Healthcare is on of the most important system in this country. "According to the World Health Organization's health system study of Malaysia, Malaysia with a low-cost healthcare system that offers universal access to a wide range of treatments, Malaysia has been able to provide outstanding health benefits for its citizens” . (Jaafar, S,2012). Healthcare centre in university is considered one of the most important facilities in
Keywords: Healtcare centre, Green Roof, Waiting Area, 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Therapeutic properties towards patient can heals through planted landscapes and plants (Viray, 2018) Healing gardens, horticultural therapy gardens, and memory gardens are examples of therapeutic landscapes that are increasingly being used in hospitals. Even though hospitals are using healing landscapes more, not much is known about the other benefits of green roofs in hospitals. In this country, due to incresing number of patients every day, this led to overcrowding in the emergency department (Aminuddin & Ismail, 2021)thus significantly increasing the number of wating time. Outpatient clinic waiting times have been shown to be a source of dissatisfaction among patients Eventhough there is been increasing number of healtcare, this really not solve the problem as patient tend to get boring as the have wait for a long time. In this research, in order to have calm and stable during the waiting time, a suitable waiting place should be proposed that applicable towards the healthcare centre. Application of green roof in healthcare centre of was proposed as waiting place to get rid of boredom during the waiting time. In this research, the obersevation and classification of different types of waiting place based on 5 roof garden building. This research hopes to give an impact toward Malaysia’s healtcare system in the future.
Journal of Design + Built Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate 1 APPLICATION OF GREEN ROOF IN HEALTHCARE CENTRE TOWARDS TROPICAL URBAN CLIMATE 1 Muhammad Ameer Arsyad Bin Amran 2 Department of Architecture, Faculty Civil Engineering and Built Environment Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia *Correspondence e-mail:ABSTRACTaf190006@siswa.uthm.edu.my
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In the increasing of the rapid development in urban city, one of the questions that needs to be interpreted is how the development towards sustainablity has been implemented. In other words, how has the development of urbanization without compromising the nature can be syncronised. What values have been applied, and to what extent have they been successful. On the other hand, what is the ideas of appearance style that has been implemented by the architects in translating the ideas of sustainabilty in modern development. Thus, the objective of this study is to focus on this question, namely the significance of roof garden in tropical climate country 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
There are two types of green roof which are extensive and intensive, that being refered to as "green roofs, living roofs, eco roofs, vegetated roofs, and rooftop gardens. (Jim,2017)
In order to significantly decrease urban surface and temperature, green roof can be proposed since building roof surfaces cover 20 25 percent of urban areas. A green roof is a horizontal living system that helps to mitigate a variety of environmental issues. The terms "green roof, living roof, eco roof, vegetated roof, and rooftop garden" (Francis R A.2011) were used to differentiate between two types of green roofs: extensive and intensive roofs, with naturalistic or self established vegetation. (Ahmed S F,2014)
Other related issues regarding healtcare centre, is the restriction on the land issue. In order to overcame this problem, garden was proposed the roof the building to maximize the quality of spaces and to adopt the contextual idea surround the site.
In the development of the major development of construction in this era that led to climate change, one of the questions that need to be interpreted is how the application of the green wall in UTHM as a building façade, to develop roof system as part of the passive design and to evaluate the comparison between different variation of roof garden.
university. Healthcare centre tends to serve only the medical purpose and not precuppied when students are not sick(Thomas et al., 2011) The main reason of this research in to proposed a new waiting place for the paitents. This reasearch intented to brings a better understanding on how the significance roof garden acts a waiting place with in relation to passive design strategies that suitable for the tropical climate country. This paper will demonstrate the characteristic and design of a roof garden that will affect the psycology and their emotions during the waiting time Climate change due to construction is one the issues that important in this era, proactive design consideration such roof garden should be taken to incorporated in the design. For most people, trees and other greenery are merely a luxury or a way to make cities look more attractive. While the integration of plants and other wildlife provides aesthetic value, it can also help communities in other ways. Plants may cool buildings by providing shade for buildings and pavements, reducing energy use and also slowing pavement degradation, lowering maintenance costs.
