Science Carnival Book 5 by Alston Education

SCIENCE

The Science Carnival series is developed for pupils who go to CBSE-affiliated schools to help them achieve the learning outcomes of the latest national curriculum.

5 BOOK 5

Adopting the inquiry-based learning approach, Science Carnival uses engaging visuals and presentation formats with well-crafted activities to arouse pupils’ curiosity about the world around them. Starting with exploratory questions, Science Carnival spurs them to investigate the problem or idea which involves asking questions, collecting and analysing information, generating solutions, making decisions, justifying conclusions and taking action. This motivates pupils to understand key scientific concepts and encourage a spirit of inquiry.

Sam Kee

Each chapter comprises several exercises that focus on scientific process skills (such as observing, comparing, classifying, inferring, measuring, communicating and predicting), reasoning skills and critical thinking skills to help pupils develop scientific knowledge and critical thinking abilities. They come in the form of Multiple-Choice Questions, Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Value-Based questions, provided at the end of each lesson. The formative and summative assessments allow for continual evaluation of pupils’ understanding of concepts. These outcome-based exercises aim to test their understanding and application of scientific concepts and related skills to solve real life problems. The Science Carnival Book 5 comprises the following components: ✔ Student Book 5 ✔ Teacher’s Guide Book 5 – Contains lesson plans and wrap-around teacher’s notes, with additional information and tips on conducting and delivering effective Science lessons. ✔ Additional formative and summative assessments are available online for teachers only. ` 345

Empowering Minds • Improving Lives

Sam Kee

Credits

Published by Alston Publishing House Pte Ltd 745 Toa Payoh Lorong 5, #03-07, Singapore 319455 enquiry@alstonpublishinghouse.com www.alstonpublishinghouse.com ÂŠ 2017 Alston Publishing House Pte Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Distributed in India by Parle Book Centre Shop No. 6, Anant Co-Operative Society Ltd. D. J. Road, Vile Parle West Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056 India Tel: 022 2618 4082 Email: info@pbcdistributors.com First published 2017 ISBN 978-981-4573-45-0 Publisher: Sim Wee Chee Printed by Replika Press

