What do people do in a library?

What do people do in a library?

Comparing envisioned and actual affordances for usage of visitors to a public library Amber Barton Key terms: public library, public space, social activity space, affordances, usage patterns Abstract: The following research report sets out to investigate human-environment relations through the lens of user behaviours within public libraries. A brief background of libraries is presented which paints a picture of the historic and on-going importance they have within communities as one of the only truly public buildings. This paper aligns itself with the view that public libraries offer a unique institutional social activity space appropriate for the study of affordances. The literature review and theoretical framework situate the study within the larger field of environmental psychology, in particular ethnographic studies of user preference and behaviour within libraries. The idea of social activity space (or Behaviour Settings Theory) and affordances form the lens for the qualitative and quantitative research methodology to follow. The methodology lends from work conducted in two central Canadian libraries by Leckie and Hopkins (2002). The final sections will discuss the behaviour patterns and themes which arise from a triangulation of document analysis, mapping studies, observation studies, interviews, and fieldwork journal entries. The chosen case study of Byron Bay Library and the surrounding community in the far north coast of New South Wales is contextualised within the larger framework of state and nation-wide design guidelines to reveal the potential implications outside of a bespoke study. This study critically reflects upon the relative success of envision affordances for usage within public libraries, as found in New South Wales and Australian guidelines, in finding actuation within the usage patterns of visitors to a public library.

Assessment: Research Report Assessment Task: 3 Due: Monday 27th August, 2018 Weighting: 60% Words: 3000

Subject: Human Environments Relations Subject Code: ABPL90322 Semester: June 2018 Co-ordinator: Ben Cleveland

Author: Amber Barton Student number: 699287 Course: Master of Architecture University: The University of Melbourne

Contents 3

Introduction Background Issue Context

7

Literature Review History of public libraries Public space Value for the community Social capital User behaviour

8

Theoretical Framework

9

Social activity space Affordances Proxemic spaces Research questions & aims

10

Research approach / methodology Methodology Methods Limitations

14

Findings and discussion

24

Conclusions

25

References

27

Appendix Appendix 1 – Guidelines analysis Appendix 2 – Physical traces study Appendix 3 – Analytical autoethnography diary summaries Appendix 4 – Seating sweeps map and criteria forms Appendix 5 – Seating sweeps mapping studies Appendix 5 – Semi-structured interview with users Appendix 6 – Semi-structured interview with staff

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Introduction Background The second half of the last century has seen the public library as being synonymous with democracy, individual self-empowerment and modernity (Laugesen, 2015; Friends of Libraries Australia, 2008). This image of the library as a key public institute has been promoted at the global level by organisations such as UNESCO and locally through ongoing funding and initiatives from all levels of Australian government (Laugesen, 2015; Friends of Libraries Australia, 2008).

The 2007 Australian federal election campaign saw public libraries enter political discussions with the view that they provided an indispensable ‘cradle to grave’ investment in informal learning environments (Friends of Libraries Australia, 2008). Following this election campaign, under the leadership of the Australian Labour Party, the public library system saw a nation-wide overhaul and substantial contribution of funding to improve facilities (Laugesen, 2015; Quinn & McCallum, 2011). This study undertakes a detailed investigation into the collection of state and nation-wide guidelines which were put in place following this. And which, when read together, present a pivotal point in policy redevelopment for the design and use of public libraries. To establish a set of envisioned affordances for usage by visitors to a public library, this study undertakes an analysis of the following seminal New South Wales guidelines: •

People places: a guide for public library buildings in New South Wales (2000, 2005 & 2012)

And the most recent Australia wide guidelines and standards: •

Beyond a Quality Service: strengthening the social fabric (2012)

This policy overhaul saw many new facilities built to support the envisioned affordances for usage and ensure all communities, both urban and regional, have access to public library facilities (Laugesen, 2015; Quinn & McCallum, 2011). This study will focus in on this time of flux as a pivotal moment of development in Australia’s public library system. The framework of state and national guidelines will be used to develop a broad picture of envisioned affordances for usage by visitors to a public library. Following this, an inquiry beyond the promoted image of the public library will be conducted to assess actual user behaviours and experiences within the social activity setting of the public library.

Issue Much of the library and information system (LIS) literature which deals with user experience focuses on ideas of social capital and community value (see Bourke 2005; Hillenbrand 2005; Drueke 2006; Ferguson 2006; Hart 2007; Vårheim 2007; Vårheim, Steinmoand Ide 2008; Johnson and Griffis 2009; Vårheim, 2009; Johnson 2010; Vårheim 2011, etc). While theoretically extensive, many of these papers promote the idea of public libraries as generators of social capital but make no attempt to examine this critically, let alone approach it through direct observation using ethnographic methods (Ferguson, 2013). Lees (2001) and Leckie and Hopkins (2002) point out that there is a definitive lack of research into the actual daily habits of public library users and the experience of being within a library environment.

The research done by Leckie and Hopkins (2002) makes significant headway into filling this gap through an ethnographic study of user experiences within two central Canadian public libraries.

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This research report follows similar themes of daily usage patterns and experiences of visitors, however it focuses in on an area of further research identified as important but outside of the previous study: “The focus of the research is on large central libraries in major urban centres, and as such, the research does not examine branch libraries scattered throughout metropolitan areas, though they are also worthy of study” (Leckie & Hopkins, 2002, p. 333). This study places itself firmly outside of the urban metropolitan areas to examine the currently under-researched area of branch libraries and their roles within regional Australian communities.

Context – geographical The overall purpose of this study is to gain some insight into the roles that the public library plays in regional communities, where it is often one of the only buildings accessible to all members of the community without pressure of commercial exchange or membership for access. Coastal communities have been identified by the Library Council of New South Wales as “a major challenge for libraries” (2005, p. 13). Expected to grow at a faster rate than the rest of NSW, Coastal communities provide a usual population mix in that they are attracting increased numbers of both retirees and young people, with the overall growth of coast communities expected to be substantially faster than the rest of NSW (Library Council of New South Wales, 2005; NSW Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources, 2004).

This study situates itself within the geographical context of Byron Bay, a coastal community within the far north of New South Wales. Byron Bay has a population of 5521 permanent residents and a large year-round transient population of domestic and international tourists (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The median age is 42 with the gender division of 48.6% males and 51.4% females (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016).

The chosen case study is the Byron Bay Library, one branch of twelve which make up the Richmond-Tweed Regional Library Network. The library is located close to the town centre og Byron Bay accessible by private vehicle or a short walk to the main public transport hub. The current Byron Bay library building cost $5.6M, was completed in 2013, and funded by the Byron Shire Council and State Library of NSW (Francis-Jones Morehan Thorp, 2007).

Byron Bay Population - Age

26%

32%

30 - 59

60 +

Figure 1. ABS, Byron Bay population age from data collected during 2016 census Amber Barton

22% 38%

40%

42%

0 - 29

NSW Population - Age

0 - 29

30 - 59

60 +

Figure 2. ABS, NSW population age from data collected during 2016 census pg. 4

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What do people do in a library?

Byron Bay Population Education

Byron Bay Population Employment

5% 6%

14% 9% 63%

44%

14%

45%

Primary school

Secondary school

Worked full-time

Worked part-time

Tertiary or technical

Not attending

Away from work

Unemployed

Figure 3. ABS, Byron Bay population education from data collected during 2016 census

Figure 4. ABS, Byron Bay population employment from data collected during 2016 census

Of importance to this study is the design process undertaken by architects Stephenson & Turner International which saw design guidelines produced by the State Library of New South Wales and the Australian Library and Information Association implemented as the spatial parameters and key performance indicators (Francis-Jones Morehan Thorp, 2007). The building itself is standalone single-story building with a total floor area of 1500 m2, including the library and separate exhibition space, meeting rooms, storage rooms, and bathroom facilities. This study focuses on the internal zones of the library as shown in Figure 6. However, further studies could investigate the implications for visitors of the co-location of the library facilities with other community facilities or the implications of the geographical location of the building library within the larger social activity space of the whole community.

Opening hours: Monday

9:30am – 5pm

Tuesday

9:30am – 5pm

Wednesday

9:30am – 5pm

Thursday

9:30am – 7pm

Friday

9:30am – 5pm

Saturday

9am – 12pm

Sunday

CLOSED

Figure 5. Byron Bay Library exterior, 2018, photograph

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Figure 6. Byron Bay Library interior spaces, 2018, diagram

Context – design guidelines While time and resource constraints mean that only a single library will be observed during the study, it is believed that wider design implications can be reflected upon by placement of these findings within the larger framework of state and nation-wide design guidelines. Consequently, the actual affordances for use observed within the case study will be compared with the envisioned affordances for use included within the New South Wales design guidelines for public libraries and the Australian standards and guidelines for public libraries.

‘People places: a guide for public library buildings in New South Wales’ (2000, 2005 & 2012) is the seminal design guidelines published by the Library Council of New South Wales to be implemented state wide for the design and ongoing function of public libraries. The edition to be analysed is that which was used during the library design process: ‘People Places Second Edition’ (2005).

To ensure research also reflects upon current and future envisioned affordances for usage the current version of the Australian Library and Information Association standards and guidelines will also be assessed. ‘Beyond a Quality Service: strengthening the social fabric’ (2012) borrows from the aforementioned NSW guidelines and replaces this and other state guidelines as the main source of information for the design of public libraries (Quinn & McCallum, 2011).

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Literature review Social capital Much of the library and information system (LIS) literature which deals with user experience and behaviour focuses on the idea of social capital. Social capital can be understood as the provision of a resource or service such that members of the community benefit in some essential way, such as provision of a meeting place to increase inclusiveness (Johnson, 2010).

While theoretically extensive, Lees (2001) and Given and Leckie (2003), point out that there is a definitive lack of research into the actual habits of library users and how this relates to the idea of social capital development. Johnson (2012) asked the question of ‘How do public libraries create social capital?’ and used qualitative study to explore social interactions. However, this study offers little comparability to the current research, as it only interviewed staff members during the study.

Consequently, the findings were limited to perceived affordances and did not offer insights into visitor experiences or actual observed behaviours. Leckie and Hopkins (2002) make some headway on filling this gap between perceived social capital and actual user behaviour through the undertaking of an ethnographic study within two central Canadian public libraries.

Public space This research report will follow similar lines of enquiry as the work done by Leckie and Hopkins (2002) into the social roles of libraries as public institutes. Leckie and Hopkins (2002) focused on central libraries in two of North America’s largest cities of Toronto and Vancouver. They asked the question: “Are contemporary central library’s successful public places for their users?” (Leckie & Hopkins, 2002, p. 328). This research report will borrow from their methodology of observational studies through ‘seating sweeps,’ triangulated with semi-structured interviews. However, unlike the urban focus of Leckie ad Hopkins (2002), this research report will pick up on one of the potential areas of further research which they highlighted: that of the regional branch library. Common between this study and that of Leckie and Hopkins (2002) is the idea of the public library as a public space. Attempts to define public space in terms of physical characteristics or ownership are difficult (Leckie & Hopkins, 2002). Instead this study will situate along similar understandings of public space as being social constructed (Leckie & Hopkins, 2002).