Vegetation layer: Ornamental and Succulents plants Media type: Coarse media Irrigation layer: Not required
Mediaperennialtype: Multi course media
Drainage layer: No separate drainage layer
Tabel 1: Types of green roofs according to classification (Source: Hossain MA, Shams S, Amin M, Reza MS and Chowdhury,2019) a case study Materwiss)
Drainage layer: Separate drainage layer
Vegetation layer: Ornamental, meadow species, turf grass and woody
Prevalence: Common and provide more plants choice Weight: 25% above or below 150 kg/m2 Cost: 25% above or below 690 RM/ m
Single -course Intensive Semi-Intensive Thickness: 15 cm 31 cm
Table 1 shows the classification and comparison of three types of green roofs, which are typically placed on a building's roof based on desired functionality and cost. The comparison varies depending on the structure system, plant types, prevalence, and installation cost. It should be noted that the final cost may differ between these green roof types depending on the country and green roof installer.
Prevalence: Used in an area with sufficient Weight:precipitation60 150 kg/m2 Cost: 543 690 RM/ m
Irrigation layer: Required if meadow grass used
A green roof is made up of many different components, including plants, a substrate to provide nutrients, a watering system to promote root development, and a drainage layer to remove excess moisture. In general, a green roof provides an appropriate environment for vegetal growth.
Journal of Design + Built Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate 3
Green System Comparison Thickness: 7.6 cm 10 cm
Diagram 1 : Illustration of the benefit of roof garden, (Source: Zhang et al., 2016)
Media
Moderates the Urban Heat Island effect: Traditional roofs emit more heat into the environment than natural, plant based landscapes because they absorb more sunlight and reflect the sun's energy as heat when the air cools, causing air temperatures to rise. This is referred to as the Urban Heat Island effect. Taller structures absorb and reflect more light from the sun, amplifying the impact. Rooftop gardens, on the other hand, significantly reduce roof surface temperatures. According to studies, standard rooftop surfaces are 50 degrees hotter than rooftop gardens. Bluegrass Lawncare, (2016).
Irrigation
Cost:
Thickness: Over 31 cm layer: Separate drainage system layer: Ground-level plants type: Intensive growth media layer layer: Required Less common due to it is structure and maintenance factor 200 500 kg/m2 2259 RM/ m Intensive
Drainage
2.1 Environment benefits of roof garden
Prevalence:
Weight:
Vegetation
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Increased storm water management: As cities expand, impermeable surfaces such as buildings and highways are replacing permeable areas. Rooftop gardens are effective in lessening the affects of rainwater runoff because they retain the water that falls on them and return it to the air via transpiration and evaporation. Rooftop gardens not only purify the air but also the water by eliminating nitrogen pollutants from stormwater runoff. They also postpone peak flow periods, reducing load on sewage systems. Bluegrass Lawncare,(2016). of the storm water management, (Source: Internet sources)
Diagram 2 : Illustration
3.0 METHODOLOGY
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In order to evaluate the signifance of roof garden in heathcare centre, different types of approach of design and characteristics of roof garden can be be implemented into modern design. Case studies was carried out to analysze design strategies in designing roof garden Case studies were one of the first types of research to be used in the field of qualitative methodology(Bickle, 1995) According to Starman (2013), case studies are one of the widely used branches of research for qualitative type studies. As noted by Grunbaum (2007), case study is also a universal research method, where it has been used in various branches of disciplines, one of which is the field of history and design Diagram 3 : Illustration of the energy consumption, (Source: Internet sources)
Reduces energy consumption: Plants absorb light and heat in the same way as they absorb water, insulating buildings better than typical roofing. This, in turn, helps to chill the area around them. Because plants help insulate buildings and cool the air surrounding them, they preserve energy and reduce energy costs by keeping inside temperatures cooler on hot summer days. Bluegrass Lawncare, (2016).
