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Towards Ithaca An Architecture of Asylum
This publication is part of the exhibition ‘‘Towards Ithaca: An Architecture of Asylum’’. It includes work produced over an interval of 14 days in London in June 2016. All the material presented has been produced by the 13 students that attended the workshop and has been supervised by Georgios Eftaxiopoulos and Ă lvaro Velasco PĂŠrez.
The Project
Since 2015, the escalation in numbers displaced the discussion of the migrant crisis from a humanitarian level into a political one. This displacement led to an equivalent shift of the debate from the condition of the migrant into the managerial ability of the European Union to deal with masses of people entering through its borders. Although measures have been decided, with the members assuring the resettlement of 120,000 DV\OXP VHHNHUV WKH VWDWHV RI WKH 8QLRQ ÂżQG WKHPVHOYHV trapped in a dilemma: the moral duty towards the migrants and the fear of security. In other words, it is a situation that can be easily described by the tension between the German willkommenskultur and the culture of ‘non-mercy’—following the latest terrorist attacks in Paris, Brussels, Nice and Berlin. In this oxymoron context, the role of the architect has become redundant. By neither participating nor engaging, he is FRQÂżQHG ZLWKLQ DQ DOLHQDWHG SRVLWLRQ ,W LV WKURXJK WKLV OHQV that the International Summer School London 2016 proposed the possibility to rethink this by questioning the capacity of architcture within the debate through the reinterpretation of the prinicpal spatial implication of the migrant crisis: the very idea of the refugee camp.
Studio Masters Georgios Eftaxiopoulos Ă lvaro Velasco PĂŠrez
Georgios Eftaxiopoulos is an architect living and working in London. He is trained at the Architectural Association, where he is currently pursuing his PhD in Architectural Design. Georgios has previously worked in Belgium and Switzerland. Ă lvaro Velasco PĂŠrez is a PhD candidate at the Architectural Association School of Architecture where he previously studied a masters on History and Critical Thinking on Architecture. In 2012, he obtained his degree on Architecture by the University of Navarre, Spain. He has collaborated in teaching positions with First Year Design Studio at the AA School as well as participated in crits throughout the school. He has also formed part of research projects with the Design Department of the School of Architecture of the University of Navarre and associated with 4th Year design course in the same school. ĂˆOYDUR KDV FROODERUDWHG WKURXJK GHVLJQ DQG WKHRU\ LQ RIÂżFHV in London, Spain and New York. His current research inquires into the relevance of the iconological meaning of the desert in the political involvement of architecture during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Students Ă lvaro Alcain Zubillaga AndrĂŠs Aldave YĂĄniz Joseba Beroiz Sancho MarĂa del Carmen Bistuer MenĂŠndez MarĂa Cruz GĂłmez InĂŠs del Val Olaizola Victoria Domingo MartĂnez Amaia Escribano Arrieta MarĂa Victoria Estrada MartĂnez Cristina Garau Zaforteza Ana Fei MuĂąoz Mardones Ximena del Pilar SĂĄinz de Aja GonzĂĄlez del Rey Ismael SĂĄinz GoĂąi
Guests Thiago Tavares Abranches De Soveral Aitor Acilu Niloo Kakhi Hamed Khosravi
To the eyes of the over one million migrants and refugees that arrived in 2015, Europe represents a light of temporal hope to WKH FRQĂ€LFWV WKUHDWHQLQJ WKHLU OLYHV 7KH H[SHFWDWLRQ RI D EHWWHU OLIH MXVWLÂżHV WKH SHULORXV MRXUQH\ WKDW VHSDUDWHV WKHP IURP Europe. An exodus that has already taken more than 3,700 lives and led the rest into a prolonged journey. It is precisely this state of unresolved exception that has produced the erection of the refugee camps. The condition of the migrant is that of a subject in continuous move, unsettled both humanly and in front of the law. However, the current crisis draws us to question weather the migrant could move from a precarious situation into a paradoxical settle unsettlement. Even though the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) states, “camps should be the exception and only a temporary measure in response to forced displacement 1â€?, this ‘state of exception’ has turned in reality into being the rule. That perpetuation of the state of exception opens the possibility for architecture to enter the debate from the seemingly ‘peripheral’ role of designing refugee camps with a vital question. Following Giorgio Agamben’s understanding of the concentration camp as “the fundamental biopolitical paradigm of the West 2â€?, the refugee camp can be arguably understood as a form of biopolitics, in which architecture operates as a fundamental role in the
