Science Carnival Book 4 by Alston Education

SCIENCE

The Science Carnival series is developed for pupils who go to CBSE-affiliated schools to help them achieve the learning outcomes of the latest national curriculum.

4 BOOK 4

Adopting the inquiry-based learning approach, Science Carnival uses engaging visuals and presentation formats with well-crafted activities to arouse pupils’ curiosity about the world around them. Starting with exploratory questions, Science Carnival spurs them to investigate the problem or idea which involves asking questions, collecting and analysing information, generating solutions, making decisions, justifying conclusions and taking action. This motivates pupils to understand key scientific concepts and encourage a spirit of inquiry.

Sam Kee

Each chapter comprises several exercises that focus on scientific process skills (such as observing, comparing, classifying, inferring, measuring, communicating and predicting), reasoning skills and critical thinking skills to help pupils develop scientific knowledge and critical thinking abilities. They come in the form of Multiple-Choice Questions, Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Value-Based questions, provided at the end of each lesson. The formative and summative assessments allow for continual evaluation of pupils’ understanding of concepts. These outcome-based exercises aim to test their understanding and application of scientific concepts and related skills to solve real life problems. The Science Carnival Book 4 comprises the following components: ✔ Student Book 4 ✔ Teacher’s Guide Book 4 – Contains lesson plans and wrap-around teacher’s notes, with additional information and tips on conducting and delivering effective Science lessons. ✔ Additional formative and summative assessments are available online for teachers only. ` 330

Empowering Minds • Improving Lives

Sam Kee

Credits

Published by Alston Publishing House Pte Ltd 745 Toa Payoh Lorong 5, #03-07, Singapore 319455 enquiry@alstonpublishinghouse.com www.alstonpublishinghouse.com © 2017 Alston Publishing House Pte Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Distributed in India by Parle Book Centre Shop No. 6, Anant Co-Operative Society Ltd. D. J. Road, Vile Parle West Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056 India Tel: 022 2618 4082 Email: info@pbcdistributors.com First published 2017 ISBN 978-981-4573-44-3 Publisher: Sim Wee Chee

