to change school again. I stared mournfully out of the window and desperately tried to ignore the sniggering and whispering from the seat behind mine. F While the other girls tittered inanely in the background, we made our first connection. So imprisoned did I feel in my isolation, exiled on the island of that lonely seat, the space next to me taunting me with its emptiness, that this gesture, this reaching out felt like a lifeline pulling me back to civilisation. G Peter generally went through life with an air of polite aloofness. Unperturbed by emotional attachments, seemingly untroubled by fear, insecurity or self-doubt - all of which clouded my own troubled, adolescent mind - he drifted into new environments and new experiences cushioned by an inherent sense of self-assurance. How I envied him! H I was full of such proclamations at that age, much to my parents' consternation. I wore them out with grand statements on independence and free thinking. 'Frank and outspoken' were comments frequently made by the teachers at my previous school, euphemisms, no doubt, for 'pig-headed and contrary'. My comment on the present state of affairs caused my father's face to go a dangerous shade of red.
You are going to read an article about music. For questions 34-40, choose the answer lA, B, C or 0) which you think fits best according to the text.
PAPER 3 Use of English PAPER 4 Listening PAPER 5 Speaking
I
maginea locked room in which a person sits alone staring into space.There is nothing to look at. Most of the world is stripped away.Except for sounds. But these sounds resemble nothing heard before. They lack all similarity to experience and any reference to surroundings. Now imagine that those sounds - heard for the first time - are the sounds of a Beethoven symphony. What would that disembodied ear and mind make of them? How much would be understood? In recent decades such a situation would have been considered artificial, abstract and irrelevant. What kind of musical understanding can grow out of this kind of isolation, lacking the expectations provided by the knowledge of a style and lacking some sense of historical and political context? To understand music, we have been taught, that room has to be unlocked, the windows open and the world fully engaged. But now the emphasis may be changing. The appeal of a more abstract way of thinking about music may be growing. There is a search for timeless laws and principles; it may be that something can be learned from the listener in the locked room. A new field, for example, sometimes called biomusicology, is preoccupied with how music affects the brain. What regions of the brain respond to changes in harmony or melody? Is there a single region that makes sense of music? Is there a difference between the way neurons react to frequency differences in speech (intonation) and frequency differences in pitch (melody)? In such research the contingencies of culture and history are often stripped away.The foundations of musical perception are sought, as are the biological laws that make music a human universal. This change in emphasis may also be contributing to a renewed interest in the relationship bet:\veen music and mathematics. For all of music's deep connections to human experience and social life, music is also similar to mathematics in important respects, as ancient philosophical and musical texts insist. Harmony and counterpoint, after all, are sonic reflections of ratio and number. Musical languages seem to possess their own premises and laws. And a coherent and elegantly phrased composition can display the beauty and inevitability of a mathematical proof. Mathematicians and musicians have long had reciprocal interests. For a time, though, such musical idealism became something of an eccentricity.
But more recently seminars in music and mathematics have been proliferating at universities. Last autumn Oxford University Press published an anthology, 'Music and Mathematics: From Pythagoras to Fractals'. What sort of picture of musical understanding is taking shape with this renewed interest? Much of the brain research is teasingly inconclusive. Every effort to examine the effects 0 single musical variables - pitch, metre, harmony inadvertently shows just how much more music is than the sum of its parts. Despite attempts to identity a particular musical region of the brain, for example, Dr Tramo, director the Institute for Music and Brain Science at Harvar University, has shown that many regions are active when musi is heard: even motor areas of the brain can become actiw though the body might be at rest. The relationship bet:\veen music and language is also complex. The Russian composer Vissarion Shelabin continue"; to write music for a decade after a stroke in 1953 damaged lis speech and language understanding. In one classic study, braindamaged patients could identity instruments and wrong no : but could not recognise melodies. Some acoustic phenome:::- say variations in pitch - are interpreted differently \yhe heard in music and in speech. A recent paper on the tone-dC'.,.:by researchers who included Aniruddh D. Patel at .• Neurosciences Institute in San Diego shows that while su :: individuals may have no trouble discriminating intonations ::: speech, they are stymied by sliding musical imitations of th :~ intonations. Sonic events may be experienced differently when ( ~ become part of music. This is where that locked room becOl~~ so suggestive. We have all been in the position of that abs listener, particularly when hearing music of an alien culture -: the first time that can at first seem like little more than rand _ sounds. But music has a power unique among forms of h communication: it can teach itself. Gradually, over repea:~.:. hearings, without the use of a dictionary or any reference' the world outside, music shows how it is to be understood. -=----. listener begins to hear patterns, repeated motifs and chant> : _ metre and realises that sounds have punctuation, that p are being manipulated, transformed and recombined. Nothing else is quite like this self-contained, self-teac world. Music may be the ultimate self-revealing code; it car: . comprehended in a locked room. This is one reason ,,"connections with mathematics are so profound. Though requires reference to the world, it too proceeds by no similarities and variations in patterns, in contemplatin" ' structure of abstract systems. Mathematics is done the music is understood.
0:
34
Why does the writer mention the Beethoven symphony
in the second
paragraph? A to illustrate that certain kinds of music do not make sense when heard in isolation B to emphasise the difference between a well-known
piece of music and music
e
that has never been heard before to demonstrate that music needs to be related to the outside world in order to
o
be appreciated to speculate what it would sound like to a person with no previous experience of this kind of music
35 What preconception
about musical thinking is now under question? A that music has to be heard in a suitable environment in order to be understood B that an understanding of music depends on the listener's cultural conditioning that people lack the historical and cultural background to make sense of
e
o 36
music that our knowledge
of music is essentially abstract and artificial
Biomusicology A is the study of how the brain understands and reacts to music. B examines the relationship between language and music. is the study of how neurons react to language and music. o examines which regions of the brain respond to changes in intonation.
e
37
According to the writer, the patterns in a musical composition A illustrate the connection between philosophy and mathematics. B can only be understood in a mathematical context.
e o
can be compared to the patterns studied in mathematics. no longer express the range of human experience.
38 Research indicates A that the relationship between music and the mind is unexpectedly complex. B that several areas of the brain respond exclusively to music. that when the listener is in motion, certain areas of the brain are activated. o that pitch, metre and harmony stimulate all parts of the brain.
e
39 Studies have also shown that some people with brain damage A can tell the difference between notes and intonations in speech. B are unable to distinguish or identify specific tunes. are unable to recognise notes played on certain instruments. o fail to notice when a musician strikes a wrong note.
e
40
In the last paragraph, the writer suggests that A music can only be successfully interpreted in a locked room. B ultimately music can be appreciated in any context. we understand music in the same way that we approach mathematics. o the brain responds to music in the same way it responds to language.
e
You must answer this question. Write your answer in 300-350 words in an appropriate style.
PAPER 3 Use of English PAPER 4 Listening PAPER 5 Speaking
1 Your school debating society recently held a debate on the use of mobile phones in school. The following comments were made by members:
Instead of paying attention in class, some students send text messages to each other.
Working parents find them useful because they can contact their child about an unexpected change of plans.
They are disruptive and intrusive and serve no real purpose in school.
Students run up huge mobile phone bills.
You were also present at the debate and have decided to write an article on the topic for the school newspaper based on the points raised, and adding your own comments.
Write an answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Write your answer in 300-350 words in an appropriate style.
PAPER 3 PAPER 4 Listening PAPER 5 Speaking
2 You are a member of the teaching staff at a secondary school for children aged 12-16. The school principal has asked the staff to put forward proposals for the annual school day trip. Possibilities include a water park, a zoo or a science museum. You should consider each one in terms of its suitability, level of interest and potential educational value for the students, and suggest which destination would be the most appropriate.
3 A computer
magazine you subscribe to is conducting
a survey on computer
games and has asked readers to send in reviews of new games on the market. You have decided to write about a game you acquired recently, describing its features, what you like and dislike about it, and whether you think it will have lasting popularity.
4 You have recently read an article in your local newspaper about the decline of public libraries. The article claimed that they were being superseded by the Internet. You feel this view is narrow-minded and unrealistic, and have decided to write a letter to the newspaper expressing your opinion.
PAPER 1 Reading For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).
PAPER2 writing
PAPER4 Listening PAPER 5 Speaking
Part Part Part Part
2 3 4 5
Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.
Constituting
the largest organ (0)
area of between
the body, the skin boasts a surface
1.5 and 2 square metres
(1)
in adults.
of two main layers which
subcutaneous
fat. The outer layer, (2)
made up of keratinocytes, protein
is responsible
for (4)
is largely the
(6)
lies the dermis, which is about four (7)
. thicker than
is the 'powerhouse'
tissues, (9)
of
of the skin's
as for keeping it waterproof.
the outer layer. (8) supporting
structure,
called because they produce
as (5)
the epidermis
as the epidermis,
(3)
keratin. This protein
durability
It has a complex
lie on top of an inner stratum
of the skin, containing
many
with blood vessels, sweat glands, hair roots
and nerve endings. Composed
of collagen fibres intertwined
(10)
.
elastic fibres, it helps to keep the skin supple. The skin is remarkable survival.
because it performs so many functions
Not only (11)
it involved
body, (12) formation
also in metabolic of vitamin
(14) and (15)
D, and the absorption
that are essential for
in the regulation
functions
of heat in the
(13)
and excretion
the
of certain substances.
this, it acts as the main defence barrier against ultraviolet invasion
by
bacteria
and
chemicals,
and
has
a talent
for
light
repairing
when minor injuries occur in the form of cuts or bruises.
PAPER 1 Reading For questions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
PAPER 2 Writing
PAPER4 PAPER5 Speaking
Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.
Part 3 Part 4 Part 5
Example:
~l
1= =I 0
DISILLUSIONED
Book of Changes I was at a difficult both
work
point in my life. Feeling (0)
and
home
(16)
life,
I
realised
by I
had
reached
The thing was, where to go from
I talked to various
friends,
whimsical
and (17)
rambling
most
of whom
soon tired
a
here? of my
One, however,
gave me a book, the contents
of which,
were to be my (19)
(18)
DECISIVE ,
CREDIBLE SALVAGE
.
Called 'The Everyday I Ching', this book (20)
the
way I look at life. 'I Ching' is Chinese for 'Book of Changes'. It was originally
written
in China centuries ago, (21)
by
King Wen and his son, and later developed philosopher (22)
Confucius,
in
order
to
by the Chinese give
people
in their daily life. As a result of increased
interest in Chinese philosophy, Sarah Dening decided to write 'The Everyday I Ching' in a (23) render
it (24)
succeeded in creating a wonderful
to
people
manner that would
FORWARD
in the
ACCESS
West.
She
self-help manual that describes
the most sensible way to deal with difficult situations, and how to learn from the experience. It certainly helped me immensely continued to give me (25)
when I needed advice, and has support since then.
5 PAPER 1 Reading PAPER2 writing
For questions 26-31, think of one word only which can be used appropriately
in all
three sentences. Here is an example {OJ.
PAPER4 Listening
Example:
o
PAPER 5 Speaking
26
27
28
29
30
•
We are setting off at first
•
She had to explain the matter to me again before I saw the
•
Some interesting
•
The importance the building.
•
I was
•
As the dog trotted across the wet cement, its paw prints were ........................ into the surface.
•
She ran up the last
•
His
•
I love to watch Canada geese in
, so please go to bed early.
new findings
have come to
.
of security was
upon them as they entered
by how well she handled those customers.
of stairs to the door of his office. from persecution
• The annual
led him to Australia. .
conference is being held in Blackpool this year.
•
The horse is going to auction, and any interested make a bid for her.
•
How can anyone
•
You're doing really well, so please
•
I try to
•
.
may
track of what's going on in this mess! it up!
up with the latest news via the Internet.
Last night's events are still
in my mind and I don't think I'll
ever forget them.
31
•
My
to see the hotel manager went unheeded, so I left in
disgust . •
This computer game is in such
that we have run out of
stock . •
All our products are half price this month, and credit is available on
5.- -. PAPER 1 Reading PAPER 2 Writing
PAPER4 Listening PAPER5 Speaking
For questions 32-39, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example:
o
He struggled to open the door. difficulty He
@] had difficulty
the door.
in opening
1=0=1
32 There have been rumours that he may become the next president. line It
for the presidency.
33 Given the rules of the competition,
they disqualified
him.
accordance He
the rules of the competition.
34 The new speed limit will be in operation from eight o'clock tomorrow
morning.
effect The new speed limit tomorrow morning.
at eight o'clock
35 If he hadn't stumbled in the second lap, he wouldn't
have lost the race.
for He
in the second lap.
36 Fancy James becoming a doctor! thought Who
become a doctor!
37 Surely they can't believe that this is one of Degas' paintings! ascribed In no way
Degas!
38 Her business is starting to suffer as a result of her involvement
in local politics.
detrimental Her involvement business.
in local politics
39 I'm not normally keen on cycling at the weekend.
in
her
PAPER 1 Reading PAPER2 Writing
For questions 40-44, read the following texts on maps. For questions 40-43, answer with a word or short phrase. For question 44, write a summary according to the instructions given.
PAPER4 Listening PAPER 5 Speaking
I like maps. Topographical maps, nautical maps, road maps, street maps; they fascinate me. Whether I am travelling across country by car or sailing across the Channel to Le Havre, I cherish the excitement involved in planning the journey, and the map plays a fundamental part in that. Pouring over the broadsheet of a road map, for instance, scrutinising the web of coloured threads depicting intertwining roads that sprawl across the page, I delight in the heated discussions that ensue regarding the pros and cons of the various routes we have at our disposal by which to reach our destination, and my mind starts drifting towards the open road, forming my own mental image of how the journey will unfold. For maps do that to us. They open the door to a myriad of possibilities connected with travel. By presenting us with those possibilities, they not only arouse our imagination, but also give us the confidence to explore further afield than the bottom of our garden. They show us the way to make contact with other places and learn about the world beyond our immediate surroundings. And although their practical usefulness is sadly ephemeral as they quickly fall victim to the new demands of an ever changing landscape, they remain precious as historical artefacts, bearing witness to the appearance of the landscape during a particular period in time, helping us to maintain a connection with roads and places of the past.
Visitors to Greece may now take advantage of a new kind of travel aid. A company called Topiography have created a series of tourist maps with a difference. They call them 'icon maps', and they provide the reader with a pictorial rendition - complete with buildings - of the street plan of the particular town or village they intend to visit. 'A map is always used for a particular purpose,' explains Dimitris Kitsos, one of the innovators. 'We decided that the best kind of tourist map is one which is both comprehensive and aesthetically pleasing to the eye, in order to stimulate the individual's desire to wander and explore. The initial idea to produce the maps on the computer proved unsuccessful and we realised that we could only get satisfactory results by combining technological skills with those of traditional artwork done by hand.' The results are impressive. Instead of the usual 'flat' grid lines showing street plans with dots to mark the position of important buildings, the icon map offers the reader a visual representation of a town, as if they were sitting atop a nearby mountain looking down on the place below. A real bird's-eye view, it gives them a genuine preview of what they are going to see. Then, the trip done, the map affords them the luxury of sustaining the mental images gained during their visit. 'Our maps aren't just guides. They are also valuable souvenirs to be kept for posterity. And for the local people, they constitute important historical evidence of an area's appearance at a particular point in time.'
