2016 Naivasha Winning Proposal featured in TUDelft Atlantis magazine
RAISE RISE ROSE DIVERSIFYING NAIVASHA'S LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH CIRCULARITY 1
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RAISE RISE ROSE DIVERSIFYING NAIVASHA'S LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH CIRCULARITY Countries in development share many issues. Large international companies (may it be in the service industry, manufacturing industry or in our case, floriculture) tend to exploit cheap labor force and restriction-free raw-material mining of the Global South. Competitions in the global private sector create a vicious circle, an ever increasing gap between what the locals give and what the locals get back in return. Our design focuses on providing Naivasha (its region, the lake as well as the city itself) a sustainable future with site-specific design elements. The methodology, however, is applicable, and could be replicated in any other location on the planet where fragile and precious local resources (soil, minerals, climate or workforce) are turned into profit for the welfare societies of the Global North.
rain water
by
Alkmini Papaioannou, Lilla Szilรกgyi Pereira, Nikita Baliga, Wahyu Pratomo Hariyono & Wenchi Yang Urbanism Graduates
public space constructed wetland rose export
clean drinking water fishing
local economy
S water for irrigation water storage
grey water
biodiversity
rose farm global economy
S
construction
natural pesticides
biowastes
A
ASH AIV M N ARE FRO ITH C W
energy bio-brick host plant
public space
economy biobrick
public space
local economy
S host plant benifits
bio-brick production
local economy
S biological pesticide industry
The flower industry is the backbone of the economy in Lake Naivasha. Therefore, it is used as a basis for developing a strategic plan for the region. Inspired by the concept of metabolism, space for potential alternative economies is designed, which are derived from inflows and outflows of the existing industry.
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water in the lake. The largest outflow of the industry is the bio-wastes, which includes the cut stems and leaves. This could be used to produce bricks for construction, which could meet the demand for housing and public space. In this way, the flows of the industry could be circulated and the local economy could be diversified. BIO-BRICK PRODUCTION
The major inflows include pesticides and water, which are essential resources for the industry but are critical in maintaining the environmental quality of the Lake basin. The chemical pesticides, currently polluting the soil and water, could be substituted by natural pest control. The constructed wetland along the bank of the lake could provide an environmentally sensitive approach to filtering and recycling the water back to the industry subsequently maintaining the level of the
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Flower World Trade
Netherlands
Schiphol Airport
273 85
62
21 Ksh
the netherlands 59
Nairobi Airport
87
finland
87
40
56
43
62
80
lithuania
china 160,000 ha
74
830 10 ireland
52
8 11
1
the netherlands
21 4
FloraHolland germany
6
belgium
130
7% norway
kenya 4,000 ha
ecuador 6,629 ha
17
12% ROW 3% australia 7% germany
0
10
ethiopia 2,000 ha
colombia 6,494 ha
poland
10
0 14
87
323
52
UK
37 7
41
764
8 Ksh
151 41
248
61
48
41
79
Kenya
denmark
40
malaysia 2,000 ha
czech
france
austria
switzerland
Kenya rose export USD 540 million
UK Retail
10% russia 49% netherlands 12% UK
Retails
italy
Lake Naivasha
100%
80 700 600
garden center
400
street (market)
300
300 Ksh
40
grower supermarket
200
20
K U
0
ita ly
florist
2013
y
2012
nc
2011
fra
2010
ds
2009
an
2008
an
2007
rm
2006
erl
2005
ge
2004
e
kiosk
100 0
60
th
2 Ksh
+375%
ne
Naivasha
other
500
2
PUBLIC HABOR
Kenya in the Global Flower Market
HOUSE OF LADYBUGS
Kenya is the third largest exporter of cut flowers in the world, accounting for the about 35% of all the flower sales to Europe. Due to its famous long lasting quality, the popularity of the Kenyan flowers is also increasing in the U.S. and Russia. The primary reason attributing to the high-quality blossoms all year-round is Kenya’s tropical climate. With the strong transport links from Nairobi airport to Europe, from where it is transported to the rest of the world, the export of cut flowers is made smooth and feasible. To further facilitate the transportation of the perishable flowers as swift as possible, there is a terminal dedicated especially for flower cargos. Kenya’s high stake in the global flower market is encouraging foreign direct investments, resulting in the booming flower sector alone contributing 1.3% to the national economy. In the process of transferring these flowers from the grower to the consumer, the economic value of the flower increases by 375% when compared to its original worth in Kenya. However, the main beneficiaries of this operation are foreigners and the local economy of Kenya is still stagnant. There is a higher focus on meeting the global demands rather than catering to the local needs and there is a rising need to relook at this form of economic development driven by global giants and steer it to promote the local economy.
