Wood Construction Manual by allanmez

Wood Construction Manual

Contents 1. Material Properties a. From Tree to Wood b. Types of Wood i. Composites c. Wood Properties i. Color ii. Texture & Grain iii. Sound iv. Strength v. Weight & Moisture Content vi. Shrinkage & Swelling vii. Deterioration d. Lifespan e. Environmental Performance i. Warping f. Local Tree Species in Ithaca g. Wood Products i. Usage h. Wood Finishes

4 6 7 8 14 16 17 18 20 22 24 25 26 28 30 36

2. Fabrication a. Low-tech Pre-fabrication b. Digital Pre-fabrication i. Case Studies d. Steam-Bending e. Log Scanning

38 40 48 50 52 54

3. Joinery a. Traditional Joints b. Hardware Joints c. Case Studies

56 58 62 64

4. Construction a. Framing b. Facade c. Wall d. Flooring e. Roofing i. Exterior Decorations i. Roofing Layers

74 76 82 90 93 94 96 100

Material Properties

Wood has been an important construction material since the dawn of human civilization. It is turned into shelters, vehicles, and all other types of objects that affect all facets of our lives. This manual highlights the contribution of wood in providing shelter - architecture. To start off, the manual will introduce the basic material properties of wood through the len of building construction. A wide range of wood species can be used in building construction: softwood, hardwood, bambooâ&#x20AC;Ś all of which carry unique external and internal qualities that apply to different construction situation. Some qualities worth pointing out are color, texture, grain, sound quality, strength, moisture contentâ&#x20AC;Ś From trees to lumber, a piece of wood goes through a series of transformations that morph or strengthen its innate qualities to become wood product. They can be solid, composite and even recycled. Each of the types have their own application in construction and requires specific wood finishing method to be beautified and preserved.

From Tree to Wood

There are three parts in a tree: Roots, Stems(trunk, branches), and leaves/needles. Roots, branches and leaves are usually turned into small-scaled wood products

Trunks are widely used in building industry. A trunkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pith, heartwood , sap wood , cambium and bark(inner and outer) are mostly used.

Types of Wood

Generally, the botanical group of trees that have broad leaves, in contrast to the conifers or softwoods.The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood.

Generally, the botanical group of trees that bear cones and in most cases have needle-like or scalelike leaves; also the wood produced by such trees. The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood.

Composites: Plywood

Plywood consists of multiple layers of wood (hardwood or softwood) that are glued and pressed together. Plywood is commonly used for structural purposes, wood paneling, boats/docks, fencing, and creating curavatures.

The direction of the grain with each later is altered by 90 degrees in order to reduce the likelihood of splitting and warping. This makes plywood are stronger alternative to solid wood.

Composites: Glulam Timber

Glulam timber is structural engineered unit that is made with multiple layers of solid wood that have been bonded together. They are used for beams and columns. They have the same load bearing capacity as steel but are super light weight and have great fire resistance. Glulam can also be manufactured to different curved or straight configurations.

Glulam timber is used for columns, straight beams, trusses, ties arches, framing, arched bridge supports, curved beams, decking, and bracing. Thus, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mainly used for structural purposes. However, it can also be used for decorative purposes because its finish quality.

Composites: Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)

In contrast to glulam, CLT is a panel of wood that is made by stacking and gluing each layer perpendicular to the adjacent layers. Glulam orients all layers the same way.

CLT can be used on walls, roofs, or cielings. Because it is made of several layers, CLT is good for thermal insulation.

Composites: Oriented Strand Board (OSB) and Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)

OSB is considered equal in strength with plywood. OSB is a compression of wood strands that have been adhered together. It is used as sheathing in flooring, roof, and walls.

PSL is made by gluing strands of wood together. It is used for columns, posts, beams, etc.

Wood Properties: Color

Different wood species have different colors. Wood also changes color over time as itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exposed to sunlight and air. Thus, the same sepcies of wood can have different shades/tones depending on its age.

Wood Properties: Texture and Grain

The texture of the wood can be described by the pattern and coarseness of its grain. Wood can be coarse (open) grained or fine (closed) grained.