42 Explain in your own words which two criteria Dimitris deems necessary to create a successful tourist map.
44 In a paragraph of 50-70 words, summa rise in your own words as far as possible the points made in both texts about the purposes of maps. Write your summary on the separate answer sheet.
,;
PAPER 1 Reading You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.
PAPER 2 Writing PAPER 3 Use of English
Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
1
When designing a chair, consideration A the manner in which you sit down. B the uses to which it will be put. C the chair's aesthetic beauty.
2
The speaker is A addressing a colleague. B giving an interview. C talking to students.
3
The woman initially thinks the driver A can't find the invoice for the order. B can't find the place of delivery. C can't find the address on the invoice.
4
The driver blames the mistake on A an employee at the warehouse. B someone at the department
store.
C the Customer Services Department.
must be given to
5
According to the speaker, testing A highlights
a teacher's shortcomings.
B encourages students to excel.
e 6
has little value for students.
The speaker implies that the examination
system in schools
A encourages pupils to humiliate their classmates. B may inhibit pupils' ability to develop.
e
7
motivates pupils to develop their minds.
What is the interviewer's
attitude towards the sailor's book?
A She is fascinated by the Vendee Globe race. B She can't fathom the magnitude
e 8
of the story.
She finds it an inspiring account of bravery.
The sailor A was in no doubt about going to rescue Roget. B was in a dilemma about going to rescue Roget.
e
was appalled by the thought of rescuing Roget.
PAPER
Reading 2
You will hear part of a lecture on the lost city of Machu Picchu in Peru. For questions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
According
to Professor Harrington,
the name Machu Picchu
ca n be tra ns Iated as
I=====================IT[] ~Q!]
I
A system of skilfully constructed
coverss the mountain's
It is unknown
slopes.
how the Incas managed to cultivate crops in the
I
The Incas' irrigation
@]ofthearea.
channels not only supplied their crops with water but also served as
There are 172 compounds
I
~~
in Machu Picchu, each built for a specific purpose,
ETIJ
and linked by 109 I
In one compound,
mortars were found, which indicates that the Incas probably
made I
~
I
here.
I~
The Incas demonstrated a deep respect for their by incorporating natural features into the design of their city.
------~
I
Historians speculate that war or killed off the inhabitants,
QZJ but no one really knows what happened.
PAPER 1 Reading PAPER2 Writing PAPER 3 Use of English
You will hear part of a radio interview with a member of a language revival action group. For questions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.
18 The bill that was recently passed by the Scottish Parliament A states that Gaelic is the official language of Scotland. B enables Gaelic to be taught in Scottish schools. C has benefited teaching in Scottish schools. D represents a victory for Philip McNair's action group.
19 One of the action group's aims is to A encourage family members to speak Gaelic at home. B provide teachers with the incentive and the means to teach in Gaelic. C recruit and train more language teachers in secondary schools. D provide Scottish schools with equipment learning.
20
for language
McNair attributes the revival of interest in Gaelic to A the success of a similar language revival campaign Wales.
in
B fears that Scottish Gaelic would suffer the same fate as Manx. C the fact that the Isle of Man now has several hundred Gaelic speakers. D the fact that Gaelic had been officially declared a dead language.
21 According to McNair, an important factor in achieving the group's goal is A the view that Gaelic is part of Scotland's cultural heritage. B the political autonomy that Scotland has finally won for itself. C the necessary backing to put ideas into practice. D the pride people take in having a strong cultural identity.
22
How does he regard the latest developments? A optimistically B stoically C impassively D fanatically
PAPER 1 Reading You will hear two costume designers, Dave and Karen, discussing their work in theatre and film. For questions 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree.
PAPER2 Writing PAPER 3 Use of English Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
Write
D
for Dave
or
K B
for Karen for Both, where they agree.
24 Film actors are less likely to be prepared than actors in the theatre.
25 You have to work hard if you want to continue to get jobs in the film industry.
28 The film industry offers greater opportunities in your field.
to develop
PAPER 1 Reading PAPER2 Writing PAPER3 Use of English
Answer these questions:
PAPER4 listening
• Do you have a special wish to do something
or go anywhere?
• If you won the lottery, what would you do with the money? • How important do you think money is?
Candidates A and B: Turn to the picture on page 138, which is a poster showing different kinds of jobs. Discuss these jobs, and say where you might expect to see the poster. You have about one minute for this. Various images were chosen to create this promotional poster for an employment centre. However, the poster was then criticised on the grounds that it was too complicated and confusing. Discuss what amendments you would make to the design of the poster, and which images you would remove or replace in order to make it more suitable. You have about three minutes for this.
Candidate A: Look at the question in the box and say what you think about it. You can use the ideas in the box if you like or add some ideas of your own. You have two minutes for this. Are the youth of today becoming too global in their attitudes? • fashion • media • food Candidate B: Is there anything you would like to add? Candidate B: Look at the question in the box and say what you think about it. You can use the ideas in the box if you like or add some ideas of your own. You have two minutes for this. Is our world getting smaller? • communication • travel • international
relations
Candidate A: Is there anything you would like to add? Candidates A and B: Now answer these questions about globalisation
in general:
• How far do you think the cinema influences young people's view of the world? • Do you think young people have a broader view of the world than they used to? • Has globalisation
improved
our tolerance of people who are different from us?
1115
_
The poster illustrates a wide range of job opportunities. It's rather overpowering/over top.
the
Its complexity detracts from the message it's trying to get across. The intended message is obscured by too much detail. It certainly gets your attention. By simplifying it a little, we could highlight/enhance ... ambition/ambitious architect caring profession catering (industry) chef civil engineer consultant cooperation communication skills dedication drive hair stylist job requirements job satisfaction laboratory assistant prospects for promotion research scientist vet veterinary assistant vocation work ethic workforce
mi. 5
news release (n) a written
(abbreviation)
Doctor of Philosophy
who have done advanced bohemian
(a degree awarded to people
research into a particular
subject)
scoff (v) to speak about something ridiculous
in a way that shows you think it is
or inadequate
(n) a lot of things in an untidy state, especially things that are
not useful or necessary (n) an object which you keep because it reminds you of a
person or a special occasion sceptical (adj) having doubts about something innate (adj) an innate quality or ability is one which a person is born dispel (v) to stop people from having an idea or feeling on reflection
(phr) after having thought
carefully
sears a part of your body, it causes a painful
burning feeling there whirr (v) to make a series of low sounds so quickly that they seem like one continuous
sound
surreal (adj) if you describe something are combined
as surreal, the elements
in a strange way that you would not normally
in it
expect,
like in a dream shift (v) to move slightly
interminable (adj) continuing stifling (adj) extremely hot
about something
(n) an informal
name for someone act or statement
straitjacket
or something
initiative
(n) an important
problem ultimate
" (adj) used to describe the final result or aim of a long senes
that is intended to solve a
of events endeavour
(n) an attempt to do something,
especially
something
new
or original humanoid
(adj) having human characteristics
for an uncomfortably
activity, you are involved developments artificial intelligence
in its most important
(n) computer
technology
making machines work in an intelligent
field of
or most exciting which is concerned
. with
way, similar to the way that
the human mind works offshoot (n) something that has developed
from another thing
(adj) starting to succeed or become interested
in business or
art
long time
which is very difficult
feasible (adj) if something
is feasible, it can be done, made or
action or way of behaving
out of hand (phr) if you dismiss something
out of hand, you do so
immediately
or accepting
and do not consider believing
bend someone's
it
ear (phr) make someone feel tired by talking to them
a lot lumber with (phr v) if you lumber someone with something,
you force
them to deal with it or take care of it even though they do not want to and this annoys them emotional baggage (phr) someone's or prejudices state-of-the-art
emotional
(adj) the best available
using the most modern techniques
problems,
fixed ideas
because it has been made
and technology
(adj) if a feature of a machine or device is inbuilt, the feature
has been part of the machine or device since it was made outlay (n) the amount of money that you have to spend in order to buy something
or start a project
round (n) if you do your round, you make a series of visits to different
outrage
(n) an act or event which someone finds very shocking
abomination affront
unceremoniously somewhere
(adv) if something
unacceptable
submit
is removed,
left or put
this is done in a sudden or rude way to be important
or unhappy state in which someone
live because of something (v) to unwillingly
is forced to
or someone allow something
what someone wants, for example
to be done to you, or to do
because you are not powerful
enough to resist avert (v) to prevent something
unpleasant
from happening
crummy (adj) unpleasant; of very poor quality; not good enough rant (v) to talk loudly or angrily, and exaggerate or say foolish things lament (v) to express your sadness, regret or disappointment thrust
about
something
offspring bode (v) if something
because they are very ill or very
(phr) to force someone to have
bodes ill, it makes you think that something
will happen in the future; if something that something dynamics
bad
bodes well, it makes you think
good will happen
(n) the opposing
forces within
a group of people that cause
it to change reshuffle
(n) a change of position
hierarchy
levels of importance, sport (v) to wear constrictive jumbled
within
(n) a system of organising
a social or political
people into different
group
ranks or
for example in society or in a company
(adj) uncomfortably
tight, especially
round the throat
(adj) mixed up and not in order
churn (v) if your stomach stranglehold
is churning,
you feel sick
(n) physical control over something
or someone which
prevents them from being free egocentricity intensity
(n) exaggerated
concern for or interest in oneself
(n) very great or extreme strength
and worry
is in intensive care, they are being given
on someone
something, deal with it or experience it offspring (n) a person's children or the young of an animal are their
see how well it works intensive care (n) if someone badly injured
that is completely
unceremoniously,
yoke (n) a difficult
turmoil
care in a hospital
(n) something
(v) to insult and hurt someone
places or people, for example as part of your job . . trial (v) to test something by using it or doing it for a penod of time to
thorough
(n) a special jacket used to tie the arms of a violent person
around their body
something
tall order (phr) something achieved folly (n) a foolish
tightly
that shows it is not thought
or form
edge (n) if you are at the cutting edge of a particular
extremely
they press you against a
crisp (adj) crisp cloth or paper is clean and has no creases in it
nickname
inbuilt
pins you to something,
~~PART 3
.
~~PART 2
budding
pin (v) if someone
surface so that you cannot move
nauseous (adj) feeling as if you want to vomit
with
cutting
with the
(n) the area in which two subjects or systems affect each
sear (v) if something
(adj) artistic and unconventional
memento
concerned
other or have links with each other
~~PART 1
clutter
about a matter of public interest
matter interface
PhD
statement
which is given to the press by an organisation
(n) a state of confusion,
upheaval
or degree
disorder, uncertainty
or great anxiety
(n) a big change which causes a lot of trouble,
confusion
bear the brunt (phr) to suffer the main part or force of something unpleasant subtle (adj) not immediately
obvious
or noticeable
sledgehammer
(n) a large, heavy hammer with a long handle, used
or breaking up rocks and concrete
berate (v) to speak to someone angrily about something
has a stroke, a blood vessel in their brain bursts
move one side of their body
they have
acoustic (adj) relating to sound or hearing
done wrong swelter
stroke (n) if someone
or becomes blocked, which may kill them or make them unable to
.•
(v) to feel uncomfortable
because the weather
variation
is extremely
ot
(n) a change or slight difference
in a level, amount or
quantity
compassion
(n) a feeling of pity, sympathy
and understanding
pitch (n) the pitch of a sound is how high or low it is
for
someone who is suffering
tone-deaf
mournful
different
(adj) sad
snigger (v) to laugh quietly in a disrespectful something titter
discriminate
way, for example at
(v) to be able to recognise that two things are different
take action or to continue
(v) to give a short nervous laugh, especially when you are
suggestive
about something
random
inane (adj) stupid taunt (v) to say unkind or insulting
things to someone,
(n) not being friendly;
an air of detachedness
by something,
you find it very difficult
to
what you are doing
(adj) making someone think in a certain way
(adj) not seeming to follow
a definite
plan or pattern
motif (n) a part of an artistic pattern
especially
manipulate
about their weaknesses or failures lifeline (n) something which enables a person to survive aloofness
person cannot sing in tune or recognise
stymie (v) if you are stymied
rude or unkind
embarrassed
(adj) a tone-deaf tunes
from one's
(v) to operate or process something
skilfully
PAPER2 Writing
surroundings nperturbed (adj) calm, not seeming to be affected by surprising - -ghtening events oclamation
(n) a public announcement
:~en about something nsternation
important,
(adj) to be disruptive
continuing
or operating
- ings which people may find upsetting
(adj) something
supersede
or embarrassing
(v) if something
by something
stratum
(n) a layer
subcutaneous
or something
RT 4
(adj) situated,
used or put under your skin
(n) a cell in the skin which produces
without
not to be attached to or to come from
breaking or becoming
weaker
tissue (n) in animals and plants, tissue consists of cells that are
siess (adj) something
timeless
similar to each other in appearance
is so good or beautiful that it
and that have the same function
ot be affected by changes in society or fashion
sweat gland (n) one of the many small, tubular
usicology
nearly everywhere
(n) the study of the effects of music on the brain
'ngency (n) the condition ainty
of being dependent
externally intertwine
on chance;
-:s
. ersal (n) a principle
that applies in all cases or a characteristic
in all members
of a particular
erpoint (n) the technique
that
class
of combining
two or more melodic
in such a way that they establish a harmonic
relationship
while
(adj) if something
2- and sensible
tricity
is coherent,
it is well planned, so that it is
and under each other metabolic (adj) relating to your metabolism
from those of most
(n) the process of getting
(n) an arrival of things that are unpleasant
whimsical
- shape (phr) to develop or start to appear in such a way that it
rambling illusion
es fairly clear what the final form will be
unintentional
to deal
(adj) unusual and unpredictable,
rather than serious and
practical
- 3-e of smaller and smaller sizes
ent (adj) accidental;
or difficult
with
~~PART 2
_ " e to take into account in a situation
rid off waste matter from the body
in faeces, urine or sweat
I (n) a shape made up of parts that are the same shape as itself
Ie (n) a factor that can change in' quality, quantity
(the way that chemical
example to make new cells and to give you energy
erate (v) to increase in number very quickly
lusive (adj) if research or evidence is inconclusive, _ ::- anything
or go over
processes in your body cause food to be used in an efficient way, for
invasion
and all its parts go well with each other
(n) an idea or opinion that is different
glands that are found
in the skin of humans and that secrete perspiration
through pores to help regulate body temperature (v) if things intertwine, they are twisted together
excretion
- - ing their linear individuality -:rent
keratin, and helps
protect the skin durability (n) the quality of being strong and lasting a long time
away (phr v) to remove completely
:'esent
newer, it is
or unacceptable
~~PART 1 and circumstances
keratinocyte
-
is superseded
PAPER3 Use of English
rary (adj) argumentative e of affairs (phr) the general situation
--
disturbs your mood or your
to talk about,
example sex, the human body or death - -headed (adj) unreasonable, refusing to change your mind
(adj) seeming
that is intrusive
replaced because it has become old-fashioned
that is used to refer to
==-
-
from
~~PART 2
about things openly and
(n) a polite word or expression
mbodied .one
means to prevent something
in a normal way
life in a way you do not like
estly, even if they are likely to shock or offend people
- ected with someone
disruptive
things in an open and honest way
spoken (adj) giving your opinions - phemism
~~PART 1
intrusive
