Modern Architecture with Six Buildings by Alp Fahri ARDIC
REFERENCES Bauhaus’un Yöneticileri: Walter Gropius, Hannes Meyer ve Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. (2019, September 11). Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.arkitera.com/haber/bauhausun-yoneticileri-walter-gropius-hannes-meyer-ve-ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/ By, Arkitektuel, Cam Ev (Glass House) / Philip Johnson - Arkitektuel 23 Eylül, & FARNSWORTH HOUSE – ARCHITECTURE by DOTN 27 Haziran. (2018, March 14). Farnsworth Evi / Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe. Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.arkitektuel.com/ farnsworth-evi/ By, Arkitektuel, Structure, W., & Historical References | YAREN ÇİFTÇİ 2 Ağustos. (2018, September 13). Fallingwater Evi (Şelale Evi) / Frank Lloyd Wright. Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.arkitektuel.com/fallingwater-evi-selale-evi/ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2020, July 04). Philip Johnson. Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/ Philip-Johnson Friedman, A. T. (n.d.). Women and the making of the modern house: A social and architectural history. New york: Harry n. abrams. Griffiths, A. (2018, November 05). Walter Gropius designed school in Dessau to reflect the Bauhaus values. Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.dezeen.com/2018/11/05/bauhaus-dessau-school-building-walter-gropius-germany-architecture/ Kaufmann, E. (2020, June 04). Frank Lloyd Wright. Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frank-Lloyd-Wright Kroll, A. (2010, October 27). AD Classics: Villa Savoye / Le Corbusier. Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/84524/ad- classics-villa-savoye-le-corbusier Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier (article). (n.d.). Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/later- europe-and-americas/modernity-ap/a/corbusier-savoye (Note: Building interior and exterior perspectives, axonometrics, elevations, plans, sections and diagrams are illusturated by myself using the existing sketchup warehouse models of related buildings. 3D Models are retrieved from: https://3dwarehouse.sketchup.com/ Pictures of the architects are retrieved from: images.google.com)
Content:
SCHRÖDER HOUSE
1
FARNSWORTH HOUSE
3
FALLING WATER HOUSE
Frank Lloyd Wright (1936-1939)
5
BAUHAUS DESSAU
7
VILLA SAVOYE
9
GLASS HOUSE
11
Utrecht, Holland
Chicago, US
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Paris, France
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Gerrit Rietveld (1924)
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1945-1951)
Pennsylvania, US
Weimar, Germany
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Walter Gropius and Hannes Meyer (1919)
Le Corbusier - Pierre Jeanneret (1929-1931)
New Canaan, US -
Philip Johnson (1949)
Gerrit Rietveld (1924) Utrecht, Holland
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SCHRÖDER HOUSE
“Architectural representation of De Still Movement” Influenced by the De Still movement, Schröder House is a composition of vertical and Horizontal planes. Also considered as a three dimensional reflection of the Mondrian Paintings, the house consists of yellow, black, red and blue colors just like the colors in Mondrian paintings. “Flexibility and Mobility” The house is also famous for its innovative spaces and furniture. Mobile walls and furniture provides more flexible spaces that could be used for various activities in different timetables. “A feminist Building” It is well known that Gerrit Rietveld is the architect of the house, however, What is not well known is the influence of a strong female: Mrs Schröder, the owner of the house who raised her children alone while divorced. She was the one to tell the architect what to design since she knew exactly how and where she wanted to live and raise her children. Despite the discussion that Rietveld’s “male” character has dominated her wills time to time in the design phase, It is a clear fact that the house is not a sole work of the architect and influence of Mrs. Schröder is visible. In any case, such cooperation between a client and an architect is an exemplary interaction even for today.
1
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
Ground Floor Plan
Transverse Section
Gerrit Rietveld (1888 - 1964)
Born in Utrecht, Rietveld worked as an apprentice in his father’s carpenter’s workshop in his early childhood ages. As a furniture designer and an architect, Rietveld participated in the De Still movement and he designed his most famous “red and blue chair.” After being a representer of De Still movement in 1928, Gerrit Rietveld joined CIAM (Congrès International d’Architecture Moderne). Beside red and blue chair, he is also known as the designer of zigzag chair, Utrecht chair and sofa.