Chapter 1 : p.9: Anna Kucherova/ Shutterstock.com (Fresh beetroot with leaves isolated on white); ZaZa Studio/Shutterstock.com (Small garden radish isolated on white background cutout); Dionisvera/Shutterstock.com (Fresh carrots on a white background); zcw/Shutterstock. com (Fresh green asparagus on white); Nattika/Shutterstock.com (New potato isolated on white background close up); Binh Thanh Bui/Shutterstock.com (fresh ginger on a white background); MaraZe/Shutterstock.com (Green Iceberg lettuce on White Background); Binh Thanh Bui/ Shutterstock.com (a bundle of fresh spinach on white background); Monticello/Shutterstock.com (Cabbage isolated on white); Tim UR/Shutterstock.com (Tomatoes. Whole and a half isolated on white); Dionisvera/Shutterstock.com (Red apple with leaf); Anna Sedneva/Shutterstock. com (Cucumber and slices isolated over white background.); Dionisvera/Shutterstock.com (Green peas in closeup); Valentyn Volkov/Shutterstock.com (Green beans isolated on a white background.); bergamont/Shutterstock.com (sunflower seeds pile against white background) p.11: wk1003mike/Shutterstock.com (Sequence of seed germination on green background); BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock.com (Illustration showing the parts of a flower) p.13: Artens/ Shutterstock.com (Beautiful Garden. Green Lawn in Landscaped Formal Garden); Olivier Le Moal/ Shutterstock.com (stevia plan into a bucket, white background square image) p.16: sciencepics/ Shutterstock.com (Leaf growth); LFRabanedo/Shutterstock.com (Marasmius oreades. Scotch bonnet. Fairy ring mushroom.); bergamont/Shutterstock.com (sunflower seeds pile against white background). Chapter 2: p.21: Designua/Shutterstock.com (Photosynthesis. Vector. Schematic of photosynthesis in plants.); p.24: Designua/Shutterstock.com (Photosynthesis. Vector. Schematic of photosynthesis in plants.); Ozgur Coskun/Shutterstock.com (Plenty of Small Healthy Red Beans for Wallpaper Backgrounds, Captured in High Angle View.); p.26: Cheng Wei/Shutterstock. com (Indian Almond leaves come in different sizes, shapes, thickness and colour. Some are large, others are small. Some are red or dark colored when fresh while others are yellow or green.). Chapter 3: pp.29-:31: Protasov AN/Shutterstock.com (Bee on the yellow flower. Close up. Isolated on white); Renata Apanaviciene/Shutterstock.com (Beautiful cat portrait, Cat isolated in dark background, Cat portrait close up, cat in studio, cat in dark background with pleading stare at the viewer with space for advertising and text, cat); Ivan Kuzmin/Shutterstock.com (Dwarf epauletted fruit bat (Micropteropus pussilus) flying at night.); Maryna Pleshkun/Shutterstock. com (Earthworm in soil - closeup shot); Mark Bridger/Shutterstock.com (Chameleon); Gabi Wolf/ Shutterstock.com (Meadow Grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus)); Paul Reeves Photography/ Shutterstock.com (Monarch Butterfly perched on a flower.); : Andresr/Shutterstock.com (Cute dog at the park eating his food); ANURAK PONGPATIMET/Shutterstock.com (Close up a cockroach on white cupboard in the kitchen); PlotPhoto/Shutterstock.com (Close-up of a mosquito sucking blood). Eveleen/Shutterstock.com (vector five senses icons, human nose, ear, eye and mouth illustration); Tsekhmister/Shutterstock.com (grey hen with egg isolated on white, studio shot); Valentyn Volkov/Shutterstock.com (Caviar; object