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Chapter 1: pp.8-9: Nfcv/Dreamstime.com (Moss); Vlue/Dreamstime.com (Sea Algae); Enciktat/Dreamstime. com (Fern leaf); Mrsnstudio/Dreamstime.com (Sprouting potato); Eprom/Dreamstime.com (Ginger); blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo (chandelier plant (Kalanchoe tubiflora, Bryophyllum tubiflorum), with complet developed plants at the edge of the leaves); sasimoto/Shutterstock.com (A bowl of soaked Mung Bean (Green gram) Sprouts with green skins.); pp.12-13: Le Do/Shutterstock.com (Red maple fruits isolated on white background); Alexey U/Shutterstock.com (dandelion fuzz swelled drops); 808isgreat/Dreamstime. com (Single coconut); Credence01/Dreamstime.com (Nipah Palm); Win Nondakowit/Dreamstime.com (Cerbera odollam); Lightzoom/Dreamstime.com (Slices of Okras); Ravl/Dreamstime.com (Momordica charantia); Jasmineforum/Dreamstime.com (Monkey eating orange); Jasmineforum/Dreamstime.com (Celebes Magpie and kiwi fruit); p.p 17-18: Kostiantyn Fastov/Shutterstock.com (Two coconut one of which split isolated on white background); zcw/Shutterstock.com (Sunflower bud); Vasilius/Shutterstock.com (Seedling beans on white background) BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock.com (Illustration of a typical flower); Paulo Vilela/Shutterstock.com (Ripe watermelons on wicker tray on table on wooden background); Irina Mos/Shutterstock.com (Seedless watermelon slices on a plate. selective focus). Chapter 2: pp.19-21: Asif Islam/Shutterstock.com (SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE - JANUARY 23: National Orchid garden in Singapore on JAN 23, 2015. It is located in the Singapore Botanic Gardens, and has about 60,000 orchid plants - consisting of 400 species.); saiko3p/Shutterstock.com (Mysore Palace, Mysore, Karnataka state, India); saiko3p/Shutterstock.com (Very beautiful fountains in Brindavan Garden, Mysore); milosk50/ Shutterstock.com (MYSORE,INDIA - FEBRUARY 10,2013 - Chamundeshwari Temple at the Chamundi Hills.); Nickolay Stanev/Shutterstock.com (Chital (Axis) Deer in Bandipur National Park); pp.23-27: Chuck Wagner/ Shutterstock.com (Macro Close Up Image Of A Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Pollinating A Cosmos Flower (Cosmos sulphureus).); Paul Marcus/Shutterstock.com (Sumatran Corpse Flower (Amorphophallus titanum) in bloom at the University of California Botanical Garden.); Alexander Mazurkevich/Shutterstock.com (Rafflesia, the biggest flower in the world, Sumatra, Indonesia); PaulPaladin/Shutterstock.com (Marigold flower on sunny day); Jiri Miklo/Shutterstock.com (Red daisy flower isolated on white background - 3d render); kikujungboy/Shutterstock.com (Handmade natural indigo dye in Thailand); Mikhail Egorov/ Shutterstock.com (Bee pollinate flower. Russian nature); stocker1970/Shutterstock.com (hands planting a tree); Maximus Art/Shutterstock.com (Watering plants); p.29: Alexandra Lande/Shutterstock.com (Origami lotus flower isolated on white); Ruben Pinto/Shutterstock.com (Red origami rose made of paper isolated in white); hanabiyori/Shutterstock.com (rose blue). Chapter 3: pp.33-34: Victor Tyakht/Shutterstock.com (Frontal view of flying Blue Tit/Nice flight of nice bird); D. Kucharski K. Kucharska/Shutterstock.com (Earthworm - Lumbricus terrestris); aastock/Shutterstock. com (Exotic tropical fish purple Yellowfin surgeonfish Acanthurus xanthopterus closeup); iusubov nizami/ Shutterstock.com (alanya,turkey, beach, turtle); davemhuntphotography/Shutterstock.com (Red-Eyed Amazon Tree Frog on Large Palm Leaf/Red-Eyed Amazon Tree Frog/Red-Eyed Amazon Tree Frog (Agalychnis Callidryas)); prochasson Frederic/Shutterstock.com (swimming penguin); Steve Byland/Shutterstock. com(Male Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) in flight); ChameleonsEye/Shutterstock.com (GOLD COAST,AUS - NOV 14 2014:Gentoo Penguin swim underwater in captivity in Sea World Gold Coast aquarium.The IUCN Red List lists the gentoo as Near Threatened, due to a rapid decline in populations.); Ilya D. Gridnev/Shutterstock. com (Goldfish with fine beautiful scale, fins, and tail against green grass); SNEHIT/Shutterstock.com (Many spotted deer in wild life sanctuary); p.37: Maggy Meyer/Shutterstock.com (The most beautiful lion of the