The wood on the left has a fine/closed grain, while the Pine on the right has a course/open grain.

Wood Properties: Sound Quality

Sound insulation depends mainly on the mass per unit area. The heavier the wood, the better. However, because of its lightness, wood doesnt really have good sound insulation.

However, wood conducts and reflects sound. It can also be used to channel the reflections of sound. This is used with concert halls and within wooden instuments.

Wood Properties: Strength

Woods such as maple, hickory, and birch are quite strong in comparison to woods such as balsa and basswood. However, all wood can be weak depending on how it is cut and used. It is easier to split the wood along the grain than across it, as shown in the diagram to the left.

The grain direction affects the sturdiness of the wood. You must orient the grain so that the fibers support the load.

Wood Properties: Weight and Moisture Content

The greater the moisture content, the greater the weight of the wood. Based on common building guidelines, the moisture level for construction is 9-14%. It is approximately 6-8% for wood flooring and furniture.

It is best to air dry/slow kiln wood until its moisture content is suitable for construction. A kiln (shown in the above image) reduces the moisture content of wood faster. However, this comes with the risk of damaging the wood and reducing its lifespan.

Wood Properties: Shrinkage and Swelling

The absorption and release of moisture leads to swelling and shrinkage of the wood respectively. Wood shrinks as it loses moisture and swells as it absorbs moisture. The movement depends on the species and direction of the grain, as well as, the amount of moisture change.

If shrinking and swelling is accommodated in the design of the building detail, the effects are not detrimental. However, if there is insufficient space provided, shrinkage can cause buckling, sliding, and possibly splitting of the wood. Changes in moisture content can also cause warpage due to different rates of shrinkage in different directions.

Wood Properties: Deterioration

Deterioration is caused by exposure to sunlight, moisture and heat cycles, insects and fungi, and changes in moisture content.

The effects include erosion on the surface of the wood (sunlight), splitting/warping (exposure to moisture and heat cycles), swelling and shrinking (moisture content), and decay (insects and decay fungi).

Lifespan

Pressure-treated wood is wood that has been infused with chemicals in order to protect the wood from rotting and insects. Thus, pressure-treated wood lastslonger than regular lumber.

Engineered woods such as structural composite lumber (SCL), glue laminated timber (glulam), prefabricated paneling, and cross-laminated timber (CLT) have greater long-span capabilities and higher strength-to-weight ratios.

Environmental Performance: Warping

Warping can lead to distortions in both appearance and structure.

If a wood column becomes bowed, the load-carrying capacity can become significantly reduced.

Local Tree Species in Ithaca

Hardwood: White/Black ash Sugar maple Oak Softwood: Pine Hemlock Douglas Fir Basswood

Wood Products

Round Sections:

Sawn solid timber (Hardwood and Softwood):

Solid timber with round cross-sections. Round sections are usually made out of spruce, fir, pine, Douglas fir, etc. They are good for solid timber walls and floors, framing, scaffolding and foundations.

Sawn solid timber are sawn from round sections. The species of wood used are the same as round section, as well as hardwood like oak and beech. Such timber can be turned into many secondary products, four of which are squared sections, planks, boards and battens. Their applications range from load-bearing structure, frame construction, scaffolding, to cladding, and interior finishing.

Solid structural timber (KVH) and Solid timber (MH):

Veneer: Obtained through â&#x20AC;&#x153;slicingâ&#x20AC;? tree trunks or squared sections. It can be produced with most softwood and hardwood. It is usually used as the decorative layer on top of other core wood products.

Load Bearing sections, insulation): Better quality softwoodd than sawn solid timber. It can be made out of spruce, fir, pine, larch, etc, with special treatment. It has extraordinary performance in load-bearing and insulation.

Wood Products: Usage

Construction Timber: Example: Floor[Board system], truss frame, wall[edge-glued]

Cladding: Example: Parallel planking, weather-boarding

In forms of basic products, wood goes further into the construction industry. In architecture construction, the wood products used can be categorzed into fiive types:

Scaffolding

· Construction timber is used in load-bearing structures and is therefore subject to specific requirements concerning strength and stiffness.