on a white background); pp.33-35: aekikuis/ Shutterstock.com (Vector Cycle of ant for kids); irin-k/Shutterstock.com (Bee isolated on the white. macro of a living insect.); Sapsiwai/Shutterstock.com (Ants at work moving food a teamwork concept);Tomatito/Shutterstock.com (Different stages of an ant development in the same image.); Amit Erez/Shutterstock.com (bees at work); Leena Robinson/Shutterstock.com (Cottontail bunny rabbit eating grass in the garden). Chapter 4: pp.39: Jarry/Shutterstock.com (Brown squirrel with nuts); Rudmer Zwerver/ Shutterstock.com (Migrating ducks are leaving for the southern hibernating areas in autumn and winter.); pp.41-45: nosonjai/Shutterstock.com (Lots of Rabbit in a green grass); Maggy Meyer/Shutterstock.com (The most beautiful lion of the Masai Mara); W. Donohue/Shutterstock. com (North American Brown Bear (grizzly) Growling); Gaschwald/Shutterstock.com (Green chameleon on a tree.); Markus Gann/Shutterstock.com (A flying bat); Gaschwald/Shutterstock. com (Green chameleon on a tree.); reptiles4all/Shutterstock.com (Green rat snake / Gonyosoma oxycephalum); Zhiltsov Alexandr/shutterstock.com (portrait of large white bear on ice); Annette Shaff/Shutterstock.com (a photo of a tiny cute Chihuahua); nikitabuida/Shutterstock.com (Small gecko lizard on a wall hunting). Chapter 5: p.51: Eakwiphan Smitabhindhu/Shutterstock.com (Corn field); pp.54-59: zlikovec/ Shutterstock.com (Group of free-range chicken freely grazing outside of organic farm. Organic farming, animal rights, back to nature concept.); Matt Gibson/Shutterstock.com (Cows waiting to be milked in milking shed on farm); Phovoir/Shutterstock.com (man stroking cow); AsianetPakistan/Shutterstock.com (LAHORE, PAKISTAN-SEPT 02: People look at donkey that lies on road due to overloaded cart at Urdu Bazaar on Thursday, September 02, 2010 in Lahore. (Babar Shah/ PPI Images).); Edler von Rabenstein/Shutterstock.com (farmer with milk churns at his cows); stockphoto mania/Shutterstock.com (close up face of new zealand merino sheep in rural livestock farm); Peter Stuckings/Shutterstock.com (CIRCA APRIL 2010 - QUY NHON, VIETNAM A farmer tosses rice seeds on a cleared rice field, on 25 April 2010, in Quy Nhon, Vietnam.); Venus Angel/Shutterstock.com (Set of products which made of crocodile leather), Vachira Sat/ Shutterstock.com (Strawberry garden). Chapter 6: pp.61-62: Sebastian Kaulitzki/Shutterstock.com (medically accurate illustration of the brain); Ben Schonewille/Shutterstock.com (Inside synthetic model of opened human heart isolated on white background); BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock.com (Lung cancer diagram in detail illustration); Lightspring/Shutterstock.com (Human Stomach and health care symbol of the digestive system featuring the abdominal internal organ that digests food or an icon of dieting and gastric surgery as a medical illustration on white.); Sedova Elena/Shutterstock.com (Internal organs); stockshoppe/Shutterstock.com (vector illustration of drawing of hair anatomy); p.67: Tefi/Shutterstock.com (Digestive system, detailed medical illustration.); p.68: CandyBox Images/ Shutterstock.com (Woman splashing face with water above bathroom sink). Chapter 7: pp.72-73: Valentyn Volkov/Shutterstock.com (Food for a balanced diet in the form of circle. Isolated on white); Tim UR/Shutterstock.com (Tomatoes. Whole and a half isolated on