Masai Mara); LMPphoto/Shutterstock.com (A tiger sitting in a zoo.); iurii/Shutterstock.com (Giant dinosaur in the background of the sky.); p.40: VanderWolf Images/Shutterstock.com (Black and white cows on farmland). Chapter 4: pp.42-47: Tsekhmister/Shutterstock.com (big forest ant isolated on white background); Meister Photos/Shutterstock.com (Close up of worker honeybee with particles of pollen, dust, etc., resting on white surface, with light shadow.); seeyou/Shutterstock.com (Cockroach); Eric Isselee/Shutterstock.com (Dirty Common housefly eating, Musca domestica, isolated on white); Sari ONeal/Shutterstock.com (Green Swallowtail butterfly feeding on a pink Zinnia in sunny summer garden); snapgalleria/Shutterstock.com (easy to edit vector illustration of Lifecycle of Butterfly diagram); PCHT/Shutterstock.com (Beehive hangs on a tree); Protasov AN/Shutterstock.com (Set of insects on white background); Kefca/Shutterstock.com (unsealed honeycomb with small larvae of bees); Antonio Nardelli/Shutterstock.com (varroa, a parasitic bee on a larva); Pakhnyushchy/Shutterstock.com (bees swarming on a honeycomb); pp.49-50: seeyou/ Shutterstock.com (Cockroach); Lightspring/Shutterstock.com (Monarch Butterfly with open wings in a top view as a flying migratory insect butterflies that represents summer and the beauty of nature.); Alik Mulikov/ Shutterstock.com (spider isolated on white background); Kanate/Shutterstock.com (Origami butterfly made from Recycle Paper). Chapter 5: p.52: Au_yeung225/ Dreamstime.com (Human Skull); Cornelius20/Dreamstime.com (Human spine); pp.57-58: Artem Furman/Shutterstock.com (Woman hand hold virtual business card, credit card or blank paper isolated on white background); Matthew Cole/Shutterstock.com (Illustration of parts of the human eye - EPS VECTOR format also available in my portfolio.); decade3d - anatomy online/Shutterstock. com (Human Heart - Anatomy of Human Heart Isolated on white); adike/Shutterstock.com (human spine); Sebastian Kaulitzki/Shutterstock.com (3d rendered illustration of the rib cage); Baimieng/Shutterstock.com (Human skull on isolated white background); p.60: sportpoint/Shutterstock.com (Explosive start of athlete with handicap at the stadium); Chapter 6: p.65: Windujedi/Dreamstime.com (Happy child put out his tongue); Monkey Business Images/ Dreamstime.com (Close-Up Of Young Boy s Mouth And Nose); Shkurd/Dreamstime.com (Open palm); Natalya Ivaniadze/Dreamstime.com (Brown eye); Yury Shirokov/Shutterstock.com (Ear); p.69: spaxiax/Shutterstock. com (Man burnt cup of tea isolated on white); stockshoppe/Shutterstock.com (vector illustration of diagram of nervous system); p.71: StudioSmart/Shutterstock.com (neurons, transferring pulses and generating information.); Sebastian Kaulitzki/Shutterstock.com (3d rendered illustration - nerve cell); Chapter 7: p.73: wallybird/Shutterstock.com (vertical orientation close up of a pineapple, bananas, dragon fruit and mango against banana palm leaves and a textured background / Tropical Fruits - Vertical Orientation); lidante/Shutterstock.com (Fresh green vegetables on a white background.); margouillat photo/ Shutterstock.com (assortment of nuts); Tina Larsson/Shutterstock.com (Different Kind Of Healthy Fat); Sea Wave/Shutterstock.com (Cheese); bunyarit/Shutterstock.com (Breakfast egg dish served with fried egg delicious.) MaraZe/Shutterstock.com (Various types of cheese); lsantilli/Shutterstock.com (Fresh butcher cut meat assortment garnished); Jacek Chabraszewski/Shutterstock.com (Grilled chicken legs with chips and vegetables); p.75: Sashkin/Shutterstock.com (Red blood cells); p.77: Jezper/Shutterstock.com (Illustration of bacteria cells); Korakoch Chantorn/Shutterstock.com (Orange Cup Fungi on decay wood, in rain forest of Thailand; soft focus, shallow depth of field); Wire_man/Shutterstock.com (Euglena, protozoa); UGREEN 3S/ Shutterstock.com (T-lymphocytes attack colony of fungi, lymphocytes and phagocytes attack colony of fungi, macrophage and virus, Human Immune System attack the fungus); p.79: IkeHayden/Shutterstock.com (3D Illustration of headlights on dark road); joshya/Shutterstock.com (Rickets); v.gi/Shutterstock.com (Teeth); p.82: STILLFX/Shutterstock.com (Closeup of pile of pills); Kasza/Shutterstock.com (Many colorful drugs and