of national importance
(n) a feeling of anxiety or fear
nk (adj) stating or expressing -
about something
or
it has not
(n) speech or writing (n) something
that is too long and very confused
that appears to exist or be a particular
does not actually exist or is in reality something salvage (v) to manage to save something
or size, which
repute (n) someone's
good reputation
else
thing but
~~PART 3 trot (v) to move fairly fast at a speed between walking and running, taking small quick steps It persecution (n) cruel and unfair treatment of a person or group, especially because of their religious or political beliefs or their race auction (n) a public sale where goods are sold to the person who offers the highest price bid (n) an offer to pay a particular amount of money for something that is being sold unheeded (adj) if something such as a warning or danger goes unheeded, it has not been taken seriously or dealt with out of stock (phrl if goods are out of stock, a shop does not have them available to sell
~~PART 4 disqualify (v) to officially stop someone from taking part in a particular event, activity or competition, usually because they have done something wrong stumble (v) to put your foot down awkwardly while you are walking or running and nearly fall over lap (n) in a race, a competitor completes a lap when they have gone round a course once
~~PART 5 topographical (adj) relating to or showing the physical features of an area of land, for example its hills, valleys and rivers nautical (adj) relating to ships and sailing the Channel (n) the British name given to the stretch of sea between Britain and France broadsheet (n) something that is printed on large sheets of paper scrutinise (v) to examine something very carefully, often to find out some information from it or about it web (n) a complicated pattern of connections or relationships thread (n) a long very thin piece of a material such as cotton, nylon or silk sprawl (v) to cover a large area of land ensue (v) to happen immediately after another event, usually as a result of it myriad (n) a large number; a great variety ephemeral (adj) lasting only for a very short time pictorial rendition (n) a version of something depicted visually sustain (v) to continue something or maintain it for a period of time posterity (n) the people who will be alive in the future
~ ~ PART 3 18 A 19 B 20 A 21 D 22 C
H PART 4 23 T 24 M 25 T 26 B 27 M 28 M
mI_s
_
PAPER 1 Reading ~ ~ PART 1
22 D: 23 A:
1 B 2 D 3 C 4 B 5 D 6 B 7 D 8 A 9 D 10 A 11 C 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 D 16 A 17 C 18 C
23 B:
~ ~ PART 2 19 A: Incorrect. Football is being used to promote science and technological development. 19 B: Incorrect. The project is not only for children. 19 C: Incorrect. The text does not state or imply that the aim of the project is to 'promote products created using robotics and artificial intelligence'. 19 D: Correct.' Inspired by the idea of using football as a means of promoting science and technological development, the project organisers have set an ultimate goal of building a robotic football team that will be able to beat the human World Cup winners by the year 2050.' 20 A: Incorrect. Although the writer is doubtful it can be achieved, he does not dismiss the possibility. 20 B: Incorrect. The writer is enthusiastic, but he is not optimistic that the goal can be achieved. 20 C: Correct. The writer is attracted by the idea but doubtful it can be achieved by 2050: 'The question is: can RoboCup's goal realistically be achieved by 20507 The organisers admit it's a tall order, but argue that it is nevertheless feasible. After all, there was only a matter of fifty years between the first flight by aeroplane and the first moon landing. So it would be folly to dismiss out of hand the possibility of a world class robot football team beating the human champions by 2050. For now, though, my money remains firmly on the real Ronaldinho.' 20 D: Incorrect. The language of the text does not express this attitude. 21 A: Incorrect. 'Loquacity' is the inclination to talk a great deal. Wendy does not do this. 21 B: Correct. 'Need someone to wake you up in the morning without bending your ear?' and 'Meet Wendy, the no-fuss, no-nonsense personal assistant of your dreams. Friendly and reliable, she will remind you of the day's appointments or inform you of the latest news or weather forecast discreetly and without lumbering you with the usual emotional baggage.' 21 C: Incorrect. The text describes Wendy as 'Friendly and reliable'. 21 D: Incorrect. 'Reticence' implies reluctance, but the robot is not reluctant to speak; it simply gives succinct responses. 22 A: Incorrect. The advertisement does not target only these people. The option provides only part of the answer. 22 B: Incorrect. The advertisement does not target only these people. The option provides only part of the answer. 22 C: Correct. The text implies that the robot is for any busy person who would benefit from the services that it provides or simply would like to possess such a machine: 'The latest in state-of-the-art robotic design by Won Industries, Wendy can be programmed to suit your needs.
23 C: 23 D: 24 A:
24 B:
24 C: 24 D: 25 A:
25 B: 25 C: 25 D:
26 A: 26 B:
26 C: 26 D:
Her inbuilt link to the Internet enables her to record phone messages and incoming e-mails, while an alarm system is programmed to contact emergency services in case of an accident or fire in the home. Speech recognition software permits her to recognise up to six people, and she can respond to programmed spoken requests quickly and effectively.' These points could apply to all of the other options as well. Incorrect. The advertisement does not target only these people. The option provides only part of the answer. Incorrect. Specialists are not able to examine the patient 'physically' using the robot. Correct. 'In an endeavour to ease the pressure on senior doctors and surgeons, who are often required to divide their time between two or three hospitals, scientists have developed a medical robot that will be able to cover ward rounds. The Remote Presence Robot (RP6) allows a patient immediate access to a surgeon or consultant anywhere in the world.' Incorrect. The staff who are treating the patient are not at a distance. Incorrect. This option provides only part of the answer. Correct. 'The specialist, controlling the robot with a remote control joystick, is able to examine a patient via a screen on the robot's "face", view X-rays, records and test results, and give advice to other medical staff, even though he or she cannot be physically present. ... "This is a revolutionary concept which opens new avenues for telemedicine research and integrates technology with healthcare at a grass roots level, increasing the interface between patients, clinicians and teaching staff." , Incorrect. Although this statement may be true in itself, the professor's comment concerns the practical application of the technology in question and its direct benefits to ordinary people. Incorrect. A doctor's 'bedside manner' is their ability to talk to patients in a caring way. The text does not mention this. Incorrect. This is not what is meant by 'healthcare at a grass roots level'. Correct. 'At that moment, a dull red glow lit up in front of his face and he found himself staring into what looked like a miniature camera stuck on the end of a probe. It was surreal; he had to be dreaming!' Incorrect. He thought he was imagining it, but it was real. Incorrect. He was not hallucinating; the camera was real. Incorrect. The light did not bewilder him, the sight of the miniature camera did. Incorrect. Although this is a possibility, there is nothing in the text which suggests it. Correct.' "Here's someone, Stan! In here!" yelled a voice above him. "The robot actually did it! Getover here. Now!" , There is an element of disbelief in the words 'The robot actually did it', implying that this hasn't happened before. Incorrect. The text does not state or imply this. Incorrect. Although this is a possibility, there is nothing in the text which suggests it.
H PART 3
27 D: There is a link between the first paragraph, which describes the narrator's feelings about her 'crisp new uniform' and in particular, her tie, and paragraph D, which describes how she learnt to do up the tie. 28 H: In the paragraph before the gap, the narrator tells her
mother: 'Just ana路 =' _ - force us to submit to thei 3 3 ,,- "'xa pie of the kind of proclama i =-::-::= - ::;;-agraph H: 'I was full of such procla a:- -:: =:: ~::: "g=, uch to my parents' conste-;;: C'l. ~ e narrator also describes the effect her proclamations had on her parents, and there is a link between 'My comment on the present state of affairs caused my father's face to go a dangerous shade of red' in paragraph Hand' "Come on, dear. It's not so bad. It's only a uniform, and you'll look so smart." My mother always tried to avert potential head-on collisions between my father and me' in the paragraph after the gap, in which the narrator's mother tried to defuse a potentially explosive situation. A: There is a link between 'I ranted on, relentless, fighting back angry tears, lamenting the injustice of the situation forced upon me' in the paragraph before the gap and paragraph A, in which the narrator comments on young people's insensitivity to the feelings of others: 'The egocentricity of youth often prevents us from perceiving the pain of others'. Also, there is a link between 'Rather, I callously blamed them [her parents] for the situation, and as usual, mother bore the brunt of my rage' in paragraph A and 'With the benefit of hindsight, of course, I realise that she [her mother] was undoubtedly the person who suffered most from that move' in the paragraph after the gap. E: There is a link between 'I stared mournfully out of the window and desperately tried to ignore the sniggering and whispering from the seat behind mine' in paragraph E and 'That I was the focus of some speculation was understandable' in the paragraph after the gap. C: There is a link between 'That I was the focus of some speculation was understandable. A new girl starting in the middle of the school year was bound to arouse interest' in the paragraph before the gap and 'The root of my present discomfort lay in the fact that my new classmates were being about as subtle as a couple of sledgehammers, standing up in their seats and peering over at me, then falling back and giggling at some not very private joke concerning my appearance' in paragraph C. G: In the paragraph before the gap, the narrator, referring to her brother, wonders if 'the youngest member of the family' is suffering the same humiliation, but doubts it. In paragraph G, she expands on her brother's apparent lack of worries in life. F: In the paragraph before the gap, the narrator describes how one of the girls spoke to her on the bus. In paragraph F she continues this topic, describing how she and this girl made their 'first connection', and how grateful she felt. There is a further link with the final paragraph, in which the narrator describes the sense of relief and gratitude she felt that someone was actually talking to her.
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;. PART 4 34 A: Incorrect. The writer does not say that the symphony would not make sense, but rather, speculates what a listener might make of it. B: Incorrect. There is no comparison being made between different types of music. C: Incorrect. The writer goes on to say that this traditional view is now being questioned. 0: Correct. 'Now imagine that those sounds - heard for the first time - are the sounds of a Beethoven symphony.
35 A: 35 B:
35 C:
35 0:
36 A:
36 B:
36 C: 36 0: 37 A:
37 B:
37 C:
37 0: 38 A:
38 B:
38 C:
What would that disembodied ear and mind make of them? How much would be understood?' Incorrect. The text does not suggest that the listener needs to be in a particular environment to understand music. Correct. 'What kind of musical understanding can grow out of this kind of isolation, lacking the expectations provided by the knowledge of a style and lacking some sense of historical and political context? To understand music, we have been taught, that room has to be unlocked, the windows open and the world fully engaged. But now the emphasis may be changing. The appeal of a more abstract way of thinking about music may be growing. There is a search for timeless laws and principles; it may be that something can be learned from the listener in the locked room.' Incorrect. The preconception was that unless people have a particular historical and cultural background, they cannot make sense of a particular kind of music. The preconception is not that people do not understand music because they lack the historical and cultural background. Incorrect. The preconception suggests that listening to music in isolation is 'artificial, abstract and irrelevant', not that our knowledge of music is so. Correct. 'A new field, for example, sometimes called biomusicology, is preoccupied with how music affects the brain. What regions of the brain respond to changes in harmony or melody? Is there is a single region that makes sense of music?' Incorrect. Although the text refers to both language and music, it does not state or imply that biomusicology studies the relationship between language and music, or that there is a relationship between the two. Incorrect. This is not what biomusicology studies, according to the text. Incorrect. This is not what biomusicology studies, according to the text. Incorrect.' music is also similar to mathematics in important respects, as ancient philosophical and musical texts insist' Incorrect. The text does not state or imply this. Music can be understood on various levels. Correct. 'Harmony and counterpoint, after all, are sonic reflections of ratio and number. Musical languages seem to possess their own premises and laws. And a coherent and elegantly phrased composition can display the beauty and inevitability of a mathematical proof. Mathematicians and musicians have long had reciprocal interests.' Incorrect. The text does not state or imply this. Correct. 'Every effort to examine the effects of single musical variables - pitch, metre, harmony - inadvertently shows just how much more music is than the sum of its parts. Despite attempts to identify a particular musical region of the brain, for example, Dr Tramo ... has shown that many regions are active when music is heard: even motor areas of the brain can become.active though the body might be at rest.' Incorrect.' Despite attempts to identify a particular musical region of the brain, for example, Dr Tramo ... has shown that many regions are active when music is heard: even motor areas of the brain can become active though the body might be at rest.' Incorrect. 'many regions are active when music is heard: even motor areas of the brain can become active though the body might be at rest'
38 D: Incorrect. Not 'all', but 'many' parts of the brain can become active when music is heard. 39 A: Incorrect. The text mentions 'tone-deaf people', who 'may have no trouble discriminating intonations in speech' but 'are stymied by sliding musical imitations of those intonations'. This means they can distinguish differences of pitch in speech, but not differences of pitch in music, which is not the same thing as telling the difference 'between notes and intonations in speech'. 39 B: Correct. 'In one classic study, brain-damaged patients could identify instruments and wrong notes but could not recognise melodies.' 39 C: Incorrect. 'In one classic study, brain-damaged patients could identify instruments and wrong notes but could not recognise melodies.' 39 D: Incorrect. In one classic study, brain-damaged patients could identify instruments and wrong notes but could not recognise melodies.' 40 A: Incorrect. 'Music may be the ultimate self-revealing code; it can be comprehended in a locked room', but not 'only' in a locked room. 40 B: Incorrect. The text does not state or imply this. 40 C: Correct. 'Mathematics is done the way music is understood.' 40 D: Incorrect. The writer suggests the opposite earlier on in the text.
PAPER2 Writing ~ ~ PART 1 Style: Semi-formal Content: Article 1 In the introduction you could state briefly what the article is going to be about and mention that it was inspired by a recent school debate on the subject. 2 In the main body address the comments made by the speakers and indicate what kind of response they received during the debate. 3 Conclude by making your own comments and observations. ~ ~ PART 2 Question 2 Style: Formal Content: Proposal, possibly divided into sections with headings. Bullet points or numbered lists can also be used. 1 In the introduction state your reason for writing the proposal. 2 In the main body you could write one paragraph for each suggestion. Discuss its suitability, potential educational value and level of interest for the students. 3 Conclude by making a recommendation. Say which destination would be the most appropriate and explain why you reject the other suggestions. Question 3 Style: Semi-formal Content: Review 1 In the introduction state the name of the game you have chosen to review and which age group it is for. 2 Describe the features of the game which you find
particularly innovative, exciting, etc. and why they are so. Compare the game with others on the market to lend weight to your points. 3 Discuss any limitations, weak points or disadvantages the game may have. 4 Conclude by recommending or not recommending the game to other people. Question 4 Style: Formal or semi-formal Content: Letter 1 In the introduction state your reason for writing. Notice that you are required to disagree with what was written in the newspaper article. 2 Discuss the role libraries play in a community and how that role is changing (many libraries have Internet facilities, providing the public with a new service). 3 You could discuss libraries in connection with people's interest in reading, both in the past and now. 4 Address the question of the Internet superseding library books in a separate paragraph. Express your views, giving examples to support them. 5 Conclude by stating what you think will happen to public libraries in the future.