1. Central mechanism 2. Kenya in the global flower market 3. Lake Naivasha with the three interventions 4. Environmental impact 5. Social impact 6. Rejuvenating the lake 7. Repositioning of Kenya 3
3
1890 1889 1888 1887
Gilgil River
1886 1885
Malewa River
1884
Lake Levels (m) 1893
1931 Malewa River1941
Year
Karati River
Lake Naivasha is an important hub for flower farms, by virtue of its abundant freshwater reserve and fertile soil for agriculture. Its close proximity to Nairobi airport and skilled labor force in the region are advantages for this flourishing industry. The highest percentage of flowers grown in this region is roses. There are about 5,627,000 cubic meters of outdoor rose farms and 2,122,000 cubic meters of indoor rose farms around Lake Naivasha.
1951
1892
Gilgil River
Lake Levels (m) 1893
1891
Inflow
Lake Naivasha: The floral basin
1890
1892
1889
1891
1887 1886 1885 1884 Year
Outflow
1888
1890
Malewa River
1931
1889
Lake Levels (m) 1893
1888
1892
1886 1890 1941
1951
1889 1885
1961
Karati River
1884
1887 1886
Year
Outflow
Karati River
1884 Year
Ground water
Karati River outflow
1931
Outflow
Evaporatio 260 O
14048 euros / ha / yr
Other Lisianthus Other
Tuberose Lisianthus Tuberose
Chrysan
Chrysan
Cut Foliage Cut Foliage
T
C
Pesticide
Other Lisianthus Tuberose
Chrysan Other
Cut Foliage
Lisianthus
B
S
C
S
S
A
R
Bupleurum
Bupleurum
Tuberose Solidster
Solidster
Chrysan
Bupleurum
Carnations Statice
Solidster Carnations
Cut Foliage
Spray Carnations
Bupleurum Alstromeria
Statice Carnations
Moreover, the insensitive use of natural resources is having social implications on the settlements along the lake. The polluted water is no longer able to sustain the aquatic life in the lake, which was one of the main sources of employment and income for the local inhabitants. The fresh water of the lake is also a source of water for drinking and domestic purpose, but now has now become detrimental to the health of people. The monopoly of the large flower industries has lead to the high dependency of the local inhabitants on the industry for employment. The low standard of working environment is a consequence of this powerlessness of the workers and the pressure of the global forces. The poor working conditions of workers and the lack of alternate sources of employment is compelling the local people to indulge in destructive and illegal activities like deforestation, overfishing, etc. This is causing further damage to the environment.
L
C
6567 euros / ha / yr
14048 euros / ha / yr
Fertilizer
Fertilizer
193
1885
55
Though on the one hand the flower industry is increasing the economic opportunities for people in the region, it is damaging the environmental quality of the lake basin. The extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides in order to enhance the flower yield is deteriorating the quality of the soil and water gradually. The groundwater extraction for irrigation is resulting in frequent fluctuations in the level of the lake affecting the biodiversity of the region adversely.