supplement pills. Background or texture). Chapter 8: pp.84-87: dotshock/Shutterstock.com (soccer player doing kick with ball on football stadium field isolated on black background in night); Pat_Hastings/Shutterstock.com (Horseshoe magnet holding a bunch of paperclips. Blue background.); Carlo Toffolo/Shutterstock.com (Newton and the falling apple); Designua/ Shutterstock.com (lever is a machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge or fulcrum. Lever, one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists.); yusufdemirci/Shutterstock.com (Pulley vector illustration); Designua/Shutterstock.com (Inclined plane. simple machines. forces acting upon an object on an inclined plane: gravity, Normal force, friction and acceleration.); victoriaKh/Shutterstock. com (Screw on white background). Designua/Shutterstock.com (Cross-section of a splitting wedge with its length oriented vertically. Simple machine. Wedges are used to split things); Wittaya Budda/Shutterstock. com (Industrial metal and Caster steel wheels); Valeev/Shutterstock.com (Fire flame isolated on white background); Oleksii Natykach/Shutterstock.com (Vector Lightning); zhangyang13576997233/Shutterstock. com (Cooling tower of nuclear power plant Dukovany); Razvan Ionut Dragomirescu/Shutterstock.com (Danger of nuclear war illustration with multiple explosions); Peshkova/Shutterstock.com (idea concept with light bulbs on a blue background); furtseff/Shutterstock.com (Pipes in the hands of musicians); Kotkot32/Shutterstock.com (One AA battery isolated on white background); p.90: KConstantine/Shutterstock. com (Match Ignition Close Up); Carlo Toffolo/Shutterstock.com (Newton and the falling apple); Designua/ Shutterstock.com (lever is a machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge or fulcrum. Lever, one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists.); yusufdemirci/Shutterstock.com (Pulley vector illustration).p.92: Ociacia/Shutterstock.com (Futuristic Engineer in yellow hardhat holding tablet/ Engineer). Chapter 9: pp.93-94: Tim UR/Shutterstock.com (Macro bubbles of water on blue background); Designua/ Shutterstock.com (The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. Vector); p.96: pedrosala/Shutterstock.com (Windmills for electric power production, Zaragoza province, Aragon, Spain); LittleStocker/Shutterstock.com (Hot air balloon over the field with blue sky); pp.101-102: Designua/Shutterstock.com (The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. Vector); CHOATphotographer/Shutterstock.com (Human hand hold big plant soil on blur abstract beauty sea ocean forest desert colorful sunset. Bio Ecology CSR Life Arbor Spring Kidney Idea Assured Food Trust Healthy Brain Enrich Wisdom Save System); p.104: Quang Ho/ Shutterstock.com (An isolated pink pinwheel on white); Laszlo66/Shutterstock.com (Smoke stack and air filters of the power station); Laszlo66/Shutterstock.com (Air conditioners on the top of an office building). Chapter 10: p.116 snapgalleria/Shutterstock.com (easy to edit vector illustration of diagram for Layer of Soil) pp.118-119: Ozgur Coskun/Shutterstock.com (Center pivot irrigated farm showing a sloping field with alternating rows of planting with fallow to allow the rotation of the wheeled trusses carrying the sprinklers forming a curving pattern); Kat72/Shutterstock.com (Water rushing through gates at a dam) Ruud Morijn Photographer/Shutterstock.com (Rural landscape with a small stream and grasses and other wild plants growing and flowering on the banks from close.); Maxim Petrichuk/Shutterstock.com (Sandstorm in desert national park Altyn-Emel, Kazakhstan); p.121: Sura Nualpradid/Shutterstock.com (Samutsakorn Thailand, 16 September: Volunteers join together and plant young tree in deep mud in mangrove reforestation project on September 16, 2014 in Samutsakorn Thailand.); guentermanaus/Shutterstock.com (Destroyed tropical rainforest in Amazonia Brazil. Image taken on 20 January 2010); Armando Frazao/Shutterstock. com (Detail of Machu Picchu western terraces. They were used both to agriculture and erosion prevention.); dinozzaver/Shutterstock.com (Frozen soil on filed with snow); pp.123-124: Josemaria Toscano/Shhutterstock. com (Amazing Sunset Vista of Horseshoe Bend in Page, Arizona); Phrompas/Shutterstock.com (CHONBURI THAILAND - JULY 6 : People plant the trees for green earth on July 6,2013 at Amata Nakorn Industrial Estate ,in Chonburi,Thailand.) Ruud Morijn Photographer/Shutterstock.com (Backlit image of the grassy slope of an embankment with a fence of barbed wire and a steel gate on top of the embankment seen from the base of the dike.); Chapter 11: pp.116-118: imagevixen/Shutterstock.com (Super Pit Kalgoorlie Western Australia); vilax/ Shutterstock.com (Real red granite isolated stone macro texture); Mr. SUTTIPON YAKHAM/Shutterstock.com (A natural piece of pumice stone isolated on white background.); Tyler Boyes/Shutterstoock.com (Isolated sample of the igneous rock Obsidian); p.121: Ivars Linards Zolnerovics/Shutterstock.com (Coal wagons on railway tracks); ILeysen/Shutterstock.com (Vector illustration of a realistic diamond. No gradient mesh.); p.123: PRILL/Shutterstock.com (refuelling scenery with a petrol pump isolated on white); Image Wizard/ Shutterstock.com (Gold bars 3d concept); bogdan ionescu/Shutterstock.com (marble brick); pp.125-126: sonsam/Shutterstock.com (Conglomerate Close-up of a conglomerate stone isolated on white.); nito/ Shutterstock.com (a piece of slate stone on a white background); www.sandatlas.org/Shutterstock.com (Tufa (precipitated limestone)); Matthijs Wetterauw/Shutterstock.com (Folded limestone on Crete, Greece). Chapter 12: p.128: Paul Orr/Shutterstock.com (Brilliant orange sunrise over clouds in Iowa with bright yellow sun on a cool spring morning.); Cathy Keifer/Shutterstock.com (A firefly is glowing in the dark.); showcake/ Shutterstock.com (orange led lamps flashlight plastic body on reflected glass background, blue toned.); JosjeN/Shutterstock.com (One bright burning candle); p.133: Astrobobo/Shutterstock.com (Lunar eclipse geometry with Europe and Africa visible on Earths' globe and a deep red eclipsed Moon.); fluidworkshop/ Shutterstock.com (Vector Infographic - Solar Eclipse); pp.135-136: fluidworkshop/Shutterstock.com (Vector Infographic - Solar Eclipse); PeJo/Shutterstock.com (Wood log as fire wood in front of a white background); Jennifer Westmoreland/Shutterstock.com (fireflies in a jar); M. Pellinni/Shutterstock.com (view on lake near the forest with some pine tree sat night on mountain background in moon light). Chapter 13: p.141: Designua/Shutterstock.com (Tsunami is a series of huge waves. It washes against the coast several times with great speed and force. Tsunamis generated by submarine earthquakes travel at subsonic speed across the ocean surface.); pp.143-144: Lorelyn Medina/Shutterstock.com (Illustration Featuring an Erupting Volcano Spewing Lava, Ashes, and Rocks); pp.146-147 montree hanlue/Shutterstock.com (drought land so long waterless); Migel/Shutterstock.com (Sidi Ouaaziz, Morocco - November 28: Flooding in region Souss Massa Draa, Morocco, 2014. A powerful stream of water destroyed bridge in place Sidi Ouaaziz); Budkov Denis/Shutterstock.com (Eruption volcano Tolbachik); My Good Images/Shutterstock.com (April 26, 2015 Ruins in Kathmandu city after earthquake in Nepal); p.149: meander/Shutterstock.com (Two Skyscraper). Chapter 14: p.151: Christos Georghiou /Shutterstock.com (An illustration of the planets of our solar system.); pp.153-155: HelenField/Shutterstock.com (Moon surface); fluidworkshop/Shutterstock.com (Vector Moon Phases); Maximus256/Shutterstock.com (Model of an artificial satellite in the space); gunarex/Shutterstock. com (Half moon in the middle of its way); pp.157-158: cigdem/Shutterstock.com (Solar system with eight planets. Elements of this image furnished by NASA.); gunarex/Shutterstock.com (Half moon in the middle of its way); HelenField/Shutterstock.com (Moon surface); Christos Georghiou/Shutterstock.com (An illustration of our solar system. Maps from http://planetpixelemporium.com/) p.160: CVADRAT/Shutterstock.com (Virtual Planets Pluto Planet 02).