The design transformed an unused paved terrace on the ninth level into a fully functional green roof and outdoor amenity zone. Innovative design techniques and delivery methods were utilised to design a space that fulfilled the demands of the entire organisation while being cost effective and low maintenance. Incorporating both extensive and semi intensive planting techniques, the completed roof provides places for office meetings, lunch breaks, and bird habitat while enhancing the client's business. The roof garden was separated into a series of individual outdoor chambers based on the interior arrangement and existing roof structure. A staff garden is close to the kitchen and break room, while a public seating space is placed at the main lobby. Meeting rooms are situated near to thickly vegetated regions, while an outdoor meeting space is situated adjacent to the Diagram 4: ESRI Canada.The ideas of rooftop placement (Source: Esri Associates,2022)
Journal of Design + Built Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate 7 3.1 Case Study 3.1.1 Case Study : ESRI Canada Green Roof
Diagram 5 : ESRI Canada.The space planning of rooftop placement (Source: Esri Associates,2022)
3.1.2 Case Study: Palomar Medical Centre
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Smaller semi intensive vertical planters (600mm deep) and hedges were installed in regions with a moderate load capacity (structural beams). In locations with the lowest load capacity, 100mm and 150mm thick green roof modules were installed. The perimeter of the roof is framed by vertical planters and coniferous hedges, offering a green edge and a vista beyond the intended space. Vertical planters within the roof area define outdoor rooms. 39 plant species, ranging from classic green roof species (sedum etc.) to perennials and arasses, were employed to create a dynamic and diversified carpet in planting areas.
department of Human Resources. The use of semi intensive vertical accent planters (1200mm deep) was restricted to areas with the greatest load capacity (columns).
Diagram 6 : Palomar Medical Centre.Roof garden as part of healing in medical centre (Source: Author)
CO Architects came up with the idea of a flexible and functional vertical garden hospital on a campus. The greenfield site is part of a 186 acre business park that is currently being built. To the west, it is surrounded by residential property, to the north by light industrial development, to the east by Citracado Parkway and a Sempra power plant, and to the south by a future business park. The plan puts the hospital at the north end of the site, where there is the most space for access points and traffic flow. With its gentle curves, the signature patient tower building seems to open its arms to welcome patients. The roof and garden terraces above the two-story diagnostic and treatment wing can be seen from a vertical garden in the middle of the south side. The east and west ends both have a conservatory, which adds to the idea of a garden hospital. Site planning, landscaping, non-institutional architectural expression, and choice of materials are all strongly influenced by the desire to merge nature and building, with each part informing the other to create a unified whole.
Diagram 7 : Great Osmond Street,Hospital for children.The advantages of sculpture in roof garden (Source: Author)
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With this project, there will be a roof garden that up to 3,000 employees could use 24 hours a day. 365 days a year. This quiet contemporary garden space is a break from the busy hospital environment and makes it easier for staff to work. It offers a space that can
3.1.3 Case Study: Great Osmond Street Hospital
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3.1.4 Case Study : Aralia Garden
Diagram 8 : Aralia Garden Design , utilize unused urban rooftop space and turn it into a place of beauty creating an inspirational, relaxing and thought provoking working environment (Source: Author)
be used for many things, including sitting, relaxing, socialising, eating, and holding events. The garden will connect visually and physically with the interior space and the glass structure. It will also give people a place to think about and remember the victims of the 7/7 bombings. For dramatic effect and to draw people into the garden, beautiful sculptures were put in clearly defined areas. All parts of the garden were made easy to get to and had good Differentflow.planes were made in the garden to help show where the different areas were. By putting trees, sculptural frames, hedges, planters, lawns, paths, and benches at different heights, you can make the horizontal planes stand out. These changes in level make the garden more interesting and give you more places to sit. There are many different views in the garden, so each spot has a different view, but they all look like they belong to the same place. Each area is different in size, shape, and design, but they all work together to make a whole. keeping the garden's openness and the feeling of sky and views. Sculptural frames add a strong visual element, define areas, frame and create views, and provide shade and seating. Plants and hedges make the garden's seating areas flexible and mostly private. Linear hedges connect different areas and give the garden a natural flow. They also provide privacy and strong horizontal planes in the design.