inflow of labour migrants
Grou outflo 19 188855 1887
1891
Outflow
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Rainfall Surface 95 220
Karati River
Inflow
Gilgil River
Rose
Spray Carnations
Solidster
Rose
Statice
Statice Alstromeria
Spray Carnations Alstromeria
Carnations
0
0
Spray Carnations 200
100
3
Alstromeria
Rose
Rose
0
100 Other farms
grey water footprint
0
20
Outdoor flower farm
Other farms Indoor flower farm Swamp area
Outdoor Lake flower farm depth 2m Indoor flower farm Lake depth 6m Lake depth 4m
Outdoor flower farm
Other farmsLake depth 9.5m
Indoor flower farm
Outdoor farms 5,627,000 mÂł/yr
Outdoor flower farmTSS
233 mg/L Lake depth 2m Indoor flower farm
Lake depth 2m
Swamp area Lake depth 4m
Lake depth 4m
TDS 357 mg/L
Lake depth 2m
Lake depth 6m
Lake depth 6m Lake depth 4m
Outdoor flower farm Lake depth 9.5m
6m 9.5m Lakedepth depth
URBAN SETTLEMENT Lake Increase in population Need for housing Lake
labour migrants Lake depth inflow 18m of (deepst point)
Indoor flower farm
BOD 138 mg/L
depth 9.5m
233 mg/L
Lake depth 2m Lake depth 4m
4
TDS 357 mg/L
Lake depth 6m
URBAN SETTLEMENT IncreaseLake in population depth INFORMAL9.5m SETTLEMENTS lack of public space Need for housingLow quality of life URBAN SETTLEMENT inflow of labour migrants Lack of access to water lack of clean drinking water depth Lake 18m (deepst point) Increase in population Need for housing
COD 569 mg/L
Outdoor farms 5,627,000 mÂł/y
Lake depth 18m (deepst point) Lake depth 18m (deepst point) TSS
Swamp area
BOD 138 m
Average wage : 5500 Ksh Cost of living in Naivasha : ......Ksh
low wages & unemployment
URBAN SETTLEMENT Increase in population Need for housing
inflow of labour migrants
Indoor far 2,122,000
Swamp area Lake depth 18m (deepst point)
Swamp area
Other farms
23
grey water footprint
Other farms
GREEN HOUSES Top down economic system Lack of social consideration
lack of safety at work
deforestation as economic source
lack of clean drinking water
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS Low quality of life Lack of access to water
inflow of labour migrants
lack of public space
lack of aquatic life for fishing
NATURAL HABITAT Destructive economy Disruption of natural system
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS lack of public space URBAN SETTLEMENT Average wage 5500 Ksh endangered : wildlife Low quality of life Cost of living in Naivasha ill: affects ......Ksh Increase in population on masai pastoralists Lack of access to water lack of clean drinking water Average wage : 5500 Ksh Need for housing low wages & unemployment GREEN HOUSES
Number of employees : 50000
Cost of living in Naivasha : ......Ksh Top down economic system Number of unemployed : Lack of social consideration lack of safety at work low wages & unemployment GREEN HOUSES Top down economic system Lack of social consideration lack of safety at work
lack of clean drinking water
TLEMENTS e o water
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS lack of public space Low quality of life deforestation as economic source Lack of access to water
lack of aquatic life for fishing
NATURAL HABITAT Destructive economy Disruption of natural system lack of aquatic life for fishing
deforestation as economic source
ill affects on masai pastoralists
Cost of living in Naivasha : ......Ksh
NATURAL HABITAT Destructive economy low wages & unemployment Disruption of natural system
endangered wildlife
lack of public space
Average wage : 5500 Ksh
endangered wildlife
of employees ill affects onNumber masai pastoralists
Average wage4 : 5500 Ksh Cost of living in Naivasha : ......Ksh
GREEN HOUSES Top down economic system Lack of social consideration
: 50000
Number of unemployed :
lack of safety at w 5
Number of employees : 50000 Number of unemployed :
atlantismagazine
Rejuvenating the lake The main goals of the project are the protection of the ecosystem and enhancing the urban vitality along the lakefront. The first spatial strategy incorporates the cordoning of the environmentally sensitive zones and restricting future development in these areas. These zones mainly comprise of the riparian area along the lake and the two estuaries of Gilgil and Malewa as well as the area around the Kenyan wildlife services. This would conserve the existing wildlife corridor and the ecological flows of the region. The second spatial strategy is a consequence of the spaces created by the circular flows of the flower industries. Additionally improving the accessibility to the lake and enhancing the spatial quality of the public space accomplish urban vitality. The circular industrial flows generate revenue at the local scale by engaging stakeholders at different scales. By redirecting the investments of international and regional stakeholders, environmentally and socially sensitive production of flowers can be made feasible.