The key organisations associated with public libraries, have undertaken numerous studies into user preferences and experiences. One such study undertaken by the State Library of NSW in 2009 titled ‘Enriching Communities’ looked at who visitors to NSW public libraries were, what they did there and their experiences while there. While investigating similar themes as this study, and as such providing key insights into plausible uses and expected behaviours, the findings are presented through an economic framework. This gives the research a top down drive which relies almost entirely on perceived affordances and consequently fails to recognise the intricacies of humanenvironment relations which constitute the public library as a public space.

User behaviour Review of current literature concerning user behaviours in public libraries revealed a lack of research into actual experience within regional or community libraries. While there is extensive research into user preferences in academic libraries (see Applegate, 2009; Shill & Tonner, 2003; Shill & Tonner, 2004; Gayton, 2008; Shoham & Roitberg, 2005; etc) and user preferences in large city libraries (see: Leckie and Hopkins, 2002; McClure, Owen, Zweizig, Lynch & Van House, 1987; Berelson, 1949; Lange, 1987-1988; Payne, 1998; etc) The is a lack of research into the roles, uses and experiences of the public libraries in regional communities.

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Theoretical framework Social Activity Space (or Behavioural Settings Theory) While some may argue that ‘social activity space,’ (preferred by anthropologist, geographers, sociologists) and ‘behaviour settings’ (preferred by architectural designers and environmental psychologists) have differing foci, this report will treat them as interchangeable terms. Social activity space is the preferred terminology, as it clearly links to the key area of inquiry – to investigate what people actually do within the public, and therefore social, space of a library.

However, it is important to note that the literature review and theoretical framework contain work of both social activity space and behaviour settings and treat these terms as synonymous.

Social activity space is understood to be a complex system encompassing almost every action or interaction in which human beings are engaged (Given and Leckie, 2005). It is not limited to only those places which are considered ‘sociable’ but is ‘social’ in the sense of being ‘of society’ and acknowledges the inevitably complex power relations that play out within the everyday activities of particular spaces, like the public library (Given and Leckie, 2005).

Affordances Gibson (1979) is a seminal text for visual perception of behaviours and affordances theory. The research report will be conducted under the guiding lens of affordances theory as a means to examine the functional significance of the environment of the public library. “The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes with for good or ill” (Gibson, 1979, p. 127). Gibson goes on to state that affordances can be physical, such as a window affording natural light and prospect, or can be provided by the presence of other people and are social in nature, such as a verbal exchange (1979). Key to this research paper is the reciprocal relationship between observer and the environment, with perception guiding action in the environment and the action providing information for perception (Gibson, 1991). The public library is not to be understood as a fixed physical entity but a complex system arising from and comprised of the behaviours enacted by individuals whilst within this social activity space. The various categories of behaviour of individuals in public places as described by Goffman (1963) will be used as a basis for analysis of what affordances of usage are being observed. Goffman (1963) sets out the main categories of interaction and provides clues to observing the various interactions. These insights into the relations available to individuals in public space will be incorporated with Ziesel (1981) methodologies to establish methods of observing, documenting and analysing affordances within the social activity space of the public library.

Proxemic spaces In assessing affordances for use in public libraries proxemic spaces provide a key analysis tool for recognising relationships between individuals. Scheflen and Ashcraft (1976) set out the general zones of personal, conversational and social space which exist around an individual. These visual guides will be applied during the researcher’s observational assessment of relationship between individuals when it is not appropriate to engage in direct questions of why. Particularly proxemics theory will be applied to assess the relationship of individuals outside of the activity setting of the public library and the comfort levels of individuals within situations of interaction with other individuals.

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Research questions & aims Initial inquiries What do people do in a public library?

How does the public library function as a social space?

Does the public library have a behaviour setting?

What role does the public library play in rural communities?

Who are the users of public libraries?

What guidelines and standards impact upon the design of public libraries?

Are libraries a successful public place?

Key research question What are the actual affordances for usage of visitors to a public library and how do these compare to envisioned affordances for usage included within corresponding design guidelines for public libraries?

Aims 1. To identify the envisioned affordances for use included within design guidelines for New South Wales public libraries 2. To identify actual affordances for usage of visitors to a case study library.

3. To identify who the actual users of a public library are and what they do while within this social activity space 4. To investigate daily patterns of usage within a public library and identify linkages with space configurations 5. To compare envisioned and actual affordances for usage of visitors to a public library 6. To identify possible future implications for design guidelines to better facilitate actual user behaviours within public libraries

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Research approach / methodology Methodology • • • •

Literature review Design guideline analysis Qualitative research through observation and interviews Quantitative research through mapping studies

Qualitative observation and interviews and quantitative mapping studies were conducted by a single researcher over a four-week period from July 9th 2018 to August 3rd 2018.

The research findings from each method were then assessed through a triangulated methodology such that read, observed and experienced qualities can be cross referenced to give a greater clarity of what affordances for usage are available to visitors within the activity setting of a public library.

Methods Design guideline analysis In order to gain an idea of “what the designers’ original intentions had been” Ziesel (1981) suggests that environment-behaviour research may benefit from employing archival research. Crucial to this study is adaption of guidelines from a design framework into a set of envisioned affordances that can be compared with observational studies. Fetterman’s (1998) definition of analysis as a refinement of data by a researcher such that the data may be filtered into selections which relate to the bigger picture, has been applied during the evaluation of library guidelines. The researcher undertook a study of the written pieces of design guidelines through the primary lens of affordances for usage by visitors to a public library. Envisioned usage behaviours have been identified from NSW library guidelines and the Australian library guidelines, included in detail in Appendix 1.

Further consolidation though refined analysis is needed to create a comparable set of envisioned affordances for usage by visitors, presented in the main findings section as key themes.

Physical traces study Using Ziesel (1981) as a guide to assessing behaviour through indirect observation, a physical trace study was conducted to gain understanding of actual uses (and perhaps misuses) of the case study library. Physical trace studies have the advantage of being indirect, involving nondisruptive systematic examination of an environment (Ziesel, 1981). This was important during the study as it enabled the researcher’s actions to be outside of the usual library activities, causing the Hawthorne effect to arise. However, this did not affect the findings during this method of observation as users were not the focus of this research technique. Physical traces were photographed, and a detailed description recorded of the type of trace according to Zeisel’s (1981) categories, where the trace is, what the trace is, and proposal for what this trace reveals about usage of the library by visitors (see Appendix 2).

Analytical autoethnography An important part of conducting an ethnographic study, especially one concerned with observation and experience, is the position of the researcher. Fetterman (1998, p. 2) suggests that “the ethnographer is interested in understanding and describing a social and cultural scene from the emic, or insider’s perspective”. Achieving this insider’s perspective during the research was

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fundamental to gaining a holistic understanding of peoples lived experiences as being inseparable from the world around them (Gillespie, Patridge, Bruce and Howlett, 2016; Bruce, Davis, Hughers, Patridge and Stoodley, 2014; Fetterman, 2008; Wolcott, 1990). Emmerson, Fretz and Shaw (1995) suggest that ethnographic fieldwork cannot be conducted as a detached or passive observation.

Consequently, the research itself and writing of the research report were almost entirely undertaken within the activity setting of the case study library. To further support an exploration of the insider’s perspective analytical autoethnography was employed to reflect upon the researchers own lived experiences of using the case study library. This takes the form of a fieldwork journal to be written at the end of each library visitation to record unobtrusive observations, experiences, comments and interactions with staff and visitors to the library. A total of 20 diary entries were made, with key aspects of user experience included within Appendix 3.

Behaviour observation and mapping To answer the question of what do people do in a library, direct observation of visitors was undertaken using a method called seating sweeps. Brown, Sijpkes, and Maclean describe the use of seating sweeps in their study as a nonobtrusive observation technique in which “the personal characteristics and behaviour of sedentary individuals in a complex were recorded at a particular point in time” (1986, p. 166). The seating sweeps methodology employed by Leckie and Hopkins (2002) and described in detail in Given and Leckie (2003), was adapted for this research report.

Systematic mapping of user location paired with a checklist of demographics, belongings and activities we’re used to gain an overview of who, what and when actual visitors are within the activity setting of the case study library.

Seating sweeps were undertaken twice daily at 10:00am and 2:00pm, with each following the same route and systematically documenting the stationary users across the entire case study library.

Sweeps were undertaken on Saturday, Monday, Wednesday and Thursday to obtain an entire week’s profile. The inclusion of a notes section allows for sweeps to collect both quantitative and qualitative data (see Appendix 4).

Semi-structured interviews with users In gaining an accurate insight into affordances for usage it was necessary to triangulate findings of observation with interviews such that the question of why may attempt to be answered. The semistructured interviews with visitors occurred after the behaviour observation and mapping to ensure that the researcher had gained enough insight to be able to successfully employ judgement sampling. Fetterman (1998) outlines judgement sampling as a conscious selection of participants who from the researcher’s experience are judged to be typical.

Eleven typical visitors were interviewed over three days. A list of open-ended questions was used with each interview lasting around 5-10 minutes and were hand transcribed on the spot by the researcher (see Appendix 5).

Semi-structured interviews with library staff A semi-structured interview with a library staff member was conducted as the final method of research. Focus within this interview was crosschecking observations undertaken by the researcher to ensure interpretation was consistent with the staff members experiences which span a much larger time and depth than that of this study.

A list of open-ended questions was used as a guide; however, the staff member was permitted to diverge along related topics The interview ran for 15 minutes and was hand transcribed by the researcher during the interview (see Appendix 6).

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Limitations Time The major constraint for this research report was time. All pre-research, research, and writing occurred between 25th June 2018 and 27th August 2018. This condensed timeline meant that observation and mapping studies had to be conducted over the two week period of the NSW school holidays. While the researcher anticipates this may have some affect on who visits the case study library, it is believed that the what and why will not be compromised in a significant way. Use of the autoethnographic fieldwork journal and interviews with staff members outside of this time have been employed to assist in identifying any outliers of behaviour.

The length of the study has been considered during the planning stages to ensure the scale of research undertaken is viable for a single researcher to conduct in such a way that meaningful insights and reflections can still be achieved.

Resources All research has been conducted using resources readily available to the researcher without specialist skills or professional assistance. It is anticipated that similar research could be successfully repeated using the research approaches outlined above and resources for observation, mapping and interviews included within the appendixes.