2
Chicago, US
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1945-1951)
FARNSWORTH HOUSE
Transparency, plainness and sharpness” Located in the country side of Chicago, with its bringing the concept of transparency in domestic space, Farnsworth House becomes a ground breaking piece of modern architecture. With a minimalist approach, Mies Van der Rohe created a domestic space without a partition wall, whereas the only wall in the house is the wall of the toilet space. “Less is more” Elevated from the ground and enveloped with a total glazing, Farnsworth House creates a 360 degree vista to its surrounding nature. Its steel structure and structural details are clearly visible from outside. Architectural elements are sharply separated in two groups of horizontal and vertical while the horizontal is emphasized with its proportions
3
INTERIOR VIEWS
Bedroom space and the Fire Place
General Interior View
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886 - 1969)
One of the pioneers of the modern architecture, Mies van der Rohe was born in Aachen, Germany. Being influenced by his father, a stone mason, Mies worked in many jÄąbs related to construction. He started his career as an architect in the office of Peter Behrens and further worked with Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius in the foundation of the Bauhaus. Had always designed with a minimalist notion, Van der Rohe called his buildings, skin and bone architecture. For meals, architectural space should be free-flowing and constructed with a structural framework.
4
Frank Lloyd Wright (1936-1939) Pennsylvania, US
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FALLING WATER HOUSE
A house on top of the rocks and a waterfall! In his magnificent design of Falling Water House, F. Loyd Wright emphasizes asymmetry and horizontality. Exicity views of nature are visible in almost every room of the house. Surrounded by trees, house’s integration with its surrounding nature is extremely strong. A total integrity with nature. One can consider the house as part of the existing nature at first sight of which is the exact design approach of Wright. Le Corbusier’s free plan concept is noticeable in Frank Loyd’s design. Wide angled vistas. The designer created wide and flexible spaces instead of separating the rooms in subspaces. This approach allows a wide angle of vista among the room where the inhabitants can experience the forest view more deeply
5
Site Plan
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
First Floor Plan
South Elevation
Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 - 1959)
Design countless domestic buildings among USA, Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the most important figures in modern architecture. Integrity of architecture and nature was an essential element in Wright’s design. Having designed many domestic buildings, exhibition halls, headquarters, hotels and many more, Wright also designed many distinct furniture for his architectural designs. Long overhanging eaves, a central chimney and horizontal emphasis were visible features of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture. The notion of organic architecture was founded by Wright while the term organic for him stands for the spaces emerging organic around the center rather than a formal emphasis.
6
Weimar, Germany
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Walter Gropius and Hannes Meyer (1919)
BAUHAUS DESSAU
Bauhaus’ significance not only comes from being a school of fine arts, but also its being a production center and a place for bringing the era’s important architects and arts man together, also contributing new debates to art education. Learning by doing, importance of production in education. Being the most influencing foundation in the 20th century, the Bauhaus was encouraging the idea of doing by learning. In the academy, students were employing the new production techniques and trying to design new modernist furniture and house equipments with the new production techniques that they found while experimenting with the production process. An interdisciplinary art school, Holistic approach. Bauhaus education was based on a total design understanding. According to the total design, All the elements should be designed together in a unifying manner with a harmony. Industrialization, modernization Another motivation of the Bauhaus was encouraging students to focus on the industrialization process of the design works. Using modern construction methods, being experimental and production based, and not being limited to the conventional methods was significant motivations of Bauhaus. The architectural language of the Bauhaus Dessau was a physical representation of the idioms of its education.
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ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
Walter Gropius (1883 - 1969)
Born in Berlin, Germany, Walter Gropius was an important figure in modernism. Best known for founding Arts and Architectural School of Bauhaus, Walter Gropius was the director of the Bauhaus between 1919-28 influenced from English Arts and Craft movement and Constructivism. In his early career, he traveled Italy, Spain and England before having joined the office of Peter Behrens in Berlin.
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Le Corbusier - Pierre Jeanneret (1929-1931)
(1887 - 1965)
Paris, France
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VILLA SAVOYE
“The house is a machine for living” In the middle of bare nature, we observe a silent whiteness. There it is! Villa Savoye. Located just outside Paris, Villa Savoye offers an escape from crowded city life. Besides its strong relationship with nature and philosophy, another importance of Villa Savoye is its containing all of Le Corbusier’s five points of architecture.