white); Maks Narodenko/Shutterstock.com (blueberries isolated); Africa Studio/Shutterstock. com (Fresh broccoli isolated on white); Dionisvera/Shutterstock.com (Dried walnuts with leaves); p.77: musicman/Shutterstock.com (tooth); p.80: Lightspring/Shutterstock.com (Human Stomach and health care symbol of the digestive system featuring the abdominal internal organ that digests food or an icon of dieting and gastric surgery as a medical illustration on white.); BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock.com (Illustration of a small intestine); BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock. com (Large intestine poster with white background); Chapter 8: pp.84-85: Nadezhda1906/Shutterstock.com (child playing with electricity, kids safety concept); Daniel Jedzura/Shutterstock.com (Little boy opens the door to the room by night); p.89: Darko Vrcan/Shutterstock.com (Eight year old girl playing with matches isolated on white. Dangerous activity in the house.); Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock.com (Exhausted Businesswoman Fainted On Floor At Workplace); TinnaPong/Shutterstock.com (Wound on boy knee after got slip accident); kdshutterman/Shutterstock.com (Little asian (thai) boy in sportswear looking wound his leg, Nurse provides first aid, on white background); p.91: goir/Shutterstock.com (First aid box). Chapter 9: p.94: Paul Matthew Photography/Shutterstock.com (Cotton crop landscape with copy space area); Tjis/Shutterstock.com (flax sheaf drying on a field); Vasilyev Alexandr/Shutterstock. com (Sheeps in a meadow in the mountains); fotohunter/Shutterstock.com (Silk Cocoons with Silk Worm on Green Mulberry Leaf); COLOA Studio/Shutterstock.com (Thread reel background); Signature Message/Shutterstock.com (Sisal fiber, raw material from China); PaintedLens/ Shutterstock.com (Stock photograph of a pile of coiled white nylon rope). Thodsaphol Tamklang/Shutterstock.com (Close-up of texture black nylon fabric); p.96: TanyaRozhnovskaya/ Shutterstock.com (Woman loading the washing machine colored clothing.); Vinod K Pillai/ Shutterstock.com (White naphthalene balls on black velvet); p.98: Mivr/Shutterstock.com (Delhi, India - February 13, 2015: two indian policemen in uniform close up image at annual Surajkund Fair on the outskirts of Delhi in India); India Picture/Shutterstock.com (Portrait of young female lawyer holding documents isolated over white background); Andresr/Shutterstock.com (Friendly male doctor at the gym smiling). Chapter 10: pp.102-106: Vova Shevchuk/Shutterstock.com (real igloo in high winter mountains); Kichigin/Shutterstock.com (old tent in the autumn forest, home for adventure and travel); Milonk/Shutterstock.com (Traditional Beehive houses in Sarouj village, Syria.); Mikhail Nekrasov/ Shutterstock.com (Traditional wooden stilt houses at the Inle lake, Shan state, Myanmar (Burma)); Jpiks/Shutterstock.com (Houseboat, Allepy, Kerala); kostasgr/Shutterstock.com (caravan sea, beach, summer holidays - travel in Europe); BonnieBC/Shutterstock.com (Masaai Huts in Tanzania Africa); bbofdon/Shutterstock.com (Thatched roof cottage in Selworthy village Somerset); Ewelina Wachala/Shutterstock.com (New english terraced house view); Konstantin L/ Shutterstock.com (New apartment building in suburban area); Ewelina Wachala/Shutterstock. com (Traditional english bungalow with beautiful garden); MR. INTERIOR/Shutterstock.com (Backyard of luxurious mansion with in marble framed pool surrounded by Palm trees.); OlegD/ Shutterstock.com (Victoria Memorial - Kolkata ( Calcutta ) – India); saiko3p/Shutterstock.com (Taj Mahal in sunrise light, Agra, India); Milena Vuckovic/Shutterstock.com (Thermometer with scale measuring heat and cold, with sun and snowflake icons, vector illustration); Gordon Ball LRPS/ Shutterstock.com (Construction and Roof in progress to new house in UJ); kurhan/Shutterstock. com (Builder handyman with construction tools. House renovation background.). Chapter 11: pp.113-114: Arisa_J/Shutterstock.com (State of Matter. Solid, Liquid and Gas. Vector Illustration.) posteriori/Shutterstock.com (diamond isolated on white); pp.119-120: Matt Berger/ Shutterstock.com (Iceberg off coast of Antarctica); Flas100/Shutterstock.com (Man hand holding white burned paper); r.classen/Shutterstock.com (Ice cube); jultud/Shutterstock.com (Solid clay bricks used for construction); Roman Sigaev/Shutterstock.com (Cola can and measuring tape isolated over white background); p.122: A Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvestris) among the leaf litter on a forest floor in Ontario, Canada.). Chapter 12: p.125: oticki/Shutterstock.com (Farmer in tractor preparing land for sowing); Pat_ Hastings/Shutterstock.com (Horseshoe magnet holding a bunch of nails. Blue background.); p.129: Designua/Shutterstock.com (lever is a machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge or fulcrum. Lever, one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists.); MilanB/Shutterstock.com (Ball on inclined plane); J and S Photography/Shutterstock. com (Close up of countersunk chrome wood screws); mashe/Shutterstock.com (Cutting of fruit by knife); exopixel/Shutterstock.com (Metal pizza cutter wheel isolated over the white background); Zerbor/Shutterstock.com (Old pulley with rope); p.133: arleksey/Shutterstock.com (abstract particles background with sphere shapes that have been heavily deformed by noise displacement force). Chapter 13: p.135: Designua/Shutterstock.com (Atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth’s gravity. Exosphere; Thermosphere; Mesosphere; Stratosphere, Troposphere.); p.142: Nickolay Khoroshkov/Shutterstock.com (Chemical factory with smoke stack); Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com (Young Girl Turning Off Light Switch); Toa55/Shutterstock.com (Water pollution in river because industrial not treat water before drain.); p.144: BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock.com (Symbol and electron diagram for Nitrogen illustration) Chapter 14: pp.146-147: Christos Georghiou/Shutterstock.com (An illustration of the planets of our solar system.); Procy/Shutterstock.com (Real astronomic picture taken using telescope, it is an open stars cluster known as praesepe, in cancer constellation); p.149: pixelparticle/Shutterstock. com (Mountain landscape showing pine trees against a night sky shot of the universe filled with stars); p.151: Vadim Sadovski/Shutterstock.com (A Meteor glowing as it enters the Earth’s atmosphere. Elements of this image furnished by NASA); Claudio Divizia/Shutterstock.com (Full moon over dark black sky at night); Romolo Tavani/Shutterstock.com (plant in hands - grass background).