Timber for Framework Example: Concrete casting framework

· Cladding is used as a surface finish, as internal and exterior panelling, Other internal timber product uses are for floorboards, smooth planed timber and mouldings. · Timber for formwork includes sections that are used for the structural elements with the relevant sheet materials to create shuttering for concrete castings. · Scaffolding timber is used to create a safe structure and access for construction work to take place.

Joiner Timber Example: Window frame to be cocnstructed on site

· Joinery timber arrives at the construction site in the form of various finished products such as windows, doors and interior mouldings.

Hardwood

Softwood

Wood Finishes

Round Sections:

Sawn solid timber(Hardwood and Softwood):

Solid structural timber(KVH) and Solid timber(MH):

Fabrication

In recent decades, digital fabrication methods and technologies have improved. Technologies such as Computer Numerical Control (CNC), and other robotic technologies allow for precise and quick fabrication of wood, as well as other materials. These technologies also allow for advancements in joint and structural design, as well as for wood to transcend its inherent material properties. Another benefit is that digital fabrication leads to a more strategic use of material, producing less waste than traditional fabrication methods. Likewise, digital prefabrication leads to fewer environmental damages because it can be fabricated off-site and brought to the site for easy assembly. Ultimately, digital fabrication, and other new fabrication methods are progressing architectural design and the possibilities of wood and timber construction.

Low Tech Prefabrication

Prefabrication in wood construction presents many benefits to previous methods of building. Traditional approaches are expensive to design and implement. Almost a quater of all material consumed in such structures goes to waste. Furthermore, they are slow and complicated to construct. Prefabrication presents an alternative where large portions of the building are manufactured beforehand and shipped to site, allowing for a higher quality of constructiuon hile stimultaneously simplifying the collection and recycing of waste.

Individual Elements:

Story-height Frames:

Prefabricated columns and beams brought to site

Prefabricated trusses or frames with wind and stability bracing Prefabricated floor and wall elements

Multistory Frame:

Multistory, Multibay Frames:

Prefabricated trusses or frames with wind and stability bracing Prefabricated plates and panels

Prefabricated trusses or frames with wind and stability bracing Prefabricated story-height panel elements Prefabricated solid timber elemeents

Prefabricated Elements Beams, joists, studs and frame combinations are prefabricated and shipped to site in trucks, streamlining the assembly process and allowing for a kind of tilt up construction on site. Because these are assembled in factories, waste material (sawdust etc.) can be collected and repurposed in products such as MDF board and other glue composite materials. Another advantage this presents is ideal conditions manufacturing conditions, moisture and other environmental factors that compromise wood. 44

Prefabricated Panel System Panels, similar to individual elements, are assemblies in factories and shipped to site. These panels are manufactured to simply clip onto facades and are widely used in high rise construction due to the speed with which they can be assembled, even more so than individual elements

Prefabricated Modules Modular construction is the most efficient in terms of assembly onsite, and has the most rigorous manufacturing process. This has been explored in recent years as a solution for affordable urban housing but is limited by the size which can be shipped by truck to site. As a result, dimensions of the modules often correspond to standard shipping container dimensions.

Digital Pre-Fabrication

Pre-fabricated timber folded plate structure, that acts as a truss as a result of the design and joinery.

ICD ITKE Research Pavilion, 2011. ICD/ITKE University of Stuttgart Inspired by the biological principles of the sea urchinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plate skeleton, the pavilion is fabricated by means of computer-controlled manufacturing methods for both the structure and joinery.

Digital Pre-Fabrication: Case Studies

Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall, 2014 ICD/ITKE/IIGS University of Stuttgart

Hermes Rive Gauche, Paris France, 2010 RDAI

The primary structure and envelope is constructed of robotically prefabricated beech plywood plates that fold and join together. This specific wood is locally sourced.

Wooden sculptures that consist of diagonally intersecting wooden slats. The individual wood elements are prefabricated, glue-laminated and bolted together to form a diagonal grid, creating the structure and enclosure.