Inexperience It should be noted that this research has been conducted by a Master level student as part of their studies in Architecture. The relative inexperience of the researcher means that some of the methods applied are being undertaken for the first time. To compensate for this degree of inexperience within human-environments research the researcher has used prior studies as precedent for the methods conducted and sort clarification from subject leaders and peers where needed. Trials of the seating sweep method were also conducted to establish the relevant categories for this study and the method of systematic observation. These trials are not included within findings but were crucial to ensuring consistency and competence of the researcher during the actual seating sweeps.

Access This research report was formulated with the knowledge that the geographical context available to the researcher would be significantly limited due to personal circumstances. This was acknowledged at the outset of the research as a constraint, and consequently developed alongside the literature review to form a significant aspect of the studies context as situated within a regional community. Consequently, the researcher chose a case study library that was readily accessible for not only the duration of observations, mapping studies and interviews but outside of this for the preresearch and post-research writing of the research report. This high degree of access allowed for a greater emersion within the library activity setting as an actual user.

Degree of comparability While this study compares envisioned and actual affordances of usage within public libraries as a means of situating the observed and experienced within the larger policy framework, there is a risk of making universal assumptions which miss the intricacies of community uniqueness. As it is made clear in People Places, “This does not mean that all communities should replicate each other, but this tool provides an opportunity to use the models already adopted and working in other communities” (2005, p. 20). These guidelines then go on to suggest that “There is no substitute for first hand experience of other libraries as working models” (2005, p. 47). It is between these lines Amber Barton

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which the comparative component of this study must strive to exist. Consequently, comparisons are carefully drawn such to respect the socio-cultural nature of space and the dynamic, reciprocal relationship of humans and their environment. This study should not be read as a comprehensive assessment of envisioned into actuated affordances for usage across Australia or even New South Wales. Instead, it undertakes a comparison of written, observed and experienced affordances to suggest plausible patterns and themes which present within or not within each using a specific case study library as a social activity setting.

Hawthorne Effect The Hawthorne Effect poses a significant limitation to be considered during the observational research of this study. The Hawthorne Effect refers to the modification of individuals behaviour as a response to their awareness of being observed (McCarney et al. 2007). Leckie and Hopkins (2002) identify the question of “who was watching whom?” as an issue encountered within their study.

Particularly with regular library users who recognised the systematic nature of the researchers undertaking the seating sweeps. During the trial seating sweeps similar issues of ‘counterobservation’ were identified as visitors adjusted their behaviour when made aware that they were being watched. Consequently, the researcher took steps to minimise this initiation of the Hawthorne Effect during observational studies through positioning out of direct view, such as behind book cases or through blending techniques to appear to be doing more ‘typical’ library uses, such as sitting and writing, or physically searching.

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Findings and discussion Envisioned affordances Analysis of guidelines revealed a tendency for realist reasoning of affordances for usage.

Affordances for usage were often encapsulated within writing by reference to a specific designed physical space. For example included in People Places is the requirement for: Provision of separate quiet areas and noisy areas with both attracting different types of users for different types of library activities.

Quiet areas are typically used by students and older people for research and study. Particularly in urban areas, some people just want a quiet calm area – an oasis in the city. Noisy areas are more likely to be used for group activities and by children, youth and families. There may be audiovisual equipment, toys and group activities such as children’s story time or author talks. All are legitimate uses and activities in a library. (2005, p. 52).

These guidelines sets up a reasoning which places the provision of a designed ‘quiet area’ as directly shaping users actions towards study. Or as the provision of a designed ‘noisy area’ as fostering usage by children, youth and family in group situations. This ‘essence’ of space as directly relating to a usage behaviour is common throughout the guidelines and forms the basis for the envisioned affordances. While not without merit this direct causal relation seems to reject the intricacies of social activity space, such as the public library, as having a reciprocal relationship of user and environment. Consequently, envisioned affordances as presented within Appendix 1, have been further consolidated away from physical into action towards a check list of potential or perceived actions to be undertaken by visitors to a public library.

Both NSW guidelines and Australian guidelines and standards had a significant focus on affordances for meeting and social interaction of members of the community. Suggestions were made for the social activity space of a library to provide for networking, discussion, learning, study, reading, leisure, and relaxation. This affordance for action by users were perceived as existing alongside affordances for safety, inclusiveness and welcomeness. Access to information, through computer usage, internet access, borrowing and interactions with staff, was also common across both guidelines. Consequently, the envisioned affordances within the social activity space of a public library can be understood as a complex mix of potential physical actions and experiences which should be read as an intrinsic part of the library.

Actual Affordances Gender The seating sweeps revealed a strong argument for the library as an environment which is equally welcoming to males and females. Of the 302 visitors documented within the observational seating sweeps, 160 were female and 142 were male. These ratios reflect the community profile of Byron Bay (Figure 6 and 7). This consistency between gender observations of library visitors and community demographics reflects the findings of Given and Leckie (2003) who found males to be the slightly higher percentage within both of the central case study libraries. This goes against much of the existing literature (Lange, 1987-99; Payne, 1998) which suggests females make up the majority of library users.

There was a much greater percentage of females under the age of 30, compared to males. Between the ages of 30 – 59 was a slightly higher percentage of female visitors to the library than the community profile. And over 60 revealed a much greater percentage of male visitors compared with

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females. Of the male visitors aged over 60, 71% were observed to be using a library computer as their main activity within the library. This accounted for over well over half (64%) of all the usages of library computers. This suggests that affordances for computer access is very important to this demographic, more than any other group and perhaps more than any other affordance for usage within the library.

A much higher percentage of males were also found to be at the library on the weekend, compared to females. The autoethnographic entry for Saturday 14th July suggests that many of these users were engaged in short stay and more leisure orientated activities. “Post sweep the library is a lot more active than I had previously seen it during the weekdays. People moving around and talking.

Books being borrowed.” This altered gender composition and heightened activity level suggests the public library is perceived to offer a different set of affordances for usage during the weekend, as it becomes a place to visit for leisure and recreation rather than for work or study. Interviews conducted also support this differing usage behaviours with two of the Saturday visitors browsing for books and the other visitor using the computers for leisure purposes such as social media usage.

Envisioned affordances place emphasis on both work / study and leisure / recreation within the public library. However, these affordances are promoted as arising from various spatial configurations or designed conditions of the physical building. Rather observations and interviews within the case study library would suggest that these affordances for work or leisure are environmental conditions resulting from user behaviour which exist within temporal flux during the weekly cycle.

A higher percentage of females were at the library during the weekdays, and of a consistently greater number in the afternoons compared to mornings (see Figure 10). Females made up the majority of users on their own laptop computers, at 59%. This was the most popular activity undertaken by female users, with other popular activities being using mobile phone, talking, and physically searching. These trends suggest the social activity space may offer an important place for females to access information, use technology and engage in social interactions. While significant numbers of male users were observed to be using mobile phones, charging, using library computers or reading, suggesting affordances for access to information are of high importance, these actions were witnessed often to occur alongside listening to headphones. This seems to suggest a more solitary experience for male users within public libraries.

When interviewed one over 60 male visitor to the library said he regularly visited, almost daily, specifically to sit in the singular lounges at the back as they provided him with a place of refuge “A bit away from everyone else.” Another male under 30 was using his phone to connect to the free wireless internet and listen to music. When interviewed he expressed concern over the affordance for quiet within the library “Perhaps too quiet. I don’t feel like I can take phone calls in the library.

People give that look.” Suggesting the environment of the library was perceived to restrict his ability to engage in social interaction.

Overall, these findings suggest that the social activity space of the library offers an equality of access for both genders. However, the affordances for usage perceived by each gender differ, with females tending towards a greater degree of interaction with both information and other users, while males also appreciate the affordance for information access but do so as a more solitary experience.

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Byron Bay Library - Gender

47%

49%

53%

Female

Byron Bay Population - Gender

Male

51%

Female

Figure 7. Byron Bay Library observed genders, 2018.

Male

Figure 8. ABS, Byron Bay community profile - gender, 2018.

Byron Bay Library - Gender by Time 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Saturday

Monday

Female Morning

Male Morning

Wednesday Female Afternoon

Thursday Male Afternoon

Figure 9. Byron Bay Library gender by time, 2018.

Age The seating sweeps method was used to gain an age profile of visitors to the case study library.

While the actual ages of visitors may differ due to the reliance on observational estimation during the seating sweep method. However, the use of 30 year age blocks (as suggested by Given & Leckie, 2003 as an identifiable age grouping) and consistency of a singular researcher was employed to increase the exactness of the estimates.

The seating sweeps revealed that the majority of library visitors were under the age of 30. Making up 52% of all visitors but only representing 32% of the Byron Bay community (see Figures 10, 11 & 12). This is contradictory to the envisioned affordances which focus on the library as being particularly important to older residents as a place for “life long learning�.

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pg. 16

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What do people do in a library?

“They provide resources for skills development, training and lifelong learning and as such are a major tool for people to increase economic opportunities” (People Places, 2005, p. 8).

“Already older residents are major users of libraries and this trend is likely to grow as the number of older residents with significant leisure time increases. Access to specialist collections, adult education, activities targeting seniors, increasing computer usage and browsing areas for casual users are examples” (People Places, 2005, p. 8).

Under 30s were less likely to visit the library on the weekends, making up only 36% of total weekend users. This is compared to the weekday when on average, under 30s made up 54% of all users. As previously noted the autoethnographic entries suggested the case study library offered an activity setting focused more towards studious behaviours during the weekdays. Consequently, the public library appears to afford under 30s with a place to undertake pursuits of work, study and learning. While it is acknowledged that the school holidays may have played a role in inflating the numbers of under 30s, the interviews suggest the importance of the library as a public space for this age group is also significant outside of this specific period.

One tertiary student interviewed on Friday 20th July said she attended the library “Fairly regularly throughout the year but a lot more than usual at the moment as its getting busy at uni. A lot of assignments to do. I’ve been here every day this week.” She said she preferred the public library for study over her university library as it was closer, had more space and better access to power points for charging her computer. For her the public library offered affordances for productivity which she associated with the quietness and access to various seating arrangements to accommodate differing study habits.

Under 30s were also observed during the seating sweeps to be the highest demographic which engaged in social interaction and used the library as a group. 11% of all groups included at least one member under 30, and 10% of groups consisted entirely of under 30s. References for envisioned affordances for meeting, networking and social interaction are repeated throughout both guidelines as important considerations for the design of public libraries. Observations would suggest that the majority of users do not engage in outward actions of social behaviour, preferring to attend the library as an individual. However, when interviewed or reflected on through autoethnography it was revealed that being within the social activity space of the library established a more intricate environment of social interactions, which saw common actions of studious behaviour surmount to an overall affordance for productivity.