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SCIENCE 5

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Hello there! Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m Chuckles the Clown. Welcome to Science Carnival! We are going to have a great time learning science together. Science Carnival is a place where learning about science-related facts is as fun as going on a roller coaster ride. So buckle up and get set to enjoy yourselves while you learn all about science.

I am Bubbles. I am Jimbo.

I am Rinkle.

I am Twinkle.

My Name My School My Address

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Preface The Science Carnival series is developed for pupils who go to CBSE-affiliated schools to help them achieve the learning outcomes of the latest national curriculum. Adopting the inquiry-based learning approach, Science Carnival uses engaging visuals and presentation formats with well-crafted activities to arouse pupils’ curiosity about the world around them. Starting with exploratory questions, Science Carnival spurs them to investigate a problem or idea that involves asking questions, collecting and analysing information, generating solutions, making decisions, justifying conclusions and taking action. This motivates pupils to understand key scientific concepts and encourage a spirit of inquiry. Each chapter comprises several exercises that focus on scientific process skills (such as observing, comparing, classifying, inferring, measuring, communicating and predicting), reasoning skills and critical thinking skills to help pupils develop scientific knowledge and critical thinking abilities. They come in the form of Multiple-Choice Questions, Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Value-Based questions, provided at the end of each lesson. The formative and summative assessments allow for continual evaluation of pupils’ understanding of concepts. These outcomebased exercises aim to test their understanding and application of scientific concepts and related skills to solve real life problems.

Hello, friends! Welcome to the Science Carnival! Here, learning science is a joyful experience with hands-on activities and interesting exercises. Most activities have been designed with the carnival theme. The different zones are indicated by the respective signboards:  Learning Zone  Experiment Zone  Skill Zone  Practice Zone  Recap Zone  Testing Zone  Activity Zone  Vocabulary Zone  Fun Zone So, what are we waiting for? Let us enter the Science Carnival and see what is happening there!

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Your fun learning zones

Here, you can learn science concepts.

Here, you can perform interesting experiments to predict, observe and explain phenomenons in Science.

Here, you can develop important scientific skills, 21st century skills and life skills. You can also solve HOTS questions.

Here, you can practise questions on the concepts you have learnt.

Here, you can use the mind map to recapitulate the key concepts of the lesson.

Here, you can test yourself on the learnings acquired from the entire lesson.

Here, you can perform exciting activities related to the concepts you have studied.

Here, you can learn the keywords and their meanings.

Here, you can apply what you have learnt to perform project work. You can also read interesting developments in science.

How to use this book Inquisitive questions are used as headers to give pupils a clear idea of what they are going to learn.

Chapter Opener The language is kept simple to help pupils understand concepts easily.

Each chapter begins with a picture quiz to spark pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; curiosity about the concepts in the chapter.

What will You Learn? The learning outcomes covered are listed at the beginning of the chapter. This gives pupils a simple overview of what they will learn. iv

Follow-up questions appear after the teaching of every new concept to provide immediate reinforcement of the lesson learnt.

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encourages the spirit of inquiry and independent learning by extending pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; knowledge through enrichment materials.

lists all the process skills that pupils require when performing an activity or experiment.

