Group #1 Advocacy Issue Book COMM 352:03 Winter 2018
Cyler Horsely Marth Willis Collin McClain Amy Cagle
Human Trafficking INSIDE THIS ISSUE
INTRODCTION
What to expect ........ 2
Human Trafficking has been referred to as “the recruitment … by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion… of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.” (Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Article 3, paragraph a) Exploitation means the manipulation, misuse, and abuse of others. Common forms of exploitation are forced prostitution, any and all other coerced sexual behaviors, and forced labor or services. This issue will take a look at human trafficking, with a focus on the sexual exploitation side that has been on the rise. The number of individuals involved, both perpetrators and victims, is staggering and that number is rising exponentially. To stop this horrible industry and protect those vulnerable to become prey, we must work together. For starters we need to understand what Human Trafficking is, how it affects us, why we need to put an end to it, and how we can do that. 1
Did you know? ........ 3 History .................... 4 Scope ....................... 6 Ramifications .......... 8 Approach #1………..10 Approach #2………..12 Approach #3………..14 Comparing approaches…...…….16 Where to begin.......17 What others have to say……………….…….18 Final summary…….19 Appendix……...……20 Bibliography……….24
The goal in presenting this advocacy book is to bring awareness to the reality and severity of Human Trafficking, with particular focus on Sex Trafficking. In this issue, Human Trafficking is synonymous with Sex Trafficking, as a large percentage of trafficking takes place to feed the sex trade industry (see graph on page 3). You will see that this problem reaches both foreign and domestic soil. It will not go away with out a fight. It will continue to spread throughout the world, unless we take a stand. Also provided is insight on what is happening, why it is happening, and what you can do to help combat the issue.
“Freedom
is never given; it is won� A. Phillip Randolph
WHAT TO EXPECT
2
DID YOU KNOW?
The VICTIMS of Human Trafficking are not as removed as you may think. They are daughters, mothers, sisters, brothers, old, and young. And the number of victims on the our own soil continues to grow. The changes you know someone affected in one way or another is high.
3
“Unfortunat ely, human trafficking largely remains a hidden crime. In fact, a victim of trafficking may look like many of the people you see every day.� http:// www.mysistershouse.org/ gettinghelp/human -trafficking/
Take a Look: The History of Human trafficking
For more info: https:// www.fairobserv er.com/region/ north_america/ combating-sextraffickinghistory/ fairobserver.com/region/ north_america/ combating-sextraffickinghistory/
THE HISTORY OF TRAFFICKING Trafficking—a form a slavery, has been around for a long time. As a sub category, Sex Trafficking has taken the lead on all forms of trafficking. Sex Trafficking ,or sexual slavery, is an illegal and immoral practice of selling or soliciting sexual services to those wanting to pay for these services. The victims involved in this are usually kidnapped, abducted, enticed, or illegally forced into these sexual acts, and are treated much like objects. This form of abuse is quite simply a supply and demand service. One of the biggest contributors to this issue is the fact that there are more and more people using these services and more frequently. When demand is high, so are the risks of potential victims.
In the meantime, it remains a profitable endeavor for many. When you force or kidnap “employees” you don’t have to pay then you are simply making income without much expense. This practice has been around for several years. In some countries, it may also be a part of a dark cultural or tribal tradition. In other countries it has been tolerated as something that doesn’t concern the general population. But now, it has become so prevalent that few areas are left unaffected.
On the other hand, if there were no demand than the supply would become useless and the amount of victims would decrease and diminish.
“Sex trafficking has existed since the dawn of civilization. The practices of sexual exploitation and sexual slavery are older than recorded history. Whenever a woman or girl — or man or boy — was without status or protection, he or she could have been subjected to sexual exploitation. The same is true today.” 4
HISTORY CONTINUED Contributing Factors In order to change something, we must first comprehend it. Understanding what areas are common breeding grounds for Human Trafficking will help us develop a solution.