Byron Bay Library - Age

18%

Byron Bay Population - Age

26%

32%

52% 30% 42%

0 - 29

30 - 59

60 +

Figure 10. Byron Bay Library age, 2018.

Amber Barton

0 - 29

30 - 59

60 +

Figure 11. ABS, Byron Bay community profile - age, 2018. pg. 17

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Byron Bay Library - Gender by Age 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

0 - 29

30 - 59 Male

60 +

Female

Figure 12. ABS, Byron Bay Library gender by age, 2018.

Byron Bay Library - Weekly Usage by Age 60

54%

50 36%

40

36% 28%

30

28% 18%

20 10 0

Weekend

Weekday 0 - 29

30 - 59

60 +

Figure 13. Byron Bay Library weekly usage patterns by age, 2018.

Byron Bay Library - User Groupings 4% 10% 11%

75%

Individuals

Group including at least one 0 - 29

Group of all 0 - 29

Group not including 0 - 29

Figure 14. Byron Bay Library user groupings, 2018.

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pg. 18

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Visitor possessions Envisioned affordances pay little attention to the objects which users may add or remove from the public library in order to pursue their desired behaviours. Users ability to move or alter the environment is alluded to through affordances for flexibility. Flexibility appears in both the NSW guidelines and Australian guidelines as a key design consideration for libraries. Flexibility of floor space paired with modular furniture arrangements and moveable shelving are perceived as creating opportunities for a variety of activities (People Places, 2005, p. 12, 50, 60, 61; Beyond a Quality Service, 2012, p. 19, 20). Neither the physical trace study, seating sweeps or the autoethnographic fieldwork journal record any major movement by users of the environment in order to facilitate differing affordances. Most users during the sweep situated themselves in the predetermined seating locations abiding by typical space proxemics to keep users at a social distance. During periods of lower saturation users would spread themselves across the various available seating arrangements first before beginning to fill positions diagonally opposite.

Users, while not promoted to change their environment, did feel comfortable to claim territories of space through placement of belongings around their location. The physical trace study suggested affordances for safety were strong within the case study library with users leaving items of value, such as phones and laptops, unattended for extended periods of time (Appendix 2). Interviews support this affordance for safety within the social activity setting of the library with visitors describing the library building and other users as: “welcoming and friendly,” “safe and friendly,” “comfortable,” “accepting” and “calming escape”.

The most common possession for users to bring to the library was a backpack or large bag (capable of fitting a laptop). Half of all visitors to the library brought some sort of bag with them. Envisioned affordances for storage suggest that lockers may be needed to accommodate for this. The case study library does not have any lockers, however the success of these in providing storage seems negligible as bags were often observed to be continuously used, such as to access food or water, or to establish a territory around the user through placement on nearby chairs, floor area or desk.

Observations suggest that guidelines may need to be updated to include affordances for storage of belongings at a convenient distance to the visitor such that appropriate space may be considered during the design process.

Visitor activities The most popular activity undertaken by visitors to the case study library was using their laptop.

This supports previous conclusions drawn within this research report and the envisioned affordances, that one of the main affordances of usage by visitors to a public library is access to knowledge or assess to technology, including internet access. The literature review suggests this is also a common user behaviour within central urban libraries and academic libraries.

The second most observed behaviour was talking, either to another user or on the phone (interacting with staff was a different category). Only undertaken slightly less than laptop usage, the high percentage of users observed to be talking is somewhat contradictory to the perceived acceptable behaviours or values of the activity setting of the public library identified within interviews. All eleven interviewees made some reference to the library being a quiet environment or to loudness being an unacceptable behaviour. This conflict between observed and perceived actions suggest the historic social activity setting of the library may be shifting as people associate it with a place of solitude and quiet, when in fact it is increasingly moving towards a place of interaction, meeting and networking.

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pg. 19

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What do people do in a library?

Byron Bay Library - User Activities

3%

3% 3%

5%

17%

6%

7%

16%

7%

9%

15% 9%

Using a laptop

Talking

Charging

Reading

Using mobile phone

Listening

Using library computer

Writing

Physical searching

Interacting with staff

Touching another user

Other

Figure 15. Byron Bay Library user activities, 2018.

Location of visitors in library space Mapping studies suggest that majority of visitors to the case study library chose to situate themselves at a seating arrangement (see Figure 16). During the weekend more users were typically located within the general collection, compared to the weekdays when they were more likely to be situated at a seating position (see Figure 17 & 18).

The library computers was the zone which saw the greatest number of visitors per available position. Of the 13 available positions at library computers, these were occupied by 47 users across the seating sweeps study. When asked about most users do in the library, the librarian replied: “I would say most people either come to use the computers, or they bring their own laptop to use, or they browse and borrow from the collection.” She also suggested that one of the worst features of the library in her opinion, business, was tied to the demand for usage of the library computers. “It can get quite busy, especially with people wanting to use the library computers. We would like to eventually get more computers to accommodate for these busy times.” This affordance for computer access appears within the envisioned affordances as an important aspect of usage within public libraries. However, there is a suggestion that current focus during design stages may not adequately accommodate for usage or is not implemented in such a way that libraries may grow to suit growing user behaviours.

The children’s area was the most underutilised zone in the library, measured in terms of total users per position. Providing 33 possible seating positions, yet only having 14 seated users and 5 users physically searching within the area through the whole study. The researcher also noted that this area provided one terminal for computer access, but it was a catalogue only computer.

Amber Barton

pg. 20

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

The researcher’s other visits to the library through the study and documentation through an autoethnographic fieldwork journal did not reveal any other times when this area hit a point of saturation. Interviews with a mother using the children’s area on Saturday 21st July, did suggest that the children’s area provided her and her family with a place of retreat. They engaged in intimate interactions such as communal reading, sitting, exchanges of touch and talking to each other. The mother perceived the social activity setting of the library to offer a “safe and friendly” environment for her and her children and appreciated the degree of separation between the children’s area and the other library users. Consequently, the children’s area can be seen to offer important affordances for intimate interactions between families and early learning. However, the environment may be scaled down to account for the lesser number of user and demands for intimacy of these users.

Affordances for warmth and brightness were perceived by users to be of great importance. Firstly, when choosing to visit the case study library. Secondly, when choosing where to situating themselves within the library. Five of the eleven interviewed described the library to be bright and/or warm which they associated with it being ‘nice’. The high number of visitors sitting on the northern couches situated by windows, which were the brightest and sunniest position within the library throughout the study, supports this usage preference.

Figure 16. Byron Bay Library user location, 2018.

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Figure 17. Byron Bay Library typical weekend user location (Saturday 14th 10:00am), 2018.

Figure 17. Byron Bay Library typical weekday user location (Thursday 19th 10:00am), 2018.

Amber Barton

pg. 22

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What do people do in a library?

The four designated usage rooms provide a point of conflict between envisioned affordances for usage, observed usage and user experience. Within the two guidelines, analysis revealed a tendency for specialist area to be equated to specific actions (see envisioned affordances above and Appendix 1). Observations revealed that often these specific actions were undertaken, such as users of the group study rooms engaging in talking and group discussion, or users within the quiet study area using laptops or writing and not engaging in talking to other users. However, some unexpected affordances were also found to be undertaken, or not undertaken within these areas. The young adults space was found to be used by both 0 – 29 demographics and 30 – 59 demographics, but only on weekdays. The group study rooms often contained only a single user or two users at opposite ends of tables who did not exhibit any signs of interaction. The researcher found these rooms to uncomfortable to enter and associated them with an experience of uneasiness. The quietness of these rooms and separation from the rest of the library prevented a level of comfort from being achieved even while engaging in studious behaviour. While this is a very subjective experience it alludes to the complexity of space as not being a simple causal relation but formed of the perceived and experienced actions of the individual(s) being within and actively part of the environment.

Amber Barton

pg. 23

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What do people do in a library?

Conclusions This research report has investigated the public library and its role as one of the only true public buildings within regional communities through the lens of affordances for usage by visitors. The idea of the public library as providing a social activity space was explored firstly through envisioned affordances written within guidelines. And then through comparison of these realist reasoned affordances for usage with actual user behaviours and experiences within a case study library. Written or envisioned affordances form the overarching framework of control for public libraries in NSW and Australia. As such they provide a point of comparison for the qualitative and quantitative research conducted during this study to be situated within the broader context and allow for discussion of findings to extend beyond a singular case study library. Many conclusions can be drawn about what people do in a library however perhaps of most significance is the differing ways in which written affordances present physical space as causal to certain actions, such as flexible floor space will allow for a variety of activities. Observations, interviews and critical reflection through a fieldwork journal undertaken during this study suggest that this causal relationship misrepresented the intricacies of the environment of a public library as a social activity space.

Research conducted into perception and experience of affordances for usage suggests that visitors to a public library add to and change the social activity space to some degree. Making it at times a more productive and studious environment, such as during week days, which attracts younger users to engage in work and study. While at other times, such as on the weekend, older users and particularly males, are more likely to participate within the social activity space of the library as it affords them a place for leisure and recreation. Overall this study can be seen to continue the work of Leckie and Hopkins (2003) into the social interactions within libraries. Similar conclusions were reached suggesting the branch library fore fills similar roles within regional communities as the central library within urban centres. Both provide a key public place which facilitates a variety of affordances for learning, interaction, inclusion, and access to information by members of the community.

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Gibson, J. J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

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Given, L.M. and Leckie, G.J. (2003). “Sweeping” the library: Mapping the social activity space of the public library. Library & Information Science Research, 25, 365-385. doi:10.1016/S0740-8188(03)00049-5.

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Appendix 1.

Page Quote People Places 7 Public libraries are one of the most well used educational, cultural and social facilities available levels of use and attraction to a broad range of users from all ages and backgrounds.

7 Provide a cultural hub and focal point for the community 7 Are functional and multipurpose accommodating a range of activities and uses 7 Enable access to the latest in technology in a user-friendly manner 7 Attract a wide range of users providing areas for relaxation, research, leisure and learning

7 8

Are effective and efficient in the delivery of services Public libraries bring people from a range of backgrounds together to meet, network and potentially develop relationships with other members of the community.

8

For all users, public libraries provide a “safe haven” where people can feel a part of the broader community They provide resources for skills development, training and lifelong learning and as such are a major tool for people to increase economic opportunities.

Libraries are no longer only the realm of people borrowing books but also a place where people come to sit, read the newspaper, listen to music, play computer games, search the Internet and/or take part in the many activities and events held.

8

8

8 8

9 9

9

9

10 10

11

11

11

their importance as community meeting places.