The Hygroskin - Meteorosensitive Pavilion, 2013

Ecumenical Motorway Church, Siegerland, Germany, 2013 schneider+schumacher

The pavilion is constructed of prefabricated, 7-axis robotic manufactured thin plywood sheets. The envelope also acts as a load-bearing structure and meteorosensitive skin with 28 geometrically unique components housing 1100 humidity responsive apertures .

Interior construction is made of prefabricated lightweight timber frame panels that create a grid made from wood panels that are cut out to describe a spherical volume.

Steam-Bending

Steam-bending is the process of manipulating a wooden form by steaming the wood until it is malleable, then using a bending jig to achieve desired shape. It is also a common process for fabricating furniture.

Timber Seasoning Shelter, 2013 This framed structure is constructed by means of wood steaming. Prefabricated timber components are inserted into hollow steam boxes, then placed in a bending jig to conform the timber component to the proper shape for joining and construction.

Log Scanning

Log scanning originates from boat builders in how they observed and honored the natural form of the log for construction (See cover page). Log scanning is a way of extracting important information for future fabrications. For this project, a special script was written that was able to calculate the best position for sawing in order to use the available material as efficiently as possible, as well as creates a tree database that contains 3D models and a spreadsheet of tapering diameters, changing curvature, best sawing position, and maximum depth.

Hooke Park Biomass Boiler House, 2015 By utilizing the technology of log scanning, this building is constructed of natural form timber. Logs are scanned and categorized based on their size and shape irregularity, which is then factored into the final design, as well as cutting and construction method.

Joinery

In the context of wood architecture, the methods in which surfaces and members can meet are endless; materials can be cut and joined can be concealed neatly or presented in an overt manner, and this can produce an array of different physical and structural properties of the overall structure. These joints can be fashioned on the micro scale as well as the macro, as we will demonstrate going forward. An architects attention to detailing can radically change the experience of a space, and how the materials are perceived. The process of choosing apt joinery for a building is a vital part of the structural process as well as an opportunity for play - the consideration of joinery can allow a design be executed to fully demonstrate the concepts involved and create a specific spatial atmosphere. From hand-crafted joinery to digitally optimized manufacturing, wooden joinery has evolved and diversified through history to reflect cultural identity and the capabilities of emerging technology to optimize the way we build.

Traditional Joints: Insert Joint

Butterfly joints create a union between two horizontal surfaces through tension

Traditional Joints: Mitered Insert Joint

Inserts can be used to connect wood members at a range of angles

Traditional Joints: Finger Joint

Finger joints allow two surfaces to meet at any angle, through interlocking hinge-like connections that work through friction

Traditional Joints: Lap Joint

Lap Joints are wood pieces with parts carved out to allow the structural combination with overlapping surfaces.

Hardware Joints: Screws and Others

A corner wood block, basic butt and lap joint with screws, or a metal joint connector allows wood joinery.

Hardware Joints: Gusset Plates

Different kinds of gusset plates can be used to connect wood. Metal plates are used often in architectural wooden structure.

Case Studies

Tameida Office building by Shigeru ban The timber structural elements are entirely visible in this building, as the traditional wooden joinery on a large scale gives the work space a great spatiality, and transparency through the large structural members.

Triangle House by Shigeru Ban Architects This three story house opens up on its top floor to a floating space frame, constructed of hundreds of wood members mitered and connected with hidden insertions to connect up to 9 members at a single point.

Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall by University of Stuttgart This exhibition space utilizes the strength of finger joinery and lightweight timber to create a geometrically fluid expanses form and large arched expanses constituted of CNC manufactured modules which vary to produce an organic form.

Bridge Museum by Kengo Kuma Wood joints in between notched to allow multiple stacking of wood in an incremental way, creating a sloped structure seemingly supported by one timber post.

Prostho Museum by Kengo Kuma Chidori joint from traditional Japanese joinery is used and duplicated to create a space with wood scaffold. Three pieces of wood, each with different parts carved out, are embeded and interlocked within each other.

Son La Restaurant by Vo Trong Nghia Bamboo joint derived from local tradition of using bamboo as structural element. Multiple bamboo are tied together to create gridded roof.

