Introductory Studies
Amani Moosa Graphic Design Level 4 1
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Main Contents Project 1
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Project 2
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Project 3
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Lectures, Seminars and Workshops
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Resources
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Book Binding
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Tech Dem
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Disobedient Objects
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Bibliography
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Project 1: My Journey Home
Using the idea of a map you are required to viually represent your journey from college to home or vice vresa. Consider means of exploring this that you would not usually notice e.g. the flora you pass by, the street signs, sounds, bus routes etc. Also consider less tangible ways of tracking your journey home e.g. thoughts and song titles. Consider incorporating elements associated with maps such as
a compass and/or a legend. You may use collage, tyography, photography and/ or drawing a combination of them.
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Contents
Initial Ideas
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Visual Ideas
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Pin Up Critique
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Further Development
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Final Concept
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Final Piece
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Silent Critique Feedback and Evaluation
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O T
Initial Ideas
nce we were finished with our briefing, I came home and started a very quick mind map. I explored the two different routes that I usually take going to and from university. My starting point being George Close and the end point being the Arts University Bournemouth.
his image shows the rough words and thoughts that came to mind when I looked back at my two journeys. Different aspects of the walk were involved such as the tempo of my music, the background noises I heard, the change in my body temperature and the general observations that surrounded me.
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fter my mind map I narrowed vmy ideas into three main concepts. In the top left corner, the ‘map’ shows the street names I pass by on the way to get to school via the second route. My idea was to create a collage by taking pictures of each of the street signs, paste a simple map of my area into the middle and to add little foot prints around the pictures to represent the way in which I get to the university. This then developed into a more typographical idea, taking the street names and using bigger feet to lead the viewer from point A to point B.
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y second main concept was to create a visual that was based around the forest and all the students that walk through it to get to uiversity. I wanted to use thinking bubbles to come out each persons head with a thought written in each one, after asking them what they were thinking of in that current moment. Although I liked this idea, it didn’t stirctly tie in with the brief as you couldn’t see my start and end point.
V i s u a l s
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he third concept was taken from the idea of what goes through my head when I start my journey from my house to the
university. I decided to draw a brain as the main focal point with the thoughts shortened to one word written all around it. The brain was used for two reasons; firstly, it’s the brain that feels the thoughts and secondly the brain tissue has all the lines that run throughout it so I thought of using that as roads and pathways. In the middle of the brain there is a dotted line going through it which represents my route to get to the
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V i s u a l s university.
V i s u a l s
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y final decision was to use the hand written street names with the
foot trail. I also encorporated the thought bubbles into this concept. The leaves around the page were added as they stood out to me the most over my journey; falling leaves everywhere as it was autum (which I have never experienced before).
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Critique up Pin 10
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hen I attended my pin up critique, I got feedback on the two ideas that I put up (the two visuals from the previous page). Everyone who contributed to the feedback said
they preferred the idea with the leaves as it was nice that it had a personal touch. From there I developed on with some more ideas focusing on the leaves.
Fut her Development
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ocusing on leaves, I came up with three new ideas. The first was looking at the amount of leaf fall in specific areas along the walk, the second was a collage of all the pictures I could take of the ground including my feet (as
seen on the last page) and lastly a video to put all the pictures together to create a motion of walking.
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Final Concept
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Final Concept
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y final piece was a video, therefore I’ve taken a few screenshots at different points of the video. The pictures show a variety of terrain, colour, texture and pattern that can be seen in the video.
Final Piece
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Sile n t Cr it iq u e F e e d b a c k
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fter going to my silent critique, I mostly got very positive feedback about my video. People mentioned that they liked the idea of it being so personal to me and also that it was all based around autumn. The only thing I was told to add to the video was some music or noises so that it would add something else to it when a viewer is watching it. Taking this feedback home, I attached some audio to the video which were recordings of the leaves rustling around and the wind blowing through the trees. I thought this would be fitting as it is taking into account my surroundings.
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verall, I really enjoyed this project for different reasons. Firstly, it made me more observant to the areas around where I live which is an advantage living in Bournemouth for the first time. Secondly, it was something that I’ve never thought about before and I’ve never completed a project based on how I get from one place to another so it was something new and different.
Strengths: • By narrowing ideas and focusing on autumn and the leaves, I added something very personal to my work. To me this was a strength as it not only followed the brief, it is a target of my own to bring more of myself into my projects.
