INTRODUCTION TO PRINTING
Amrita Graphic Design, 4th Sem Introduction To Printing National Institute of Design
Printing is the technique of making an impression on paper (or on other substances such as vellum) from inked type (or as the techniques developed, from plates, blocks, or cylinders). From this type, the most important aspect of printing is that it permits a large number of copies to be made from each setting of type. During the period from the invention of printing in Europe until 1700, most books were printed on wooden printing presses, using metal type.
History of printing Woodblock printing (200) Movable type (1040) Printing press (1454) Etching (ca. 1500) Mezzotint (1642) Aquatint (1768) Lithography (1796) Chromolithography (1837) Rotary press (1843) Offset printing (1875) Hectograph (19th century) Hot metal typesetting (1886) Mimeograph (1890) Screen printing (1907) Spirit duplicator (1923) Dye-sublimation (1957) Phototypesetting (1960s) Dot matrix printer (1964) Laser printing (1969) Thermal printing (ca. 1972) Inkjet printing (1976) Stereolithography (1986) Digital press (1993) 3D printing (ca. 2003)
THE EARLY HISTORY Printing is now know to have been first developed in the seventh century in Korea and China, where printing from wooden blocks was developed. The Diamond Sutra, dated 868 is one of the most famous of these early printed works, and combines words and pictures. By the 14th century the technique of printing from metal type had been developed in Korea
TYPE OF PRINTERS 1: Conventional or Impact printers 2: Non- conventiona or non- impact printers
CONVENTIONAL
NON-CONVENTIIONAL
This is also known as impact printers
This is also knpwn as non-impact printer.
Conventional printers produces text and images when tiny wire pins on print head strike the ink ribbon by physically contacting the paper. In all conventional printing process the image carrrier must be consist of two basic area: 1: The image area (hold the ink) 2: Thae non-image area (remains un-inked)
Non-conventional printer produces text and graphics on paper without actually striking the paper.
IMPACT- CONVENTIONAL
1: RELIEF PROCESS Relief printing is the oldest form of printmaking. The most common form of relief printing is woodcut. An ink drawing is made on a wood block. The artist cuts away uninked areas, leaving inked areas raised. Printing ink is applied to the raised surface and a sheet of paper is laid on the block to take an impression by hand or a press. paper printed image inked surface raised figure
Nowadays it is known as letterpress-printing.
2: FLEXOGRAPHY PRINTING Flexography (often abbreviated to flexo) is a form of printing process which utilizes a flexible relief plate. It is basically an updated version of letterpress that can be used for printing on almost any type of substrate including plastic, metallic films, cellophane, and paper. It is widely used for printing on the non-porous substrates required for various types of food packaging (it is also well suited for printing large areas of solid color)
impression cylinder doctor blade
plate cylinder ink-reservoir
3: LITHOGRAPHY PRINTING Lithography originally used an image drawn (etched) into a coating of wax or an oily substance applied to a plate of lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to a blank paper sheet, and so produce a printed page. It is used for packaging, commercial printing, magazine, labels etc. plate cylinder blanket cylinder impression cylinder
plate cylinder ink blanket cylinder
water
trimmed sheet impression cylinder
untrimmed sheets
4:GRAVURE PRINTING (INTAGLIO PROCESS) With gravure printing an image is etched on the surface of a metal plate, the etched area is filled with ink, then the plate is rotated on a cylinder that transfers the image to the paper or other material. This process is widely used for packaging purpose, catalouge, magazines, printing on foil and plastic.
The plate is covered in ink
The ink is wiped off the surface of the plate, but remains in the grooves
Paper is placed on the plate and compressed, such as by a heavy roller
The paper is removed, and the ink has been transferred from the plate to the paper
printing cylinder (impressino roller)
paper
blade to wipe extra ink
ink tray
gravure cylinder
5: SCREEN PRINTING Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil. The attached stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink or other printable materials which can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate. A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil, forcing or pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the open areas.
film positive used to expose and harden light sensitive emulsion
screen frame stretched tightly with fabrics
squeeze
emulsion attached to fabrics, exposed and develope to wash away the image print area int ‘squeeze’ through makes prints.