PAPER3 Use of English ~ ~ PART 1 1 consisting 2 known
3 so 4 most/much/some 5 well 6 Beneath/Below/Under 7 times 8 This
9 along 10 with 11 is 12 but 13 like 14 Besides 15 itself
H PART 2 16 crossroads (noun to compound noun) 17 indecisiveness (adjective to negative noun) 18 incredibly (adjective to negative adjective to adverb) 19 salvation (verb to noun) 20 revolutionised (noun to verb) 21 reputedly (noun to adjective to adverb) 22 guidance (verb/noun to noun) 23 straightforward (adverb to compound adjective) 24 accessible (noun to adjective) 25 valuable/invaluable (noun/verb to adjective) ~ ~ PART 3 26 impressed 27 flight 28 party
29 keep 30 vivid 31 demand
~ ~ PART 4 32 is rumoured (that) (1) he is (next) in line (1) / is rumoured (1) to be (next) in line 33 was disqualified (1) in accordance with (1) 34 will come/comes (1) into effect (1) 35 would have won the race (1) but for stumbling (1) 36 would have thought (that) (1) James would (1)
37 can this painting (1) be ascribed to (1) 38 is starting to have (1) a detrimental effect on (1) 39 normally go in (1) for cycling (1) ~ ~ PART 5 40 He enjoys deciding which route to take and the planning that goes into preparations for a journey. 41 Maps soon become obsolete because changes are made to roads and towns. 42 They should contain detailed information and be attractive. 43 They give the visitor a pictorial reminder of the place he has visited. 44 Content points: • fundamental in planning a journey/visit (first text) • stimulate a person's desire to travel/explore (first and second text) • provide detailed information about an area (second text) • instil confidence in the traveller (first text) • historical evidence for what an area looked like (first and second text)
PAPER 4 Listening ~ ~ PART 1 1B2C3C4A5C6B7C8A H PART 2
9 'Old Peak'/Old Peak/old peak 10 agricultural terraces/andenes 11 (changeable) climatic conditions 12 supporting walls 13 stairways 14 (corn) beer 15 (natural) surroundings/environment 16 the sixteenth century/16th century 17 an epidemic ~ ~ PART 3 18 0 19 B 20 B 21 C 22 A H PART 4 23 0 24 B 25 K 26 0 27 B 28 K
language if you think about it: wagging their tail when they're
~ ~ PART 1 You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract. Extract One Woman: On leaving the island, we encountered the first rough weather of our trip. Before we knew it, the Beaufort scale was registering between 6 and 7 as the chilling north wind blew down, heaving us up over the waves and plunging us down into the troughs between them. Fortunately, our baby daughter Sophia Rose slept through the whole experience, wedged tight into her Moses basket in one of the cabins, apparently calmed by the sensation of being rocked up and down, unlike her mother, who was looking decidedly green! When we finally reached the south-west coast of the next island the wind had eased off, and before long we were searching for a berth in the island's main harbour. Unfortunately, most of the available space was taken up by local fishing boats, and the few spaces that were left were exposed to the swell from the ferries which regularly came and went. Wherever we tried to berth. fishermen belligerently waved us off but eventually we managed to tie up alongside another three sailing boats, which made disembarking with a baby and a pram an adventure in itself! Extract Two Man: Well, first of all, you need time and a lot of patience as well as knowledge. Patience is particularly important because precision is everything. Even a tiny mistake can ruin the end result. Then, suitable materials must be found. These are sometimes hard to come by because you need different kinds of wood for different parts and it must be good quality - and cut in a specific way. For example, the body needs strips of hard wood, which are then joined together to form a rounded shape. You also need a hard wood - preferably oak - for the neck. Then the fingerboard and bridge must be made of ebony. The soundboard is the only part which is made using a soft wood - pine. This needs a lot of planing and sanding because the thinner it is, the better the sound. I think the most difficult part is getting the measurements right. The spaces between the frets must be calculated accurately and their distance from the bridge carefully measured, This is of paramount importance. Foul this up and you won't be able to playa right note, Extract Three Woman: We got Pongo for the children initially, but it was a month before we realised he wasn't responding to any sounds at all. It's a congenital problem with some breeds, especially dalmatians. Man: Wasn't it difficult to train him? Woman: You'd be surprised. Dogs use their own form of sign
happy, raising their hackles when they feel threatened, so it wasn't such a big step to teach him a new vocabulary. He was incredibly good-natured and ever so eager to please. Man: How did you teach him? Woman: Basically in the same way you'd train any hearing dog, If you reward a dog every time he does something right, he'll soon learn how to please you, You have to give very clear hand signals, Facial expressions seemed to help a great deal. so where possible we ensured that he could see our faces clearly, We found that actually saying the command out loud also helped to reinforce the correct facial expression. We only use about a dozen commands altogether, but some owners claim to have taught their deaf dogs a lot more than that! Extract Four Man: I think in my line of work the advent of the digital camera was a godsend. Reels and reels of film used to get wasted as you struggled to get one perfect shot. It was a costly business. Now, of course, the initial outlay is still high but the cost of developing and the running costs, well, they're negligible. The darkroom is virtually a thing of the past as it's rapidly being superseded by the computer. The software accompanying the equipment enables you not only to delete redundant shots but to tweak the ones worth keeping. You know, correct minor flaws, enhance certain features and even make creative adjustments. All without the headache of dealing with messy chemical solutions. But we're not writing off film cameras just yet. For projects such as advertising posters, professionals still prefer the large format film cameras. It's a question of resolution, basically. The resolution capability of a digital camera is determined by its megapixel capacity - pixels are the dots which make up the image in a digital photograph - and well, to date, this is not enough to produce mural-size display prints. But it's only a matter of time before ...
~ ~ PART 2 You will hear part of a radio talk about the ways in which birth is celebrated around the world, For questions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase. Woman: In the West a new mother usually returns from the hospital within a few days of her child's birth and, although she is unlikely to go straight back to work and there are probably friends and family nearby to lend her a helping hand, there's little by way of significant ceremony to mark the important changes that have occurred. For many women this period is a time of great anti-climax and it has been suggested that it could be one of the causes of postnatal depression.
celebrated with many splendid rites and traditions, sometimes just by a clan or family, often by a whole tribe or community. In Nigeria a party is thrown for all babies and toddlers up to the age of three, because their spirits are thought to be connected to that of the newborn, and in the Sudan a party in the streets may go on well into the early hours, with feasting, drinking, music and dancing for all members of the community. Another way of commemorating the birth of a child is by planting trees. In Nigeria a banana tree that has been named after the child is planted in a special grove at the edge of the village, where children can play. This tradition also exists in many European countries. In Switzerland the custom is to plant an apple tree for a girl and a nut tree for a boy. A tree's longevity and solidity symbolises the good health and long life of the child it stands for. Water is very often used in ceremonies that celebrate birth due to its cleansing and purifying powers. Natural springs and rivers are recurring symbols of new life, and in many cultures water is used to dedicate the child to Mother Earth. The Jicarilla Indians in Mexico traditionally invoke the protective powers of nature as they anoint the head of a newborn child with water from sacred male and female rivers. Elsewhere. immediately after birth a baby might be taken outside and presented to the gods or spirits in order that it might receive their blessing and protection. But it is not only the child who is celebrated. A young woman is now a mother. In order to mark their new status, Aboriginal women in Australia paint their bodies with white clay; in Ethiopia new mothers may shave their heads and decorate their bodies with special jewellery, and in other countries they may take a ceremonial bath or be given gifts by the community. In the west we tend to commemorate the growth of a child with birthdays. In the developing world, where it is not always possible to know the exact date of birth, celebrations are held to mark the first time a child crawls, stands, walks or answers to her name. Her first tooth or haircut are also important milestones in her life. But perhaps the most significant transition a child makes is when she enters the world of the adults; this is usually marked by a rite of passage that is almost totally ignored in the west.
~ ~ PART 3
You will hear an interview with an historian. For questions 18-22, choose the answer fA, B, Cor DJ which fits best according to what you hear. Interviewer: On the programme today, it gives me great pleasure to welcome the renowned historian, Professor David Pretz. Professor, you specialise in the Neolithic period, and have conducted a considerable amount of research into the settlement of Dimini in northern Greece. Can you tell us something about it?
Professor: Yes, um ... Dimini was a small settlement which stood on a low hill rising out of the fertile plains of Thessaly. It's a site of particular interest to the historian because it dates back to the Late Neolithic period - between 3,700 and 3,300 BC - and. um, as such, represents Greece's earliest example of a small town planning scheme. The settlement comprised a large central building and courtyard situated at the top of the hill, with smaller houses or units on its slopes, all contained within a series of stone ring walls. Interviewer: Right. Now, Dimini has been the subject of debate among contemporary archaeologists. Why is that? Professor: Well, basically, that's due to two opposing interpretations put forward by leading archaeologists of the early and late twentieth century. Dimini was first excavated by the well-known archaeologist Christos Tsountas. He made use of the works of Homer as models for interpreting the structural organisation of the settlement in order to build a picture of its socio-economic system. Historians often make use of models such as these to understand and piece together the historical puzzle of early civilisations. In Tsountas' case, he used the Iliad and the Odyssey. and reconstructed the settlement at Dimini as a castle, its central building housing a wealthy king, fortified by subordinate units and surrounding walls, which were extended or added to after parts had been destroyed.
Professor: In the 1970s, the archaeologist George Chourmouziadis re-excavated the site using a different approach. He placed an emphasis on economic production in order to explain social structure and change within a given social group. As a result. his interpretation of Dimini conflicted with that of Tsountas. He argued that the settlement reflected a kind of communal system, where several households worked together to maintain the settlement. until a time when the owners of the larger building imposed a system of private property and built walls within the settlement itself. Interviewer: Whose interpretation do contemporary historians tend to favour, Professor? Professor: Well, you see, the debate is ongoing. Chourmouziadis' view is certainly appealing, yet his description of the site is somewhat simplistic and um, generic. raising concerns about the reasoning behind his interpretation. His theory is based on assumptions regarding the social and economic organisation of the site. But the verdict is still pending. One conclusion that can be drawn is that the very contrast between the two interpretations of this settlement highlights how much historians are affected by contemporary social. historical and cultural influences when making pre-historical reconstructions. Any conclusions resulting from any study of the early past are tentative. and so subject to constant revision. Interviewer: Professor Pretz, thank you for being with us today.
the market, targeted a particular type of customer or spent enough time optimising their websites for search engines. It's
You will hear part of an interview with Penny and Simon, two Internet business advisers. For questions 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree. Write P for Penny, S
all very well designing a user-friendly site with fast-loading graphics and state-of-the-art software, but what good is it going to do you if nobody can find it? Search engine optimisation is the key to success and a website with good. well written content has a much better chance of being found by potential customers than one that's visually appealing.
for Simon, or 8 for 80th, where they agree. Simon: Well, anyway, a final point I'd like to make is that you Interviewer: Ever since the advent of the World Wide Web in the early nineties, an increasing number of small businesses have gone online in an effort to take advantage of the fact that, via the Internet, they can have access to billions of customers worldwide. Some have even managed to become 'dot com millionaires', but for many the results have been discouraging. With me in the studio today are Penny Hampton and Simon Sloane, who have spent the last six years advising clients on how to successfully market their e-businesses. Penny, what, in your opinion, is the key to having a good Internet business? Penny: Well, there are many factors that need to be taken into consideration if you are planning to start a new online business. First of all, it's imperative to start with the product or service you hope to sell. It should be something that has not flooded the market but if it has you should at least be able to offer it in a better way than your competitors.
need credibility on the web. If you're seriously expecting people to hand over their credit card details just like that, you're going to have to persuade them you can be trusted. Most companies are much more likely to make a sale if their customer can order it directly - that's the beauty of the whole thing after all - but unfortunately online fraud is a real threat, so offer a secure online payment method and get registered and approved by the appropriate recognised bodies. Penny: Basically, you've just got to do a lot of work. Most people think it's easy to set up their own online business, but if you don't have vision, dedication, patience and time, you're unlikely to succeed.
~ ~ PART 1
You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, 8 or C) which fits best according to what you
Simon: One also has to get oneself a good website. It has to
hear. There are two questions for each extract.
be instantly appealing to catch a visitor's interest. That's why flashy websites with too many graphics may be detrimental.
Extract One
Your potential customer is likely to give up and go somewhere else unless you can get his attention in the first few seconds and persuade him to stay. Penny: Yes, but slow down. Before you can begin even thinking about a website, you have to get your business strategy sorted out. And perhaps the single most important element in starting a web business is having a good name. For example, if you want to sell ethnic clothes, then see if you can get hold of the name 'ethnic-clothes.com'. Simon: With so many million web sites out there, you have to make sure that your name tells the visitor not only who you are but also what kind of goods or services you're selling and, if at all possible, where to find you. Penny: Yes, but it's not just a case of having a catchy name and a fantastic site. A customer using a search engine to find what he wants is going to use some keywords or phrases. 1ÂŁ your web pages are carelessly written, or cover a variety of topics. those key words will be ineffective and it's highly unlikely that your website will even appear within the first hundred results that the search comes up with. Simon: Nevertheless, a good website is essential too. And I don't just mean the way it looks. If it's attractive, user-friendly and easy to navigate, with efficient customer service, most visitors are going to enjoy surfing through it. Penny: Yes, but why, in that case, do so many e-businesses flop? Usually it's because they haven't identified their niche in
Man: Perhaps it's obvious but, well, I would say that my main inspiration is nature. It seems that whenever I find myself at a loss, bogged down in a mire. I need to take myself off for a long, solitary walk in the country and lose myself completely in the beauty of the world around me. It helps to be reminded that there's another existence beyond the rat race, that the world continues to spin round on her axis regardless. You can see that in the shimmer of a dragonfly's wings as it darts past you on the brook, or hear it in the rustling of the trees when the breeze picks up. Nature has her own music, an abundance of themes, and seems to offer up just the right images - and sometimes. if I'm lucky, entire stanzas fall into place. And if you're quiet and close your eyes, and just listen for a moment. there's a definite rhythm every time nature draws a breath and exhales. There's alliteration there. and metaphor. Suddenly, I find I'm reaching for my notebook and pencil, ideas just springing forth. Extract Two Correspondent: Being able to travel around the globe is a wonderful boon, but I'd much rather do it on my own terms. There's not much opportunity to take in the sights when you're sent - sometimes at the drop of a hat - halfway round the world to war zones. or to where political conflicts or natural disasters are making the headlines. But then again, no day is ever the same, and there's no telling what kind of story will arise out of events that are in the process of writing
themselves. But when you've been away for a few months, you can't help thinking of home.
exciting cosmic photographs ever taken is on display at museums and planetariums across the country. Celestial
Interviewer: How much of what actually comes back to us is the raw truth, in your opinion?
images include a photo of the impressive M51 Whirlpool Galaxy and the Eagle Nebula, a massive tower of stars and dust nine and a half light years ...