Printed by Replika Press

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SCIENCE 4

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Hello there! Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m Chuckles the Clown. Welcome to Science Carnival! We are going to have a great time learning science together. Science Carnival is a place where learning about science-related facts is as fun as going on a roller coaster ride. So buckle up and get set to enjoy yourselves while you learn all about science.

I am Bubbles. I am Jimbo.

I am Rinkle.

I am Twinkle.

My Name My School My Address

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Preface The Science Carnival series is developed for pupils who go to CBSE-affiliated schools to help them achieve the learning outcomes of the latest national curriculum. Adopting the inquiry-based learning approach, Science Carnival uses engaging visuals and presentation formats with well-crafted activities to arouse pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; curiosity about the world around them. Starting with exploratory questions, Science Carnival spurs them to investigate a problem or idea that involves asking questions, collecting and analysing information, generating solutions, making decisions, justifying conclusions and taking action. This motivates pupils to understand key scientific concepts and encourage a spirit of inquiry. Each chapter comprises several exercises that focus on scientific process skills (such as observing, comparing, classifying, inferring, measuring, communicating and predicting), reasoning skills and critical thinking skills to help pupils develop scientific knowledge and critical thinking abilities. They come in the form of Multiple-Choice Questions, Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Value-Based questions, provided at the end of each lesson. The formative and summative assessments allow for continual evaluation of pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; understanding of concepts. These outcomebased exercises aim to test their understanding and application of scientific concepts and related skills to solve real life problems.

Hello, friends! Welcome to the Science Carnival! Here, learning science is a joyful experience with hands-on activities and interesting exercises. Most activities have been designed with the carnival theme. The different zones are indicated by the respective signboards: w Learning Zone w Experiment Zone w Skill Zone w Practice Zone w Recap Zone w Testing Zone w Activity Zone w Vocabulary Zone w Fun Zone So, what are we waiting for? Let us enter the Science Carnival and see what is happening there!

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Your fun learning zones

Here, you can learn science concepts.

Here, you can perform interesting experiments to predict, observe and explain phenomenons in Science.

Here, you can develop important scientific skills, 21st century skills and life skills. You can also solve HOTS questions.

Here, you can practise questions on the concepts you have learnt.

Here, you can use the mind map to recapitulate the key concepts of the lesson.

Here, you can test yourself on the learnings acquired from the entire lesson.

Here, you can perform exciting activities related to the concepts you have studied.

Here, you can learn the keywords and their meanings.

Here, you can apply what you have learnt to perform project work. You can also read interesting developments in science.

How to use this book Inquisitive questions are used as headers to give pupils a clear idea of what they are going to learn.

Chapter Opener The language is kept simple to help pupils understand concepts easily.

Each chapter begins with a picture quiz to spark pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; curiosity about the concepts in the chapter.

What will You Learn? The learning outcomes covered are listed at the beginning of the chapter. This gives pupils a simple overview of what they will learn. iv

Follow-up questions appear after the teaching of every new concept to provide immediate reinforcement of the lesson learnt.

Science Carnival Book 4

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lists all the process skills that pupils require when performing an activity or experiment. encourages the spirit of inquiry and independent learning by extending pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; knowledge through enrichment materials.

The text is clearly illustrated to aid understanding. Many real-life examples are provided to help pupils see how the concepts are applied in the real world.

excite pupils with fun and interesting details about the world around them. provides opportunities to apply newly acquired science process skills through well-crafted short experiments and activities.

comprises Process skills questions that promote the learning of science-related skills, higher order thinking skills and 21st century skills,

provides the pupils with questions that encourages them to be good to others and the things in their environment.

enhances pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; understanding of each chapter by organising all the key concepts learnt in a visual and easy-to-comprehend manner.

helps the pupils revise new words and their meanings.

Project Work

provides fun and interesting projects for the pupils to carry out in and out of the classroom. Science Bulletin

a collection of various questions provided to test the pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; understanding of the lesson.

focusses on real-life science stories and applications. This inspires pupils and helps them relate what they have just learnt to the world around them.

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Table of Contents Unit 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Plant Life Parts Of A Plant............................................7 Plants Making Food...................................19

Unit 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Animal Life Life Processes In Animals...........................27 Adaptation And Survival...........................38 Travelogue..................................................48

Unit 3 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8

Our Body Our Internal Organs...................................60 Food And Our Digestion System...............71 Safety..........................................................83

Unit 4 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11

Materials Clothes.......................................................92 Houses......................................................101 States Of Matter.......................................111

Unit 5 Chapter 12

Moving Things And Surroundings Force, Work And Energy...........................123