IDENTIFICATION OF PRINTING PROCESS LETTERPRESS
OFFSET
* Edge of text will show ink squash due to high pressure.
Impression will be even in both text and halftone.
*At the back of paper slight identation will be seen due to heavy pressure.
*Lines and text are sharp and clear outline.
*ink intensity will be higher than offset printing due to direct transfer of ink. example: reciept
*solid color are evenly inked. *better text reproduction than the gravure.
GRAVURE *Edge of the text will not be sharp. *show sawtooth effect at the edge. *lesser quality than offset. *reproduction of halftone is very precise because they are not pressed at the paper.
SCREEN *due to heavy deposition of ink shows slight raised impression. ink intensity is high and even. *text is relatively blurry * low quality compared to offset paper.
NON-IMPACT- NON CONVENTIONAL
1: XEROGRAPHY Xerography (or electrophotography) is a dry photocopying technique invented by Chester Carlson in 1938
2: COLOTYPE collotype, also called Photocollography, photomechanical printing process that gives accurate reproduction because no halftone screen is employed to break the images into dots. In the process, a plate (aluminum, glass, cellophane, etc.) is coated with a light-sensitive gelatin solution and exposed to light through a photographic negative. The gelatin is hardened in exposed areas and is then soaked in glycerin, which is absorbed most in the non-hardened areas. When exposed to high humidity, these areas absorb moisture and repel the greasy ink. The hardened areas accept the ink, and the plate can be used to print a few thousand copies of the positive image. but it is not used on large scale. Artist are using it to dublicate their paintings.
3:THERMOGRAPHY This process produses a glossy raised image by using infrared light. The image is first printed either by letterpress or litho using an adhesive ink which is coated with fusible resin containing pigment or a metallic powder. when passes under infrared light the resin pigment is fused to give a hard raised image.
4: DIE-CUTTING Die cutting is the process of using a die to shear webs of low strength materials, such as rubber, fiber, foil, cloth, paper, corrugated fiberboard, paperboard, plastics, pressure sensitive adhesive tapes, foam and sheet metal. it is mainly use to give a specific shape or design that cannot be accomplish by a straight cut .
5: EMBOSSING DIE STAMPING Embossing is a process that alters the surface of paper stock or other substrates by providing a three dimensional or raised effect on selected areas. The procedure requires the use of two dies: one that is raised and one that is recessed. The dies fit into each other so that when the paper is pressed between them, the raised die forces the stock into the recessed die and creates the embossed impression.
GENERAL USES:
border or highlights surrounding images or information used to get attraction. seals (form of security) corporate papers government papers official materials distinguish signs logo lines
6:INKJET PRINTER An inkjet printer is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer.
Three type of composition: Hand composition Machine composition Photocomposition
HAND COMPOSITION this type of composition is slow, time consuming and expensive. It is only ideal for one or few lines or display type. There are different-different letter, which needs to be composed manually and thus takes time.
MACHINE COMPOSITION 1: Monotype The Monotype system is a set of two machines, the Monotype keyboard and the Monotype caster, which are used to typeset printed matter. A Monotype operator enters text on a Monotype keyboard, on which characters are arranged in the QWERTY arrangement, keyboard indicates codes which are punched on the paper tape with special keys, The tape is then taken to the Monotype caster, which reads the tape and produces a column of justified type from which the text entered on the keyboard can be printed.
2: Linotype
The linotype machine is a “line casting� machine used in printing. The name of the machine comes from the fact that it produces an entire line of metal type at once, hence a line-o’type. The Linotype machine operator enters text on a 90-character keyboard. The machine assembles matrices, which are molds for the letter forms, in a line. The assembled line is then cast as a single piece, called a slug,
Phototypesetting Phototypesetting was a method of setting type, rendered obsolete with the popularity of the personal computer and desktop publishing software, that uses a photographic process to generate columns of type on a scroll of photographic paper. it provide fast, flexible and relatively inxpensive method.