The text is clearly illustrated to aid understanding. Many real-life examples are provided to help pupils see how the concepts are applied in the real world. excite pupils with fun and interesting details about the world around them. provides opportunities to apply newly acquired science process skills through well-crafted short experiments and activities.

comprises Process skills questions that promote the learning of science-related skills, higher order thinking skills and 21st century skills,

provides the pupils with questions that encourages them to be good to others and the things in their environment.

enhances pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; understanding of each chapter by organising all the key concepts learnt in a visual and easy-to-comprehend manner.

helps the pupils revise new words and their meanings.

Project Work

provides fun and interesting projects for the pupils to carry out in and out of the classroom. Science Bulletin

a collection of various questions provided to test the pupilsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; understanding of the lesson.

focusses on real-life science stories and applications. This inspires pupils and helps them relate what they have just learnt to the world around them.

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Table of Contents Unit 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Plant Life Plants..........................................................07 Travelogue..................................................19

Unit 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Animal Life Animals In Their Habitats...........................30 Small Creatures Around............................41

Unit 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7

Our Body Our Skeletal System...................................51 Our Nervous System..................................61 Health and Hygiene..................................72

Unit 4 Chapter 8

Moving Things and Surroundings Force, Work and Energy.............................83

Unit 5 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11

Natural Resources Air and Water.............................................93 Soil Erosion and Conservation................105 Rocks and Minerals.................................116

Unit 6 Chapter 12 Chapter 13

Natural Phenomena Shadows and Eclipses.............................127 Natural Disasters......................................139

Unit 7 Chapter 14

Our Universe Our Earth and Natural Satellite...............150

Formative Assessments....................................................161 Summative Assessments..................................................165

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CHAPTER

Plants

How does a tiny seed grow into a big tree? How do plants multiply?

plants Like all living things,

need to reproduce

How do plants produce more plants of their own kind?

What Will You Learn? By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ✔

recognise the different ways in which plants reproduce

✔

recognise the structure of a seed

✔

describe the parts of a flower

✔

recognise pollination and classify the types of pollination

✔

define fertilisation

✔

state variety of ways for seed dispersal Chapter 1: Plants

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Learning Zone

Why Do Plants Reproduce?

All living things follow a life cycle. They are born, then develop into adults. They will eventually die one day. Thus, they need to reproduce to ensure the survival and continuity of their own kind. Living things that cannot ensure the survival and continuity of their own kind will become extinct. Most flowering plants reproduce from seeds. Other plants reproduce from spores or plant parts. Bud

Potato Moss

Bud

Algae

Ginger Bryophyllum

Fern Moss, algae and fern reproduce from spores.

Buds found on the underground stems of potato and ginger will grow into new plants.

New plants grow on the leaf margins of the bryophyllum.

Fascinating Facts Living things, such as the Yunnan Malva and the Woodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cycad are extinct in the wild, because they could not ensure the survival and continuity of their own kind.

Parts of a Seed A typical seed is made up of three main parts â&#x20AC;&#x201D; an embryo, seed leaves or cotyledons and a seed coat. The seed coat is the outer covering of the seed. It helps to protect the embryo from injury and from drying out. The embryo is the baby plant present inside the seed. It has a tiny shoot and a tiny root. The cotyledons contain a store of nutrients for the new plant that grows from the embryo. Seeds with two seed leaves are called dicot seeds, such as beans and peas. Seeds with one seed leaf are called monocot seeds, such as wheat, rice and maize. 8

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Germination of a Seed In the presence of air, water and warmth, a seed will grow into a young plant called a seedling. This process is known as germination. Let’s look at how a seed germinates.

First leaves Embryonic root Flower

Cotyledon

With air, water and warmth, a seed can start germinating.

Fruit

Seed coat

Roots appear.

Shoot appears. The seed leaves provide the seedling with food.

Leaves appear.

Leaves start making food. The seed coat falls off as the seed leaves have been exhausted.

The young plant has grown into an adult plant.

Practice Zone Answer the following questions. 1.

What is germination?

What are the different parts of a seed?

Activity Zone

Sprouting Seeds on Your Own!

g Process skills: Observing and Analysin

Materials Needed: gram seeds, water Procedure: ✔

Soak some gram seeds in water for six to seven days.

✔

Observe the outer covering of the seeds.

✔

Carefully remove the outer covering and observe the different parts inside the seed. Draw a diagram of the parts of the sprouted seed in your book. Chapter 1: Plants

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Learning Zone

How Do Flowers Help in Plant Reproduction?

Flowers contain the male and female reproductive organs of the plant. The male reproductive organ is called the stamen. The stamen consists of a stalk called the filament and an anther that contains pollen grains. The female reproductive organ is called the carpel. The carpel consists of the stigma, style, ovary and ovule. Pollen grains are the dusty substance found on the anther. They contain the male reproductive parts.

The stigma is commonly seen in the centre of the flower. It is covered in a sticky substance to allow pollen grains to stick to them.

The anther is found on top of the filament. It contains pollen sacs which release pollen grains when ripe.