Top Five contributing factors in Human Trafficking Home life – victims that are susceptible to this are those that flee home maybe due to an unstable life or misunderstandings in the home. Sex traffickers prey upon those such as those who are easily accessible. They simply kidnap or entice them away.
Top 5 contributing Factors in Human Trafficking
lars a year. It is a temptation for those in a poor city or sudden low-economic circumstance. Pornography – while this does not necessarily cause sex trafficking, it can contribute to it by providing performers at little to no cost . Porn also affects the mental stability of one who views it profusely. I can lead otherwise normal people to think that sex with a minor is okay. Persistent viewers can become desensitized to the indecency and terrible nature of the act. It wipes away a moral conscious and can cause people to seek out ways to bring porn into their reality.
The Internet – the internet allows many sex traffickers access to new technologies that make it hard for authorities to track and find. It also gives instant access to a client base of those Ignoring Issues – Many ignore the seeking the service. issue of trafficking because it is a hard topic to discuss. They often feel too Economy – It is proven that the uncomfortable to bring it up. If they worse the economic structure of a don’t talk about it socially, they aren't country or a city, the higher the marlikely to bring it up to legislators either ket for trafficking. It is estimated that or advocate and protest with others a pimp can make up to 650,000 dolwho feel the same way. 5
For more info: https:// sites.google.com/ a/ mtholyoke.edu/ virginityandthesextrade /about
Take a Look: The Global Scope of Human Trafficking and what is being done.
For more info: https:// www.usnews.c om/news/best -countries/ slideshows/5of-the-worstcountries-forhumantrafficking http:// www.unodc.or g/unodc/en/ humantrafficking/ global-reporton-traffickinginpersons.html
THE SCOPE OF TRAFFICKING A Global Concern The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) launched a report in New York concerning data gathered from 155 countries and the world got its first look at the global scope of human trafficking and what is being done to fight it. The most common form of human trafficking is sexual exploitation (79%). Of those countries that reported on the gender of traffickers 30% identified that women make up the greatest proportion of traffickers and in parts of the world it is the norm for women to traffic women.
Around the globe countries are rated in a “tier” system according to their compliance to the Trafficking Victim’s Protection Act’s (TVPA) minimum standards. TIER 1 cou ntr ies fu lly m eet the minimum standards and include countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, France, Germany, Philippines, Spain, Taiwan, and The Bahamas. TIER 2 cou ntr ies do not m eet the minimum standards, but have shown significant efforts toward compliance with standards. This list includes countries like Afghanistan, Botswana, Brazil, Egypt, Estonia, Jamaica, Greece, Japan, Mexico, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago. 6
Countries on the TIER2 WATCH LIST also do not meet the TVPA minimum standards, but in addition, have A) a significant absolute number of - or a significantly increasing number of trafficking victims, B) have failed to provide evidence of significant efforts from the previous year, and C) the promised steps toward compliance from the last year have not been fulfilled. TIER 2 WATCHLIST countries include Cuba, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Iraq, Thailand, Hungary, and Zimbabwe. TIER 3 cou ntr ies ar e those whose governments do not meet the minimum standards of compliance and are not making significant efforts to do so. This list includes Russia, North Korea, Venezuela, China (PRC), and Syria, among others.
SCOPE CONTINUED Hitting Close to Home Within the United States illegal aliens and the homeless ar e highly vulnerable to be caught up in sex trafficking. Lack of legal status, limited language skills and employment options, poverty and immigration related debts, and social isolation make illegal aliens a prime target for trafficking. They are often brought into this servitude through traffickers of a similar ethnic or national background. As the federal government struggles to address the illegal alien dilemma the influx of illegal aliens creates and perpetuates an environment of exploitation.
Did you know? Sexual exploitation makes up 79% of human trafficking.