Imagesetter
An imagesetter is an ultra-high resolution large-format computer output device. It exposes rolls or sheets of either photographic film or bromide paper to a laser light source. Once the film or paper is developed, a very high quality black and white image is revealed. it is colour blind, that is it does not show the colour. But it has all those colour.
PRINTING PRESS devided into three main phase:
1: PREPRESS 2: PRESS 3: POSTPRESS
PREPRESS Prepress is the term used in the printing and publishing industries for the processes and procedures that occur before the final printing. The prepress procedure includes the manufacture of a printing plate, image carrier or form, ready for mounting on a printing press, as well as the adjustment of images and texts or the creation of a high-quality print file.
GRAPHIC ART REPRODUCTION is the process of producing a dublicate of the original.
TYPE OF ORIGINAL (ARTWORK): 1: lineart: Image
containing only black and white pixels is known as lineart. It is also known as bi-level images. minimum resolution= 1200dpi
2: Continuous tone: A grey scale or
colour image formate capable of illustrating continuously varying tonal ranges as opposite to line art..It is also known as fulltone.
TYPE OF PICTURE 1:soft picture- It means slightly out of focus or not really “sharp”. 2:Normal-contrast picture 3:High-contrast picture
PHOTOGRAPH WHICH IS NOT SUITABLE FOR REPRODUCTION: stained, dust and scratched faded colour print Matt print Unsharp-print
CARE FOR PHOTOGRAPHS: do not write at the photograph cover with tracing sheet avoid finger prints do not fold or roll do not attach with clip do not touch with oily hand
HALFTONE PHOTOGRAPHY Halftone: Halftone is the reprographic technique that simulates continuous tone imagery through the use of dots, varying either in size, in shape or in spacing.
Halftone Screen: A sheet of glass or film which breaks the different grey tones of the original into a series of different size of dots, which gives illusion of continuous tone.
Screen: printed paper either has color or not at all (meaning there is no such things as little colour). however screen tricks the human eyes into thinking that it different.
Moire: moires are created when overlapping screen create the appearance of unwanted lines and patterns. to avoid moire patterns halftone dots are kept at different angle in multicolour printing. in single colour photo screen is put at 45 degree angle because naked eyes can’t see dots at 45 degree angle.
75 degree Magenta 45 degree Black
15 degree Cyan
0 degree Yellow
Screen Ruling:
number of lines per inch of screen is screen ruling. mare the number of lines per inch of screen, smaller the average dot produced. The use of finer screen produce more details in the picture.
STACCATO 36 staccato 36 is the most common FM screen used in newspaper today. dots are put randomly on the screen, so there is no issue of angle or moire pattern.
COLOUR The visible light spectrum can be broken into three predominent bands of colour. RED GREEN BLUE which is known as primary colour of light. LIGHT BEHAVIOR light waves can be reflected, absorbed or tranmitted depends upon the objects they contact with.
ADITIVE COLOUR Additive color describes the situation where color is created by mixing the visible light emitted from differently colored light sources. Computer monitors and televisions are the most common form of additive light. Combining one of these additive primary colors with another in equal amounts produces the additive secondary colors cyan, magenta, and yellow.
A high resolution 24 bit colour mpnitor can display 16.7 million colour while human eye can distiguish only 10 million colour.
SUBTRACTIVE COLOUR A subtractive color model explains the mixing of paints, dyes, inks, and natural colorants to create a full range of colors, each caused by subtracting (that is, absorbing) some wavelengths of light and reflecting the others. All printing inks contain some impurity, three colour CMY produce muddy brown and thats why black is used.
Method of printing colour on paper: 1: Spot colour printing it is readily available colour, it is already mixed colour, you dont need to mix colour on the paper. 2:four colour printing done with CMYK only
OUT OF GAMUT The phrase “out of gamut� refers to a range of colors that cannot be reproduced within the CMYK color space used for commercial printing. the COLOUR GAMUT refers to the range of colour that can be viewed, display or printed
CALIBRATION Printer calibration is the process of making the printed image match the image shown on a computer display. Think of calibrating a printer as achieving what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSISYG) printing. It is commonly done with devices that change colour frequently, such as monitor or printer.