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• Usually, when I have an idea of what I want to for a project I will stick to that idea because I’m sure it’ll work. However, this time I explored many different ways of how I could portray my journey before coming to a conclusion. This is a personal goal of mine; to be open with not only my ideas but other peoples’ ideas who are trying to help and guide me. • By narrowing ideas and focusing on autumn and the leaves, I added followed the brief, it is a target of my own to bring more of myself into my projects. Weaknesses: • My biggest weakness with this project was that I don’t believe I thought big enough, although I am happy with the outcome of this project and I did explore different ways of conveying my journey. I didn’t explore any ideas that were outside of my comfort zone for example the use of typography or
and Evaluation
something very personal to my work. To me this was a strength as it not only
something completely different to my style. I see this as a weakness because it is always a good thing to try and push yourself to bigger things which I didn’t do. • Another weakness was that my time management wasn’t too great and I
wasn’t able to try out something that I wanted to do which was make a flip book of my images. However, this is is definietly something I will try in my own time and something I am thinking of doing for every season of the year. Future Decisions: • In the future, I would like to push myself more to experiment with bigger and better ideas. • Also, I won’t leave things to the last minute as it puts more pressure on me and it stops me from experimenting with more ideas.
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Project 2: Life and Death Choosing the right time to overtake a lorry on a busy road can mean the difference between life and death. With this in mind, visually reinterpret two images to appear on two rear panels of a lorry’s doors. The left side must represent life, while the right represents death. The objective is to visualise a clear and meaningful graphic statement about life and death. Technical requirements: use Adobe Illustrator for the final visual.
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Contents
Initial Ideas
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Visual Ideas
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Further Ideas
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Tutorial
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Further Development
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Finalising Idea
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Final Piece
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Silent Critique and Evaluation
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Initial Ideas
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his mind map allowed me to just start get my ideas flowing a little before jumping into the visuals. It also allowed me to start thinking a little more outside the box.
V i s u a l s
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V i s u a l s
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his idea was to attempt a perspective drawing on the back of the truck. It wasn’t necessarily the design I would have gone for but it allowed me to practice the one point perspective.
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really like this visual because it is so simple yet gets the message across very clearly. However, this was perhaps a little too obvious to use as my final piece.
V i s u a l s
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V i s u a l s
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V i s u a l s
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Further ideas
fter coming up with a few simple designs I decided to do a little more research into the angels of life and death. The second idea was a different concept; taking an object used by people everyday, for example a phone. You are likely to have a
phone while in the car and it is something that will easily be smashed up if you crash your car. The life side showing the phone in perfect condition (exterior) and is still working. The right side shows a broken, unusable phone and this is to signify the end of the phone’s purpose.
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M
y ability of using illustrator at this point was limited due to the fact that I never used
it before. I decided to practice using illustrator by first tracing out the truck (as we were asked to do) and then creating a few of my sketches.
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he smashed phone used in the image on the right was manipulated in Adobe
Photoshop before taking it into illustrator. One problem with this design is that it doesn’t follow the requirement of creating it in Illustrator.
Use of Illustrator
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Furt her Ideas
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Tu t o r i a l
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Fu rt h er Developme n t
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Finalising Idea
Finalising Idea
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Final Piece
Sile n t Cr it iq u e F e e d b a c k
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received positive feedback from my peers and tutors during my critique for my final piece. They liked the concept and what I was trying to achieve. I also received some constructive criticism from my tutor which was that I should maybe change the composition so that it breaks up the visual as it’s too centred. They also suggested that I use more spring time colours in the flower. I really appreciated this feedback and changing to spring colours would improve the concept as well as making it more aesthetically pleasing. This is because spring is when all the flowers start growing and blooming again after the winter which is when they come to ‘life’ therefore enhancing the concept of life.
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believe that I worked quite well during this project. I say this because I thought of lots of different designs and concepts and then after doing more research and development work I came up with an idea that I really liked. This project showed me how much I need to improve my use of Illustrator.
Weaknesses: • I would say that my main weakness is that my skills in using Adobe Illustrator are still not that great so I had a lot of difficulty trying to create designs that I had in my mind. This is the main reason my designs were kept very simple.