Naivasha Town
constructed wetland
KWS
Lake Naivasha
house of ladybugs
Repositioning of Kenya At the global scale, these local interventions would improve the credibility and quality of flowers exported from Kenya. This would further augment the Kenyan flower trade across the world, which would lead to the economy of the country to flourish. The increasing contribution of the flower business in the national GDP could further trigger national and international investment in the business. This would lead to the overall development of the Naivasha lake Basin and facilitate the improvement in the quality of life of the local inhabitants.
Flower Farms
Karagita
bio-brick production 6
local benefit from floriculture attract investment and tourism
future expansion
expanded flower trade
5
7
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large roselarge farm rose farm
constructed constructed wetland wetland
biological indus prest biological presticide
recreational waterfront waterfront recreational
small rose sma farm
Rose farming Rose farming
accessibleaccessible canal for boat canal for boat deck
Natural flow
bio brick production bio brick production workshop workshop
deck
breeding space breedin
Natural flow
Biomass production Biomass production
attached to the attache existing farm existing
local trade local trade
unwanted pest unwanted pest
polluted water polluted water
Rooted plant Rooted plant Phragmites Phragmites australis australis
Yarrow plant Yarrow plant
Achiella Millepolium Achiella Millepolium
water pumpwater pump Reduce lake Reduce lake water usage water usage
floriculture waste floriculture waste
Water filtration Water filtration
Mycelium Mycelium Rooted floatingRooted floating plant plant Nymphaea Nymphaea spp. spp.
3-7 tons biomass 3-7 tons biomass waste per daywaste per per day per industry industry
predatory mite predatory mite bio brick production bio brick production
Fishing
other product oth
Free- floating Free- floating plant plant Eichornia Eichornia crassipes crassipes
tea and medicin tea
brick kiln
brick kiln
molding
molding
Chemical
clean waterclean water to lake to lake
cubic mm/ month
20
runoff
20
10
0
Low
High
100
Low
Moderate
Moderate High
Water pollution affecting Water pollution affecting Enhances the quality Enhances of waterthe quality of water aqualtic life aqualtic life
50
30
cubic mm/ month
30
Chemical
12 million Euros 12 million Euros
Ladybug
local species local of species of ladybugs ladybugs
10
JAN
FEB
0 MAR
usable runoff
JANAPRIL FEBMAY
MAR JUNE APRIL JULY
usable runoffblue & grey
water footprint
MAY AUG
JUNE SEPT
JULY OCT
AUG NOV
SEPT DEC
Low
runoff 56 cu.mm blue & grey 27 cu.mm water footprint OCT
NOV
wetland
DEC
56 cu.mm 27 cu.mm
wetland
Lake Naivasha Lake Naivasha
Rose Farm
Rose Farm
EXISTING
8
houses
houses
pavements pavements
wetland deck wetland deck
10
Constructed Wetland
Bio-brick production
This intervention is proposed to maintain the quality of water and to harvest the rainwater in the region. The constructed wetland is strategically located in the region where the quality of water is undesirable and needs to be filtered. In this case, the waterfront along the urban center of Naivasha and near the large flower farms of Karagita is the identified polluted area.
The abundant source of biomass provides a potential for a new type of construction material, bio-brick. The main ingredients of this bio-brick are the decomposed biomass from the industry and wetlands and the mycelium of the mushrooms, readily available in wet areas. These materials are added to brick molds and burnt to produce a sustainable construction material.
The constructed wetland are planted terraces, which have different functions. The first two terraces have plants, which naturally filter the water and also provide biomass for the production of bio-bricks. The lower terrace is used for cultivation of fish, which further filters the water. The constructed embankments of the terraces are constructed with the bio-bricks and provide public access to the lake. Besides the filtration and protection of the waterfront, the designed edge provides recreational spaces for the local inhabitants as well as tourists.