CMS: colour managing system
It manage the colour from one device to other device. It does not correct colour but manage.
SIX COLOUR PRINTING - CMYK+ ORANGE+ GREEN
The digital Hexachrome printing process uses CMYK inks plus Orange and Green inks. With Hexachrome you have a wider color gamut and it may produce better, more vibrant images than 4C alone.
Greastest to least number of colour it can produce/ identify 1:human eye 2:photographis film 3: television or computer monitor 4:Digital printing equipment 5: Offset printing
RGB: The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light is added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors, red, green, and blue. The main purpose of the RGB color model is for the sensing, representation, and display of images in electronic systems, such as televisions and computers.
CMYK CMYK stands for Cyan Yellow Magenta and blacK. This model is used for printing. In other words these are the 4 colored inks used inside of color printers. CMYK is a subtractive model, in fact in theory, cyan, yellow and magenta should combine among themselves to absorb all colors and produce black. But because of the small impurities found in all inks, they actually combine to form a muddy brown. This is one of the reasons for the black ink. Another reason is this: colored inks are more expensive than black ink.
LAB LAB stands for Luminance (or lightness) and A and B (which are chromatic components). According to this model A ranges from green to red, and B ranges from blue to yellow. This model was designed to be device independent. In other words by means of this model you can handle colors regardless of specific devices (such as monitors, printers, or computers). The Luminance ranges from 0 to 100, the A component ranges from -120 to +120 (from green to red) and the B component ranges from -120 to +120 (from blue to yellow).
HSB HSB stands for Hue, Saturation and Brightness. According to this model, any color is represented by 3 numbers. The first number is the hue, and its value ranges from 0 to 360 degrees. Each degree represent a distinct color. First there is the red color (0 or 360 degrees) and then there are all other colors (for example yellow at 120 degrees, green at 180 degrees and blue at 240 degrees), up to the violet color. All the rainbow’s colors are represented here. The second number is the saturation. It represents the amount of color or, more exactly, its percentage. Its value ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents no color, while 100 represents the full color. Finally, the third number is the brightness. You can enhance the color brightness adding the white color, or you can reduce it adding the black color. In this case 0 represents the white color and 100 represents the black color. The more this value tends to 0, the brighter the color is. The more this value tends to 100 the darker the color is.
FAKE COLOUR One colour reproduction printed on a coloured sheet is known as fake colour.
SPOT COLOUR Sometimes even CMYK colour doesn’t give enough control. When you print coloured text or simple graphics, using a single pre-mixed ink gives a less fuzzy look than a combination of four inks. Ink manufacturers produce large catalogues of pre-mixed colours, including special effects such as metallics, glitter and gloss finish.
COLOUR SEPERATION The act of decomposing a color graphic or photo into single-color layers. For example, to print full-color photos with an offset printing press, one must first separate the photo into the four basic ink colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Each single-color layer is then printed separately, one on top of the other, to give the impression of infinite colors.
RGB image in the computer red filter
green filter
cyan
magenta
blue filter
yellow
split filter
black
COLOUR CORRECTION six major corcern for colour correction: 1: Quality of original image 2: Quality of scanned image 3: Proper contrast 4: Avoid light area 6: compensating for the printing process, including the paper being utilized.
DESKTOP PUBLISHIG Desktop publishing (abbreviated DTP) is the creation of printed materials using page layout software on a personal computer. When used skilfully, desktop publishing can produce printed literature with attractive layouts and typographic quality comparable to traditional typography and printing. This technology allows individuals, businesses, and other organizations to self-publish PageMaker was one of the first desktop publishing programs, introduced in 1985 by Aldus Corporation,[1] initially for the then-new Apple Macintosh and in 1987 for PCs running Windows 1.0
FPO- For Position Only Every designer can’t buy a exellent quality of scanner, So they scan any image on low quality scanner, put that on layout as they want and during publication that photo replaced by good one.