Unit 6 Chapter 13

Natural Resources Our Environment......................................134

Unit 7 Chapter 14

Our Universe Our Earth And Its Neighbours.................145

Formative Assessments....................................................154 Summative Assessments..................................................158

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CHAPTER

Parts Of A Plant How do plants grow and survive?

by plants, such d re ve o c is e c a rf h’s su A large part of Eart s and grasses. rn fe s, he us b , rs e w as trees, flo

How do plants obtain their food in orde survive on Earth?

r to

What Will You Learn? By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

describe the different parts of a plant identify the edible parts of a plant describe the life cycle of a plant state the features of trees, grasses and other plants state the importance of festivals like Van Mahotsav Chapter 1: Parts Of A Plant

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Learning Zone

What Are The Different Parts Of A Plant?

A plant’s shoot system consists of the plant parts found above the ground. ✔

✔ ✔

Flowers is where the reproduction of plants occur through the process of pollination. Flowers attract insects like bees with their colours and smell. These insects then help to transfer pollen grains to pollinate the flower. The ovule then develops into a fruit.

Flower

Fruit

Stem

Leaf Node Internode

Fruits act as a protective covering for the seeds. Stems carry water and nutrients from the roots to the other plant parts, as well as food from the leaves to the other plant parts.

Shoot system

Bud Primary root Secondary roots

Root system

Parts of a plant

✔

Leaves make food for the plant using carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight, through the process of photosynthesis.

✔

Buds are undeveloped shoots that have the potential to grow into a flower, stem or branch.

✔

Nodes are areas of the plant from which leaves grow.

✔

Internodes are areas of the plant between two nodes.

A plant’s root system is the underground part of the plant. ✔

Roots absorb water and minerals from the ground. They also fix the plant firmly in the ground. Primary roots are roots that develop from the plant embryo. Secondary roots are roots that extend horizontally from the primary roots.

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Edible Parts Of A Plant Plants are a main source of food for us. Different plants store the extra food made during photosynthesis in different plant parts. However, some plant parts can be poisonous, so we need to be careful about what we choose to eat.

We eat certain roots like beetroot, radish and carrot.

We eat certain stems like asparagus, potato and ginger.

We eat certain leaves like lettuce, spinach and cabbage.

We eat certain flowers like artichoke, broccoli and cauliflower.

We eat certain fruits like tomato, apple and cucumber.

We eat certain seeds like peas, green beans and sunflower seeds.

Practice Zone Answer the following questions. 1.

Which plant part is responsible for the plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reproduction?

Give two examples of edible roots.

Give two examples of edible seeds. Chapter 1: Parts Of A Plant

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Activity Zone

Variety Of Plant Parts!

Process skills: Observing and Communicating

Different plants have plant parts that look different from each other. Observe different types of plants. Write down their names and describe the colours, shapes and sizes of their parts in your book.

Fascinating Facts Dead plant matter that is buried at the bottom of swamps can slowly turn into coal over time, in the presence of high temperature and high pressure.

Learning Zone

What Is The Life Cycle Of A Flowering Plant?

Like animals, plants reproduce to ensure continuity of their own kind. Some plants can regenerate from bulbs, buds or leaves. Some non-flowering plants like fern, moss and algae reproduce from spores.

The fruits bear seeds which will grow into a plant

Most flowering plants reproduce mainly from seeds that germinates and grows into an adult plant. Once the plant develops roots and leaves, it can make its own food and no longer depends on the seed for its energy. 10

Obtain a cactus plant and do not water it for a week. Observe what happens to the plant.

The plant bears flowers that become fruits

The seeds germinate into seedlings.

The seeding grows into an adult plant

Life cycle of a flowering plant

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Seed Germination The embryo inside a seed develops into a new plant through the process of germination. Germination is influenced by three factors — right temperature, availability of oxygen and availability of water. Seed germination Firstly, the seed coat splits and a tiny root known as the radicle starts to grow downwards. Then, a tiny shoot called the plumule starts to grow upwards. The cotyledon is the part of the seed that provides food reserves for plant development to occur. Leaves grow from the stem towards the sunlight. After some time, flowers grow from the stem.