Library of a Poet by Shigeru Ban Paper tubes connected through tension cables and wooden blocks create column free space.

Customized Gusset Plate - Sullivan House The customized gusset plate connects cross beams and creates a minimalistic expression of the structure.

Paper Tower by ShigeruBan Six paper tubes are each fastened to a metal joint, which is attached to a circular plate. Such structure supports

Gallery of Biennial, Boston Four pieces of wood each notched allow metal plates insert and fasten with screws.Each wooden piece are slightly angled to create a hemispherical space.

Construction

The chapter will focus on the elements and components that of wood costruction. Frames, facades, walls, floors and rooves are all aspects of wood construction that work in relation to one to create a complete architecture. Though these aspects are not explicitly seen in all wooden architecture, the systems of how they relate to, blend into or are seperated from one another as a set of relationships is present most wood architecture.

Frame

The rational clarity of planar framework must have had an enormous effect even on the compositional aspects of architecture. Not only because it was natural to build with the planes that construction technology provided, but also because its incipient rational clarity gave the plane a peculiar force that, on the other hand, coincided with formal investigations that were at the root of the Modern Movement. â&#x20AC;&#x2018; Elasto Dieste

Right: Jongmyo Shrine - Seoul, South Korea Below: Katsura Palace - Kyoto, Japan

Floating School by NLE 2016 Second iteration exhibited in Vennice BIennale

Triangular frame

Three pins at each end

Strut at center of fram

Trussed frame

circular wooden joinery penetrating parallel frrames

simple frame frame with one pin, deflecting

frame with tie solid crossâ&#x20AC;&#x2018;section of frame

frame with tie cranked downwards frame with raised, crossing ties

trussed frame

Seditaer ruptas eatae sitate occatque volenihit a dignimus, od experita porum quas anissi debis ditendia cores sus et pra debisquaeris

tied triangular frame with post tied triangular frame with post and struts

triangular frame with multiple struts frame in transistion to arch with multiple struts

Facades

The case studies in this chapter are intended to push different ways of thinking and creating a wooden facade. They put emphasis on a facadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s certain aspects as categorized in the mind map on the right: how it would function and / or perform,the construction process, how it would aesthetically serve, and the position of the facade relative to the structure.

structure and faรงade combined within the structure

changing position

protection

position of faรงade relative to structure

material / dematerialization color order / symmetry

privacy

transparency

FAร ADES

aesthetics

function / performance

stanbility / instability

structural geometry construction

module

all significant joints and details

arrangement of the various layers

Office building in Tehran, Iran by LP2 Architects. The facade is composed of wooden louvers that are used to adjust the daylight coming inside the space, and any disturbing/distracting sights.

daylight

disturbing sights

Grotto Sauna by PARTISANS, Toronto, Canada. This sauna is a good example of how a facade can be dematerialized although the material remains the same. The facade can become a very powerful building element when the wood is polished / left raw, and / or arranged in different ways.

Gucklhupf (1993) by Hans Peter Wรถrndl Mondsee, Austria. The system of gliding, folding, raising, and retracting wooden panels was attached to the frame with bolts, hinges, and stainless steel wire. By pushing and shifting walls, views and lighting shift. Interior spaces become exterior with the lift of a panel or sliding out a section of wall.

Hof van Duivervoorde (2017) by 70F architecture, Voorschoten, Netherlands. This project was aimed to look like a barn but at the same time be transparent and have a welcoming atmosphere. The solution was to have moveable facade parts that would reveal some of the fixed windows which continue up and over the roof-ridge into the back roof plane.

Agriculture Technology Centre (2018) by SAWA, Squire & Partners, Cambodia. The facade is designed to be responsive to the tropical climate, so it consists of bamboo screens that diffuse sunlight while providing ventilation.

Mashrabiya is a type of projecting oriel window enclosed with carved wood latticework. Rather than having a structural purpose, the facade provides privacy for the residents which is an important aspect of Arabic architecture. The transparency of the facade mostly depends on the density and the size of the module/s.