IMAGE SCANNER An image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner—is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image.
DRUM SCANNER:
Drum scanners capture image information with photomultiplier tubes (PMT), Reflective and transmissive originals are mounted on an acrylic cylinder, the scanner drum, which rotates at high speed while it passes the object being scanned in front of precision optics that deliver image information to the PMTs. Most modern color drum scanners use three matched PMTs, which read red, blue, and green light, respectively. Light from the original artwork is split into separate red, blue, and green beams in the optical bench of the scanner.
FLATBED SCANNER:
A flatbed scanner is usually composed of a glass pane (or platen), under which there is a bright light (often xenon or cold cathode fluorescent) which illuminates the pane, and a moving optical array in CCD scanning. CCD-type scanners typically contain three rows (arrays) of sensors with red, green, and blue filters.
glass plate
document to be scanned movable light source
fixed mirror movable mirror CCD capture device
FILE FORMATE A file format is a particular way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. Any list of file formats would contain both proprietary and open source. Since a disk drive, or indeed any computer storage, can store only bits, the computer must have some way of converting information to 0s and 1s and vice-versa. There are different kinds of formats for different kinds of information.
MAIN TYPES: 1: JPEG: joint photography expert group it is used in a number of image file formats. JPEG/Exif is the most common image format used by digital cameras and other photographic image capture devices; along with JPEG/JFIF, it is the most common format for storing and transmitting photographic images on the World Wide Web.[citation needed] These format variations are often not distinguished, and are simply called JPEG.this is known as lossy formate. 2: TIFF: Tagged image file formate it is a file format for storing images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and both amateur and professional photographers in general. it is loseless image file. 3: EPS: encapsulated post script: EPS files are more or less self-contained, reasonably predictable PostScript documents that describe an image or drawing and can be placed within another PostScript document.
DOWN SAMPLING The programmes offers three methods of reducing the image resolution: 1: Subsampling: low quality but fast 2: Average downsamplling: better quality but slower 3: Bicubic downsampling: Best quality, slowest method
IMPOSITION “imposition” means the arrangement of pages on the press sheet so that when folded the pages read consecutively. Imposition is one of the fundamental steps in the prepress printing process. It consists in the arrangement of the printed product’s pages on the printer’s sheet, in order to obtain faster printing, simplified binding and less waste of paper. Correct imposition minimizes printing time by maximizing the number of pages per impression, reducing cost of press time and materials. To achieve this, the printed sheet must be filled as fully as possible.
Imposition is affected by different parameters: 1: Format of the product: The size of the finished page determines how many pages can be printed on a single sheet: Number of pages of the printed product: The compositor must determine how many sheets are to be printed to create a finished book. 2: Stitching/binding method: The compositor must understand how the sheets are placed to form the signatures that compose the finished book. 3: Paper fiber direction: Many papers have a “grain,” reflecting the alignment of the paper fibers. These fibers must run lengthwise along the fold, which influences the alignment, hence the position, of the pages on the printed sheet. 4: Finishing and binding: what will be the final size and what will be the type of binding.
TYPE OF IMPOSITION 1: ONE SIDED IMPOSITION: this is the simplest form of imposition. One printing plate is used to print on one side of the sheet. it is common in small, offset press operation.
2: SHEET-WISE IMPOSITION: A printing layout in which separate plates (and film flats) are used to print the front and back of a single press sheet. Completely different pages appear on each side of the sheet.
3: Page half sheet work: one prining plate is used to print bothnside of the paper. After printing on one side paper, paper is turned and print with the same plate, and the paper is cut into half giving two signature from one plate.
1
2
3
4
4
3
2
1
4: ganged imposition: when there is different size of job then in order to utilise the whole paper different jobs are arranged in a wey so that more number of job can fit in one side of whole paper.