Already older residents are major users of libraries and this trend is likely to grow as the number of older residents with significant leisure time increases. Access to specialist collections, adult education, activities targeting seniors, increasing computer usage and browsing areas for casual users are examples Access for older residents in retirement villages and housebound services will also need to be considered.

This translates into demands for single level buildings (or multilevel buildings with easy to access lifts), ramped access and automatic opening doors, easy-to-read signage, accessible toilets, accessible shelving and a range of other building requirements which are likely to have increased importance in the future. For many buildings, these design features also provide increased access for the broader community.

For libraries, this has had a marked effect with many libraries now filled each afternoon with young people undertaking research projects, working on joint projects with fellow students and discussing project approaches and outcomes. The provision of meeting rooms, noisy areas, student research areas and facilities are some of the physical outcomes of this trend.

Overseas and in NSW, many libraries are meeting the information needs of youth through the provision of online school resources and web pages.

However, as computer and Internet access at home has increased so too has the provision and usage of computers in NSW public libraries.

As one library manager commented “with around half of all library visits apparently not involving a loan transaction, the library’s space for technology and other uses is at least as important as the library’s collection”.

Appropriate, functional and adequate space to accommodate new information technologies is now a major requirement for public libraries.

New technologies such as self-check loans, self-help desks, quick use computers, wireless specialist librarians to assist online users are all impacting on library design and layout.

Research conducted as part of this project and for the Library Council of New South Wales indicates that many people from multicultural backgrounds like to use the library and particularly view it as a place for social contact with other residents from similar backgrounds But certainly there is a need to ensure that there are prominent areas for browsing and reading multicultural resources; meeting room space for social contact with people of similar backgrounds and interests; and enquiry/information desks for those needing assistance.

Amber Barton

Affordances Social interaction Bring people together

Variation of activities Access to technology Relaxation Research Leisure Learning Bring people together Meet Network Social interaction Safety Learning Training Research Borrowing Relaxation Leisure Access to technology Participate in Activities Meet Leisure Borrowing Social interaction Access to technology Remote access Ease of access

Research Group research Meeting Talking Access to technology

Access to technology Use of computers Access to technology Use of computers

Access to technology Use of computers Wireless internet Social interaction Meeting

Browsing Reading Meeting Social interaction

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11

12

14 15

21

21

39 39 39 39

40

41 46

50

50 50

51

52

52

What do people do in a library?

Several public libraries located in communities with large indigenous populations are working to ensure that they are attractive, welcoming and relevant to all members of their community.

This has resulted in some changes to the physical design of public library buildings such as the provision of flexible floor space which can be used for a variety of activities; furniture and shelving which is moveable and changeable; and exhibition/ display space which is appropriately lit, attractive and accessible.

Again, the impact of urban consolidation is currently being experienced in many libraries as the demand for study space and reading areas grows.

Every community is unique, and for local government the provision of any type of public building must relate closely to the local community – its needs, demands and aspirations.

The process derives from a simple concept - that library space needs are based on a level of service provision requiring a range of materials and functional areas necessary to serve the community adequately.

The six areas are as follows: 1. Collection area, (books, volumes, non print material, digital and virtual resources and the base for library building size) 2. Reading and study areas, (meeting areas, study carrels, tables and chairs) 3. Resource areas, (catalogues, photocopiers, scanners, fax machines, vending machines, etc) 4. Staff areas, (service desk, staff work room, offices, work areas, storage, etc) 5. Amenities and storage areas, (toilets, store rooms, maintenance areas, etc) 6. Additional service areas, (storytelling, family history, multipurpose rooms, etc) Public access computers: all public libraries should provide a minimum of one personal computer for public access to the Internet per 3,000 residents or part thereof.

Consideration may be given to providing public access computers for computer games particularly in the children’s and/or youth areas.

Appropriate furniture and equipment to access all technology resources within the new library should be provided for all users, particularly for people with a disability.

Provision for personal laptops and wireless technology: provision should be made for the public to use their own personal computers in the library. Ports for laptops should be provided throughout the library together with provision for wireless technology.

It is important to remember that the library collection not only includes books, but an on site and off-site electronic collection, audiovisual materials, magazines, periodicals and other resources.

Experience suggests that library furniture and equipment should be attractive, comfortable, robust and durable with limited maintenance requirements.

Each area, its size and possible location within the library will vary from building to building depending on the type of services the library provides and the needs of the local community. There may be other specific functional areas required in your library building project which have emerged from analysis of the community’s needs and benchmark needs standards Libraries are a focal point for the community - a place where groups and individuals will meet, discuss, listen and learn. The library building also serves an important civic function, both in terms of the service it provides and the impression it creates. A library should be expressive of its community. It must relate to the people it serves in an inviting, non institutional and welcoming way.

Design, layout and service requirements change so rapidly that flexibility must be designed and built into a new building.

The position and type of lighting has a direct impact on the potential for relocation of shelving systems. Flexibility is maximised when there is a high level of general lighting throughout the space A library must be open and accessible to the whole community. This means designing a building that promotes equality for young and old, people with prams and people with a disability The rate of change with technology means that more people will require access to up-to date technology. It cannot be assumed everyone will have the equipment at home or that they will be in a position to pay, or indeed that they have the time or expertise to locate and package the information in a meaningful way.

More and more people are working from home and working in smaller business environments. Libraries can provide space for personal interaction, meetings and seminars.

Amber Barton

Access to information Welcoming Ease of access Flexibility Variety of activities Accessibility

Study Reading Community value

Community value

Function specific spaces

Access to computers Access to computers Access to technology Laptop usage Wireless internet Remote access

Comfort Community

Community Meet Discuss Listen Learn Welcoming Flexibility Flexibility Light Accessible Equality Access to technology Access to library computer Free Work Interaction Meeting

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52

The technology base in the library can provide valuable localised information specifically focused on the community, local culture and local heritage.

52 Provision of separate quiet areas and noisy areas with both attracting different types of users for different types of library activities. Quiet areas are typically used by students and older people for research and study. Particularly in urban areas, some people just want a quiet calm area – an oasis in the city. Noisy areas are more likely to be used for group activities and by children, youth and families. There may be audiovisual equipment, toys and group activities such as children’s story time or author talks. All are legitimate uses and activities in a library.

53 Many libraries are moving towards the creation of “living room” spaces to create a more welcoming and relaxed ambience.

57 In recent years, the changes in the ways that people use libraries have meant a growing need for noisy as well as quiet areas.

57 In this way, study and reference areas can remain quiet while the vigour and activity associated with a contemporary library can continue without being disruptive.

58 An appropriate level of security is now required in all public libraries to ensure the safety of staff, users, the building and the collection. Electronic surveillance, although sometimes necessary, becomes intrusive and can affect the friendliness of the library.

Good security can be designed into the library from the outset through clear sightlines, good positioning of the circulation desk and the avoidance of blind spots.

59 The provision of appropriate and well-designed shelving is one of the most important components of a library building. It impacts directly on the collections and services of the library and for users, is one of the most important features of their library visit.

Good shelving will result in higher levels of resources on loan.

60 Above all, furniture and fittings should be robust, attractive, durable and comfortable, and should be selected with the characteristics of the library users in mind. The selection of furniture should fit with the overall philosophies governing flexibility, image, functionality and sustainability.

61 Modular or systems furniture has some advantage over custom built items such as greater number of configurations and often accommodate power and data cable management.

62 Storage areas are essential within a public library with each activity and service likely to generate the demand for storage.

62 Children’s and youth activities – either located within the children’s activity area or within close proximity to it, large cupboards are required to store craft supplies, resources, toys and display boards. A wet area with a sink, water and storage is also desirable.

62 Multipurpose rooms – typically need adjoining store room for chairs, tables, audiovisual equipment and meeting room equipment. If the room is to be used regularly by community groups, individual lockable storage cupboards may be required for group equipment.

62 Storage of users bags – coin operated lockers for library users to store excess bags Beyond a Quality Service 5 Public libraries support the information, education, cultural and recreational needs of local communities. They occupy a central place in community life.

5 5

6

6

6

7

They provide computers and free Internet access, appealing to many new customers who depend on the library for access to the online world Public libraries are safe and trusted public spaces where everyone is welcome; they strengthen the social fabric.

Public libraries are free. In providing unfettered access to information and ideas they are an important foundation of democracy. They build safer, stronger, sustainable communities and contribute to our fair and open Australian way of life.

Libraries are increasingly meeting their customers on social networking sites such as YouTube, Facebook and Twitter, but the development of digital services as a fullystaffed service channel in addition to current services is in its infancy.

Despite high personal take-up rates for wireless broadband access to the Internet, demand for library Internet facilities is high and sustained, and it is clear that public libraries play an important role in providing Internet access for those who would not otherwise have it.

The library as a place to visit, to attend activities, meet people, use the facilities, browse the collections, pick up reserves booked on the Internet, study or simply read for pleasure remains important to many and is reflected in visits per capita numbers which are in general stable or show a slight increase

Amber Barton

Access to information Quiet Noisy Research Study Calm Meeting Story time Welcoming Relaxation Noise Quiet Study Noise Security Safety Friendliness

Borrowing

Attractive Comfortable Flexibility Reconfiguration Charging access Storage Storage Craft Display Wash Storage Sitting Audiovisual Meeting Storage Access to information Education Recreation Community Access to computers Access to internet Safety Trust Welcome Access to information Safety Community Social interaction Access to internet Remote access Access to internet

Activities Meet Borrow Study Read

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10 19

19 19

20 20 20 20

23

23 24

25 25 30

30 33 33 33 36 40 45 45 47

47 50 52 55 58

What do people do in a library?

The Library is inclusive, offering services to all members of the community, including customers with special needs and those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.

Staff, services and resources of the public library are managed efficiently, safely and effectively.

To provide library buildings which: • are attractive, functional and accessible • stimulate interest • are designed for flexible use, efficiency in operation and sustainability • accommodate library collections, resources and programs which serve the identified needs of the community.

The building is safely and easily accessible by all library customers, regardless of age or mobility. people spaces, for example reading, individual and communal study, lounge, listening zones, wireless access for mobile devices

flexible spaces for activities such as story time and author talks Library furniture and fittings should be attractive, durable, functional, and comfortable.

A variety of types of seating should be provided. easily re-configurable to accommodate changes in library layout Adequate power, communications, computer cabling/wireless networking is provided, with adequate provision of computers and workstations. Wireless technology and connectivity should be provided within the library for use by customers.

To open at times which enable members of the community to make the most effective use of the library service and to ensure that the library’s resources and services are as widely available as possible.

Remote access to library resources (e.g. online library services, catalogue and digital materials) is available at all times.

To ensure the community has access to a current and relevant collection of library materials in a variety of formats including print, audio, audiovisual and digital.

The library provides access to resources in a variety of formats to ensure equal access for persons of all ages including those with disabilities.