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Strengths: • I opened my mind more this project and thought outside the box of what kind of designs I could create and not just that but also deepen the concepts around the designs. • Although I metioned above that I wasn’t able to create some of the designs I wanted due to my lack of experience with Illustrator, I believe that one of my strengths is that I was able to use Illustrator (at a basic level). From coming with no experience to then being only able to use that software for this project, it helped me develop these basic skills to use it. The tech dem sessions also helped with improving basic skills. Future Decisions: • Improve time management skills • Edit work straight after silent critiques so that I don’t forget and then have no time to edit the image. • Utilise the lynda website more to improve my skills with Adobe Illustrator
and Evaluation
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Project 3: Through the Letterbox Select from one of the three newspaper articles provided you. Summarise the key points. Research the background to the story and form an opinion about it (you don’t have to agree with what you have read). Produce a visual message that expresses your opinion to a chosen target audience. This brief creates opportunities for you to develop your visual awareness and your critial analytical skills. It also creates opportunities for you to explore different methods of genertaing concepts and ways of presenting them.
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Contents
Article
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Summary and Research
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Research
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Visuals
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Final Piece
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Self Evaluation
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Article 2
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fter reading the articles, I decided to go with the second one;Police use of Ripa law. I then summarised the text and started doing some background research on the Ripa law to get a better understanding of
what it was about.
Summary and Research
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Research
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Research
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Research
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Visual Research
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Research
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Research
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Research
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Research
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Visuals
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Visuals
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Visuals
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fter doing my research on different social medias, I decided to pick the most popular and most frequented websites (taken from the statistics seen on the previous pages).The idea of the eye in the middle was taken from George
Orwell’s ‘1984’. His Big Brother themed novel focuses on the dystopian invasion of privacy. The eye is always watching you.
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wanted to commuincate the idea of social media being our form of ‘Big Brother’, information being put into people’s profiles
for the public to see and for third parties such as marketing companies to then get a hold of this information. This visual is aimed towards teenagers as social media networks are a part of their every day lives yet they don’t realise what they put on the internet can be seen by most of the public and also government agencies such as the GSHQ. This visual is to make the younger generation realise that they are being watched constantly over the internet; nothing stays a secret. Things that get uploaded onto the internet are then stored by agencies, everything from facebook messages to a picture you once deleted.
Final Piece
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E va lu a t io n
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verall, I really enjoyed this project as it was more conceptual and made us really think around the subject matter. There was a lot more research involved in this, which allowed us to form our own opinions
which then lead us to our final piece. I am really glad I chose the Ripa article as I was going to go for the richest 1 % at the beginning. It opened my eyes up to what happens to all our information on the internet. Weaknesses: • My biggest weakness over this project was that I left a lot of things to the last minute which meant I had rushed decisions on what my visuals were going to look like and not enough development took place. This is definitely something I need to work on.
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Strengths: • My strengths over this project were that I did some good research which enabled me to head towards the direction I wanted to. • I also became a lot more confident in using the Adobe software such as Photoshop and Illustrator as I gained a little more experience using them after watching Lynda tutorials and asking for help when needed. Future Decisions: • If I had to do this project again I would definitely have a lot more research just to aid more visual ideas to flow through. • I would also really need to work on my time management as a lot of things were left to the last minute which hindered me from being able to progress a lot further.