Job A
Job B
Job B
Job C
5: Signature Imposition: to form a booklet or something like that a large single sheet is folded and trimmed, where the number of pages should be the multiple of four Example: One large sheet is printed with 8 pages on each side. The solid lines are for cutting. The dashed lines are where the paper is folded. Once cut and folded the pages form a 16 page booklet or signature.
6: WORK AND TURN IMPOSITION: The work-and-turn layout uses a single plate for each color to print both sides of the paper. After the first side of the press sheet is printed, the paper is flipped over side-to-side and fed through the press again. When flipping, the top and bottom are not inverted. The top of the first side is the top on the second side.
7
8 2
6
5 3
1 1
4
4
2
8
7
3
5
6
7: WORK AND TUMBLE IMPOSITION: The work-and-tumble layout produces the same image on both sides of a sheet with one image carrier or plate. However, with work-and-tumble, it is difficult to control the print register because, unlike work-and-turn and sheetwise layouts, the side used as the gripper edge is changed when the sheet is turned. Therefore, work-and-tumble layouts are used only when work-andturn or sheetwise impositions will not work with the dimensions of the paper being used.
GRANING: TYPES: Ball graining Brush graining Sandblast graining Chemical graining
PLATE MAKING PROCESS
1: CONVENTIONAL PLATE MAKING PROCESS:
2: PRESENSITIZED PLATE MAKING PROCESS:
metal used is aluminium graining counter etching applying light sensitive coating drying exposing developing etching lacquering inking removing stencil gumming
exposing developing gumming DIAZO: A chemical which is sensitive to UV light. It is used to coat paper or film for making prints.
3: COMPUTER TO PLATE PROCESS (CTP): Image is sirectly generated on PS plate from the general file.
TRAPPING: Trapping is a term most commonly used in the prepress industry to describe the compensation for misregistration between printing units on a multicolor press. This misregistration causes unsightly gaps or white-space on the final printed work. Trapping involves creating overlaps (spreads) or underlaps (chokes) of objects during the print production process to eliminate misregistration on the press.
WORKING PRINCIPLE of ink Ink ingredients fall into 3 main catagories: 1: Pigment 2: Vehicle 3: Modifiers/ Additives, which contains: Dryers Waxes Antiskinning Agent Extenders Distillates
Dryer: Speed up the ink drying process Wax: Reduce the possibility of ink transfer from one sheet to back of another sheet. It improve slip and scuff resistance of ink. Antiskinning: prevent the ink from drying too rapidly and skinning over. Extenders: increase the coverage of the pigment in the ink. Distillates: increase the flow of the ink.
HOW DOES INK GET DRY? Absorption: the best example is newspaper. Oxidation: comes in contact with air and top surface get harden. Precipitation Heat: used in tin printing, after printing goes into dryer for drying. Crystallisation: If time between each-other printing is more and if ink dries, it will not accept next color.
INK RELATED PRINTING PROBLEM Setoff: ink transfer from one to another sheet by too much of ink. Slow Drying: It is a common problem. when dries slowly it may
smudge and smear on the printed surface.
Poor binding and rub: when ink got actually dry but the pig-
ment can be actually rubbed off the surface.
Ink adhesion: Result of setoff and slow drying ink, which usually the result of poorly adjusted press setting. Mottling: It is the uneven appearance in the solid portion of a
printed document which is caused by uneven absorption of ink, nonabsorbent paper, wrong ink for the perticular paper used.
TYPES OF COATING: 1:Overprint varnish 2: Aqueous coating 3: EB ink/ coating
Overprint Varnish: it is applied during the printing process or as an off-line paocess, it is much like a solvent based ink. overprint varnish is available in glossy, dull or satin finishes. Aqueous Coating: Usually applied during the printing process, can be applied as an all over coat or in pattern or sppot coaating. EB ink coating: it is like UV coating, EB (electron beam) is an
energy coating, but it is hardend with the use of concentrated beam of high energy electron.