of Design + Built
Journal Built Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate
of Design +
This rooftop inspired design by Patricia Fox of Aralia Garden Design is a great example of innovation and creativity at the 2012 RHS Chelsea Flower Show. This year, Patricia, a designer who has won awards, made a first for Chelsea. She says, "The idea behind this garden is to make use of unused urban rooftop space and turn it into a beautiful place that creates an inspiring, relaxing, and thought provoking place to work in the middle of a concrete jungle." The Roottop Workplace of Tomorrow, which is put on by RBS and Walworth Garden Farm, is where technology and peace meet.(World Landscape Case Studies: Roof Garden Landscape, 2014) There will be Wi Fi, laptops, and tablets all over the garden, as well as LED sports screens that play soothing sounds and images. Workers stay energised and hydrated with the help of an herbal tea bar, where they can choose their own herbs from the "Herb Wall" to make teas like lemon, ginger, pineapple, and even chocolate.
3.1.5 Case Study : Sky Habitat,Singapore
With its three connecting sky gardens, this 38-story apartment building in Singapore shows how light, space, air, and landscape architecture can work together.The idea for the Sky Habitat project came from Safdie Architects, which was started by the award winning architect Moshe Safdie. The complex pushes the limits of typical residential buildings by Diagram 7 : Sky Habitat ,Singapore the exterior façade of the building (Source: Author)
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Journal of Design + Built Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate 12
4.0
Based on the 5 case study that being investigated, the suitable design strategies for this healthcare centre are the proper space planning. The implementation of the green roof in buildings in some cities presented as an approach to developing the urban environment. The different design strategies of space planning under the three segments: design strategies, elaboration and case study are presented in table 2
The sky bridges are not only interesting to look at, but they are also important to the building's design and how it fits in with its surroundings. The bridges let air and light flow through and deep into the building, which is a key part of making Singapore less sticky. ANALYSIS
Diagram 8: Sky Habitat ,Singapore,the lansdscape bridge that connects with other blocks (Source: Author)
4.1 Application of a green roof to overcome overcrowding in healthcare centre problems
experimenting with and creating both public and private spaces among its homes, private terraces, balconies, and common gardens.
Connecting different blocks to emphasise the connection and create a series of interconnected streets, gardens, and terraces in the air
Great Osmond Street Hospital, United Kingdom Sculpture
Case Study Design Strategy Elaboration
The view of patients toward the roof garden as a process of therupatic healing
Palomar Medical CaliforniaCentre, View toward roof garden
Journal of Design + Built Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate 13 Table 2. The design strategies of the space planning towards implementation of a green roof in an urban area
ESRI Canada Green Roof Roof garden level
The sculture act as a partition of space Aralia Garden, KingdomUnited Workplace
The postioning of roof garden to maximise the uses of space.
Unused rootop space and turn into a calm and relaxing environment of worlplace Sky Habitat, Singapore Bridge
a) The position of roof garden
By implementing the position of roof gargen beside physiotherapt department, the space can be fully utilized and be part od patient healing program, the roof garded can acts as attraction as it located as the main entrance of my design.
b) View toward Roof Garden Diagram 9: The postioning of roof garden parallel to physiotherapy department (Source: Author) Diagram 10: The overview of orientation of the building toward roof garden (Source: Author)
Journal of Design + Built Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate 14 5.0 FINDING
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as a partion of space of the roof garden. The usage of materials of the sculpture should be particular as it brings the texture and to send message to the visitors. Other than that, artist wants to tells the story of historical characters, and even mythological experiences.
d) Bridge Diagram 11: The usage of sculpture on top of roof garden (Source: Author)
We can see the orientation of adjacent building face the main entrance to enhance the welcoming sense and acts as contrast to the building. Moreover, sustainability goals caan be achieved by reducing the surrounding temperature.
c) SculptureSculpturecanimplement
Additionally, I would like to express my gratitude for the important impact that being assisted by Ar Hazri Bin Abdul Aziz in making of this technical report towards designing this healthcare centre.