Appropriate guidance is readily available to assist catalogue users.

To ensure that all library resources and services are accessible by the community served by the library. Information technology, especially Web technology, is used for service access and delivery in all parts of Australia. Information technology (IT) standards include all aspects of information and communication technologies (ICT).

Wireless networks are available to library customers in library branches.

To offer education programs to support information and digital literacy, and effective use of library resources and facilities.

Reference and information services are core components of public library services.

Information services are accessible to library customers on site, online and by phone, email and/or SMS. To provide the community with a range of activities related to library services and collections that enrich the lives of community members.

To facilitate easy access to library facilities, services and programs for all members of the community.

To preserve, provide access to, and maintain a collection that relates to the history and development of the local community Local newspapers (print or digital) are accessible free of charge to the public.

To provide a welcoming, trusted place where those seeking to improve their literacy skills have opportunities to do so without fear of judgment or stigma.

To provide resources and programs which encourage and stimulate reading among all members of the community.

To ensure Library collections and services meet the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities.

To provide barrier-free access to library services and resources for people with disability.

To provide access to materials and services which meet the identified needs of children and young people in the community.

To ensure that older members of the community can access and use library collections, services and programs.

Amber Barton

Inclusive

Safety Attractive Accessible Flexible Community

Safe Accessible Reading Study Relaxation Listening Access to internet Reading Attractive Comfortable Reconfigurable Access to internet Charging Access to computers Equal access Community Remote access Community Access to information Borrowing Access to resources Help Access to information Access to internet Access to technology Access to internet Education Access to information Remote access Community Activities Accessibility Activities Access to information Access to newspapers Welcoming Trust Education Non-judgemental Reading Community Cultural Equal access Accessibility Access to information Accessibility Access to information

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Appendix 2.

Physical Traces study Number 1 Location Library car park. Placed along 5 car spaces closest to library entrance ramp.

Description Metal signs erected in car park to enforce time limits on parking.

Category Subcategory Behaviour proposition

Public messages Official Time limit of 15 minutes suggests a short term visitor possibly engaging in physically searching for an item, asking for help, and/or returning a book. Use of library technology such as the printer and photocopier could also be an affordance of usage. Longer term information gathering or meeting is not afforded.

Number Location Description

2 On exterior glazing along entrance ramp Metal signs attached to glazing along the exterior of the library to enforce no smoking around the library

Category Subcategory Behaviour proposition

Public message Official The signage would suggest a lack of smoking to be undertaken around the library exterior.

Number Location

3 Garden directly outside northern glazing and running along main entrance ramp Description Rainbow wool wrapped around tree branches placed in garden as a form of hand crafted sculpture.

Category Displays of self Subcategory Personalization + group membership Behaviour Hand crafted sculptural art suggests a proposition claiming of the library by another associated group, responsible for the creation of the art.

It suggests a sense of place attachment with the ibrary. The rainbow colours may also be a gesture to the ‘yes vote’ and an outward notion of acceptance of the LGBT community Amber Barton

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Number Location Description

Category Subcategory Behaviour proposition

4 Exterior metal façade, to left of main entrance doors. Hip height.

Black plastic sticker reading ‘FREE’ stuck at hip height onto exterior metal façade near door.

Public messages Illegitimate Application of sticker may be understood as a defamatory behaviour. However, it is suggested that the message of ‘FREE’ reflects a positive association with the library as a public or ‘free’ space

Number Location

5 Main interior wall of lobby space. 10cm off ground.

Description Sole power outlet in lobby had been hidden from view by a message asserting usage of the power outlet only for the Lome Goat art gallery. The message appears to be official as placed there by the gallery.

Category Public messages Subcategory Official Behaviour The need to promote a lack of usage by proposition visitors suggests this power outlet had been used by visitors previously. Other observations would suggest visitors using this power outlet to charge mobile or computer devices.

Number Location Description

Category Subcategory Behaviour proposition

Amber Barton

6 Exterior terraced area to the right of main entrance doors.

Chalk or paint splatters on the ground immediately to the left of main entrance doors.

By-products of use Leftovers The presence of art residue suggests users are engaging in art or craft materials while at the library, some of which are not deemed appropriate for inside the library. Terrace spaces are being used as spill out spaces for these messy activities.

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Number Location Description

Category Subcategory Behaviour proposition

7 Chest height, above children’s books in the children’s area Power outlets on wall have plastic covering with a lock to prevent usage.

By-products of use Missing traces The use of a cover and lock reveals a lack of ability to engage in charging within the children’s area. While necessary for safety, it is also restrictive for users and suggests a lack of usage of this area when chargng is needed.

Number Location

8 Stuck onto inside of toilet door in female bathroom at eye height Description A local poetry organisation has printed advertisements for a fundraiser poetry night at another location in the Byron Bay area Category Public messages Subcategory Unofficial Behaviour Members of poetry organisation perceive proposition the library as a place with visitors who may be interested in further community engagement.

Number Location Description

9 Singular lounge chair in southern corner Game console and phone are charging with both plus a filled backpack, glasses and newspaper being left unattended on chair and surrounding ground. Observed to have been left unattended for at least 20 minutes while sweep was conducted.

Chair has been moved to gain a better position relative to the window.

Category Displays of self + Adaptions for use Subcategory Identification + Connections Behaviour Visitor perceives the environment as proposition offering safety and respect from other users. Feels comfortable and able to undertake minor alterations to suit their needs.

Amber Barton

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Number Location

10 Underneath outlet table at south of library in main study area.

Description Laptop charging. Food and drinks, backpack, vlothing, notes, iPad, and writing materials have been left unattended. Observed to have been unattended for at least 10 mintues.

Category Displays of self Subcategory Identification Behaviour Visitor perceives the environment as proposition offering safety and respect from other users. Feels comfortable and able to leave belongings without perceived risk of being stolen or damaged.

Amber Barton

Number Location

11 Front table nearest to entry doors

Description

Phone charging. Observed to have been left unattended for at least 30 minutes.

Category Subcategory Behaviour proposition

Displays of self Identification Visitor perceives the environment as offering safety and respect from other users. Feels comfortable and able to leave belongings without perceived risk of being stolen or damaged.

Number Location Description

12 Double table with newspapers Pencil smudging on tabletop

Category Subcategory Behaviour proposition

By-products of use Leftovers Users use centre tables for writing activities. Particularly using pencils.

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Appendix 3.

Analytical autoethnography diary summaries Date: Tuesday 10th July, 1:00pm Location: 4 Person Table central power outlet on table at back NE It’s warm, quite uncomfortable in the foyer. I enter the library checking first for the seat at the table by the window but it already has a user on the side facing the door and I would be uncomfortable sitting next to this unknown person without anyone on the other side. I keep walking past the loans and help desk assessing the larger communal table but rejecting due to a lack of plugs and messiness caused by piles of local newspapers. I consider the singular couches as they look comfortable but reject as they do not offer me a view of other users, and do not have powerpoints either. I find a spot at a 4 person table with central powerpoint. One other female, a few years older than me also sits at the table. She looks up as I sit diagonally opposite and I wonder if I have infringed on her territory? I sit anyway as the library is quite full and this is the best available seat to see the main areas of seating, the loans and help desk and the computer terminals.

I have a cold with a loud obtrusive cough which I wish I didn’t as I think it is making people around me uncomfortable.

Directly in front of me on the computers I see a middle-aged man (30-60) using facebook on the library computers. He just left. I think he may have noticed I was watching as he walked away. I must be more careful when observing.

Date: Wednesday 11th July, 2:45pm Location: 4 Person Table central power outlet on table at back NE The art in the gallery next door was being taken down as I walked in. It’s warm. Probably slightly too warm. Many people have shed a layer or two and now have it draped over their chair or the one next to them.

I sit opposite a female (under 30) on her computer with it plugged into the central power outlet. She has a phone propped on a purple drink bottle, piece of paper and pencil with diary yet is totally immersed in the computer in front of her. I think she notices me watching but chooses to ignore. I feel strange writing. Everyone around has computers. Even the people in the solo lounges that don’t have power outlets have computers.

Although it does not annoy me as much as the three whispering females (under 30) on the table directly in front. High pitched. Each with computers, text books, pens and writing materials across the table. One has a school timetable tapped to the front of their computer. One of the girls gets up and walks away but leaves her belongings on the table.

The girl that left before returns. “The room is free” The four girls pack. Care is taken to minimise noise. Quiet short whispers are shared among them as they prepare to move to the group study space.

Ringing phone that nobody picks up. Printer begins. People shuffle pages. One of the girls has a cough. A male (under 30) takes a phone call. I feel like I am infringing listening. He keeps his voice Amber Barton

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low but still everyone around has some sort of visible reaction. His rising and talking cause the female opposite the table to stop her typing and stand. I myself look up front my writing and watch him. “Since when?” he says while grabbing his backpack and packing his belongings into it. He leaves still talking on the phone.

Date: Thursday 12th July, 1:30pm Location: Solo lounge chair in quite study space After doing the seating sweep I decide to come into the quiet study area. Not a place I would normally feel comfortable entering due to it’s zoo-like glass wall and relative lack of window. But I opened the door and both heads in the room swivelled towards me. Awkward. I falter deciding where to place myself as to minimise the disruption I have already caused. I take the couch as it is closest to my current position and furthest away from the other two users. But I am uneasy about the fact I cannot see the people behind me.

I watch the two females and occasional glance at the windows as I take in the scene. I think my rustling of papers as I readjust to find a more comfortable writing position annoys one of the other users as she looks over at me.

A fourth user enters, male (under 30) with a large backpack. He takes the remaining free table. All three users have headphones in. This room is perhaps too quiet. The closed door and glass wall block out any background noise that usually comes from the help and loans desk. Compared to this quiet the door is very loud and disruptive. It gave me a fright when the most recent user walked in.

The ducted aircon above rumbles into life. Hopefully it helps with the temperature, it’s still so warm. The most recent user to enter takes off his outer layer. As I cannot see behind from my couch I am listening instead as the door has been left ajar. Probably paying much more attention than a usual users as I am writing this journal entry. I can vaguely hear the beep of the book scanner.

Date: Saturday 14th July, 11:00am Location: solo lounges at front of library Post sweep the library is a lot more active than I had previously seen it during the weekdays. People moving around and talking. Books being borrowed. I had to be much more alert during the sweep as users were in a greater variety of locations and included more children who were often moving around. The children often found my actions curious watching me as I watched them trying to look like I wasn’t actually watching them.