Le Corbusier Known as Le Corbusier, Charles Edouard Jeanneret was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland World wide famous French architect, urban planner, writer, painter and sculptor Le corbusier is know with his pioneer modernist architectural designs. After the Second World War, he dedicated his studies to achieve a better life for people living in the cities. During his life, Le Corbusier designed many significant architectural pieces of cooperative housing projects, religious centers, assembly palaces, courts and so much more his works also includes furniture designs
9
FIVE POINTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Le Corbusier’s
Horizontal Windows Interior is enlightened with even light via continuous horizontal windows which cuts through un-loadbarrying walls. Also, the continuity of the windows gives wide vistas to the nature.
Piloties Load bearing walls is now replaced with concrete or steel columns. Pilates not only support the structure, but also make the soil under free to use
Roof Garden Making use of flat roof with vegetation and humidity that it provides better the living conditions. Terraces make living spaces more desirable.
Free Plan Since piloties carry the whole structure, Partition walls can be used in every floor in a way that desired. Smaller or bigger spaces could be created without any structural concerns.
Free Facade The facade is the face of the structure. It no longer depends on the interior space or the structure. The facade is now a distinct element to design, an exterior surface.
10
Philip Johnson (1949) New Canaan, US -
GLASS HOUSE
Following the traces of Mies Van Der Rohe’s Farnsworth House, Glass House is another example of extreme transparency in domestic architecture. Despite the similarities in scale and context, the story more behind tells a totally different story. “A Gay Space” In his interview in 1993, Johnson explicitly pointed out that exhibitionism is an interface of architecture and all kinds of sexual experiments. Being one of the taboos of its time, gayness was never openly acknowledged by the public. Philip Johnson was gay. And the critics considered his architecture in Glass House stands for a manifesto of a gay space. The house was holiday house, of which Johnson and his gay friends went to visit in free times. According to Eisenman, Philip Johnson was always transparent talking about his own house while he was just the contrary, while talking about himself and as a result his buildings always indicated what he cannot speak of. For Eisenman the house was a metaphor of an individual’s rebirth against facisim in post-war period. However what is ironical in Glass House is that its notion of transparency. The house is enveloped with only glass, representing the transparency as a concept while it is located in a natural forest far away from the city. Public taboos among the gay made gay men hide their private lives from the others.
10
INTERIOR VIEWS
Living Room and FÄ°re Place
Bedroom and Study Space
Philip Johnson (1906 - 2005)
World wide famous American architect born in Ohio, US. In his architectural career, he was a promoter of Ä°nternational Style and postmodern architecture respectively. One of the important works beside his Glass House was his working with Miss Van Der Roher in the design of the Seagram Building in New York city. IN his career, Johnson was awarded many times, including the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal (1978) and Pritzker Architecture Prize (1979).
11
Being the most influencing foundation in the 20th century, the Bauhaus was encouraging the idea of doing by learning. In the academy, students were employing the new production techniques and trying to design new modernist furniture and house equipments with the new production techniques that they found while experimenting with the production process.
A total integrity with nature. One can consider the house as part of the existing nature at first sight of which is the exact design approach of Wright. Le Corbusier’s free plan concept is noticeable in Frank Loyd’s design.
“Less is more” Elevated from the ground and enveloped with a total glazing, Farnsworth House creates a 360 degree vista to its surrounding nature. Its steel structure and structural details are clearly visible from outside. Architectural elements are sharply separated in two groups of horizontal and vertical while the horizontal is emphasized with its proportions.
“The house is a machine for living” In the middle of bare nature, we observe a silent whiteness. There it is! Villa Savoye.
“A feminist Building” It is well known that Gerrit Rietveld is the architect of the house, however, What is not well known is the influence of a strong female: Mrs Schröder, the owner of the house who raised her children alone while divorced. She was the one to tell the architect what to design since she knew exactly how and where she wanted to live and raise her children.
Alp Fahri ARDIÇ 2020 Spring
Philip Johnson was gay. And the critics considered his architecture in Glass House stands for a manifesto of a gay space. The house was holiday house, of which Johnson and his gay friends went to visit in free times.