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Lectures Seminars and Workshops
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Lectures, Seminars & Workshops So What is Graphic Design? Non Verbal Communication
7th October
• Body language enables you to be assertive, sympathetic etc • Allows you to develop your interpersonal skills Key Aspects • Interpersonal skills: the difference between men and women; they will tend to have more body contact with each other than women. • Be conscious of how others work • Gestures Communication, making sense visually, eg. magazines, branding, propaganda, stamps etc
14th October
Introduction to Visual Culture Products branded with an image of a person gives consumers the confidence and quality assurance of the product. Culture • Understanding • Shared experiences, language, codes • Dynamic history movement in the visual arts and drama, literary works, music etc that defines groups
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• To be cultured • High cultured and low cultured (high culture may be a ballet, opera, piano etc whereas low culture may be more popular culture) • Plurality of cultures (living in an area with many different cultures) • Subculture
14th October
• Multicultural Visual Culture • Construction and communication of meaning • Everyday life, influential etc Pleasures of producing and consuming • Experience of consumers • Mass pleasure • Aesthetic pleasure For example: concerts, exhibitions, rallies, raves etc Neomania: excitement/demand for the new Production, Distribution and Consumption • Ever mutating, new technologies
Lectures, Seminars & Workshops
• Uniting people
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Lectures, Seminars & Workshops Visual Literacy • Literate: to be able to read and write; educated and learned • Visual literacy: to be able to read/decode and understand images • Reading texts To Read Images We Need:
14th October
• Contextual knowledge • Prior experience/information • To understand our relationship with the image/text • Appreciation of culture/source Totemism: relations between objects are made to represent the relations between people of groups of people Visual Competence: • Watching television is often considered to be a passive activity but when we watch TV we read and take into account:
- sequences of images
- condensation of time
- shifts of locations and viewpoints etc
Value • Artistic value
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• Use Value • Personal or sentimental value
• Artistic merit and historical importance and monetary value The Role of the Individual in Understanding Visual Culture • Unconscious/subconscious thoughts, desires and pleasures • Psychoanalytical theory- SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) • Pleasures; scopophilia, voyeurism, exhibitionism Auteur Theory
14th October
• Form of explanation that depends upon notions of expression and individuality personality e.g. film, television How Do We Understand? 2 key basic approaches to understand visual culture 1. Phenomenological and hermeneutic subject based approachstresses the importance of the role of the individual consciousness in understanding 2. Structured based approach: the importance of the role of structurescalues, system of representation. There are various approaches and viewpoints, texts and theories in relation to the understanding of visual language.
Lectures, Seminars & Workshops
• Monetary or exchange value
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Lectures, Seminars & Workshops The Visual Space Visual Perception: the ability to interpret the surrounding environment by
17th October
processing information that is contained in visible light “The resulting perception is also known as eyesight, sight or vision. The various psychological components involved in vision are referred to collectively as the visual system, and are the focus of much research in psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience and molecular biology.” “A particular problem for psychologists is to explain the process by which the physical energy received by sense organs forms the basis of perceptual experience.” - Saul McLeod (2007) Symbols to use, perspective, 3D illusions on a 2D platform
Text and Image Interaction
17th October
Semiotics: the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation (semeion- ancient Greece)
In communication studies, it is identified as the transferring data and or meaning from a source to a receiver. The sign, the signifier and the signified. Different objects can have different connotations to different connotations to different people due to personal feelings, culture, religion etc.
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‘Esse set percipi’ - To be is to be perceived
Media commnication: everyday we engage with a variety of media Channels of communication: messages and meaning Language of the media: visual literacy (we read images)
28th October
Images play an important complex role in our society, creole ( new languages), homogenised (made the same by education systems/ mass media) • Roland Barthes 1997 - ‘the rhetoric of the image’ - argued that the meaning of images are always related to/depend on verbal text • Production of meaning - sign making • Sassure and Pierce - beginning of semiotics • Patterns and structures of signs in media texts condition the meaning which can be communicated and read • Signs are organised into groups- codes- particular meanings • Each medium has features specific to it and features which are shared with other mediums • Audiences understand and enjoy the media in different wavys • Use signs to describe and interpret the world
Lectures, Seminars & Workshops
Decoding Culture
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Lectures, Seminars & Workshops The Seduction of Advertising Whenever there are times of great strife and change, companies will use heritage and nostalgia to reassure the public. e.g. Hovis advert Packaging that’s based on a holiday or a season, will provide additional information if its being sponsored by a company. Packaging is often overlooked, however it is a subtle detail that most definitely impacts buyers.