Fertilisation A flower is the reproductive part of a plant and it can develop into a fruit that contains seeds. The male reproductive part is the stamen, which has two parts — anther and filament. The filament holds the anther in place. The female reproductive part is the pistil, which has three parts — stigma, style and ovary. Multiple stamens surround the pistil. During fertilisation, pollen grains produced by the anther get transferred onto the stigma. A pollen grain develops a tube that grows down the style and enters the ovary. The male reproductive cell fuses with the female reproductive cell in the ovule. The fertilised ovule becomes a Stigma seed and Anther Stamen the ovary Pistil Filament Style Petal becomes a Ovary Ovule fruit. Seeds Receptacle are ready to Sepal be planted Peduncle once they are dried. Parts of a flower Chapter 1: Parts Of A Plant

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Practice Zone Answer the following questions. 1. What are the factors that influence seed germination? 2. Describe the reproductive parts in a flower.

Learning Zone

How Do We Classify Plants?

Plants can be classified in many ways, such as by their characteristics, locations and uses. Plants that grow in cold environments either shed their leaves or have needle-like leaves. Plants that grow in hot environments like deserts have small or no leaves, like the cactus. Plants that grow on land are called terrestrial plants, such as pine and cedar. Plants that grow in water are called aquatic plants, such as floating plants like hyacinth, fixed plants like underwater lily and underwater plants like pond weed. Some plants like mushrooms live off other plants and are called parasitic plants or parasites. Some plants like the Venus Flytrap catch insects for survival and are called insectivorous plants or insectivores. There are three main types of flowering plants â&#x20AC;&#x201D; perennials, biennials and annuals. Perennials like dahlia grow back year after year. Biennials like parsley have a life cycle of two years. Annuals like corn have a life cycle of one year.

Planting Trees And Grasses Tree planting is a process of replanting for forestry or gardening. It is a technique of moving plants from one location to another. Generally, plants are first grown under controlled conditions, then they are carried to another location that is usually outdoor. An alternative method is to plant seeds all over the area where you want the plants to grow. Weather is an important factor when deciding the time 12

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for tree planting. In addition, you can decide where to grow plants â&#x20AC;&#x201D; at home, at school or other lands. For grasses like wheatgrass, they are grown by spreading grass seeds, then covering them evenly using topsoil. The soil is kept moist by watering it lightly. Ornamental grasses Fertilising the soil before every growing season also keeps the grasses healthy. Grasses are available in a vast range of types and sizes. There are around 10,000 different species of grasses recognised all over the world.

Practice Zone Answer the following questions. 1. How do some plants adapt to cold or hot weather? 2. What are parasitic plants? What are terrestrial plants? 3. What are the three main types of flowering plants? 4. Why is tree planting done? 5. How are grasses grown?

Learning Zone

Why Do We Celebrate The Existence Of Trees In Our Lives?

We celebrate Van Mahotsav every year in India during the first week of July. This festival was started by K. M. Munshi in 1950 to spread awareness of saving trees because no life is possible on Earth without trees. When celebrating Van Mahotsav, a large number of trees are planted all over the country. In fact, we should plant more native trees because they have a higher possibility of surviving in our local climate. Many organisations also distribute free plant saplings to encourage people to plant more plants. Chapter 1: Parts Of A Plant

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There are several reasons for celebrating Van Mahotsav. Trees produce oxygen and help to cool down the environment. They keep the air clean by trapping dust and other pollutants. Trees also provide raw materials for buildings, furniture and paper.

Practice Zone Write ‘T’ for true statements and ‘F’ for false statements. 1.

Van Mahotsav is celebrated in December.

Free plant saplings are distributed during Van Mahotsav.

Van Mahotsav was started in 1980.

Experiment Zone

g and Predicting Process skills: Observing, Analysin

Materials Needed: permanent marker, tray, paper towel, seeds, six 350 ml plastic cups, 240 ml each of tap water, milk, iced tea, vinegar, orange juice and soya bean Procedure: ✔ Using a permanent marker, label each of the six cups with the name of the liquid it will contain.

✔

Place the six cups onto a tray and pour 240 ml of each liquid into their respective cups.

✔

Place a paper towel to soak up the liquid and slowly add equal amounts of seeds into each cup.

✔

Place the tray in a warm place where you can observe them easily.