The bio-brick production industry also doubles up as a space for local markets and recreational spaces for the locals and tourists. It is located in the interspace between the flower industry, the urbanized area and the constructed wetland.
9
11 6
EXISTING
Low
Moderate
Moderate
High
High
0
100
Total50are 1781 He
PROPOSED PROPOSED
Safe handling for the Safe workers handling for the workers Unsafe enviromentUnsafe for the enviroment for the workers workers
Percentage of land under use of
local construction local construction material material
Recreational harbor Recreational harbor
Ladybug
no more chemical no more chemical pesticide! pesticide!
Percentage of land under use of chemical pesticides
Fishing
Biolo
6 million 0
atlantismagazine
large rose farm
biological presticide industry small rose farm
breeding space attached to the existing farm
unwanted pest
Yarrow plant
Achiella Millepolium
oriculture waste
7 tons biomass ste per day per dustry
14
predatory mite
other products
tea and medicine
House of Ladybugs
On the 11th of January, UN-Habitat in collaboration with Ministry of Land, Housing & Urban Development: Urban Development Department, Kenya, started looking for creative planning and design ideas for sustainable urban development in Kenya. Students from around the world were invited to participate in a student design competition for 9 Kenya’s towns:
The intention of this intervention is to reduce the dependence of the flower industry on chemical pesticides. To control the pests on the rose plants, a practice called “seeding” is applied, which basically means relocating a branch containing the predatory mite from the host plan to the rose plant. The most common pest on the rose plant, the red spider mite or Tetranychus urticae is the prey for the predatory mite, here the ladybug or Coccinellidae, keeping it safe.
1. Embu, 2. Kitui, 3. Machakos, 4. Malindi, 5. Mombasa, 6. Naivasha, 7. Nakuru, 8. Nyeri and 9. Thika.
The host plant chosen in this case is the yarrow plant or Achillea millefolium which attracts the ladybug by providing the pollen on the yarrow flower. The yarrow plant, native to Africa, has medicinal values and can be cultivated for economic benefits. This plant can be grown in farms as an outdoor extension to the existing small flower farms, which could enhance the spatial quality of the working environment.
Team 1001 consists of 5 Urbanism Students: Alkmini Papaioannou (GR), Lilla Szilágyi Pereira (HU), Nikita Baliga (IN), Wahyu Pratomo Hariyono (ID) & Wenchi Yang (CN).
Chemical
molding
The Competition - Team 1001
local species of ladybugs
100
Low Moderate
12 million Euros
High
Water pollution affecting aqualtic life
Enhances the quality of water
Unsafe enviroment for the workers
Safe handling for the workers
50
Low Moderate High
EXISTING
0
Percentage of land under use of chemical pesticides
brick kiln
Ladybug
no more chemical pesticide!
Total area 1781 Hectares Biological 6 million Euros
PROPOSED
12
13
The Urban design proposal: Rise. Raise. Rose : Diversifying Naivasha Local Economy Through Circularity, got selected and was awarded with a Special Mention, as The Best Proposal for the city of Naivasha. Out of 700 participants from all over the world, Team 1001 was one of the 9 teams that got invited to the exhibition and nomination ceremony at the UN-Habitat Headquarters in Nairoby, Kenya. Links about the Competition and the Project: • http://unhabitat.org/over-700-applicants-tointernational-design-collaboration-for-kenyacompetition/ • http://unhabitat.org/over-700-applicants-tointernational-design-collaboration-for-kenyacompetition/ • https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=41ObDHgl_0I • https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=FbiO8oZZ2sI 7
8. Constructing wetland 9. Bio-brick production 10. House of ladybugs 11. Mechanism of the Constructing wetland 12. Mechanism of the Bio-brick production 13. Mechanism of the House of ladybugs 14. TU Delft team in the UN-Habitat headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya
RAISE RISE ROSE 8