For more info: https:// fairus.org/ issue/illegalimmigration/humantraffickingexploitationillegal-aliens
Among the homeless youth in North America 641 were interviewed and results showed that 92 had been trafficked for sex. Of these 641 homeless youth 193 (30%) had engaged in some way in the sex trade at some point in their lifetimes.
In 2017 the Human Trafficking Hotline reported that 26,557 calls were supported, and 8,524 Human Trafficking cases were reported.
Globally and within the United States this modern slavery continues to claim victim after victim. 7
https:// www.nij.gov /topics/ crime/ humantrafficking/ Pages/ estimatingundergroundcommercialsexeconomy.aspx
Take a Look:
THE RAMIFICATIONS
The RamifiWidespread Issue cation of Human ble of these groups are children. ReTrafficking With approximately 20 to 30 million search has found that they are the and what is people around the world enslaved to either physical labor, most targeted group for sex traffickbeing done.
sex trafficking, or both, human trafficking effects a large percentage of the population. If you include those who are participating For more in trafficking, that number increases dramatically. Approximately info: 600,000 to 800,000 victims are trafstoptrafficking- ficked across international borders demand.com around the world. That number will continue to rise unless more is done to stop it.
ing. The reasons for this vary amongst countries, but one major reason for this is because of HIV. Since India has seen an increase in HIV, sex traffickers have targeted minors. One out of every four rescued victims have been children, and 60% of them have been found HIV positive.
Human trafficking is a worrisome and widespread issue. Like tenacious weeds, it spreads across the borders of nations, feeding on that which is dear to mankind: the family, women, and children. The most vulnera-
Human trafficking is a worrisome and widespread issue. Like tenacious weeds, it spreads across the borders of nations, feeding on that which is dear to mankind: the family, women, and children. 8
RAMIFICATION CONTINUED US Impact It is estimated that 14,500 to 17,500 people are trafficked into the U.S. every year. Th ese ar e sister s, br oth er s, m om s, neighbors, and friends. The likelihood that you will know someone in your lifetime who has been affected by human trafficking in one way or another is growing.
Porn & Trafficking As stated in previous pages, pornography contributes to human trafficking by means of desensitizing individuals and providing revenue. Additionally, pornography and sex trafficking are in a reciprocal relationship. Porn viewing encourages sex trafficking, and sex trafficking contributes to the porn industry. Th e United Nations’ definition of human trafficking strongly implies that many performers in pornography would be classified as sex trafficked victims. According to stoptraffickingdemand.com, performers are subjected to being sex trafficked victims because they are often victims to fraud, deception, threat or use of force, coercion, and abuse of power or vulnerability.
9
APPROACH #1 Utilizing technologies to help, prevent and rescue victims of Sex trafficking.
23% of texting conversations on the Polaris Be Free Text line were from survivors of human trafficking compared to 11% of phone calls on the Hotline.
RESOURCES https:// polarisproject.org/
Data sets on human trafficking Open source information for all organizations to use to combat trafficking Advocated better laws Grassroots efforts in local communities and societies.
CALL TO ACTION Support Current & Open 'bird's-eye view' of different More National Human trends that are emerging Trafficking Hotlines and different types of sex Hotlines provide immediate trafficking that are emerging around the country," support to those in trouble or who have information to Bradley Myles help combat trafficking.
Partnering technologies
If you know of or have suspicions of trafficking, you can phone in to this 24-hour service to give them detailed information on the spot. you can also call if you am a victim or perhaps you have escaped my captors.
Due to the enormity of Data that Polaris takes in and to improve accuracy, they have partnered with other companies Palantir Technologies improves data and accuracy of stats released to the public.