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Implementation of brigde that connects between two blocks increase the quality of space of the healthcare centre. This brigde connects from roof top garden towards the on call house of the doctors. The doctors can relax theiR mind after a long period of work by accessing to the roof garden 6.0 CONCLUSION Roof garden indeed brought a greater benefit to modern architecture, it proven to reduces the temperature of surrounding, increased storm water management and reduce the energy consumption. Modern architecture shows the distruption of natural vegetation surrounds the site, so a proactive step such implementation of green roof toward tropical urban climate in order to achieve a sustainability goal in the future. The future of building depands on us, as architect we should a consider sustainable design in each of our Thedesign.space
Journal of Design + Built
planning need to properly organised to ensure a greater step in the future. The postioning of roof garden, the view of roof garden, implementation of sculpture and implementation of bridge as a connecting space shows significant of application of green roof in healthcare centre towards tropical urban climate.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTstudents.
Diagram 13: The usage of brigde to connect between two blocks (Source: Author)
I really would like to thank and show my appreciation to everyone who made it possible for me to finish this report. A special thank you goes out to my supervisor, Dr. Azmal Bin Sabil, whose assistance, motivating comments, and support helped me during the entire process of drafting the technical paper and this report. I also want to express my gratitude for the effort spent proofreading and fixing all of my errors.
I would like to express our gratitude to all of the lecturers and supervisors who gave their best to help the team reach the objective and to urge us to keep moving forward. All of the students, but especially my friends, have my sincere gratitude for taking the time to assist me in creating my project and for being there for me whenever I needed it.
Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate
In conclusion, the space of a healthcare centre can be fully utilized and not just for medical purpose only. With the design ideas as stated above, healthcare centre can be acts as a gathering space equillvallent to social life of a university
Current and Potential Uses of Green Roofs on Hospitals cgi?article=1805&context=honorstheseshttps://doi.org/10.15760/honors.661%0Ahttps://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
Journal of Design + Built Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate 17 REFERENCE [1] Aminuddin, W. M. W. M., & Ismail, W. R. (2021). Improving emergency department overcrowding in Malaysian government hospital. Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis, 17(1), 19 39. [2] Ahmed S F, Ahasan T, Rasul M G, Khan M M K and Azad A K (2014). Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Green Roof System in a Subtropical Climate Using Fluent J. Power Energy Eng. 2(4) 113 119 [3] Bickle, J. A. (1995). Starman. Journal of Christian Nursing, 12(3), 6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005217 199512030 00003 [4] Bluegrass Lawncare. (2016, May 18). Rooftop Gardens: How Green Are They? Bluegrass. https://bluegrasslawn.com/rooftop gardens how green are they [5] Chai PY, Whynes DK, Sach TH. Equity in health care financing: the case of Malaysia. Int J Equity Health 2008; 7:1 [6] Francis R A and Lorimer J (2011). Urban reconciliation ecology: The potential of living roofs and walls J. Environ. Manage. 92(6) 1429 1437 [7] GSA.US (2011). The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings A Report of the United States General Services Administration (United States: General Services Administration) [8] Hossain MA, Shams S, Amin M, Reza MS and Chowdhury TU (2019). Perception and Barriers to Implementation of Intensive and Extensive Green Roofs in Dhaka, Bangladesh Buildings 9(4) 79 [9] Jaafar, S., et al., (2012) Malaysia Health System Review Health Systems in Transition 2 [10](1).Jim C Y (2017). Green roof evolution through exemplars: Germinal prototypes to modern variants, Sustain. Cities Soc. 35 August 69 82 [11]Safdie Architects. (2016, February 11). ArchDaily.Sky Habitat Singapore [1https://www.archdaily.com/781936/sky-habitat-singapore-moshe-safdie2]Thomas,S.,Beh,L.,&Nordin,R.Bin.(2011).Healthcaredeliveryin Malaysia: Changes, challenges and champions. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 2(2), 93 97. [1https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2011.e233]Viray,A.(2018).
Journal of Design + Built Application of Green Roof in Healthcare Centre Towards Tropical Urban Climate 18 [14] World Landscape Case Studies: Roof Garden Landscape. (2014). [1http://issuu.com/hidesignpublish/docs/roof_garden_landscape5]Zhang,G.,He,B.J.,Zhu,Z.,&Dewancker,B.J.(n.d.).Impact of Morphological Characteristics of Green Roofs on Pedestrian Cooling in Subtropical Climates. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020179