Correspondent: People are always assuming we make things up to sell papers, but I see it as my role to report events as truthfully and accurately as possible. Of course, newspapers have a finite number of pages, and editors have a tough job selecting their articles from hundreds or thousands of news reports every day. But I would say it's what gets left out that most distorts the truth.
Man: I tend to give him a wide berth at parties, so I can't comment. Woman: Well he certainly wasn't being his normal vivacious self. Man: You can call it vivacity would call him garrulous at dose of conceit, mixed with Christmas party, and you've him.
if you like - I think most people the best of times. Throw in a good the intoxicating atmosphere of a got every reason to steer clear of
Woman: That's my point, he wasn't obnoxious at all. He seemed self-absorbed. I tried to start a conversation with him but he wasn't very responsive. Man: I shouldn't worry. He was probably inebriated anyway. Woman: I don't think so. I got the impression he had something on his mind. Man: Whatmean?
as opposed to having something in it, you
Woman: Oh, Jim! You are incorrigible! I think his outer facade simply hides a sensitive soul lacking in self-esteem.
Extract Four Presenter: The 25th April 2005 marked the fifteenth anniversary of the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope into Earth's orbit. Back in 1990 it was anticipated that this telescope would overcome the observational problems caused by Earth's atmosphere and take unprecedented images of the universe, including hitherto unknown galaxy clusters, supernovas, nebulas and dying stars. It was even hoped that it could look back towards the beginnings of the universe itself. Over the past fifteen years the Hubble Telescope has snapped almost three quarters of a million pictures and indubitably achieved its aims. As well as helping to provide evidence for the existence of dark energy, it has also traced elusive gamma rays to their source at the heart of galaxies millions of light years away, and has even given astronomers an insight into the deeper mysteries of our own solar system. To mark its birthday, an exhibition of some of the most
~ ~ PART 2
You will hear part of a lecture about the artist Franz Marc, For questions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase. Lecturer: Franz Marc is one of the lesser known artists of the group known as the German Expressionists, but he was instrumental in pointing the way towards abstract art. In 1998 several of Marc's paintings fetched record prices at auction in London, and today he is recognised as one of the most significant artists of the twentieth century. Born in Munich in 1880, Marc was profoundly influenced by the work of the Post-impressionists, in particular Van Gogh and Gauguin, which led him to experiment with bright primary colours. His subject matter consisted mainly of animals, which he perceived as beings with spiritual qualities, at one with nature. It was this purity that he wanted to express through colour. In this important 1910 painting, Horse in a Landscape, observe the blue mane and tail of a purple horse presiding over a vista of rich primary colours. This work is an excellent example of Marc's attempt to depict the world through an animal's eyes. Yellow cows, blue horses, green foxes and orange deer are just some of the animals Marc painted with a profound love and sensitivity. In Yellow Cow, observe how the animal kicks up its hind legs and raises its head to the sky, leaping and bellowing with joy. As Marc's art matures, we see the influence of Cubism enter his work - the softer flat areas of colour give way to more angular, geometrical shapes, In this next picture, Deer in the Forest II, a dense network of abstract shapes representing the forest pulls the eye toward the graceful forms of deer emerging through the undergrowth. Note how the animals appear路to be at peace, far from the danger and corruption of a human world. Yet in a series of paintings dated around 1913, there is a sense of trouble in the air - a presentiment of the coming of the Great War, In The Fate of the Animals, the artist offers a glimpse of what is to come. The green horses in the top left of the picture look panic-stricken, while the blue deer in the centre is frozen, its head thrown back to the sky. Has it just been shot? Or is it perhaps simply relishing its life? If you look to the right of the picture, in the direction the animals were probably headed, there are dense brown and murky images, a rare departure from Marc's beloved primary colours, and they seem to forewarn of something unnatural and dark. In The Wolves, Marc abandons his favourite horses and deer and offers yet another vision of impending doom, Here, a group of wolves are depicted in various attitudesdefensive, aggressive, menacing. Green flames and clouds of purple smoke denote the destruction of the landscape. while
in the bottom right-hand corner some pink flowers. a symbol of natural beauty. droop and die. By this time, Marc had co-founded the group Oer Blaue Reiter, which can be translated as The Blue Rider, with the Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky. Their aim was to express spiritual truth and they adopted a spontaneous. intuitive approach to painting. reminiscent of primitivism and the pure art of children. Despite having no particular ideology as such, the group believed in bringing art into the future. More on them later. Now, let's look at some of Marc's later works from 1913 and 1914. At this stage his work showed great promise and development of an individual style. Stables consists of almost purely geometrical forms overlapping and shining through each other, a curve of red or white representing a horse's flank or fetlock. Fighting Forms is entirely abstract and brings together swirling complementary colours - orange and blue. When the war finally broke out in 1914, Marc was called to the front. He was greatly disturbed by the loss of life around him, including that of the animals caught up in the fighting. Marc's sketches from the front reflect his fears and worries, though he hoped that something good would eventually come out of the war. Tragically. Marc did not survive the slaughter: he was killed by a grenade in 1916 while patrolling on his horse near Verdun in France. He was only thirty-six.
~ ~ PART 3 You will hear an interview with Julian Morris, a nightclub owner. For questions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or OJ which fits best according to what you hear. Interviewer: Today in the studio we have a special guest, someone who, against all odds, has chosen a profession in which his disability should be a huge obstacle. For the benefit of our hearing impaired viewers we also have signing and subtitles. Please welcome Julian Morris. Julian, hello.
Interviewer: Julian, how long have you been deaf? Julian: I lost my hearing after a serious illness when I was fifteen, so mercifully my speech wasn't too adversely affected and I can usually follow what people say by reading their lips. Interviewer: And yet, despite your disability, you decided to open a nightclub? How did that come about? Julian: Well, I always knew I wanted to do something on my own. I've always been ambitious, and when my grandmother died, I came into a small inheritance, so I talked to friends and my parents, and they were most encouraging. It wasn't like I had many job offers anyway - most people aren't keen to take you on if you are hearing impaired - and I certainly didn't want to become a burden to my family. But really. it was just something I knew I had to try. It was as if the idea were calling
to me and I felt compelled to find out whether I could do it. If I didn't at least have a go. I would always have wondered if I could have. Interviewer: Didn't your disability put you off? Julian: Not really. I've always been able to pick up the vibrations of music and the stronger the vibration, the better I respond to it. The atmosphere of a nightclub. where people are more expressive - you could say everyone is kind of deaf - seemed like the perfect environment. I had got a job clearing tables in a nightclub while I was at college, and I loved it there. Interviewer: What was the biggest challenge of all? Julian: Persuading people I was serious. Apart from my family and close friends, most people were just incredulous. Quite often I was met by looks of disbelief, and once someone even told me to stop being ridiculous and leave such things to 'normal' people. Interviewer: That must have been discouraging. Julian: Well, like I said, I was ambitious and I wanted to do it, so when I found the old warehouse I really got into renovating it. It was the perfect venue. As it started to take shape, more people began to take me seriously. DJs approached me for jobs and I took on the most innovative and experimental ones, which has given the club a good name because people like to hear a good mix of sounds. and we have something for everyone.
Julian: Oh, yes. When we first opened, we had DJs coming from London and journalists and critics from magazines. They were all impressed. I'm just lucky to have landed on my feet, I suppose. I have dedicated staff, a fantastic site, atmospheric decor and great music.
Julian: Yes, well, it's a bit of a joke, I suppose: 'Whispers'. Obviously, one thing you can't very well do in a club is whisper, but as a name, it conjures up the idea of loud music somehow. and I liked the ironic angle. Not only that, but it seemed appropriate because of my own deafness. Besides, music and dance are forms of expression for which you don't need words. When I thought of the name, I just loved it. Interviewer: And it's a catchy name too. Julian, what advice would you have for someone with a severe physical disability who wants to be successful? Julian: My advice is the same as it would be for anyone. Get yourself a vision and stick to it. Be determined, have faith and work hard.
Julian: Yes, next year I hope to find a spot in London and maybe open clubs in other cities too. I would love to have my own chain of nightclubs.
thank you for coming in to talk to us today. Julian: Thank you.
~ ~ PART 4 You will hear two friends, Jake and Angela, discussing their lifestyles. For questions 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree. Write J for Jake, A for Angela, or 8 for 80th, where they agree. Jake: You wouldn't believe what a day I've had! This is the first chance I've had to sit down since seven o'clock this morning. I've been running around in circles, trying to meet deadlines, interviewing new staff. It's been a nightmare. Angela: You do look a little off-colour. All this stress is counter-productive, you know. Why don't you slow down a bit - give yourself some personal quality time? Jake: Like I've got time for me! Doesn't matter how fast I get things done, there's never enough time for anything else. And that's only me. I don't know how you manage to work and look after a family. Angela: Well, it's not always easy, but I've taken a step back and tried to re-evaluate my priorities, which has helped a lot.
Angela: You should make sure you're not pushing yourself towards an early grave. At the end of the day, something's got to give, I just decided that I'd rather it wasn't me, I work, but I also try to make enough time for my partner and children each day to fully appreciate them, and some time that's just for me. If that means the housework has to suffer, or the shopping doesn't get done, so be it. We'll live. Jake: Yeah, I don't suppose there are that many people whose last words were: 'Wish I'd spent more time at the office!' Angela: That's for sure. Jake: And yet how many people are stuck in a rut, hating their lives? I work with people whose sole ambition is to keep up with the Joneses. They think the grass looks greener on the other side, but when they get there, they're still not happy. Angela: And sometimes they're not the only ones to suffer. Unfortunately, too many people take it out on their nearest and dearest because they're stressed and bitter. and the victims are usually the ones who can't fight back, Relationships break down, marriages end, children go off the handle, crime rates increase, people get ill, and for what? Just to cram a few minutes more work into our daily lives. Jake: You're right. It doesn't bear thinking about. Perhaps the government should make meditation sessions mandatory in the workplace! Angela: Now that's not such a bad idea, you know.
Jake: Sometimes I think that's what I should do, but I wouldn't know where to start. Angela: Perhaps you should just try meditating; thinking about the things that really matter in your life. I think it's a shame that we're always rushing towards the future: trying to get everything done by this evening, tomorrow, next week. How often do we actually just stand still and fully appreciate a
~~ PART 1 You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, 8 or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.
particular instant of our lives? Before we know it, the moment has gone and we're left wondering: where did my best years go? When did my children grow up? What happened to my social life?
Woman: Umm! This cheese is amazing! And homemade, you dark horse! So, let me in on the secret.
Jake: Yes, but you can't freeze time by meditating on it, can YQ1!?I mean, like it or not, the same things still have to be done in the same limited time span, and you can't alter that fact.
Man: Well, it's fairly straightforward really. First, you heat up five kilos of sheep's milk - but don't boil it, mind - and you add either lemon juice or vinegar to this, to make it curdle. Then, using a strainer, you empty this into a cotton bag, which
Angela: But time is relative too. Since I took up meditating, I've found that I move at a much slower pace through the world, and the day lasts much longer. I relax, I enjoy the small things, but I find the time to concentrate on the important things too. And the fast pace of the modern world doesn't mean we accomplish more, Think about it. We may not have
you then tie up and hang somewhere so that all the juices can drain away. Preferably, this will be somewhere reasonably cool and airy, like a storeroom or pantry. You leave it hanging like this for a couple of days, adding a little salt each day until it starts to turn yellow. Then you place it in a jar of olive oil, and if you like, you can pierce it with peppercorns and spices to give it extra flavour. Here you can see I've added poppy seeds. The great thing about it is that it'll keep in the oil. No need for a fridge.
to carry water from a well any more, but for each job that's become redundant, a modern one has jumped in and taken its place.
Extract One
Jake: You've got a point there. It seems like no matter what labour-saving device has been invented, the list of things to do remains endless and we keep finding ourselves back at
Extract Two
square one. But if I were to move at a less frenetic pace, I don't think I'd find the time even to eat or sleep.
Woman: How can I describe it? This feeling I get. You know, like I'm standing on the edge of a precipice, and ... I'll be OK CPE Tapescripts
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one minute and I think, great, I've got it licked. Then suddenly, this wave of nausea wells up inside me, and everything starts swimming. And I just want to pitch myself into the void. Like the force of gravity is pulling me over and I'm powerless to prevent it. The funny thing about it is, it can happen anywhere, irrespective of the distance from the ground. I may be on a station platform and suddenly, the tracks will have this magnetic effect on me, or I could be on a fifth floor balcony. One time, I'll never forget it - it seems so ridiculous now - I was clambering over rocks on the shore with my son and I had this attack, and I can't have been more than five feet above sea level! I tried to fight it - you know, it really gets to me - but it completely overwhelmed me. I mean, imagine being rescued by a nine-year-old boy! I was mortified! But anyone who gets it will tell you. There's nothing you can ... Extract Three Presenter: And my next guest on the programme is Edward Hicks, who is a riding instructor. Edward, what made you decide on this line of work? Edward: It wasn't a conscious decision, it simply happened. As a kid I used to spend every spare moment at the stables, so it seemed like a natural development. Also, my family couldn't afford to buy me my own horse, so this was one way to ensure unlimited access to riding. To do this job, you have to live and breathe horses and riding, I think, like any work connected with animals, it's never just a job: it's a way of life. And if you're married and have children, the rest of the family naturally follow suit. It's great fun working with children and horses because there's so much laughter and love. I get a lot out of it. The only thing I moan about occasionally is the weather - hot or cold, I have to be out there.
~ ~ PART 2 You will hear a man called Neil Brown giving a talk about cycling. For questions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase, Neil: Good evening, everyone. My name is Neil Brown and I'm here to talk to you about the merits of a favourite pastime of mine: cycling. I am involved in the Cycle Campaign Network, an organisation which helps to promote cycling - as a sport. as a viable means of transport and also as a pleasurable leisure activity. In 1996 the National Cycling Strategy was launched, whose aim is to promote and develop cycling as a means of transport. It's come a long way towards achieving its aims, but there's still room for improvement. Some of you may be wondering: why cycle to work in this cold, wet climate of ours? Well, there are numerous reasons. For one thing, the bike offers a valuable alternative to the car in that not only does it make for reduced carbon dioxide emissions and noise levels, but as more people use it regularly to get to and from work, the less congestion there is in town and city centres. Increasingly, local authorities are becoming aware of the potential benefits to the community and are taking steps to create safer cycle routes and provide cycle training programmes to promote road safety. The upshot of this is that we are now more able to actively encourage children to cycle to school. I am delighted to say that many comprehensive schools have already incorporated cycling into their sports curriculum, and this has been received enthusiastically by teachers and students alike. We're hoping to expand the project further and are looking for new recruits to help us. So, er, don't hesitate to add your names, please!