UV coating: it comes in a liquid or paste form and remain as a
liquid or paste until exposed to UV light. Some of the benifites of UV coating includes: greater opacity colour stability deeper and more vibrant colour and colour tone sharper graphics higher gloss uniform surface to give lables a more vibrant look scuff resistance instantaneous curing allow for inline die-cutting chemical resistance better outdoor endurance environmental safe, no organic compounds are produce.
overprint varnish
Aqueous coating
UV coating
PAPER The word “paper� is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek, the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Paper is a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, drawing or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.
Process: raw mamaterial chipping pulping bleaching additives removing water paper
TYPE OF PAPER: 1: Newsprint paper: Newsprint is a low-cost, non-archival paper most commonly used to print newspapers, and other publications and advertising material. It usually has an off-white cast and distinctive feel. It is designed for use in printing presses that employ a long web of paper (web offset, letterpress and flexographic) rather than individual sheets of paper. Newsprint mainly consists of wood pulp. 2: Wove Paper: Wove paper
is a writing paper with a uniform surface, not ribbed or watermarked. It is used in publishing, filtering, and chromatography.
3: Bond paper: Bond paper
is a high quality durable writing paper similar to bank paper but having a weight greater than 50 g/m2. v . It is now used for letterheads, other stationery and as paper for electronic printers. Widely employed for graphic work involving pencil, pen and felt-tip marker, bond paper can sometimes contain rag fibre pulp, which produces a stronger, though rougher, sheet of paper.
4: Tracing Paper: Tracing
paper is a type of translucent paper. It is made by immersing uncut and unloaded paper of good quality in sulphuric acid for a few seconds. Tracing paper is resistant to oil, grease and to a large extent impervious to water and gas.
5: Maplitho paper: the top
surface of this type of paper is smoother. It is used for books and leaflet.
6: Offset paper: It is rough
on both side. It has more rag content and good for holding.
7: Duplex paper: duplex paper is two sheets of paper or cardcover that are laminated together. It is used for making cartons and other . 8: Cartridge paper: Car-
tridge paper is a high quality type of heavy paper used for illustration and drawing.
9: Chromo paper: China clay
(kaolin) is coated on one side. The coating on one side could be glossy or matt as per requirement of the customer. It is Mainly used for self adhesive stickers, calendars , posters, labels and for applications where only one side has to be printed.
10: Art paper: Normally,
china clay (kaolin) is coated on both sides of the paper. This finish of both the sides is same, be it glossy or matt. It has less absorbsion of ink and give good ink depth. It is used for Brochures, calendars, magazine covers, magazine text, where high quality printing is required.
11: Cards: It is thicker and
more durable than normal writing or printing paper, but thinner and more flexible than other forms of paperboard. Card stock is often used for business cards, postcards, playing cards, catalog covers, scrapbooking, and other uses which require higher durability than regular paper. The texture is usually smooth, but can be textured, metallic, or glossy.
12: Mirror Coat: It is coated with china clay with mirror finishing. 13: Recycled paper: It is
made from waste paper, usually mixed with fresh wood pulp. If paper contains ink, it must be deinked. IF EVERYONE RECYCLED THEIR PAPER EVEEYDAY, IT WOULD SAVE 41000 TREES.
14: coated paper: Coated
paper is paper which has been coated by a compound to impart certain qualities to the paper, including weight, surface gloss, smoothness or reduced ink absorbency. Kaolinite or calcium carbonate are used to coat paper for high quality printing used in packaging industry and in magazines. The coating formulation may also contain chemical additives as dispersants, resins, PE: to give water resistance and wet strength to the paper, or to protect against ultraviolet radiation.