“7,600 cases were reported 23% of texting conversations in 2016, and 2017 is project- on the Polaris Be Free Text ed to surpass that number by line were from survivors of 10 to 20 percent” human trafficking compared "So, what we've been able to to 11% of phone calls on the see from the work on the na- Hotline. tional hotline is sort of a 10
Local Effort on a global scale Polaris works to ensure that the U.S. government prioritizes efforts to eradicate all forms of human trafficking and protect victims of this crime at home and abroad. For the last four years, Polaris has rated all 50 states and the District of Columbia based on 10 categories of laws that are critical to establishing a basic legal framework to effectively combat human trafficking, punish traffickers, and support survivors. While a set statics cannot measure the empowerment, an organization has had on a country, since the establishment of Polaris a various other organization, legislation has been made due to their efforts and efforts of others. In conclusion, building government support for agencies, like Polaris, setting up more anti-trafficking hotlines, setting data standards and sharing to unit together, and establishing protecting policies for victims and vulnerable populations will encourage victims to get help and discourage perpetrators who don’t want to risk getting caught.
APPROACH #1 PROS/ CONS Pros
Brings awareness on a broader scale Creates a united front for agencies wanting to take a stand and provide services for trafficking victims Provides published statistics to keep the public informed and up to date on progress
Cons
May fail to consider industries that are legal, but still lead to victimizing innocent civilians Data may not accurately distinguish between trends and perpetual areas of concern
11
RESOURCES sharedhope.org/the-problem/ what-is-sex-trafficking/.
humantraffickinghotline.org/ type-trafficking/sex-trafficking
gov.texas.gov/organization/ cjd/childsextrafficking
google.com/a/mtholyoke.edu/ virginityandthesextrade/about
fairobserver.com/region/ north_america/combating-sex -trafficking-history/
APPROACH #2 Protecting illegal aliens who report Human trafficking and sexual exploitation must be addressed from every angle. Since a large percentage of trafficking comes from illegal aliens who fear deportation, addressing their concerns one way to reduce the amount of trafficking. One approach to assist the perpetual victimization of illegal aliens is to take the fear out of seeking help. If claims are merited, they wouldn’t need to worry about repercussions of reporting. While anyone can become a victim of trafficking, illegal aliens are highly vulnerable to being trafficked due to a com-
12
bination of factors, including lack of legal status and protections, limited language skills and employment options, poverty and immigration-related debts, and social isolation. As you can see from the table below, profits that motivate perpetrators to traffic humans are shockingly high. Protecting victims—including illegals, will drive down revenue and make it more difficult for them to continue their heinous practices. When reliable resources dry up, criminals will be forced to disband their practice.
CALL TO ACTION Policy Proposal: The United States government has the power to offer a limited form of amnesty to reporting victims with Illegal citizenship status - contingent upon their helpfulness with prosecution of trafficking rings. Details: To alleviate illegal aliens’ fear of becoming targets for deportation once on the judicial radar, this policy would assure them of protection by the law throughout the duration
of the investigation and prosecution of the perpetrators. After court proceedings this limitedamnesty offers a “blindeye” to illegal presence if no other unlawful activity has been recorded. To ensure the offer reaches those needing it, advertising would be put in place to educate the illegal alien community of this protection.
APPROACH #2 PROS/CONS Pros
Removes a layer of hesitancy from illegal alien victims to seek help. Greater quantity of willing voices to testify against traffickers.
RESOURCES
Cons
Potential for misunderstanding among illegal aliens.
Potential for false allegations
“Blind-eye” offering may be neglected by some officials.
Does not address the similar problem with reporting nontrafficking-related rape.
13
humantraffickinghotline.org/ states ourrescue.org/ usnews.com/news/bestcountries/slideshows/5-of-the -worst-countries-for-humantrafficking nij.gov/topics/crime/humantrafficking/Pages/estimatingunderground-commercial-sex -economy.aspx
APPROACH #3 VICTIMS REALITY “Performers are subjected to being sex trafficked victims because they are often victims to fraud, deception, threat or use of force, coercion, and abuse of power or vulnerability.”
Weaken the Porn Industry The United Nations’ definition of human trafficking strongly implies that many performers in pornography would be classified as sex trafficked victims. Accou nts have been given of the following:
Performers are expected to perform scene after scene. Their senses are dulled in an attempt to make them less aware of the trauma they're experiencing by giving drugs and alcohol.