4th November
Considerations • Commercial propaganda • False needs • Creativity • Commercial culture • Public perceptions • Infomercials Advertisement is ultimately a way of telling of what to do and what to buy. AD Buster (Canadian organisation) is anti-advertisement. Exposing the corruption of false needs. Advertising is a wants industry. It plays upon our emotions, fears and instincts. • Advertising reflects cultures • Hijacks attention
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• Mass persuasion
• Integral part of modern culture • Social communication • Possible negative influence • Satisfaction of consumer needs
4th November
• Induce of increase consumption Social Grades A: higher, managerial, admin or professional B: immediate managerial, admin or professional C1: supervisory or clerical and junior management, admin or professional C2: skilled manual D: semi skilled and unskilled manual E: lowest level of subsistence - widows, casual workers, unemployed Resources Decoding Advertisements - Jodith Williamson The Hidden Persuaders - Vance Packard No Logo - Naomi Klein Museum of Brands, Packaging and Advertisements - London
Lectures, Seminars & Workshops
• Importance and impact of adverts
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Lectures, Seminars & Workshops Photojournalism Liz Wells 2001 - Photography: A Critical Introduction Context • Where the image sits • Who takes the image Photojournalism: reporting through photographs
4th November
Photojournalism emerged as a distinctive form of photography in the late 1920’s/early 1930’s In certain contexts, the role of photography has certain connotations • The power of photography can be invasive • Record, reject, document Harold Evans - Pictures on a Page Photojournalism, Graphics and Picture Editing Black and white - Sharp - Powerful Colour
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- Emotion
- 19th century British photographer - Capture the motion of movements using still photography
4th November
• Contioned to smile when photographed - learnt from an early age • Photojournalism develops with technology • Major event - just photographs, no text • Collaging • Editing • Presenting new materials for publication/broadcast - which creates images in order to tell a story At which point is a photographer considered a bystander? Weejee: scenes of crime, day to day people - Black and white photographs
Creativity 11th November
Are we born with creativity? • Perhaps we are all born with it and lose it as we grow up and get taught different things at school and at home. • People have different levels and types of creativity, for example one could be mathematically creative whereas someone else could be scientifically creative and another artistically creative. • Environmental changes; the people around you, the places you’ve been, the things you have seen and learnt.
Lectures, Seminars & Workshops
Edward Muybridge
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Lectures, Seminars & Workshops Emotional Intelligence (EQ): the innate potential to feel, use,
communicate, recognise, remember, learn from, manage and understand emotions.
Creativity is imaginative activity fashioned so as to produce outcomes that are both original and of value
11th November
Psychology- focus on individual, dispositional perspective Cognitive Process to Creativity • Selecting • Relating • Combining • Evaluating • Selectively retaining • Communicating Cognitive Approach to Creativity • Expertise (knowledge of field but does not always mean creativity) • Problem solving • Creativity in problem solving Lateral Thinking • Water logic- flows
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• Conventional intelligence- recalling, recognising • Creativity- new facts, ways, ideas
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Lectures, Seminars & Workshops
Lectures, Seminars & Workshops Packaging Design Packaging • 15,000 trademark products seen on an average day • 35.000 trademark products seen on average at a supermarket ‘Often the package is more important than the product itself’
11th November
Considerations of Packaging • Ephemeral • Recycled and rubbish • Collected • Social and cultural artefact • Historical document • Encourages purchase • Our relationship with packaging • Contexts of use • Protection (temperature, weather, pests etc) • Transport (weight) • Store (cultural associations) • Display, stackability; ergonomics • Safety and security • Eye and buy appeal • Memorable • Provide info
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• Reassure consumer
Having a ‘mascot’ for a brand - for example Tony the tiger for Kellogg’s Frosties. Mascots can change over time, sometimes can go wrong with it and as that changes, customers can get annoyed. Intelligent packaging, for example plastic that changes colour when the food is about to lose its freshness. Resources • www.lovelypackage.com
11th November
• www.w3design.co.uk • www.thedieline.com
Lectures, Seminars & Workshops
because people put trust into a certain brand and become comfortable
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Lectures, Seminars & Workshops Tactics and Strategies for Research (Andy) What is research? Finding ways to answer questions by gathering information
‘This is not a pipe’ - It is a picture, a
13th October
representation of a pipe. not the actual pipe
Unlocking hidden concepts • How? • Why? • When? • What? • Who? • The purpose/function • Appearance/ design • Context (here and how) - what else is it like? - where is it? - how was it made? • Visual culture
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• Social context
• Manufacturing processes • Philosophy of company
13th October
• Design theory • Technological advances Starts with a question • Which suggests an answer • Identify relevant topics • Potential sources of information • Locate and gather information • Analyse and combine information • Potentially answer the question
27th October
Databases and Mindmapping (Andy) • Helps to describe, define and map the topic • Key words • Themes • Ideas Consider characteristics of different information texts eg. • Books (more information but not very recent) • Newspapers (may be biased/ very recent) • Journal (less frequent, reliable)
Lectures, Seminars & Workshops
• Lifestyles
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Resources
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Contents
Lynda
Box of Broadcasts Online Library
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Ly n d a Tu t o r i a l s
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A
fter having our sessions with Andy, I went onto lynda.com to see the different types of videos that they had on graphic design. I started by watching ‘What is Graphic Design?’ which gave a nice overview
of the subject. I then watched ‘Layout & Composition’ which spoke about many things that will help me when it comes to designing my future projects such as balance, space, grids, repitition and much more. These tutorials and talks are really helpful and it is also something that will definitely help me strengthen my skills using different software such as Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop, InDesign and so on.