Invited Critics MarĂa Ă lvarez GarcĂa Pol Esteve Hamed Khosravi Clara Oloriz Dimitris Sotiropoulos Elena Palacios Thomas Weaver
Special thanks to: Pablo AntĂłn Sancho (Foster&Partners), Takeshi Hayatsu (6A Architects), Vassilis Photiou (Photography) Lucia GarcĂa FernĂĄndez, Rocio Bezunartea Ă lvarez, Nagore Gil Fuentetaja
International Summer School London 2016 London, January 2017
School of Architecture University of Navarra
The Virus Axonometric view of the plots Absalon’s Cellules Plan analysis
Absalon’s Cellules Views through the windows
The Virus Iteration of a plot
Absalon’s Cellules Decomposing cellule
The Virus Looking through the mirror
Camp Wharf
The team operated within the reading of the contemporary refugee as a man/woman of high skills and abilities. Their claim of refugee acceptance as a strategy of European nations WR EULQJ ¾FKHDS ODERXUœ LQWR (XURSH PRYHG WKHP WR UHÀHFW on the relations between life and work—or idle—in refugee camps. Relying precisely on this feature, they questioned to what extend they are different to us, the nowadays precarious workers. Capitalising on this immaterial aspect of knowledge and education, they allowed to rethink the camp rather as a OLEHUDWLQJ GHYLFH 7KHLU SURSRVDO HPHUJHG DV WKH ¿QGLQJ RI VKRUWFRPLQJV EHWZHHQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ RI¿FH VSDFHV DQG ZRUN by the conversion of One Canada Square into a refugee camp ZLWKRXW WKH QHHG RI DQ\ PDMRU VSDWLDO PRGL¿FDWLRQ 7KH YLHZV from surrounding towers proposed a mirroring game between WKH UHIXJHH DQG LPPDWHULDO ODERXU ZRUNHUV WKDW ZRXOG UHÀHFW on the possibility of enslavement by work.
AndrĂŠs Aldave YĂĄniz Joseba Beroiz Sancho Ismael SĂĄinz GoĂąi
Camp Wharf Labour migrant Tracing a Fence The view from the fence
Facebook’s New Campus Axonometric view of the interior
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Bible’s Exodus The Monument of the Temple Bible’s Exodus Genealogy of the Temple
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The Monument Axonometric view of the monument on site
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The Virus
DSSDUDWXV RQ LWV FRQÂżJXUDWLRQ ,W LV LQ WKH UHIXJHH FDPS WKDW the capacity of architecture to relate to political power is more clearly evidenced. In the spatial relations of shelter and camp; the materiality and its construction; its interior and exterior, the refugee camp articulates a series of power relations that inform the life of the migrant. It is from the acknowledgement of the conditions that are at stake in the form of the camp that the architect may start having a voice in the debate. Yet, it is in a wider context that Zygmunt Bauman has argued the twentiethcentury as ‘a century of camps3’, while Giorgio Agamben— IROORZLQJ $UHQGWÂśV UHĂ€HFWLRQV LQ We refugees—has considered how the condition of refugee is becoming a paradigmatic one in society at large4 5HĂ€HFWLQJ XSRQ WKH camp form, we intended to inquire larger conditions of society. At the same time, set as an Ithaca for the migrants’ odyssey, London was able to operate as a two-fold. On the one hand, as an unreachable vanishing point in their exodus and, on the other, as a tactic of displacement by bringing the peripheral problem of the refugee camp from the verges to the centre. That hypothetical exercise was intended to help us re-contextualising the idea of refugee camp, creating distance by placing it out of its typical realm and drawing it closer to us.
7KH WHDP UHĂ€HFWHG RQ WKH QRWLRQ RI LGHQWLW\ JLYHQ E\ WKH ‘basic living conditions’ in contemporary refugee camps. Their argument proposed the transformation by the city of London of a series of sites in Mayfair as the most valuable gift the city could give into refugee camps. Placing their projects in the highest possible real estate value street, emptiness is presented as the ultimate space condition to get appropriated. With it, a crucial logic in London is unveiled, and tried to shortcircuit. Therefore, their understanding of refugee camp was a logic of virus spreading through the city, as a way of revealing the abstraction of void/space as value in capitalism.
and, eventually, approaches to the same question. Personal approaches that touched preconceived dualities which we strongly feel set forward a Project highlighting that the architect could and should potentially be able to articulate the fragilities of this debate. It is via the proposed architectural formations— or giving form— that we seek to open the possibility for the architectural project to enter the debate of the current migrant crisis as a critical voice.