I’ve once again chosen the single sofa’s. However, this time I am placed at the front of the library facing towards the door. Outside the window I can see the road, the sun shines in. I feel less exposed than when conducting my walks. Able to sit and observe that which I can see without others looking at my actions (too much). My writing does not raise any concerns with other users – fit in, unlike during the sweeps. I place myself diagonally opposite the other user in this square collection of single lounges. Across from me the male user (under 30) is charging his phone and drinking apple juice from the carton. He did not look up as I sat down. He does not have head phones in but is immersed in his phone screen. He looks up as I cough. The peace disturbed.

Amber Barton

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The male diagonally opposite who is charging his phone is distracted by two young boys who are running through the doors. Yelling “Ruben” repeatedly. The man turns to look at them, disrupted.

The open close for the doors as the boys run through lets in the noise of the world outside, cars.

I get a phone call.

I now sit in my car finishing this entry. The ringing was loud, disturbing those around me. I quickly answered and immediately started packing up. I felt uncomfortable talking on the phone in the library so got up and left to take the call outside.

Date: Monday 16th July, 12:45pm Location: 4 person desk at the front of library closest to door I forgot about the annoying sound of the door. I could put head phones in but sound seems to be a key part of the library. Choreographed and controlled. I hear a mother and child behind me in the book shelves. The children running and says loudly ‘mummmmm’. Mother quickly hushes the child.

Kids stops to play with the knitted sculpture, climbing into the garden, touching it, inquisitive, askig their mother why it is there. – is what I guess as I cannot hear what the children say through the glass.

A young boy approaches the help / loans desk with a stack of books. He begins chatting to the library staff: ‘I love this one. I’ve read it 5 times. I’ve read all his books.’ ‘Oh yes wow’ reply the library staff. Smiling laughing while scanning through the books. “Oh that’s so nice, so in your backyard” says the library staff member. Boy leans on the help desk. Chatting animatedly with the staff. He is about 12. No sign of a parent or guardian. A younger girl of 10 approaches and also begins chatting to the library staff. Both go to leave with books and dvd’s in hands. “Bye” both say to each other. “Where are you heading to now?” asks the library staff. “Back to the dentist to get our mother” the older boy replies. “Okay be careful crossing the road won’t you” says the library staff member. “We will reply the children”, not even bothering to look up. The staff laugh to each other at this reply. Obviously, a bit perplexed by the children being allowed here alone.

The mother enters shortly after with a whole box of books. The library staff recognise her as the children’s mother. “They just left!” says one of the staff. “Oh no they had strict instructions to stay” say the mother – unloading books to be returned. “I better go find them” the mother leaves with empty box.

The library desk is a hum of activity. Conversation is clearly audible from where I sit of both visitors and staff. Books are returned or queries concerning books looked up on the computers but almost all visitors also engage in a casual conversation with the staff.

Date: Wednesday 18th July, 3:00pm Location: 8 person desk with newspapers Three females share the central table with me. Looking tense, hunched at laptops. I hear one of them claim that they are refreshing but nothing is changing. They must be of similar age (under 30) as it appears they are attempting to register for university classes as they chatter about doing physics or doing a lighter subject load this semester. Two use their own computers with the library wifi.

Amber Barton

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While the third has logged onto a library computer. All three chatter animatedly and gesture at things on their screen. However, they all remain hushed conscious of not disrupting the relative quiet of the library. One finishes her timetable and goes onto facebook on the library computer.

Opening up the messenger bubble to contact someone outside of the library.

Today’s sweep revealed many repeat users. Those who have been present in both of todays sweeps and also some who have been present across multiple days. Some of these users also seemed to show some reignition of me as I walked around with pen and paper doing the seating sweep.

Particularly, in the three separate study spaces as these seemed a common place for repeat users to situate. It was also the space I felt most exposed while doing the sweep as I had to stand and was not offered much shelter from the book shelves as I observed the users.

A group of three under 30’s with audible accents converse with staff about the printer. They are at the help and loan desk. A staff member gives them a laminated instruction sheet. They take the sheet over to the printer and use it to help them make copies of some form. The talked in hushed voices raising slightly as the printer grumbles into life.

Date: Friday 20th July, 3:30pm Location: solo lounge chairs with table at rear framed by book shelves I place my bag down on the table in front as I sit. Claiming territory I think it would be uncomfortable if someone was to come sit with me as this arrangement is quite intimate, sheltered from view or to view by the book shelves. Immediately I feeling like less people are watching as I join the collection of laptop users, rather than the lone wandering observing and writing. I can hear others around me typing or rustling papers. But otherwise the library is quiet. A sunny day. It seems an interesting choice for so many people to be in the library when the weather is so nice outside. I suppose they, like me, have work to do.

Date: Tuesday 24th July, 10:00am Location: solo lounge chairs facing window closest to children’s area The children’s area is a loud cacophony of parents and children all under 5 talking, running, sitting, reading, pushing strollers, playing with toys, etc. I haven’t seen it this busy before. I haven’t heard the library this loud before. However, the added noise does not seem to bother anyone. Most other people around me do have head phones in though.

The mothers are careful to keep the children within the area. One boy in a nappy holding a book begin to walk away towards the four-person tables. However, his mother quickly chases after him and brings him back to the other children.

Date: Tuesday 31st July, 9:55am Location: sitting on steps outside library It’s 6 minutes until opening time. I sit with a coffee on the stairs in the sun. Two people with bikes and backpacks are waiting. The lady (30-60) stands in the shade using her phone. Close enough to be able to access the wifi. The man finishes locking his bike to a pole and waits at the top of the stairs in the sun. Another man arrives, walks up the stairs to stand close to the door in the shade.

Amber Barton

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Also, on his phone and close enough for the wifi. A collect of people is forming waiting for the library to open. I’ve dropped my brother at school already, got a coffee and parked at the beach front. I am slightly annoyed by the delay as I have a lot of work to do today and would like to begin as soon as possible.

Doors open everyone enters.

One of the females (under 30) who had gathered outside heads straight to the help and loans desk just as the phone begins to ring. The males (60+) head straight for the library computers assuming positions as far from each other as possible but also as far away from the loans desk as possible.

A few others enter soon after me and begin browsing or setting up on the desks at the rear of the library. Everyone settles into a quiet except for the staff at the help and loans desk who can be heard chatting to each other and those seeking help.

The lady opposite me who had been standing with the bike in the shade I recognise her as a return users. As she sets up her laptop and various chargers. Claiming her space. Choosing the same seat as she had previously been in during the seating sweeps observations. She places a bag to her left on the chair and another on the table. Quietly laying things out I preparation of commencing work.

Amber Barton

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Appendix 4.

Seating Sweep Ethnographic Checklist NUMBER LOCATION CODE PROFILE Male Female Age: 0 - 29 Age: 30 - 59 Age: 60 + POSSESSIONS Reading / writing Forms / paper Book from library Backpack, large tote Handbag/ small bag Briefcase, portfolio Laptop computer Charging adapter Phone, iPod, iPad Food, drink, water Walking aid Baby/young child Baby carriage Other ACTIVITIES Reading Writing Physical searching Using laptop Using library computer Using other technology Using library self help Using mobile phone Talking Listening (headphones) Eating Drinking Sleeping Watching / sitting Interacting with staff Touching another user Other Notes

Amber Barton

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Seating Sweeps Map

Amber Barton

pg. 41

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Appendix 5.

DATE TIME PROFILE Total Male Female Age: 0 - 29 Age: 30 - 59 Age: 60 + POSSESSIONS Reading / writing Forms / paper Book, newspaper Backpack, large tote Handbag/ small bag Briefcase, portfolio Laptop computer Phone, iPod, iPad Food, drink, water Walking aid Baby/young child Baby carriage Other ACTIVITIES Reading Writing Crafting Physical searching Using laptop Using library computer Using printer Using library self help Using mobile phone Charging Talking Listening (headphones) Eating Drinking Sleeping Watching, waiting Interacting with staff Touching another user Smoking Sorting Other

Amber Barton

Sat 14.07 10:00 --

Mon 16.07 10:00 14:00

Wed 18.07 10:00 14:00

Thurs 19.07 10:00 14:00

TOTAL

47 27 20 17 18 12

32 21 11 11 11 10

59 22 37 33 19 7

40 20 20 18 12 10

42 16 26 22 12 8

47 22 25 28 15 4

35 14 21 27 4 4

302 142 160 156 91 55

7 5 13 16 6

2 2 9 9 5

12 8 18 20 8

5 1 7 17 6

6 6 5 17 4

14 4 13 26 4

12 2 4 10 1

58 28 69 115 35

9 15 8

10 15 7

19 21 14

17 13 2

21 14 4

17 21 16

9 10 7

102 109 58

1 1

7 5 3 9 7 10 2 1 4 6 17 2

2 1

7 1

7 8

7 4

6 5

3 10 9

7 17 8

2 16 2

6 11 16 4

3 10 11 21 7

6 8 7 8

1 1 1 5

1 1

2 19 3 1

9 4 2 3 17 3 1

7 7 1 2 10 7

6 16 15 7

10 20 5 12

8 12 9 3

1 1 1

4 2 8

1 1 4 2

1 2 4 5

3 4 1

1

4 3

1 1 1

50 34 6 28 96 42 4 4 50 84 90 43 3 1 13 16 16 2 1

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Appendix 6.

Semi-structured interviews with library users Hello, my name is Amber, I am a student at the University of Melbourne, and am undertaking a study of this library about its use and design. I’m wondering if you could please give me five minutes of your time to answer a few questions. We do not need your name, you will remain anonymous. Participation is much appreciated but is completely voluntary.

Number: 1 Date: Thursday 19th July, 9:00am

Sex: Male

Age: 26

Notes: Sitting in lounge chair at front near door. Charging phone while using and listening to headphones.

Why did you come to this library today?

To use the free wifi and charging for my phone.

How often do you come to this library?

I have the past two days.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

No.

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? No. What do you think of the library building?

Its nice.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

Very quiet.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Being loud.

What is one of the best features of this library?

Unlimited wifi. Nice and fast too.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

Perhaps too quiet. I don’t feel like I can take phone calls in the library. People give that look.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Good place to take a break.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

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Number: 2 Date: Thursday 19th July, 11:30am

Sex: Male

Age: 67

Notes: Sitting in lounge chair at back of library. Charging phone. Reading newspaper.

Why did you come to this library today?

For a bit of peace and quiet.

How often do you come to this library?

Most week days for an hour or two.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

Yes.

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? Yes. If so what do you talk to them about?

We just have a little chat. A lot of them are Byron locals like myself so just about the daily happenings really.

What do you think of the library building?

Also warm and inviting. Always somewhere to sit. I especially like these seats at the back. A bit away from everyone else.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

Usually polite. Few yappy groups every now and then.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Loudness.

What is one of the best features of this library?

