Field Notes

CONSER V ANC Y FieldNotes

New Excavations Lead to a Surprising Discovery

SOUTHEAST—Researchers from the University of Illinois at Chicago, led by Cameron Wesson, braved extremes in weather to complete an archaeological survey of the Conservancy’s 60-acre Samuel Preserve near Wetumpka, Alabama. The Samuel Preserve possesses several distinct archaeological features, including mound groups and middens that were originally recorded over 30 years ago by archaeologist David Chase.

Since their recording, the sites have remained undisturbed. Wesson, who originally believed the sites were separate from one another, hoped to learn more about the cultural affiliations of the various sites, paying particular attention to the mound groups. The Conservancy planned to utilize the information gained from the survey to better manage the preserve.

After completing over 500 shovel tests at 20-meter intervals, it became apparent that the Samuel Preserve was not several distinct sites but one very large site dating to the end of the Woodland period (A.D. 850–1100), with Archaic and Creek Indian components. Wesson found copious amounts of pottery throughout the preserve resembling the later Mississippian ceramic styles but fashioned in the Woodland method. This unexpected turn of events indicates the site was occupied at the end of the Woodland period and promises to shed light on the origins of the Mississippian culture.

However, one feature particularly piqued Wesson’s interest: the so-called “Doughnut Mound.” When the site was originally recorded, archaeologists believed the Doughnut Mound to be a burial mound or midden that looters had dug out in the distant past, leaving only an earthen ring. Wesson excavated a few test units to l earn more about the mound. What he found shocked and amazed archaeologists throughout Alabama.

Wesson determined that the Doughnut Mound was not a mound at all, but a structure. Additional excavations confirmed his theory; he had located an earthlodge, a rare, semi-subterranean type of council house similar in many respects to the kivas found in the Southwest.

“Few earthlodges have ever been discovered in Alabama, and no others are known to date to as early as the Woodland period,” states archaeologist Craig Sheldon, chairman of Alabama’s Historical Commission. “The structure resembles one I excavated at Fusihatchee, but this structure is about eight hundred years older and is enormous for the Woodland period.”

Working in a trench on the top of Doughnut Mound, researchers identify the various layers of soil used to construct the mound.

“Our investigations determined that the present shape of the mound is a result of the collapse of a large circular structure with an interior floor area of approximately 12 meters in diameter,” states Wesson.

He also recovered posts and wall debris consistent with wattleand-daub architecture, and a large central post that would have been one of four supports for the roof, and discovered a large central hearth. Evidence indicates that the interior of the roof was covered with daub and the exterior with earth.

“Although we can never be sure,” Wesson adds, “there is a very good possibility that this structure was intentionally burned. I believe this because the floor and central fire pit were cleaned out prior to being burned. This usually only happens when people intentionally burn a structure.”

As is typical of most archaeological excavations, Wesson raised as many new questions as he answered. He hopes to return to the Samuel Preserve in the near future to attempt to solve the mysteries surrounding the earthlodge and its builders.

Remote Sensing at San José de las Huertas

SOUTHWEST—Researchers Nan Rothschild and Heather Atherton, with Columbia University’s Barnard College, conducted remote sensing at the walled Spanish Colonial village of San José de las Huertas, near Albuquerque, New Mexico, last summer. They were assisted by a team of graduate students.

This Conservancy preserve, which covers 24 acres, was assembled through the acquisitionof three tracts of land between 1986 and 2000. Occupied from 1764 to 1823, San José de las Huertas contains at least 10 undisturbed housemounds.

Rothschild previously produced a surface map of the site’s features. Her recent work with Atherton included a geophysical survey using soil resistivity and magnetometer studies to create a sub-surface map of the site’s features and structures. She also researched Spanish Colonial documents pertaining to the occupation of the site.

Kelly Britt, a member of the crew that worked at San José de las Huertas, maps the site.

Getting a Clearer Picture of Bloom Mound Pueblo

SOUTHWEST—Last summer, John Speth led members of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology field school in conducting a testing program at Bloom Mound Pueblo near Roswell, New Mexico. Bloom Mound is located in the Pecos Valley near Henderson Pueblo, another Conservancy preserve.

Bloom Mound was thought to have been a very tiny community, with just one small roomblock of nine adobe surface rooms and a deep square pitroom, surrounded on the north and east by shallow midden deposits. This structure was totally excavated by a group of amateur archaeologists from Roswell in the 1930s and 1940s, leaving nothing but the midden. None of the items recovered in those early excavations were labeled or cataloged, and most were lost in the 1950s when the basement of the Roswell Art Museum flooded. Speth was surprised to discover that most of what had been thought to be midden was actually architectural, with the community now numbering at least 20 rooms, and perhaps as many as 30 or more.

The goal of last summer’s testing was to obtain samples from the midden for radiocarbon dating, and to obtain faunal and floral samples to determine whether Bloom Mound’s economy had undergone changes comparable to those at Henderson. Speth’s work at Henderson Pueblo between 1994 and 1997 has shown that this 50- to 60-room community underwent a dramatic restructuring of its economy in the 1300s, changing from a system based on a mixture of farming corn and hunting a variety of small and large animals to one based on long-distance communal bison hunting.

Speth suspected that Bloom Mound post-dated Henderson by a few decades and might therefore represent the last stages in this transformation of local farmer-hunters into nomadic bison hunters.

The testing also produced the hoped-for economic data. While the analysis of this material is just beginning, the preliminary results suggest that Bloom Mound’s time of occupation probably extends beyond that of Henderson’s. The site therefore preserves an invaluable record of the final stages in the emergence of fulltime bison hunters in this part of the Southern Plains.