Despite signing contracts with stipulations against specific actions and scenarios, directors will often ignore these stipulations and force them to comply.
Those who protest against doing something that would make them feel uncomfortable are threatened with physical abuse
and other forms of blackmail.
When filming acts of assault or rape, they often experience being degraded through these harsh physical “acts”.
When performers don't act like they're enjoying the sexual abuse, they are sometimes physically abused after filming.
Multiple sources indicate that just because a woman agreed to be in a porn video, that doesn’t mean they knew exactly what was going to happen or that they had control over the situation. Other reports say that many actors in the videos came from trafficking. This alludes to the fact that the porn industry plays a major role in Human Trafficking and must be stopped.
“...while many people claim to be opposed to human sex trafficking, what many don’t know is that the demand for human sex trafficking is fueled by pornography and the porn industry.” 14
CALL TO ACTION Because pornography is contributing greatly to the issue, a probable solution to diminishing Human Sex Trafficking is informing individuals of the effects of pornography and it’s relation to Human Trafficking. By helping people see that porn is often created by deceitful and manipulative ways, and that it influences harmful behavior in the consumer, it is possible to create a culture intolerant to pornography.
Some many agencies have taken a stand against pornography. They help individuals make an informed decision regarding pornography by educating them on its harmful effects using empirical research and personal accounts. We suggest you research and support them. We also suggest advocating for policies that will help stop the industry from exploiting others, while protecting their rights.
APPROACH #3 PROS/ CONS Pros
People are informed & make decisions for themselves— rather than being forced As people become informed and many choose to boycott the porn industry, a cultural shift will occur, not only affecting trafficking, but possibly improving other weakened areas of society
Cons
Boycotting pornography will not eliminate human sex trafficking, since it does not include the entirety of victims As people become informed, the cultural shift may progress slowly, which may discourage some
Porn Encourages Aggression Even viewers of nonviolent porn have a correlation with being more likely to use verbal coercion, drugs, and alcohol to push women into sex. Those who are consistently looking at nonviolent porn are more likely to support abuse and sexual aggression statements of both women and girls. A lot of non-violent porn depicts power difference between partners where men are dominant while women are submissive. RESOURCES stoptraffickingdemand.com/ trafficking-within-the-industry/
endsexualexploitation.org/ prostitution/
dosomething.org/us/facts/11facts-about-human-trafficking
fightthenewdrug.org/naturaldisasters-fuel-sex-trafficking/
15
15
CONSIDER THIS “Sex trafficking is a market-driven criminal industry that is based on the principles of supply and demand. Therefore, people who purchase commercial sex increase the demand for commercial sex and likewise provide a profit incentive for traffickers, who seek to maximize profits by exploiting trafficking victims. Therefore, buyers of commercial sex need to recognize their involvement in driving demand. By not buying sex and not participating in the commercial sex industry, community members can reduce the demand for sex trafficking.” https:// humantraffickinghotline.org/typetrafficking/sextrafficking
COMPARING APPROACHES The aim of the book is to provide you with viable options in battling the worldwide Human Trafficking problem. All three options demonstrate choices you can make to aid in stopping this heinous and criminal industry.
tions on how you can both support and defend those who cannot defend themselves, not all options may work for everyone. Here is a quick breakdown of your options so you can decide which ones you will commit to support.
While each offer suggesUtilizing technologies Basis: Using technology or various agencies to “keep an eye” on the situation. Working together to provide accurate data and up-to-date programs. Action: Volunteer or financially contribute to organizations who are a part of this joint effort.
Protect illegal aliens Basis: Provide amnesty and guaranteed protection for illegals who report. Action: Support legislation that provide these services for illegal aliens. Write letters to local representatives.