They have all the local newspapers for free. I like to come read them after my morning stroll.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

I don’t really know. It’s a lot better than the old one. That’s for sure.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Quiet and good location.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

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Number: 3 Date: Thursday 19th July, 12:00pm

Sex: Female

Age: 17

Notes: Sitting at round desk in young adult section with laptop charging while using. Surrounded by notes, large folder and writing materials.

Why did you come to this library today?

I’m doing some stuff for school. I’m the president of the drama club so I’m doing some work for the school drama performance I’m directing next semester.

How often do you come to this library?

I think this is my fourth time these holidays. Usually I guess every two weeks or so. Sometimes after school.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

Yes

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? Yes. If so what do you talk to them about?

Just when I’m borrowing books. Or I did a few days ago when I needed help printing some stuff from my laptop.

What do you think of the library building?

It’s bright and always warm.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

Fine I guess. I like to keep to myself and everyone respects that.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Graffiti or damaging the furniture or books.

What is one of the best features of this library?

Always heaps of room.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

You can’t eat in here so I’ll have to pack up soon and go and eat my lunch outside.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Clean and bright.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

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What do people do in a library?

Number: 4 Date: Friday 19th July, 11:30pm

Sex: Female

Age: 66

Notes: Sitting at table in indigenous and local studies room with another older lady. Chatting and knitting.

Why did you come to this library today?

We always meet on Fridays for knitting group. Usually there’s a few more of us. We have this space reserved for out knitting group.

How often do you come to this library?

Each Friday.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

Yes

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? Yes. If so what do you talk to them about?

We often have a little chat about the regular things. The weather and how everything’s going. One of them, Jules, has a daughter in my granddaughter year so its nice to check in on her and ask how she’s going. It’s their first year at primary school.

What do you think of the library building?

This room is our favourite. Big windows and nice and bright.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

We’ve never had any problems. In fact we’ve even had some younger people show interest and come and ask us if they can join in.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Swearing or being disrespectful.

What is one of the best features of this library?

The staff. They’re always very friendly and helpful.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

There’s no tea and coffee facilities.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Welcoming and friendly.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

pg. 46

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Number: 5 Date: Friday 20th July; 1:30pm

Sex: Female

Age: 21

Notes: Sitting at back desks using laptop computer and charging with on table power points.

Why did you come to this library today?

To study. Use the wifi. And my computer in the quiet. I can’t study at home and uni is too far away (in Lismore).

How often do you come to this library?

Fairly regularly throughout the year but a lot more than usual at the moment as its getting busy at uni. A lot of assignments to do. I’ve been here most days this week.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

I think so. I’m not sure where my card is though. I haven’t borrow a book in a while.

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? Not really.

If so what do you talk to them about?

What do you think of the library building?

Bright, always somewhere to study. Oh and heaps of powerpoints so I can charge my computer! Our university library never has enough room.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

Everyone generally keeps to themselves.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Talking to loudly. Eating smelly food.

What is one of the best features of this library?

All the power points and different sitting arrangements. Sometimes I like to be in the couches when I’m reading and don’t need all my notes.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

I don’t really like the enclosed rooms. Not enough light and the glass walls are a bit fish bowl like.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Productive.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

pg. 47

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Number: 6 Date: Friday 20th July; 3:00pm

Sex: Female

Age: 50

Notes: On way to leave with two books. Alone.

Why did you come to this library today?

To look for a book to read for my holiday.

How often do you come to this library?

Once every two weeks. I usually come on the weekend with my partner.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

Yes. I just joined today.

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? Yes If so what do you talk to them about?

I had to join today. However, would otherwise just use the automated one.

What do you think of the library building?

Clean and New. What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

They all seem well mannered and abide by the rules of the library. Quiet. Not many loud kids about either. Is there even a kids section?

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Loudness.

What is one of the best features of this library?

Spacious. Other libraries I go to are very compact and the isles are too close, especially when its busy and people need to pass. Can get quite uncomfortable but this library is very spacious and airy with nice areas to sit in.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

Don’t really have new books. Usually the same when I visit. Lack of turnover.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Great location.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

pg. 48

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Number: 7 Date: Friday 20th July; 3:30pm

Sex: Male

Age: 16

Notes: Sitting using phone and charging in couches near door.

Why did you come to this library today?

To use the wifi and charge my phone.

How often do you come to this library?

Twice or three times a year.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

Nope.

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? No If so what do you talk to them about?

What do you think of the library building?

Big, new, colourful.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

Weird. Laughs. People are a bit ‘how you going’. Everyone is really quiet.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Running and yelling.

What is one of the best features of this library?

Comfy couches and free wifi.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

No free water.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Quite and new.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

pg. 49

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Number: 8 Date: Saturday 21st July, 9:30am

Sex: Female

Age: 42

Notes: In children’s section with two young children. Browsing, talking.

Why did you come to this library today?

To find books for my three kids and a book for myself. If I ever get time to read it haha.

How often do you come to this library?

At least once maybe twice a week. Sometimes I just bring my youngest and we sit and read some books.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

Yes.

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? Yes sometimes.

If so what do you talk to them about?

The little one likes to use the new self help terminal but I get the staff to help me order a book.

What do you think of the library building?

Kid friendly with heaps of places for them to sit and read.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

They’re all usually very accepting, even when my boy get a bit excited. Its nice the children’s area is quiet separate from the other areas.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Swearing.

What is one of the best features of this library?

Nice big kids area. Heaps of books for them.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

The bathrooms are outside the library so if one needs to go we all need to leave the library as I don’t like leaving them alone.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Safe and friendly.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

pg. 50

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Number: 9 Date: Saturday 21st July; 11:00am

Sex: Male

Age: 52

Notes: Browsing fiction isles. Alone.

Why did you come to this library today?

To look for a book.

How often do you come to this library?

Once a week.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

Yes

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? Yes If so what do you talk to them about?

Work. The local company I work for as it appears on the screen when borrowing a book. I use the self help sometimes when busy but also like the interaction with staff. Always friendly.

What do you think of the library building?

Nice and bright.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

Usually everyone seems well behaved.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Yelling.

What is one of the best features of this library?

Free parking.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

Lack of new release books.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Convenient.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

pg. 51

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Number: 10

Date: Saturday 21st July, 11:15am

Sex: Male

Age: 60

Notes: Using library computer. Has backpack with him.

Why did you come to this library today?

To use the computers. Just browsing the internet, facebooking the kids, that sort of thing.

How often do you come to this library?

A couple of times a week.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

No

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? Yes. If so what do you talk to them about?

You have to get a guest pass from the desk so I talk to them then.

What do you think of the library building?

It’s nice. Comfortable with heaps of space.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

Everyone is very respectful. Sometimes you have to wait for a free computer or people ask how much longer you are going to be but they’re always polite about it.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Loud or rude.

What is one of the best features of this library?

Close and easy to get to.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

-Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Accepting.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

pg. 52

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Number: 11 Date: Saturday 21st July, 11:30am

Sex: Male

Age: 24

Notes: Reading at couches at back of library. Has backpack and mobile phone with him.

Why did you come to this library today?

To borrow a book. I decided to stay and read for a bit.

How often do you come to this library?

A few times a month. I alternate with Lennox Heads and Ballina.

Are you a member of the Richmond-Tweed Regional Libraries?

Yes

Do you ever talk to any of library staff when you come here? Not usually.

What do you think of the library building?

Not too institutional feeling. Nice views into the gardens. The green furniture is a of an eyesore but all round a pretty nice building.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

No complaints.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Loud or playing.

What is one of the best features of this library?

It’s always pretty quiet. The children’s area can sometimes get a bit loud, like now. But even then it’s barely background noise really.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

The turn over of books is quite low. I often have to request them to get specific books in from other libraries as I’ve read most of the stuff here.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Calming escape.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

pg. 53

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

Appendix 7.

Semi-structured interview with library staff Hello, my name is Amber, I am a student at the University of Melbourne, and am undertaking a study of this library about its use and design. I’m wondering if you could please give me five minutes of your time to answer a few questions. We do not need your name, you will remain anonymous. Participation is much appreciated but is completely voluntary.

Please briefly describe your primary job responsibility: I am a full-time librarian at the Byron Bay Library. I am responsible for the daily running of this particular library and for coordination, especially of our rotating collection, within the larger network of the Richmond-Tweed Libraries.

Could you please provide a word or two that best describe this library: Community hub, and ah, much loved.

What is one of the best features of this library?

Best features? I guess the extent of access to information is what I think makes this library so important. The staff are all local to the area and well trained to help with any library or general queries. The computers provide free access for our members and anyone from the public. Our wireless internet service provides access for both our members and for visitors. And then we have the rotating collection of fiction, non-fiction, young adult, and children’s books, dvd’s, magazines, and daily newspapers. So yes, I think the best feature is really the access we provide to a wide of variety of information sources.

What is one of the worst features of this library?

It can get quite busy, especially with people wanting to use the library computers. We would like to eventually get more computers to accommodate for these busy times.

What do you think of the library building?

I really love it. Its bright and new and has heaps of room for everyone. I remember the old library was all books and no room to sit and read or use a laptop. This library allows people to come and study, work, read, bring their children for some leisure time, or meet with others.

How does the physical environment of this library help or hinder your job?

I’d say it is generally a help. The desk provides heaps of room for both short inquires or book borrowing or down the other end for longer inquiries like signing up or helping with printing. That sort of thing. This library also has good staff facilities for breaks in behind here and our own bathroom.

What are most users doing in this library?

Amber Barton

pg. 54

Research project report

What do people do in a library?

I would say most people either come to use the computers, or they bring their own laptop to use, or they browse and borrow from the collection.

What do you think of how people generally behave in this library?

Most people are very respectful and friendly of both the staff and other users. We’ve only had a handful of times in the past 5 years where people have been asked to leave and never anything too serious.

What behaviours would you consider to be unacceptable in this library?

Being disrespectful or disruptive are the two big ones. Eating, or being too loud, swearing, or behaving inappropriately, that sort of thing we don’t tolerate.

What do you think are some of the social functions of this library?

I think this library provides a key place for people to meet. Small groups can book out the study rooms. Or community groups can organise events to have in the indigenous and local studies room or the children’s area. Like I said before, the library is a crucial community hub.

Describe the nature of your interactions with the public: My role is as the first point of contact for all visitors. Weather it be to help with finding items in this library or within the larger rotating collection of the Richmond-Tweed network. Or to help with access to our various technologies, like the computers, photocopier or wireless internet. Often interactions are not limited strictly to library matters as we also get tourists coming in to ask where the closest bus station is or if there is anywhere to park that isn’t metered is also a common question. Also, I will often check in with our regulars, ask them how they’re going, the usual casual chats as many people are in here at least once a week and some daily so you get to know people quite well.

Thank you for your participation!

Amber Barton

pg. 55