Edward: To grow in size, so that we can gain financial support from the Federation in order to develop the athletic side of the school for entry in competitions. But it's not easy. Horse-riding is an expensive sport. Extract Four Woman: Originally, you know, I wanted to go parascending, You know, fly with a parachute. Then I was at this exhibition and I saw a stand for the local flying club. I went and had a chat with the rep there and thought I'd have a go, The course was surprisingly easy, You learn the basics of navigation - but they don't bother about that so much any more now we've got GPS, or Global Positioning System, to guide us. The training takes about six months and you need to record a total of forty flying hours in order to be allowed to take the exams. Twenty-five of these must be solo, Then, once you get your licence, you have to record a minimum of five hours flying annually in order to get it renewed. If you fail to cover these hours, an instructor has to give you the once-over in order to approve its revalidation. The thing I love about flying is that when you're up there, you forget everything about life down on the ground. You leave behind all other cares, your daily life fades into insignificance and you feel, well, literally, as free as a bird. There's nothing like it.
Aside from the obvious benefits to the environment, cycling is also good for you. Regular cycling encourages you to breathe more deeply, assisting circulation and burning off body fat. It can provide protection against such health problems as coronary heart disease. strokes and mild diabetes, among others. It strengthens your musculo-skeletal system, which in turn protects you against the effects of fractures and injuries sustained during falls. And another benefit has recently been uncovered by research. Those people who cycle to work regularly generally arrive at the office feeling more alert. confident and ready for action. So there's a possibility that cycling could improve a person's mental performance. I for one can certainly say that cycling to work has made me more efficient. And because these days I rarely take sick leave, my relations with my boss have definitely improved! Cycling is easy and enjoyable and won't dent your bank balance. Today there are more than sixteen cycling organisations in Britain, which shows how cycling has grown in popularity. Thousands of bike events are held throughout the year. and entry to most of these is free of charge to participants of all ages and abilities. So why not do yourself a favour and help the environment at the same time? Start cycling to school or work and leave the car in the garage. An
easy way to make a start is by joining in one or more of the events organised for Bike Week, which is held annually every June. There are events all over the country and the organisations Bike2Work and BikeHub participate to promote cycling and raise money for charity. It's great fun and many events are open to all the family. To give you an idea of what I'm talking about, the oldest participant in one event last year was seventy-eight and the youngest was five! Anyone who is interested can phone or e-mail and request a free Events Guide to see which events are being organised in their area. Or you can talk to me this evening. In the meantime, I look forward to seeing many of you out on the road some time. Thank you for listening. If anyone has any questions, I'll be ...
~ ~ PART 3 You will hear an interview with Norma Powell, who is a financial advisor. For questions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or OJ which fits best according to what you hear. Presenter: In recent years, surveys conducted into the problem of debt have produced some startling results. Of all declared bankrupts last year, almost fifteen percent were under thirty years old, representing a sharp rise since previous years. Various reasons have been cited as to why this is happening, but the question remains: what are we to do about the growing problem of debt among the young? With me on the programme today is Norma Powell, who, hopefully, can shed some light on this worrying matter. Norma, what can we do? Norma: Well, I think it's fair to say that the causes of the problem are many. For one thing, young people are encouraged to get into debt by the sheer abundance of credit cards and store cards on offer to them. It's terribly easy for college students to run up an overdraft unchecked. not realising that they will then spend the first ten years of their working lives paying the money back - that's assuming they find a job. But personally, I think the root of the problem lies deeper. In this consumer society of ours. where the acquisition of material goods gives you status. parents often fail to give their children guidance in how to handle their money. They are negligent in their responsibility to warn them about the hidden dangers involved in running up credit card
children to listen to you! Gone are the days of 'Don't do as I do. do as I say'! Another useful learning tool is the weekly pocket money. It need only be a modest amount, but as long as it's fixed and paid on a particular day of the week, you can use this to teach your children how to gauge the money they have to spend in one week, and how much money they need to save if they want to buy, say, a new CD or a game for the PlayStation. Presenter: Why should the amount of pocket money be fixed? Norma: Well. this teaches children to learn to live within their means. They must plan a saving strategy if they want to buy something big. They need to project how long it will take them to save up a certain amount. These are important lessons in life. Presenter: Good point. But what can we do to encourage the reluctant child to save? My teenage daughter no sooner gets money in her hand than it's gone, usually on a new pair of shoes or clothes. Norma: In this case, give them an incentive to save. Bribe them if necessary! Tell them that if they save a certain amount, you will add so much to it as a bonus. If you open a bank account for them, older children will also benefit from having their own bank book. Presenter: You mean, it'll make them feel grown up and independent. Norma: More than that. There's a real sense of achievement attached to depositing money in the bank and watching your savings grow. Remember how you felt when you opened your first account? Things haven't changed that much. We've simply lost sight of our priorities. The problem. of course. with most teenagers is peer pressure and the power of brand names. This now affects boys as much as girls. You can't convince them to buy cheap trainers when all their friends are wearing a popular, more expensive brand. But at least you can make them aware of the cost involved in staying in fashion. Presenter: Well, Norma! You've given our listeners lots to think about. Thank yo~ very much for coming on the programme, and I for one will be implementing some of the measures you mentioned. Now, the next item on today's agenda ...
bills, for instance. Presenter: Don't you think it's a little harsh to lay all the blame at the parents' door? Norma: Well, perhaps schools should share some of the burden. Nevertheless. when it comes to finance. children generally learn from what their parents do. Presenter: So what would you have us parents do? Norma: Generally speaking. you could talk to your children about the value of saving and how important it is to be responsible about money. Of course. setting a good example through your own spending habits is crucial. if you want your
~ ~ PART 4 You will hear two路teachers, Tim and Jane, discussing a proposal to introduce computer games into the classroom. For questions 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree. Write T for Tim, J for Jane or B for Both, where they agree. Tim: Phew! That was exhausting! Let's get the kettle on! I thought they were never going to stop in there!
Jane: Yes, it was pretty heated, wasn't it? Still, a lot of valid points were raised. What's your view of using computer games in the classroom? Tim: Well, mixed, really. I mean, I'm all for using technology if it benefits learning skills - the interactive whiteboard is a brilliant innovation, for instance - but games? I dunno. How are they going to make them valid for the curriculum? As they stand, few of them bear any relevance to the work we're covering at the moment. Jane: What I'm concerned about is that kids are already spending too much time in front of a screen at home. If we were to encourage it at school as well. would we end up producing a generation of lonely, square-eyed couch potatoes? Tim: Well now, there's an interesting point. Did you hear what Caroline Whatshername said about most kids preferring to play in pairs or in groups? Now I know this for a fact. because my son. who's eleven. doesn't play when he's on his own. He only seems to want to when his friends come round. Jane: Yes. it kind of defeats the argument that children playing video games are isolated. doesn't it? But it doesn't refute the point that kids spend too much time indoors in front of a screen. I mean. we hear a lot about child obesity, and then there's the fact that children don't read any more. Are we to ignore this? Tim: I think a lot depends on the parents and the rules they lay down. I set a time limit on playing. I find that Nick - my son will play for maybe an hour on the computer instead of watching TV, then call a friend to go and play football, or go for a bike ride. You know, I think a lot of these arguments against computers are exaggerated. Jane: Mm. Perhaps. Tim: I mean, I admit some kids don't read as much as they used to. but that's not true across the board. But to get back to the subject of games in the classroom, some of those games like Sim City and RolierCoaster Tycoon have a lot of potential because they teach kids not only how to build things but also to face the consequences of what they do and the choices they make. If these games could be adapted to incorporate some aspects of say, economic theory. I would love to use them in my Economics classes because they would get students thinking. Jane: Mm, only after lot of alterations. But I think some specially designed games based on historical events could benefit an otherwise boring History lesson. Tim: The trick is to make the games relate more closely to curriculum material, to make them viable educational tools. I think it's vital to develop game-making features that will encourage students to produce .their own games. Imagine how this would stimulate discussion, and students could be asked to present their ideas to the rest of the class, thus providing them with skills which would be useful in the future. Jane: It definitely needs careful planning, though, so as not to lose sight of the original educational goals.
Tim: My point exactly. And perhaps, to pick up on your point earlier, the amount of lesson time devoted to using them needs to be carefully monitored. Like every innovative idea. there are bound to be some hiccoughs involved in putting it into practice. but I think it's worth looking into. Jane: Well! The pilot project starts this term, so it'll be interesting to see what comes of it.
~ ~ PART 1 You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract. Extract One Woman: Well. I was filled with trepidation - you know, it's no路 every day that one says hello to a Hollywood movie star. is it. And she's been in so many films. an' all. I was in a right state. Told 'er I was a big fan and 'ad seen all her films. She probably gets it all the time, don't she, so I reckoned I'd just bring up the last pic I'd seen her in - you know, the one where she played that hoity-toity miss - an' I said: 'You really done i well, love, pulled off all that smarminess and laid the innuendo on thick. Just like the good ole days.' Probably couldn't figure out what the blazes I was talking about. Lookea at me kind of funny, as if I was barking mad. Well. maybe I was. I'd been shaking her arm up and down for a good five minutes or so. and her smile was starting to slide off her face. That's when I thought, oh dear, I've gone and blinkin' done it now, haven't I? Made a right fool of meself. Wasn't till afterwards that my Jimmy pointed out that I'd confused her with another actress. Oh, well, what can you do? That's the price of fame, I s'pose. Extract Two Man: The role that the media plays in the escalating phenomenon of football hooliganism was recently raised in a European Parliament report. Some researchers had argued that the media not only highlights the subject, it actually promotes it. The British press in particular have been accused of amplifying the problem. In Euro '96 at least one tabloid paper drew a parallel between the England-Germany match and World War II. The British press have also been criticised for their xenophobic style of coverage of international football matches, especially those played overseas, where British fans are inclined to be the most belligerent. But it's not just the British fans who are to blame. Hooliganism is on the rise in many other European countries, where once again the media is perceived as playing a key role. In fact it is evident that some football hooligans actually relish the coverage they receive, and that rival gangs even go out of their way to compete for maximum attention in the press. The report recommended that the media cease the sensationalist coverage of violent episodes and concentrate instead on promoting fair play and good sporting values.
Extract Three
root of it all. However, whether you believe in them or not, it
Woman: Dad's been a bit lost since he retired last October. Feels like he's out on a limb. Mum says he just gets in the way and that he should go and join a golf club or something. It must be pretty tough for him, though. I mean, you give up your whole life serving your country and then suddenly, that's it - you're not needed any more.
is true that the vast majority of ancient temples, castles, churches, stone circles, megaliths and shrines tend to align in straight lines. Anyone with a comprehensive tourist map, a pencil and a ruler can verify this. For example. if we consider a significant site in British folklore - the Tor at Glastonburywe see that it sits at the hub of a large number of ley lines which lead off directly through hundreds of other ancient sites. Ley lines have been found connecting the stone circles
Man: Yeah, but there's a reason why they're called the golden years. Retirement needn't be the end of the world. It could be the realisation of life's ambitions. Take myoid man. He always was a bit of an entreprel;leur, and by the time his first pension cheque came through, he and my mum had already invested in a few acres of land in the south of Spain. They'd done their research. and so their first year turned up a good vintage. Now they're making a small fortune out of the vineyard, and living life to the full. Extract Four Interviewer: My special guest today is Julia Jones, who set up her own tour agency with a view to catering for all those single females who need to get out a bit more. Julia, what was your motivation for starting Travelling Ladies? Julia: Well. I was in a dead-end job working anti-social hours. and I knew I had to get out. I already had some experience in the tourism industry and I thought the gap in the market was for singles. Do you know how difficult it is to get a single room in some places? And the cost of a single supplement often puts it out of reach for most people. Interviewer: Why concentrate on women only? Surely there are plenty of single men out there too? Julia: Well, I wanted to stay away from the stigma attached to 'singles holidays'. I mean, not everyone who goes on holiday alone is going in the hope of some easy match-making. It's a sure recipe for disaster anyway. No. it struck me that many single women don't have the confidence to go abroad or book holidays for themselves. That's traditionally a male domain. I just thought I could offer them something special that catered just for them.
of Scotland and there is even a ley line purported to be running right through Buckingham Palace. But ley lines are not confined to the British Isles. The Nazca lines, which cross the plains of Peru, are just one other example. They also occur in China, Greece, Egypt and anywhere ancient peoples constructed their temples. In the past thirty years or so there has been a resurgence of interest in ley lines. Their existence was discovered, or should I say rediscovered, by a man called Alfred Watkins in 1921, who, while studying an ordnance survey map in Hertfordshire, noticed that a series of geological features and man-made sites appeared to have a most singular alignment. He went on to publish a book propounding the theory that the constructions on ley lines were the navigational markers of ancient trade routes. This theory was soon discredited, however, as few considered it plausible that a trader would have been willing to scale a high hill and then clamber down to the valley just to follow the straightest line across the land. While most people agree that there appears to be a definite arrangement in the placing of these sites. many consider them to be a mere coincidence. Our own research at the Institute has indicated that an alignment of historical sites does not automatically determine the presence of a ley line, although it often points to one being there. Instead, we believe that ley lines are a manifestation of the Earth's geomagnetic energy, which crisscrosses the land creating a network of natural power right under our feet. There is compelling evidence to suggest that this energy runs in straight lines, much like the meridians - as any acupuncturist will tell you - that cover our bodies. The monuments on them merely serve to reveal this network. This would imply that either the peoples of ancient civilisations allover the world were aware of ley lines. or they were unwittingly drawn to their power. In ancient times,
~ ~ PART 2
You will hear a radio talk about ley lines. For questions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase. Interviewer: Today we're pleased to welcome Ruth Browning of the Gaia Institute, where for the past fifteen years they've been examining a phenomenon known as ley lines. Ruth, what can you tell us about ley lines? Ruth: Well. first of all. it has to be said that there is still a lot of controversy surrounding ley lines. with many sceptics doubting their existence altogether. One definition of ley lines is that they are imaginary lines marking the alignment of ancient places of worship, but we believe there is nothing imaginary about them, that real geophysical power is at the
people were far more in tune with nature and the earth than we are today. relying more on their body's natural sensitivity and intuitive powers to locate underground water supplies or a sacred site for a temple or shrine. There are other theories about ley lines. Some believe that the location of ancient sites along specific lines was based on complex astronomical calculations made by the builders of ancient monuments, whose intention was to mirror the alignment of constellations in the sky. And, according to some claims, UFO sightings often occur above ley line intensive areas. In recent years, proving the existence of ley lines has been a favourite pastime of New Age enthusiasts, which is why scientists tend to take a dim view of the subject. However, scientists who have studied ley lines claim that the
places where they are said to intersect seem to have a stronger magnetic intensity than other areas, but the data is currently inconclusive, so the jury is still out on the subject.