Peter Kostelov, Volga House (2009) , Tverskaya, Russia. The facade is composed of various shape and color wooden patchworks. To reach desirable effect, trimming fragments were painted in different shades of brown and were fixed at various angles so that the same fragments would reflect the sunlight in different ways.

Wall

Post/Column to Wall

The column/post can be seen as the basic unit of the common wood frame wall. The column can be articulated in many ways whether batten or â&#x20AC;&#x153;lacedâ&#x20AC;? together. The frame wall can then be seen as an expansion on the articulated columns where the members and connections of the column are repeated for longer spans.

Common Frame Wall

The frame of the common wood wall is usually sandwhiched by paneling. This serves to hide the structure along with the insulation and joints between the different parts.

Wall Typologies

Frame and Panel

Frame and Infill

Screen Wall

Heavy Timber

The frame isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t always present or used the same way in all wood wall constructions. Some frames are exposed and while some walls are constructed of stacked, repeated or even intertwined singular wood elements.

Flooring

Floor constructions are very similar to walls and are composed of beams which are less spaced out in places where things like walls may be supported. There are also numerous structural and organizational methods in which walls, floors and foundation are connected to one another.

Roofing

Flat

Gambrel

Hip

Gable

Combination Roof

Mansard

Shed

Exterior Decorations: Shingles & Shakes

Wood shingles are often the more decorative than shakes & come in a variety of shapes (as seen above). Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re generally sawn on both sides & have a more smooth finish Wood shakes are split on 1 or both sides to form a textured grain appearance. Shakes are also thicker than shingles & have a more rustic, textured appearance. Shakes have been used for roofing and siding for centuries. Traditional wood shakes were created by splitting logs wood along the grain. Cedar wood shakes have been used in America since Colonial times, having been the primary roofing system installed for hundreds of years.

Exterior Decorations: Gable Brackets/Verge Boards, Cornices, Eaves, and Rafter Tials

Brackets, exposed beams and knee braces are projecting supports found under eaves, windows and shelves. These may be structural but are often merely decorative. Brackets are especially prominent on Italianate buildings, as seen above, although similar decorative wooden elements are used in many cultures, for example Japanese Pagodas have intracitly carved exposed beams and braces. Decorative elements are also found in more modern buildings, such as Jun Igarashiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s home above with the large canerlivering flat roof and exposed beams

Exterior Decorations: Dormers, Cupolas, and Roof Decorations

Dormer is the name of a window set vertically into a sloping roof. Tthese windows sometimes provided light & air to attic-level bedrooms. Dormers come in a variety of styles as illustrated above. A cupola is a tower that rises from the roof level and is sometimes referred to as a belvedere (literally meaning a good view). Cupolas are typically placed above a central staircase to afford light and ventilation to the center of the house. Wooden Roof Figures/Charms/Decorations are used in a variety of cultures, both Western and Eastern, like the figurines in the Chinese temple above. These carvings are often associated or put onto the tops of religious buildings.

Roofing Layers

Modern wooden framed roofing systems are composed of many layers. There is typically a decorative element (such as shakes or shingles), then a layer of underlayment (typically felt), and then the substrate or frame of the building itself, and then insulation, and finally wooden boards or finishes to hide the insulation. They order of these layers or the layers themsleves are subject to change depending on design and program. For example if the frame of the building is exposed the insulation is oftne then concealed within on top of it.

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Roofsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; main purposes are to protect form the elements so today lots of layers are implemented in this protection. Sloped Roofs are sloped at about a 4:12 ratio as they loose their ability to shed water reliably, & a more rigorous & water-tight underlayment system must be used if not. In colder climates it is pertinent that there be a vapor retarder to prevent ice dams and icicles from forming off the sides of buildings. while still properly insulating the house itself.

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ARCH 2102 Spring 2019 Ithaca, NY

Allan Mezhibovsky Basil Harb Banu Gaffari Claire Oster Donnal Baijnauth Duncan Xu Jaein Lee Joe McGranahan Joseph Appiah Yimeng Ding Zeli Grey Zeyi Xuan