✔

Record your observations daily, keeping track of how many seeds break open and germinate.

✔

After one week, measure the growth of the seeds in centimetres.

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RECAP Zone Do you remember parts of a plant, their functions and the life cycle of a flowering plant? Use the mind map to help you. Flowering Plants

Plants

e uc rod rep by

Life Cycle

Non-flowering Plants reproduce by

Spores

Plant parts

Pollination happens in the

Types

Seed ➔ Plant ➔ Flower ➔ Fruit Annuals Biennials Perennials

Plant types

Female reproductive part: Pistil — Stigma, Male reproductive part style and ovary : Stamen — anther and filament

Insectivorous Parasitic Terrestrial

Aquatic

Vocabulary Zone Do you remember these new words? Shoot system:

comprises the plant parts found above the ground

Pollination:

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

Root system:

the arrangement of the various roots of the plant

Germination:

the process through which the embryo inside a seed develops into a new plant Chapter 1: Parts Of A Plant

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ing and Reasoning Process skills: Observing, Identifying, Communicat

Skill Zone Apply What You Know 1.

Tick (â&#x153;&#x201D;) the correct answer that best describes the picture.

Fruit

Parasite

Flower

Root

Underwater

Seed

Node

Root

Leaf

Internode

Insectivore

Root Higher Order Thinking Skills

How can animals help to disperse seeds?

How does tree planting help to improve our environment?

Values in Action 4.

What will happen if we cut down all the trees?

Is it possible to survive on Earth without trees?

Plants not only provide us with food, they also give us oxygen that is very important for our survival. We must plant as many trees as we can to ensure they do not become extinct.

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Testing Zone 1.

Tick (✔) the correct answer. a. A plant starts its life as a ………… . root leaf seed

stem

b. For non-flowering plants, their life cycle starts from reproductive cells called ………… . spores eggs roots leaves

c. Some plants like the ………… catch insects. Venus Flytrap Peepal Neem

Banyan

d. Lettuce is an edible ………… . leaf stem

fruit

root

Fill in the blanks. a. Leaves make food for the plant through the process called …………………. . b. For fertilisation to take place, pollen grains must fall onto the …………………. of a flower. c. The …………………. holds the anther in place. d. …………………. flowers have a life cycle of one year.

Write ‘T’ for true statements and ‘F’ for false statements. a. Trees produce oxygen and hence help to improve the air quality. b. Secondary roots extend horizontally from the primary roots. c. Two examples of edible seeds are tomato and apple. d. Some plant parts can be poisonous. e. Flowers can develop into fruits that contain seeds. Chapter 1: Parts Of A Plant

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Fun Zone Project Work Materials Needed: celery, carrots, broccoli, sunflower seeds, strawberries, spinach, sheet of chart paper, knife Procedure: ✔

Using a sheet of chart paper as the base for creating a plant, place a stalk of celery to represent the stem of a plant.

✔

Cut three carrots into halves and place them at the bottom of the celery to represent roots.

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Cut broccoli and place them at the top of the celery to represent flowers.

✔

Cut strawberries and place them at the sides of the broccoli to represent fruits.

✔

Place spinach leaves at different positions on the celery to represent leaves.

✔

Place some sunflower seeds on one side of the sheet of chart paper.

Science Bulletin

New Plant Discovery Scientists have discovered a new species of plant that feeds on metal on Luzon Island of Philippines. It is able to accumulate hundred to a thousand times more nickel in its leaves than other plants. Such plants may be able to help us remove heavy metals in contaminated soil, allowing us to recover valuable metals in plant shoots from metal-rich land. 18

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Credits

Published by Alston Publishing House Pte Ltd 745 Toa Payoh Lorong 5, #03-07, Singapore 319455 enquiry@alstonpublishinghouse.com www.alstonpublishinghouse.com © 2017 Alston Publishing House Pte Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. First published 2017 ISBN 978-981-4573-44-3 Publisher: Sim Wee Chee Printed by Replika Press

SCIENCE

The Science Carnival series is developed for pupils who go to CBSE-affiliated schools to help them achieve the learning outcomes of the latest national curriculum.

4 BOOK 4

Sam Kee

Empowering Minds • Improving Lives

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Sam Kee

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