~ ~ PART 3 You will hear part of an interview with an artist. For questions 18-22, choose the answer lA, B, C or OJ which fits best according to what you hear. )nterviewer: \Nekome "bacK.r-Dr 't'nose 0\ you w'no 'nave on)y just switched on your radio, we're talking today to artist Brendan Rothschild, whose recent exhibition of sculpture has received mixed reviews. Brendan, the question most
Brendan: Some of it, though it need not be abstract to be modern. Throughout history, art has continued to evolve. Those with the most vision, and sometimes - but not always those with the most skill, have found a way to move art forward. Just look back over the past one hundred years. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, artists like Van Gogh had pushed against the boundaries of what was considered acceptable art. Poor old Vincent never sold a painting in his lifetime. People weren't ready for his vision, but today his paintings sell for millions. Other artists like Gauguin, Picasso, Duchamp and Matisse opened avenues for new ideas, new visions, challenging the notion of what art was supposed to be, and movements such as Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Fauvism, Abstract Expressionism were all born as the result of somebody doing something that had never been done before.
frequently raised has been about whether your work can even be classified as art. How does that make you feel?
Interviewer: Do you think other factors influenced the way art was developing?
Brendan: Well to tell the truth, I try not to let it get to me. My art is meant to be provocative, and if some people are provoked. then at least it's having the desired effect. After all, the perception of art is in the eye of the beholder, and there will always be someone whose definition of art will differ from mine.
Brendan: Certainly, the invention of the camera had an impact on the role of art. No longer was it necessary for artists to imitate life, and the rich lost their excuse to commission renowned artists to show off their wealth with portraits of thoroughbred horses and greyhounds. Technology was suddenly capable of doing that and photography was soon available to everyone. This gave artists the freedom to experiment with materials, with colour, with perspective. to challenge the way we see things and even our notions of what constitutes reality.
Interviewer: And what is your definition of art, if you don't mind my asking? Brendan: Sure, why not? I believe that art is anything created in the name of art. For example, if I stand on this chair and call it art, then it is, because I made it to be art. Now whether it is good, bad. mediocre or any other adjective you care to attach to it. is purely subjective, and everyone's welcome to their opinion.
Interviewer: Which brings us back to what you were telling us before the break about your own work. So where do you see your work going in the future? Brendan: Forward, I hope.
Interviewer: But surely, anybody could stand on a chair and call it art? Brendan: Yes, but they don't, do they? That's the point. Much of the time, what really succeeds as art is something that hasn't been done before. Technical skill rarely comes into it. All the skill in the world doesn't necessarily make you an artist. Conversely, there are a good number of artists out there that have made a living - even become famous - despite having little or no technical ability. They just had an original way of expressing an old idea, or a traditional way of expressing an original one. Interviewer: So if I picked up a bucket of paint and threw it at a canvas, that would be deemed art? Brendan: Certainly it would, if that had been your intention. It wouldn't be very successful, though, as it's already been done. In fact, thinking of something novel and then expressing it successfully is harder than most people think. Some say that modern art has reached an impasse, but I think that's narrow thinking. Twenty-first century art is just searching for another flash of inspiration. Interviewer: Do you believe that abstract art is a reflection of our times?
~ ~ PART 4 You will hear an interview with Mark and Trudy, two zoologists. For questions 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree. Write T for Trudy, M for Mark or 8 for 80th, where they agree. Interviewer: The system by which honeybees communicate the location of food sources has fascinated animal behaviourists ever since the 1920s, when eminent Austrian zoologist Karl von Frisch began to research the subject. In the studio today we have invited Dr Mark Sherlock and Dr Trudy Collins to reveal more about this mysterious activity. Mark, what can you tell us about honeybee communication? Mark: What I can tell you is that honeybees communicate using what is probably the most complex symbolic code system in the animal world. The discovery that came to be known as the 'honeybee dance language' is considered by many to be one of the greatest in behavioural science.
Trudy: What many scientists disagree on is whether the
system honeybees use can be called a language or whether these insects instinctively perform dances in order to pass on the aromas of flower patches to other bees. which are then guided by their olfactory senses to the food source. Mark: Karl von Frisch. who received a Nobel Prize for his work on insect communication. spent a good part of his life trying to prove that the way honeybees communicate is far more than just an arbitrary use of signals. It is almost a conscious choice of symbols made by the 'dancer' and correctly interpreted by the other bees. It is. in other words. a language. Trudy: Except that the idea of a non-human language conflicts
deeply with what most of us consider to be our own unique achievement, as can be seen from the reaction by some scientists to language experiments involving primates or certain aquatic mammals. Mark: Nevertheless, Von Frisch discovered that foraging honeybees could communicate the exact location of food sources, impart the quality of the food and convey other critical information that the colony might need. Trudy: Yes, what he observed is that on returning to the hive,
a forager bee - one that has been out scouting for rich food sources -will perform a dance in a designated area called the dance floor, and other bees - usually called recruitment bees - will then leave the hive to follow the dancer's instructions to the food source. Mark: The dances definitely serve a communicative purpose as they are never performed without an audience. Von Frisch noted two kinds of dance: circular dances are used to communicate the existence of food that is in the vicinity of the hive, while waggle dances tend to communicate the existence of a food source which could be several miles distant. There is a clear correlation between the angle of the dance and the direction of the food source. Trudy: What von Frisch also discovered is that the bees
position themselves on the vertical combs of the hive at an angle which indicates the position of the sun. while the angle between the vertical and the straight run of the waggle dance is equal to the angle of the sun above the horizon. The speed of the dance is thought to indicate the distance from the hive to the food source, as dances slow down when food sources are moved further away. Mark: The duration of the dance is also thought to be a factor that indicates distance. or perhaps the difficulty involved in getting to the source - for example, flying uphill or against the wind, And the desirability of a food source is indicated by the vigour with which the dance is performed - sluggish dances may indicate a source which will not yield a great reward. and they will also attract fewer new recruits than more vigorous dances. Trudy: There is certainly enough evidence to suggest that
bees communicate to each other using more than just olfactory signals. But at the end of the day, if someone doesn't want to believe that animals use a symbolic language, nothing is going to convince them.
Mark: Well, I for one believe that there's certainly a lot more to these little creatures than we tend to give them credit for.
~ ~ PART 1
You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.
Man: Now, consider your dining room chairs for a moment. More than any other piece of furniture. dining chairs need to withstand the wear and tear of daily life, Think about what you do to that chair. Firstly, you sit on it - obviously! But think about how you sit down. No doubt you deposit yourself on it with force. You may also lean back in your chair and casually tip it onto its back legs. Imagine the strain this places on the chair's rear joints. Apart from this, when you change a light bulb, or get that book down from the top shelf, it's usually the good old dining chair that gets dragged across the room to stand on. So different parts of the chair experience a great deal of stress and strain at different times. Therefore, designing a chair successfully is a matter of engineering first and foremost, and then aesthetics. The creation of strong joints between the seat rails and the legs is vital because these come under tremendous pressure. There are various ways in which joint reinforcements can be worked into the design of the chair. and this is something we'll be looking at over the next few sessions. Extract Two Woman: Customer Services Department, can I help you? Man: I hope so, love. Bill Rice from Home Delivery. Bit of bother with one of the orders. The address on the invoice, I can't find it, see. Woman: Er. it should be at the top. Man: No. no, love! I mean. I can't find the place. Drew Top Drive doesn't seem to exist. I've been driving round looking for it for the last hour. Someone must have got it wrong on the papers, probably at the loading bay.
Man: Right you are. Hang on a tick. 'Ere it is. Difficult to see without my glasses. 4 ... 9 ... 0024. Customer's name, Hicks, A fridge freezer. Woman: Just a moment, The address I've got here is 40, Dew Drop Lane. Man: There you are. What did I tell you? I dunno, These girls in the depot office. The paper comes in from the store but they're too busy gossiping to read the address properly before typing it. Thanks, love, Best be off. I'm running late, Bye, now,
Extract Three
precisely the location of the ancient citadel. Commanding
Woman: The truth is we do our children a grave injustice by
extraordinary skills in engineering and at the same time displaying a deep respect for the landscape, the Incas constructed the city on top of a mountain overlooking the valley of the River Urubamba.
testing them all the time. The purpose of education is not only to teach, but to instil in the child a desire to learn, surely. The success of a teacher should be gauged not on what grades her students attain but rather on how many of them enjoy being in her class. We need to motivate children instead of highlighting their mistakes and making them hate school by humiliating them in front of their peers. Tests serve a useful purpose for the teacher onlv. By demonstrating what children do not know. they allow the teacher to place emphasis on making sure that he or she then learns it. No one, child or adult, likes being tested. Yet given the chance to show off what we can do well, we shine. And just as a child longs to see his mother's face light up with pride at his achievements, so the adult craves the admiration of his friends and colleagues. What I'm saying is. encouraging a child to develop his mind freely will breed more success than forcing him to learn under threat of low marks. Extract Four Interviewer: Without doubt. your book about the Vendee Globe single-handed round-the-world yacht race not only makes fascinating reading. but also restores readers' faith in human nature. Personally. I felt humbled by the magnitude of what you achieved. and in particular. the sacrifice you made. You were in with a chance to win one of the most prestigious races in the yachting world, yet you gave it all up to go and rescue a fellow competitor who was in distress. I cannot imagine what that decision must have cost you. Sailor: It's a funny thing, really. I won't pretend it wasn't a wrench giving up my chances in the race. but there was never any question of my not going back for Roget. I was daunted by the enormity of the task that lay ahead of me, for conditions were appalling, with winds of up to sixty knots and ferocious seas. But the code of the sea is unequivocal on this point: if someone is in trouble you go to help. I couldn't have lived with myself or faced the people I love if I hadn't gone. No prize is more precious than human life.
What's particularly remarkable about the site is the fact that while the citadel perches on the summit. the Incas constructed a complex series of agricultural terraces descending the steep. irregular slopes of the mountain. If you look at photograph B behind me ... er ... you can see that these tiers extended over a terrain of varying altitudes. which meant that the farmers had to contend with a variety of changeable climatic conditions. How they overcame this problem with such success remains a mystery to this day. An interesting factor to observe here is the skilful manner in which they constructed these andenes. as they are also called. in harmony with the landscape. The irrigation channels running between them served a dual purpose in providing each terrace with supporting walls as well as supplying it with water. Given the diversity of the terrain and environmental conditions, the fact that these terraces are still intact demonstrates the exceptional quality of the Incas' engineering skills. This is further illustrated by the extraordinary design and structure of the urban sector. When Hiram Bingham made his momentous discovery of Machu Picchu in 1911, it was purely by chance. He had been searching for another legendary lost city of the Incas, Vileabamba. What he found instead overwhelmed him. Separated from the agricultural sector by a large perimeter wall of stone built in a style characteristic of the Incas. the urban area consisted of 172 compounds of different shapes and sizes. These were connected by 109 stairways. Each enclosure appears to have had a specific function, judging from evidence found during excavation. For example, one was for storage, no doubt of the crops that had been harvested. Another contained a number of mortars. and must have been where corn beer was made. Several exquisite buildings stand out as being the most important on the site, and these were the Coricancha, or Temple of the Sun, the Aqllawasi - House of the Virgins, and the Temple of the Three Windows, which were involved in rituals and religious ceremonies. Then a specially sculpted stone, the Intihuatana, was used for astronomical observations of an advanced kind. The
~ ~ PART 2 You will hear part of a lecture on the lost city of Machu Picchu in Peru. For questions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase. Presenter: Good morning, everyone. Today's lecture is about a place that is close to my heart - the historic lost city of the Incas, Machu Picchu. And here to tell us about it is one of the leading experts in the field, Professor Elizabeth Harrington. Professor: Thank you. Well, as you can see from the photographs on display behind me, Machu Picchu is indisputably one of the world's most impressive archaeological sites.
enclosures extended outwards from a large central public square, with two smaller ones a little further out, exemplifying the meticulous design and functional organisation of the city. Coupled with this was a deep-rooted desire to blend with the natural surroundings. shown by the fact that many sacred rocks and stones were carefully incorporated into the design without being adulterated. Built at the end of the fourteenth century and known to have been functioning well into the sixteenth century. Machu Picchu stands testimony to the Incas' engineering skills and aesthetic sensitivity. Perhaps even more than this, it illustrates the sheer endurance of these people, making their sudden disappearance all the more difficult to explain. There is no sign of the Spanish conquerors having ever reached the city
and some scholars argue that the city became depopulated before the Spaniards even arrived. This offers a possible explanation for the fact that Bingham found no treasures of gold or silver at the site. Perhaps the people themselves removed the treasures to a safer location. Yet why the people left remains a mystery. Were they destroyed by war with a rival tribe? The Incas themselves were known to annihilate a defeated enemy. This could have been the fate of the people at Machu Picchu. Another possibility is that an epidemic wiped out the inhabitants of Machu Picchu. and the city was never re-populated. Whatever the explanation, this piece of the puzzle has eluded historians, and as such offers a fascinating challenge to historians of the future.
~ ~ PART 3
You will hear part of a radio interview with a member of a language revival action group. For questions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B, Cor 0) which fits best according to what you hear. Presenter: Good evening. This week on Right to Speak, we'll be looking at the revival of some of the British Isles' dying languages, and it gives me great pleasure to welcome the first of tonight's speakers. Philip McNair is a teacher of Gaelic and a member of an action group endeavouring to revive Gaelicmedium teaching in Scottish schools. Philip, a lot's been happening recently in Scotland with regard to the revival of the Gaelic language. Can you tell our listeners a little bit about it? Philip: Certainly, Pamela. Well. the Scottish Parliament
recently passed a bill recognising Gaelic as an official language of Scotland. and this constitutes the culmination of a long struggle on the part of many people. myself included. to cain official support in promoting the teaching of Gaelic in schools. Presenter: But you've taken it a step further than that, haven't you? Philip: We have indeed. Following the success of the Welsh initiative in using their native language as the teaching medium in schools, we decided to try to do the same for Scotland.
Presenter: And would you say the interest is there, among young people, as well as old? Philip: Oh, aye, definitely. There's already a fair number of upils who have been educated in Gaelic throughout primary school and who would like to continue their secondary education in the same vein. The problem is facilities are as yet . sufficient for them to do so.
Presenter: Why is that? Philip: Well, it all boils down to a matter of staff. There's a lack
of trained secondary school teachers who are able or even willing to use Gaelic as their teaching medium. According to figures, in 2003 there were 152 primary school teachers teaching through the medium of Gaelic, while in secondary education, they numbered only 26. So our action group aims to encourage and recruit more teachers at this level. There are intensive language courses available for already qualified teachers, which it is hoped will motivate them to build their knowledge of the language up to the level required for secondary teaching. We've also set up several part-time teacher training courses. and there are currently two distancelearning courses run by Aberdeen University and Lews Castle College on Stornoway. In fact, the first group of trainees from Aberdeen graduated with flying colours in June this year, providing Gaelic-medium schools with twenty new primary teachers and five secondary school teachers. And numbers are growing.