Georgios Eftaxiopoulos Ă lvaro Velasco PĂŠrez
MarĂa del Carmen Bistuer MenĂŠndez MarĂa Cruz GĂłmez Victoria Domingo MartĂnez Ximena del Pilar SĂĄinz de Aja GonzĂĄlez del Rey
With the afroementioned in mind, the brief developed our LQWHQWLRQV RI ÂżQGLQJ D SODFH IRU DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ WKH GHEDWH through the design of a refugee camp in Central London. The camp was to provide shelter for the 20,000 asylum-seekers that David Cameron’s government committed to bring to the 8. EHIRUH GXULQJ ÂżYH \HDUV ZKLOH WKHLU FDVHV ZHUH processed. In that hypothetical realm, the students divided into four teams speculated with both the form of the refugee camp and the shortcomings of a contemporary global city like London. 7KHLU UHĂ€HFWLRQV RQ WKH FDPS IRUP ZDV HQULFKHG WKURXJK WKH research of 4 cases of forms - Absalon’s Cellules, Birkenau Camp, Facebook’s New Campus and Bible’s Exodus - that DOWKRXJK PD\ VHHP IDU IURP LW DW ÂżUVW JODQFH FRXOG SRWHQWLDOO\ cast light in a different understanding of the ‘camp’. Four cases that metamorphosed into four different proposals in four different sites in Central London and communicated through IRXU GLIIHUHQW PHGLD 6KRZLQJ HDFK RQH D VSHFLÂżF UHDGLQJ DQG condition, the teams presented a diversity among themselves, highlighting a variety of readings and architectures. Although each of the four teams was able to present and argument a distinct proposal, the workshop was developed as a collaborative research. This took place not only in the discussions and sharing of concerns, but in the understanding of the Project as an elaboration of different diverse readings
1 In http://www.unhcr.org/pages/54d9c7686.html 2 Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer. Stanford Press. Stanford, CA. 1998. p.181. 3 cf. Bauman, Z. A Century of Camps? in The Bauman Reader(edited by Peter Beilharz) London. Wiley-Blackwell. 2000. 4 Agamben, Giorgio. We Refugees in Symposium. Summer 1995. pp. 114-119.
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The team triggered their research by understanding the exodus lived by the migrant as process of erasure. From the lost of a material home, they argued the migrant moves radically into a state of ‘bare life’, devoid of any character. Rather than understanding it as a mourning, they proposed an inversion of this reading and its emergence as an opportunity. ‘Bare life’ was to become potentiality rather than lost. In that process, the camp came to represent an imposition of identity into DQ \HW WR EH GHÂżQHG OLIH $Q\ LQWHUYHQWLRQ RI GHVLJQ LPSOLHG an enforcement, and architecture was ultimately devoid of non-imposing tools. Their project negates the form of camp as a solution. Neither the citizen was to escape that gentle enslavement by the city. However, they opt to generate an LQWHUYHQWLRQ WKURXJK ZKLFK WKH FLW\ FRXOG UHĂ€HFW XSRQ WKHLU condition of being trapped by architecture. That took the form of the most basic form of ‘camp’, the establishing of a limit, a simple line crossing the city generating an image in which the citizen could contemplate him/herself, triggering a liberating process.
Ă lvaro Alcain Zubillaga Amaia Escribano Arrieta Cristina Garau Zaforteza
Tracing a Fence Bare Life
Birkenau Camp Camp for Bare Life Birkenau Camp Birkenau City
Birkenau Camp Flipping the Condition
The Monument
The team operated within the logic of understanding the camp as reminder in the city. It departed from an argument on the materiality of contemporary camps. The ephemerality of its materials discloses contemporary camps as a strategy to keep the condition of the migrant as unsettled. In their proposal, the camp was to become a permanent condition that, rather than being given by its materiality, was found in ‘monumentality’ as D IRUP %RWK UHDIÂżUPLQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI ÂżQGLQJ VHWWOHPHQW DQG the need for Western countries to bear in mind their implications LQ RYHUVHD FRQĂ€LFWV WKURXJK LWV PDWHULDOLW\ WKH PRQXPHQW ZDV to problematise questions of amnesia and memory, new life and trauma. InĂŠs del Val Olaizola MarĂa Victoria Estrada MartĂnez Ana Fei MuĂąoz Mardones
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