PAPERS ARE OF TWO STANDARD: 1: British standard 2: International standard In India still the british standard papers are used. some of the popularly known papers are: Foolscap: 13.5” X 17’’ Demy: 17.5” X 22.5” Medium: 18”X 23” Royal: 20”X25 Crown: 15”X 20” Imperial: 22”X 30” When smaller side of paper is multiplied by 2, you get double size of the paper. i.e. crown = 15”X20” double crown = 20”X30” quard crown = 40”X 30”
FOLIO- when paper is devide into half on longer side called folio.
half of folio is 4to half of 4to is 8to 8to half is 16mo
The A, B, and C series are trimmed paper size: A SIZE: most common A0 is an area of one square metre. A0= 841mmX1189mm A1=A0/2= 594mmX841mm A2= A1/2= 420mmX594mm A3=A2/2= 297mmX420mm A4=A3/2=210mmX297mm A5=A4/2=148mmX210mm A6=A5/2= 105mmX148mm A7=A6/2= 74mmX105mm
B SIZE: Cover an intermediate need for special application such as oversize document and posters. B0= 1000mmX1414mm B1= 707mmX1000mm B2= 500mmX707mm B3= 353mmX500mm B4= 250mmX353mm B5= 176mmX250mm B6= 125mmX176mm
C SIZE: mainly used for envolopes,
A4 sheet will fit into C4 envolopes, A6 sheet will fit into C6 envolopes and so on. C0= 917mmX1297mm C1= 648mmX917mm C2= 458mmX648mm C3= 324mmx458mm C4= 229mmX324mm C5= 162mmX229mm C6= 114mmX162mm
PAPER CHARACTERISTIC FOR PRINTING: Flatness dimensional stability proper relative humidity (5-6%) minimum curling tendency pick resistance(the coating should not peales off during printing) Freedom from active chemical Free from lint and dust Optical property: brightness, opacity, smoothness, refractiveness
POSTPRESS folding collating gathering binding packaging
COLLATING: Collation is the assembly of written information into a standard order.
BINDING: Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a
book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching a book cover to the resulting text-block. some types of book binding: Pad binding cutboard binding flexible binding hard binding spiral binding comb binding
SPIRAL BINDING:
basically it is made by punching holes along the entire length of the spine of the page and winding a wire helix (like a spring) through the holes to provide a fully flexible hinge at the spine. Spiral coil binding uses a number of different hole patterns for binding documents. The most common hole pattern used with this style is 4:1 pitch (4 holes per inch).
COMB BINDING:
A curled plastic “comb” is fed through the slits to hold the sheets together. Comb binding allows a book to be disassembled and reassembled by hand without damage.
WIRE-O-BINDING:
Wire bound books are made of individual sheets, each punched with a line of round or square holes on the binding edge. The binding involves the use of a “C” shaped wire spine that is squeezed into a round shape using a wire closing device. Double wire binding allows books to have smooth crossover and is affordable in many colors. This binding is great for annual reports, owners manuals and software manuals.
PAD BINDING:
It is a form of binding where glue is applied to the top (or side) of a pad of paper, effectively adhering them together. Because there is no cover holding the pad together, individual pages can be torn out easily and cleanly.
PERFECT BINDING:
The sections are rough-cut in the back to make them absorb the hot glue. The other three sides are then face trimmed.
FIELD VISIT
ART-O-PRINT founder: Mr. Biren Amin Art-O-Print is a partnership firm established in April 1996, specialise in printing and packaging materials. It manufacture large and small volumes of various products - cartons (including Braille cartons), labels, product literature, brochures, folders, stationery, calendars and corrugated boxes of 3 ply to 9 ply, etc. They have all prepress, press and postpress workflow in same place. are one of the leading manufacturers, exporters dealing in Pharmaceutical Packaging Materials, Batch Counters and Pop-Up Cards such as Printing & Packaging, Cartons, Leaflets, Pharma Literatures, Visual Aids, Greeting Cards, Table Calenders, Foam Sheet Banners, Pharmaceutical Cartons, FMCG Cartons, Metalize Board Carton, Folding Literatures, Wet Glue Labels, Shopping Bags, Batch Counter Machines, Pharmaceutical Packaging Materials and Pharmaceutical Printing Materials.
Visiting this place was a new, different and great experience for me. We visited two places, in which one was totally about corrugated cardboard. We saw and learn how to make 3ply, 5 ply etc cardboard and finally how it got the shape of a carton. Other place was from printing to packaging. Where we saw how different types of job get printed and finally get ready for the packaging.