Weaken the Porn Industry Basis: By boycotting the porn industry, those who are forced into performing will not longer be needed, thus sex trafficking for the specific purpose of producing porn will decrease. Action: Refuse to purchase pornographic material or watch on the web. Support agencies who are fighting to end pornography and help exploited victims. 16
WHERE DO I BEGIN? Whatever you do, just start somewhere. If you are lucky to have the freedom to help, then shouldn’t you? Some suggestions are:
Volunteer at a trafficking hotline
Donate to a worthy organization
Research policies regarding trafficking and learn how you can strengthen them
Spread the message about the harm of pornography and it’s relation to trafficking Keep your eyes open and report suspicious behavior or people to the authorities*
Teach others what you have learned and help them get involved
* Do not engage anyone you feel is involved in criminal activity in regards to Human Trafficking. Report all suspicions to the proper authorities. If you feel someone is a victim of trafficking, be cautious, take detailed notes, and report.
“The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.” Edmund Burke
17
THERE IS HOPE “They've been lured, groomed, manipulated, and coerced. Often times they don't even realize what's happening to them and fail to see that there is hope for a better future. Despite the harsh statistics, rescue and recovery are possible.” https:// ourrescue.org/stories
WHAT OTHERS HAVE TO SAY When asked how families can get involved in the war of Human Trafficking, Sarah Benson, the CEO of Ruhama, a non-governmental organization based in Ireland that is dedicated to assisting women who are being affected or who have been affected by prostitution and sex trafficking, says that parents (especially fathers) can teach their children about intimacy. Because sex is so publicized, children (especially boys) need to learn
Megan Hansen is a hospital on -call response team advocate for the Rape Recovery Center in Salt Lake City. She, along with other advocates, spend the 4-hour processing time with the victims, ensuring that they feel safe while being interviews by authorities and that they are spoken to in an appropriate, non-victim blaming, way.
that intimacy is private and understand that prostitution and pornography are not normal. Children as young as 5 or 6 need to begin learning about porn and prostitution or else it will be discovered through many other means. *Ruhama focuses on rehabilitative strategies for women, and over the course of their 29 years of service they have helped over 2,500 women from over 60 countries. For more info, please visit http:// www.ruhama.ie/.
escaping a trafficking ring. In fact, in the first few months of 2018 she personally saw 5 cases of kidnapped women in the 40’s come through.
Megan states that 1 in 3 code R’s (rape) are from someone
Megan warns about the bystander effect. Essentially, this is when you hear or notice something, but do not act. You believe someone else will take care of it. She believes that this has contributed to many unfavorable results of these victims, including death.
Chanel Cassanello, a suicide hotline volunteer from Las Vegas, has been aware for years the dangers of falling victim to
sex trafficking. Although she maintains a career on top of helping victims and possible victims over the phone in her
18
(cont.) limited spare-time, she committed to not sitting idly by while people are suffering. She is able to do this because of agencies like Polaris, who have small offices all over the nation where people can do and spend a few hours at a time taking phone calls.
door to those who are suffering, but aren’t sure what to do. It gives them a resource and lets them know someone cares and wants to help.
Something that at first shocked Chanel was realizing where victims are targeted. She notes that places such as parks, elementary schools, bus Although the company has stops, and all types of neighother resources that handle larger scale crisis, people like borhoods are susceptible to Chanel often speak to victims falling prey to human trafficking. Her advice: Pay attention! and parents of victims who have suffered a wide range of So many people would not abuse do to sex trafficking, in- turn victim if there was more cluding parents seeking advice dialog and open communication about what is going on in and help for their children. Chanel feels their work is im- their neighborhoods and schools. portant because it opens a
FINAL SUMMARY Human trafficking continues to grow. We must all work together in order to stop it. Where once we felt removed and unable to help, we are now empowered with choice. This book covers only three ways you can fight back and help those who suffer needlessly at the hands of criminals. There are many other ways to help.
tion means help for current victims as well as preventing future ones. By whatever means you are able, we encourage you to commit to help and recruit other to join you. Reach out to your state representatives and offer your voice in support of agencies who are trying to help victims, both legal and not legal. And do your part to stop damaging pornography practices that While all three approaches feed into sex slavery. You have have both strengths and weaknesses, they move us in a choice. Choose to make a the right direction. Taking ac- difference . 19
LET’S STAND TOGETHER Together we can stop the violence. Together we can save lives. Together we can bring hope to those who have none. Together we can make a difference.