Ly n d a Tu t o r i a l s
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Box of Broadcasts
B
ox of Broadcasts is an extremely useful site as it has thousands of videos on all types of design that are available at all times to watch. I particularly liked the video clips from The Genius of Design (to the
right) as they are relevant to every day design and innovative ideas. This is a great resource to have and can definitely help build on future ideas and also open my mind to different types of design around the world.
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Box of Broadcasts
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Online Library
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he online library is also a great resource for looking up books or any text that can be read online. I have used the online library to look for magazines based around graphic design. I found an American
magazine called ‘Print’ which has some good issues within it. One that I found particularly interesting was the 68th Issue showing a visual timeline of the history of AIGA (image to the left).
Online Library
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23rd October
Book Binding: Induction
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23rd October
I
really enjoyed the book binding session because I’ve never made a book before and I never knew how the spine was bound. It was fun because it was hands on all the time but at the same time really interesting and
educational to see the amount of work that goes into book binding and the art behind it. We also received a hand out sheet that takes us through the steps which wil be very useful in future when I need to bind a book in the main studio.
Book Binding: Induction
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Tech Demonstrations Illustrator This was the first time I ever used Adobe Illustrator so I found this session to be extremely helpful as I was able to learn the basic tools which would help me in my upcoming projects. During this session we had an exercise to recreate one of the logos given to us. To the right is my version of the logo that I created using the pen tool.
In this specific session we looked at creating simple 3D shapes. We again had another exercise and this time we had to create a logo with a drop shadow. To the right is my example that I made during the session for practice.
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InDesign In this session we went over the basics of how to use InDesign. This, again, was a very helpful session as I have never used Adobe InDesign. We went through how to set up the pages correctly, the different terminology used for InDesign and more that was also given to us in a handbook. During this session we had an exercise to create a business card. To the right is my example business card that I made during this time.
I found all the sessions that I attended to be very helpful because as I mentioned, these software were all new to me. It allowed me to practice my skills and also allow me to ask any questions to Eden when I needed help. I’ve developed the basic skils to these programs now which has helped me in my projects and will continue to for future projects. I still have a lot more practice to do so that I am completely comfortable to use these programs.
Tech Demonstrations
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1st October - Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Disobedient Objects
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Disobedient Objects
Disobedient Objects
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Disobedient Objects
Bibliography Shaughnessy, A. (2009). Graphic Design: A User’s Manual. London. Laurence King Publishing Ltd. Wikipedia. (2003). Azrael. [online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrael [Accessed 20th October 2014] Wikipedia. (2003). Vanitas. [online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanitas [Accessed 21st October 2014] Wikipedia. (2002). Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. [online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_ Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000 [Accessed 28th October 2014]
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Adbusters. (2013). Unplugged. 12th August 2013. ADBUSTERS. [online]. Available from: https://www.adbusters.org/blogs/unplugged.html [Accessed 31st October 2014] Ackerman, S. (2013). Lavabit email service abruptly shut down citing government interface. The Guardian. [online]. 9th August 2013. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/aug/08/lavabit-email-shut-down-edward-snowden [Accessed 31st October 2014] Bullas, J. (2013). 22 Social Media Facts and Statistics You Should Know in 2014. [online]. Available from: http://www.jeffbullas. com/2014/01/17/20-social-media-facts-and-statistics-youshould-know-in-2014/ [Accessed 2nd November 2014] The Genius of Design, [television programme, online], Prod. credit n.k., Prod. company n.k., Prod. country n.k., 19:00 7/5/2010, BBC TWO, 63mins. http://bobnational.net/record/95091, (Accessed 28/10/2014). Kuhn, J. 2014. Print. [e-book]. Ohio. F&W Media Inc. Available from: http://gy2wk4hz2j.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_ id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/ fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=journal&rft.pub=RC+Publications+etc&rft.issn=0032-8510&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=3423671&paramdict=en-US [Accessed 12th November 2014]
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