Philip: For the moment, yes, but I think the tide's turning. We've secured four million pounds from the government
0
spend on training resources, and are dedicating a large portion of that to secondary teacher training and to the provision of classroom resources for Gaelic medium teaching. The important thing is, I think, to encourage people as a whole to want to revive the language, at home as well as at school, not only to prevent it from dying out, but in order to develop it as part of their cultural identity once more. Linguistically. Scottish Gaelic is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. along with Irish and Manx. In the case of the latter. the last native speaker died on the Isle of Man in 1974, and Manx was then officially declared a dead language. This sent shockwaves through many Celtic communities. and sparked a renewed interest in reviving Celtic languages. It's worth noting that today there are several hundred Manx speakers, and I think this is proof that people care about their cultural identity and want to hold onto it. Gaelic represents an important part of our cultural heritage as Celts, whether we are Scottish, Irish, Manx or Welsh, and we have a duty to protect and uphold it. We are lucky in Scotland because the forming of the Scottish Parliament enabled the Gaelic revival movement to gain political clout and as a result. provided us with the financial means to achieve our aims. We now have the necessary funds to make our ideas work. This in turn has encouraged an increase in interest among the general public because they no longer see the language as a lost cause. Presenter: Philip McNair, thank you. And on that note, let me introduce our next guest for this evening, from the Isle of Man
Dave: Do you really? Oh, give me a live show any day - and work under one roof. Who wants the hassle of carting forty ~ ~ PART 4
You will hear two costume designers, Dave and Karen, discussing their work in theatre and film. For questions 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree. Write K for Karen, D for Dave or 8 for 80th, where they agree.
Karen: Why, do I look exhausted? Actually, I've just finished working on a film that's due out in October and, I can tell you, I'm looking forward to getting some sleep! Dave: I thought you didn't like working in film. Didn't you once say that nothing compared with theatre work? Karen: I may have done. But you know how it is in our business. If you get a break, can you honestly pass it up? It's so difficult to get your foot in the door of the film industry, and let's face it, that's where the real money is. Dave: Yeah, but is money what it's all about? I mean, the last time I worked on a film, I got up at the crack of dawn, drove fifty miles to the location of that day's shoot. only to find myself hanging around most of the day while they struggled to get one scene right. You don't get any of that in the theatre! Karen: Oh, come on! Sometimes you're rushed off your feet on a film set. Dave: Mmm, but even then, there's a lot of messing about. The money may be attractive, but is it worth it? All that time you spend drinking cups of insipid tea while you're waiting for the rain to stop, or some pretty boy protagonist to get his act together. Karen: Umm, that is a downside, I must admit. Actors in the theatre do tend to be more conscientious about learning their lines and so on, and that certainly makes work flow more smoothly. Still, there's something about film ... I can't quite put my finger on it, but it's somehow, well, more challenging. Perhaps because of the extra pressure you're under. Not only is it tough for a designer to break into film, but once you're in. there's no guarantee that you've made it. There's no leeway for mistakes. One badly done job and you're finished. The word goes round and you don't get a second chance. So you've got to be on your toes all the time. Ready to jump from scene to scene at the drop of a hat. having to make sure you've got the right costumes ready for each shoot. rushing off to different locations ... There's a certain edge to it, and I love that.
costumes in the pouring rain to some godforsaken outdoor location? But it's not just that. Don't you feel that things aren't so intense in the theatre? You can get away with minor glitches, and more importantly. your hard work gets' recognised. You're a part of the team and everyone supports each other. It's not so backstabbing. Karen: That depends who you work with! I know what you're saying, though. There's nothing so exhilarating as a first night. with everyone pulling together to make it all happen, followed by the party afterwards, You can let your hair down. Dave: Exactly! There's a kind of camaraderie that you just don't get in film. Karen: That's possibly down to the fact that a film crew is much larger, and people aren't all working together at the same time. You have to admit, Dave, you meet a more diverse range of people working on a film, and that can be inspiring, 1f you're lucky enough to get on a film with a large budget. you may even find yourself working at the cutting edge of the industry with some of the most creative people in the business. Dave: So would you say you're finished with the theatre, then? Karen: No, of course not! I'm not belittling the work we do in the theatre! Far from it, and I'll go wherever there's work. I can't believe you'd say no to film work that came your way, either. It would be suicide!
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~ ~ Exam task You are a member of a committee which is responsible for organising the annual carnival in your town. The chairman of the committee has sent you the following note:
With regard to points raised at our recent meeting concerning next year's carnival, could I ask you to draw up a comprehensive proposal? Remember: we decided festivities should take place over three days. I'd like you to put together a programme, outlining possible events, with some indication as to why you think they will be popular. Could also suggest a venue for each? Then we can finalise plans at the next me:etrng.
Introduction This proposal aims to present the committee year's carnival.
with a possible programme
of events for next
Events As suggested at the last meeting, the carnival will span three days, and many attractive ideas were put forward which should cater for all tastes. Firstly, we could hold a dance show and invite all the dance academies in town to participate. Secondly, there could be an arts and crafts exhibition, with The History of Carnival as its theme. Local artists and craftspeople could display their skills in, for example, making masks or constructing puppets. A third suggestion, which is bound to appeal to our younger citizens, is to hold a puppet show in the town hall. Of course, the Grand Fancy Dress Ball is always a favourite, and we could organise a fancy dress party for children as well. Finally, there will be the traditional carnival procession through the town centre, with prizes awarded for the best floats. An important feature of each of these events is that they will encourage townspeople to become directly involved in the celebrations in a creative and enjoyable manner. TImetable
and venues
The arts and crafts exhibition could be held in the town hall's exhibition hall from Friday to Sunday. Puppet shows could be scheduled at intervals throughout the day on Saturday and Sunday. The dance show could be held at the municipal theatre on Friday evening. Weather permitting, we could use the open-air stage in order to accommodate a larger audience. Saturday should be reserved for the fancy dress parties. The children's party should be held in the early afternoon in one of the large restaurants on the sea front. A marquee could be erected on the lawn in front of the town hall for the Grand Fancy Dress Ball in the evening. The marquee would be both visually impressive and also accommodate a large number of party-goers. The carnival procession itself will be held on Sunday afternoon, according to tradition, pass through the High Street, culminating on the sea front with a dramatic fireworks display.
and
Conclusion With careful planning and organisation, our town's carnival festivities.
more people than ever before could participate
in
~ ~ Exam task You are an independent consultant who offers advice to small businesses. The owner of a cafeteria has asked you to investigate why his business is suffering a decline. You have looked into various aspects of the business, including the cafeteria's location and interior design, the quality of service and the menu. Write a report to the owner based on your findings, and make suggestions for improvements.
Daniel Brown Karen Jones Decline in business at The Whistling Teapot cafeteria
To: From: Subject: Introduction
This report presents the findings of my research into why business at The Whistling Teapot is declining, and makes some recommendations for improvement that should reverse this trend. location
and design
The cafeteria's location in the busy town centre close to fashionable shops which attract a young clientele is ideal. However, the interior's dark colours and floral fabrics give it a rather old-fashioned atmosphere reminiscent of a village teashop, which is out of keeping with the cafeteria's surroundings. A possible solution would be to renovate the premises so that the decor is lighter and brighter, reflecting the style of the retail outlets in the vicinity, and in this way attract more young people. A change of name may also be advisable, for the same reason. Staff The members of staff are very pleasant, but service is a little slow and customers are not as patient as they used to be. Perhaps staff could be trained to be faster and more efficient. A bright uniform would also help to create an impression of modern efficiency, which is what people are looking for today. Menu The traditional pots of tea and coffee which are currently served are attractive, but once again are not really suited to the cafeteria's location. Also, the range of beverages, drinks and cakes on the menu is limited. Other cafeterias in the area offer a wide variety of coffees, as well as herbal and flavoured teas. In order to be competitive, it is necessary to follow suit. If the menu were extended to include freshly made sandwiches, passers-by might even be encouraged to come in for a snack or light meal at lunchtime, especially if the change in menu were made known to people who work in the area. Conclusion Although business is declining at the moment, the location of the premises makes the situation rectifiable. The key lies in creating the right atmosphere and menu to attract the people who frequent the surrounding shops.
II
3 Essay ~ ~ Exam task Your teacher has asked you to write an essay about a difficult decision you had to make that was to have a profound effect on the course of your life. Describe the circumstances in which you had to make your decision, and say how you feel about your life now.
I grew up in a small village in the mountains, cocooned from the pressures of city life. Life for me flowed like a river, following a steady course, events causing occasional ripples on its surface, but never a major storm. I was happy for most of my early years, but at fifteen I began to feel restless. I developed a strong desire to experience life in the larger world and yearned to leave the stifling limitations of life in a village. Fortunately, I had an uncle who lived in the city, and he was willing to take me into his home so that I could go to a school nearby. At first, I was delighted. So many opportunities seemed to be opening up to me. I dreamed of all the things I could do and the places I would see. Soon, however, this euphoria dissipated to be replaced by doubt and anxiety. I looked around me. Everything in the village was familiar and safe. The faces around me were ones I had known all my life. The city was an unknown entity and loomed before me, dark and forbidding. What would happen to me there? How would I fit in? How would my new classmates view me? Here, I was liked and accepted. There, I would probably be ridiculed as a country bumpkin. Over the next few days my thoughts waged a war in my head, and I oscillated between a fear of the unknown and a desire to escape. Finally, however, I knew I had to go. Looking back, I have often wondered whether I made the right decision. Life in the city was far from easy at first, and it took me a while to find my feet. Yet I never returned to the village to live. Occasional fits of nostalgia still send me running back, but a few days is all it takes before I am ready to return to the hustle and bustle of the business world to which I have become accustomed. I live and work in the city and am happily married to a woman from here, so I suppose it was meant to be.
~4" Review ~ ~ Exam task You recently attended a three-day street festival in your city and have been asked to write a review for a local entertainments magazine, commenting on the events and performances that took place and saying how successful you think the festival was in attracting visitors to the city.
Leamington Spa - Annual Summer Festival This year's summer festival has clearly been a major success. Visitors from far and wide arrived in droves to see the live bands, art exhibitions, films and theatre performances in various venues all over the town and to admire the goods available at the numerous crafts stalls. The idea to expand the annual festival into a major three-day event came about as the result of much consideration as to how to improve the town's image as a cultural centre, both in this country and abroad. Among the performers this year, perhaps the biggest attraction were Desert Caravan, who, on the third day, played to an astounding crowd of almost three thousand people. The enthusiasm and excitement was almost tangible as the band went on to perform several of their greatest and best-known hits. Other, less well-known bands such as Onyx and Maria Tempest also gave performances which were very well attended. Other crowd-pulling events included a poetry recital by local bards, a screening at the town hall of a short film called Serenity, directed by Susanna McGill, a film director who hails from the area, and an open-air performance of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream ably mounted and acted by the Stratford-upon-Avon Youth Drama Club. As well as these live events and performances, there was a display of various arts and crafts at stalls and open-air galleries in the park. The emphasis here was on encouraging traditional arts and crafts and it certainly was an impressive display, with a wide selection of artwork for sale. In addition, there were children's events, puppet shows, fair ground rides and circus performers including jugglers and acrobats, not to mention an extravagant fireworks display each evening, culminating in a grand finale at midnight of day three. All in all, the festival was an enormous success and organisers are already making plans for next year's festival, which they hope to hold together with the neighbouring town of Warwick in an effort to attract even more international involved every success. We will all benefit from it.
interest for our town. I wish those
~ ~ Exam task You have read the extract below as part of a newspaper article on how the Internet is posing a threat to traditional education. Readers were asked to send in their opinions. You decide to write a letter responding to the points raised and expressing your own views.
The Internet is posing a threat to traditional education, and therefore our cultural and national identity. Before long, our children won't be learning from the wisdom and experience of their elders, but will be obtaining their knowledge elsewhere. How can we expect to instil values in our children if they are exposed to such diverse and unreliable sources of information? We need to make sure that the Internet does not weaken our influence as the parents and teachers of the next generation.
I am writing with reference to your recent article concerning the threat that the Internet is posing to traditional education. There are a number of points that I beg to differ on. Firstly, you imply that the Internet is replacing traditional education. In my experience as the head of a secondary school, it seems that this is still a long way from being realised. Although an increasing number of educational establishments now have access to the Internet, it is by no means threatening to replace traditional lessons. On the contrary, we endorse the use of the World Wide Web as a means by which pupils can substantiate and expand on the knowledge they gain during lessons. Furthermore, I feel that your suggestion that the Internet may take the place of classroom teaching is preposterous. The Internet is merely a means to an end, not an end in itself. In the past it would have been equally ludicrous to claim that given access to a library of books, pupils would cease to learn from any other source. Moreover, your article states that 'our cultural and national identity' is under threat because of the Internet. I would like to respond that the very diversity of knowledge available on the Internet is one of its principle advantages. But more than this, our children's cultural identity is a reflection of the times we live in; the world is becoming a smaller place and children are absorbing more from other cultures. There is no harm in this. It is up to us, as you say, to ensure that we instil the right values in our children, but what they believe should be up to them. On the whole, I think we should open our eyes and realise that the world is changing. We cannot halt its progress, but we should welcome the wealth of cultural knowledge and diversity that the world has to share in the education of our children. I look forward to seeing my letter published in the next issue of your newspaper.
\\~~ Article ~ ~ Exam task A magazine for teachers and parents entitled Early Days is running a series of articles on the development of children. The magazine has asked readers to contribute articles on the importance of play in a child's development. Write your article.
The importance of play Play is essential to the normal development of all mammals. If we watch a kitten playing with a beetle in the garden, we are watching that young animal honing skills that will be indispensable later on in its life as a hunter. When we watch human children play, however, we are watching them learn to use a large brain that will be useful for so much more. Through play human children also learn many of the skills they need to survive, but from a very early age, they are developing an intelligence that will enable them to make a difference to the world around them. When a young child hits bricks with a plastic hammer, he is teaching his brain to coordinate the action; he is learning about what his hands can do, what the materials feel like, about their resilience, and so on. He is learning about the function of objects, and by physically manipulating material things, he is actually facilitating the development of neural pathways in his brain. From this, he learns how to think, he learns about relationships and how to respond to other people; he discovers his own feelings and begins to understand his place in society. Children spend most of their time control their environment. As they sophisticated. They begin to work they will have learnt more through
playing because it is the only way they know how to grow older, their experiments in play become more out solutions to problems. By the time they go to school, playing than they will at any other stage in their lives.
The importance of play cannot be underestimated. Children should be encouraged to play at every stage and in as many different ways as possible. Whether their play is physical, creative, imaginative or intellectual, it will contribute to their development in some way. Play should be seen as a part of a child's education, not as something separate, and as adults, we should be there to play with them.