Cyler Horsley—Contributing Writer PERSONAL REFLECTION Sex trafficking is a real dilemma and issue. It haunts many families around the world. It can happen at any moment, at any place, and by any person. Through the research that myself and my team have gathered, there are multitudes of way of preventing and educating others on this issue. I have created a new resolve within myself to combat this issue and to actively seek out those that may be in need or may just need someone to listen to. I hope we can all share in this goal of eliminating slavery of all kinds. The topic of Sex Trafficking is something we should never have to talk about but its real and it happens every day. Making people aware of this terrible crime is a major goal of mine and our group. I have talked with and seen first hand the affects this type of crime can have on individuals. It needs to stop!
20
20
Martha Willis—Contributing Writer PERSONAL REFLECTION Preparing this book has been a tender experience for me. Through the process I was able to interview a volunteer advocate who is one of their first contacts when a victim goes to the hospital and endures the 4-hour forensics process and police interview. This process is scary and my interviewee reports that statistics for her city show that 1 of every 3 code R (rape) is someone escaping a trafficking ring. In the first months of 2018, she has seen 5 cases of kidnapping of women in their 40s. The picture she painted of the exploitation of the weak left me uncomfortable in my security. In my office I sit safely, while at this very moment there are children, homeless, immigrants, members of the queer community, women and even men who are trapped in a system bent on using, selling, and abusing their supposedly "protected" human rights. I hope this information will make you uncomfortable enough to take action in one of the ways we've suggested and make a real difference in a real person's life, who is currently a slave.
21
21
Collin McClain—Contributing Writer PERSONAL REFLECTION The process of learning the history, scope, and ramifications of human sex trafficking has been overwhelming, and encompasses mixed feelings. On one hand it has been emotionally heavy, because it is depressing to imagine the turmoil a trafficked victim and their loved ones go through. Sex trafficking is so vile and corrupt that it was difficult for me at times to continue informing myself of the issue. A s I was learning about the ramifications of trafficking and the cyclical relationship it has with pornography and self gratification, I could not help but also feel somewhat responsible for being apathetic to my culture tolerating many of the elements that contribute to sex trafficking. With this perspective, I feel compelled – and in a way, empowered – to do something about this issue. It’s led me to asking myself “What role can I play in helping others become informed with this issue?” While it is hard to imagine a world without such turmoil, I am hopeful that one day we will live in a world that does not just tolerate human trafficking, but sexual exploitation as a whole.
22
22
Amy Cagle—Editor PERSONAL REFLECTION Although I was not a part of the research, I did learn a lot by reading the research and content the writers provided. I was amazed at the depth of the issue, how far and wide it spreads, how it appears in many forms, and how it continues to grow rampantly. I also see that there are many individuals and agencies who are working hard to fight against the atrocities of Human Trafficking, particularly when it involves sex trafficking, and that they are making a difference. It gives me hope for the future that we can beat this. This book has also reaffirmed my goal to help in whatever way I can now, while setting myself up to do more in the future. I have a 3, 5, and 10 year plan in my business, with my ultimate goal being able to work fulltime in a charity that combats trafficking and other social issues both foreign and domestic.