The style raises the stigma to increase the flower’s chances of pollination.

The filament is the thin stalk supporting the anther. Petals are usually brightlycoloured and some are scented to attract insects. The ovule contains the female reproductive part called the egg.

The ovary contains and protects the ovules.

The parts of a flower

Practice Zone Define the following words.

Cotyledons

Stigma

Perfect flowers

Filament

Flowers that contain both the male and female organs are called ‘perfect flowers’. In imperfect flowers, the male and female organs are on different flowers. Carry out an internet search to find out more about perfect and imperfect flowers.

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Learning Zone

What Is Pollination?

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of a flower (anther) to the female part of a flower (stigma) of the same species. Pollen grains contain the male reproductive parts. Pollen grains can be carried from the anther to the stigma by wind or animals, such as mammals, birds and insects. Pollination that takes place between flowers from different plants of the same species is called cross-pollination. Pollination that takes place within the same flower or different flowers on the same plant is called self-pollination. Flower A

Flower A

Flower B

An insect visits a flower for its sweet nectar. The flower attracts the insect with its colourful petals or pleasant scent.

When the insect tries to obtain the nectar, some of the pollen from the flower gets stuck onto the insectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body.

The insect, covered in pollen, visits another flower to obtain more nectar. The pollen on its body will then be transferred to the stigma of the new flower. Pollination has taken place.

Plant A

Crosspollination

Plant B

Selfpollination

Cross-pollination mostly happens when insects travel from flower to flower on different plants.

Practice Zone Answer the following questions. 1.

How does an insect help in pollination?

How does cross-pollination take place?

How are pollen grains transferred from one flower to another? Chapter 1: Plants

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Learning Zone

How Are Seeds Dispersed?

Fertilisation Fertilisation follows pollination. Fertilisation is the fusing of the male reproductive part (cell) with the female reproductive part (cell). Flower

Fruit

Egg cell

will develop into

Plant embryo

Ovule

will develop into

Seed

Ovary

will develop into

Fruit

It is important for fruits and seeds to be scattered in different directions, far away from the parent plants. This is known as seed dispersal. Dispersal prevents overcrowding and competition with one another and with the parent plant for sunlight, water, nutrients and space. Dispersal takes place in many ways through agents of dispersal like wind, water, explosive action and animals. ✔

Seeds that are dispersed by wind are generally small, light, have wing-like structures or fine hair, float and glide in the air.

✔

Fruits that are dispersed by water have structures that allow them to float on water.

✔

Some fruits disperse their seeds by explosive action or splitting.

✔

Plants also rely on birds, animals and humans to help disperse their seeds.

Dispersal by Wind Plants like the sycamore have seeds that are winged and are blown by the wind away from the parent plant. Dandelion seeds are light and have tiny hair that forms a kind of parachute which helps it to fly with the wind. Sycamore and dandelion seeds

Science Carnival Book 5

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Dispersal by Water The fruits of most plants dispersed by water float on water and have a waterproof covering. These fruits also have fibrous husks that trap air to keep them afloat on water. The flowing water then carries the fruit far away from the parent plant.

Coconut

Nipah

Pong pong

Such seeds can travel long and far, sometimes even crossing entire oceans.

Dispersal by Explosive Action or Splitting Fruits that disperse their seeds by explosive action or splitting usually have pods or capsules. These pods dry up when ripe, causing them to crack unevenly and split open with a force to throw the seeds away from the parent plant.

The dried-up pod of the lady’s finger splits open with a force to throw the seeds out.

The ripe orange-spotted touch-me-not splits open when touched, scattering the small seeds away from the parent plant.

Dispersal by Animals Some plants rely on animals to help disperse their fruits and seeds. Plants with fleshy and edible fruits have tiny seeds that are eaten by birds and mammals. These fruits, when ripe, are usually brightly coloured to attract animals. The tiny seeds are swallowed and then passed out unharmed by the animals, away from the parent plant.

Fruits are usually brightly-coloured and juicy to encourage animals to eat them and disperse their seeds.

Practice Zone Write ‘T’ for true statements and ‘F’ for false statements. 1.

Some plants rely on animals to help disperse their seeds.

Seeds with wing-like structures are dispersed by humans.

Seeds dispersed by water have a waterproof outer covering. Chapter 1: Plants

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sing and Inferring Process skills: Observing, Analy

Experiment Zone

Materials Needed: hibiscus flower, microscope, microscope slides, clear tape Procedure: ✔ Rub some pollen grains from the anther of the hibiscus flower onto a microscope slide. ✔ Use clear tape to press the pollen onto the slide. ✔ Place the slide you have prepared on the microscope stage. ✔ Select the right magnification and adjust the focus until you have a clear view of the pollen grains. ✔ Draw what you observe in your book.

RECAP Zone Do you remember how plants reproduce, pollination, fertilisation and seed dispersal? Use the mind map to help you.

rough go th

Flowering plants

to ensure

Life cycle

rep ro nb

e nb

d uc e

Wind by

Pollination

Sexually

d by we llo fo

ca can

can

NonFlowering plants

Continuity of their own kind

Plants

Prevent overcrowding

Fertilisation

Plant parts

Wind Water Splitting

Spores

so as

Reproduce

Animals

Dispersed mu

s t be

Fruits and Seeds

The male reproductive part fuses with a female reproductive part to form a fertilised egg

Animals 14

Science Carnival Book 5

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Vocabulary Zone Do you remember these new words? Dicot seed:

seed with two seed leaves (cotyledons)

Monocot seed:

seed with one seed leaf (cotyledon)

Self-pollination:

pollination within the same flower

Cross-pollination: pollination between two different flowers of the same species Seed dispersal:

seeds are taken to distant places away from the parent plant through agents of dispersal

Extinct:

no longer exists on the Earth

ing and Communicating Process skills: Observing, Analys

Skill Zone Apply What You Know P

Can you find the names of five parts of a flower â&#x20AC;&#x201D; petal, sepal, ovary, ovule and stigma â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in the word search grid?

Higher Order Thinking Skills

Go to the supermarket with your parents and observe the fruits, vegetables and nuts found there. Can you state their dispersal methods?

Are there other ways through which new plants can grow?

Do you know the name of a modified stem that we eat?

Chapter 1: Plants

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Values in Action 4.

Do you water your plants daily?

Do you pluck flowers from your garden?

Do you use plant products carefully?

Plants need water to make their food, so we should always remember to water our plants regularly.

Testing Zone 1.

Tick (â&#x153;&#x201D;) the correct answer. a.

What are the powdery substances found on the anther of a flower? Pollen grains

Leaves

Seeds

Ovules

Pollination that occurs between different flowers on different plants is called ............................ .

cross-pollination

self-pollination

pollination

none of the above

A seed develops into a seedling through the process called .................. . seed leaves

germination

pollination

The male reproductive organ in a flower is called the ............................ . stamen

seed growth

carpel

roots

stigma

Fill in the blanks. a.

An insect visits a flower for its ........................ .

The ........................ present in the seed, grows into a new plant.

Leaves contain ........................ that traps energy from sunlight.

Fruits dispersed by water float on water and have a ........................ covering.

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Write ‘T’ for true statements and ‘F’ for false statements. a.

Pollen grains are transferred to the stigma.

Anthers release pollen grains.

The seed coat is also called the cotyledon.

The ovary develops to become the fruit.

Answer the following questions. a.

Describe the kind of seeds dispersed by air.

What are the factors that allow pollination to occur?

What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?

What would happen if all the seeds fell under the parent plant?

How does dispersion of seeds take place?

How does a plant grow from a seed?

Unscramble the letters to find out the words related to flowers, fruits and seeds. a.

N UT O C C O

LAPSE

L E D O N C OTY

Label the parts of a flower in the diagram given below.

Chapter 1: Plants

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Fun Zone Project Work ✔

Colour the different parts of the flower shown using different colours.

✔

Collect different types of flowers. Observe the different parts of each flower and draw them in your book.

✔

Draw the different stages of germination in your book.

Science Bulletin Growing Fruits Without Seeds Seeds play an important role in the reproduction of plants. However, the seeds in some fruits like grapes and oranges can be a nuisance to us. They may taste bitter when we chew on them or we may accidentally swallow them. Thus, seedless fruits like oranges, watermelons and grapes have been cultivated for many years and they are very popular. Seedless fruits are cultivated in two ways. The first method is called parthenocarpy, where the male and female parts do not fuse together. The second method is called stenospermocarpy, where pollination leads to fruit development but the fruits do not contain seeds. Thousands of seedlings are carefully studied to find the ones that possess desirable characteristics. Many rounds of cross-pollination are monitored and planned to get the plants to produce fruits that are larger, sweeter and juicier!

Many rounds of cross-pollination gave us the variety of seedless fruits we have today.

Science Carnival Book 5

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Credits

Published by Alston Publishing House Pte Ltd 745 Toa Payoh Lorong 5, #03-07, Singapore 319455 enquiry@alstonpublishinghouse.com www.alstonpublishinghouse.com ÂŠ 2017 Alston Publishing House Pte Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. First published 2017 ISBN 978-981-4573-45-0 Publisher: Sim Wee Chee Printed by Replika Press

SCIENCE

The Science Carnival series is developed for pupils who go to CBSE-affiliated schools to help them achieve the learning outcomes of the latest national curriculum.

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Sam Kee

Empowering Minds • Improving Lives

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