23
23
BIBLIOGRAPHY Boeringer, Scot B. “Pornography and Sexual Aggression: Associations of Violent and Nonviolent Depictions with Rape and Rape Proclivity.” Deviant Behavior, vol. 15, no. 3, 1994, pp. 289–304., doi:10.1080/01639625.1994.9967974. Check, J. and Guloien, T. “The Effects of Repeated Exposure to Sexually Violent Pornogra phy, Nonviolent Dehumanizing Pornography, and Erotica.” Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989. “Child Sex Trafficking Team | Office of the Texas Governor | Greg Abbott.” Office of the Governor | Greg Abbott, gov.texas.gov/organization/cjd/childsextrafficking.
Domonoske, Camila. “CEO Of Backpage.com Arrested, Charged With Pimping.” NPR, NPR, 7 Oct. 2016, www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/07/497006100/ceo-ofbackpage-com-arrested-charged-with-pimping. “Estimating the Underground Commercial Sex Economy in the U.S.” NIJ.gov. National Institute of Justice. Department of Justice, September 2016. Web. 30 March 2018. Ford, Dana. “Sex Trafficking: The New American Slavery.” CNN, Cable News Network, 14 Mar. 2017, www.cnn.com/2015/07/20/us/sex-trafficking/index.html. “Global Report on Trafficking in Persons.” UNODC.org. UNODC, February 2009. Web. 30 March 2018. Hald, Gert Martin, et al. “Pornography and Attitudes Supporting Violence against Women: Revisiting the Relationship in Nonexperimental Studies.” Aggressive Behavior, vol. 36, no. 1, 2010, pp. 14–20., doi:10.1002/ab.20328. “Hotline Statistics.” Hummantraffickinghotline.org. National Human Trafficking Hotline, 2018. Web. 30 March 2018.
PLEASE PLACE STAMP HERE
“Human Trafficking – Exploitation of Illegal Aliens.” Fairus.org. Federation for American Immigration Reform, August, 2016. Web. 30 March 2018.
Kotrla, K. “Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking in the United States.” Social Work, vol. 55, no. 2, Jan. 2010, pp. 181–187., doi:10.1093/sw/55.2.181. McKinnon, John D. “Senate Likely to Pass Bill Limiting Websites' Immunity in SexTrafficking Cases.” The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, 17 Mar. 2018, www.wsj.com/articles/senate-likely-to-pass-bill-limiting-websites-immunity-in-sextrafficking-cases-1521284400. McPhillips,Deidre. “5 of the Worst Countries for Human Trafficking.” USnews.com. USnews, 2018. Web. 30 March 2018.
YOUR LOGO HERE
24
BIBLIOGRAPHY CONT. “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons”, Article 3, paragraph a, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ ProtocolTraffickingInPersons.aspx Raphelson, Samantha. “Cyntoia Brown Case Highlights How Child Sex Trafficking Victims Are Prosecuted.” NPR, NPR, 1 Dec. 2017, www.npr.org/2017/12/01/567789605/ cyntoia-brown-case-highlights-how-child-sex-trafficking-victims-are-prosecuted. “Sex Trafficking.” National Human Trafficking Hotline, humantraffickinghotline.org/typetrafficking/sex-trafficking
“Sex Trafficking.” Polarisproject.org. Polaris, 2018. Web. 30 March 2018. Silverman, J G, et al. “Associations of Sex Trafficking History with Recent Sexual Risk among HIV-Infected FSWs in India.” AIDS and Behavior., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Mar. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23955657. Swarens, Tim. “Who Buys a Trafficked Child for Sex? Otherwise Ordinary Men.” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 30 Jan. 2018, www.usatoday.com/story/ opinion/nation-now/2018/01/30/sex-trafficking-column/1073459001/. “Trafficking Within the Professional Porn Industry.” Stop Trafficking Demand, stoptraffickingdemand.com/trafficking-within-the-industry/.
“What Is Sex Trafficking?” Shared Hope International, sharedhope.org/the-problem/what-issex-trafficking/. “11 Facts About Human Trafficking.” DoSomething.org | Volunteer for Social Change, www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-human-trafficking.
YOUR LOGO HERE
25
PLEASE PLACE STAMP HERE