e n i z a g a E-m Ana Ester Mora Blanco Starling Aguilar Grammar III
Phrasal verbs Also called a two-word verb. It has two parts: a main verb and a particle.
Verb+Particle= Phrasal Verb Particles and Prepositions look the same but they act different. Prepositions do not change the meaning of the main verb while particles often do it. They are common in everyday speech and like the rest of verbs, they often have more than one meaning.
Examples Transitive Ask over*
Intransitive Act up
Bring about
Drop out
Call back*
Fall off
Dream up
Get along
End up with
Make up
Fix up
Pay off
Give out
Run out
Hand in
Slip up
Keep up with
Take off
*must be separated
They are divided in Transitive: It take an object and are separable. The noun object can go after the particle or be tween the verb and the particle. BE CAREFUL: if the direct object is a pronoun it must go between the verb and particle.
Phrasal verb
Example: I brought these candies for you, Pick some out!
noun object
Intransitive which dont take an object and are always inseparable .
Example My computer broke down today Phrasal verb
noun object
Phrasal Verbs
Crossword Across 1. I have to take _____ of my little brother. 3. If you ____ across a good dictionary. Buy it for me. 6. I don't want to cook. Let's _____ out. 7. Let's _____ up the tent before it rains. 9. Don't ____ ____ to me you rude boy. 11. If you ____ into Jack, tell him to call me. 12. _____ up! It's morning. 13. There are many mistakes. ____ it over.
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2
4
5 6 7
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Down 1. Can you ____ ____ with some solutions. 2. If we don’t start spending less, we will ___ ___ of money soon. 3. I'm going to ____ down on fatty foods. 4. He likes to ______ up stories. 5. I ___ ___ well with Sandy because she is so easygoing. 8. It's warm. Why don't you _____ off your jacket? 10. The bomb will ____ up in two minutes. 11. I need to get ____ of some old furniture.
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Modals Ability: Be able to*
Ability: Can and could
Subjec t
Modal
Base form of verb
Subject
She
Can ( not)
Act
She
Could ( not)
Act
Last year
Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better Subject
Modal
Base form of verb
You
Should Ought to Had better
watch Act
Be able to Is not
Base form of verb
Able to
Was not
Act Act
Last year
Necessity: must and can´t Subject You This tv Show
Modal Must not can´t
Able to
Base form of verb Act Act
Modals Assumptions, May, Might, Could, Must, Cant,
Necessity: Have (got) to * Subject
Have (got) to
Base form of verb
Subject
Modal
They
Dont have to
go
They
He
Has (got) to
May (not), might (not), could (not), must (not) cant
Assumptions: Have (got) to* Subject
Have (got) to
Base for of verb
They
Have (got) to
Be
He
Has (got) to
Actors
An actor
Base form of the verb Be
Actors
Future possiblity: May, Might, Could Subject
Modal
Base form of verb
it
May (Not), Might (Not), could
start
At 8:00
Examples â—?
A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) I) J) K) L)
Modals express:
Social functions: You should watch the program Logical possiblities: It could be the best of the season. To describe present hability: She can sing. For past hability: Before she took lessons she could sing. To give advice: You should watch Survivor tonight. For urgent Advice: You d better study or you will fail tomorrows test. To ask for advice: Should I buy a new TV set? For negative statements: You shouldnt get your old TV repaired. To express necessity: You have to press start to begin recording. Informal writing and conversations: You ve got to see this! Necessity in writing; You must put in on Channel 3 to record. For present of future: You must go to bed right now, â—? You ve got to get up early tomorrow. M) Prohibition: They must not leave the house. N) Something not necessary: They dont have to leave the house. O) Future possibility: The show may start at 10:00 pm. I am not sure.
Assumptions 100% certain Affirmative
Negative
Must Have got to May Might, could
Can’t, couldn’t Must not May not Might not
0% certain
QUIZ Q1 - They ____ be on holiday, but I'm not sure. can may Q2 - You ____ be right, but I'd still like to check. can could Q3 - ____ you turn it down a bit please? Can May Q4 - It's OK- you ____ go when you've finished. may might Q5 - Ask any questions now as you ____ not talk during the test. may could
QUIZ Q6 - You ____ smoke in the cinema. can't might not Q7 - From the way he speaks, he ____ be from London. can could Q8 - It's impossible- they _____ have finished it already! can't mustn't Q9 - The weather ____ be better tomorrow. can may Q10 - ____ you speak Japanese? Can May
Gerunds and Infinitives Gerunds
Infinitives
Eating fast food is convenient
It is convenient to eat fast foods
They recommend reducing fats in the food
They plan to reduce fats in the food
She started buying Mcbreakfast every day
She started to buy Mcbreakfast every day
We are tired of reading calorie counts
We were surprising to read the number of calories
I dindt like his ordering fries
I urged him to order fries
Important notes A) •) •)
The gerund is often used as a subject of a sentence examples: Eating fast food can be fun Not caring about calories is a mistake
B) The gerund is often used after certain verbs as the object of the verb, examples: • I dislike eating fast food every day • I dislike Juliets eating fast food • I dislike her eating fast food In informal spoken English it is common to use object pronouns instead of possessives before the gerund: • I dislike him eating fast food
:
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive, these verbs fall into three groups a) verb+infinitive
They hope to open a new store
b) verb+object+infinitive
I urge you to try that restaurant
c) verb+infinitive
I want to try that new restaurant
Important notes D) Some verbs can be followed by either the gerund or infinitive and the meanings are the same . Examples:
• I started bringing my own lunch or I started briniging my own lunch
Verbs followed either by gerund or infinitive , but the meanings are very different She stopped eating pizza ( she doesnt eat anymore)
She stopped to eat pizza ( stopped another activity)
He remember meeting her there ( first he met her, then he remembered he did it)
He remembered to meet her there ( First he remembered, then he met her.
I never forgot eating lunch at Carls Junior ( I didnt forget the experience)
I never forgot to eat lunch ( I always ate lunch)
Important notes D) The gerund is the only verb for that can follow a preposition . For example: • I read an article about counting calories • I dont approve of eating fast food • We are interested in trying differnt type of food..
•
Be careful, to can be part of the infinitive or can be a preposition. Use the gerund after the presposition to. Example We look forward to having dinner with you E) The infinitive can often follow an adjective, many of them express feelings or attitudes example, • They were eager/ glad/ ready to try new exotic food F) The infinitive can also follow certain nouns: • It is time to take a break. It is a high price to pay G) Use the infinitive to explain the purpose of an action. Example: • Doug eats fast food to save time H) To make general statement you can use: • Gerund as subject: Cooking is fun • It +infinitive: it is fun to cook
Dominoes
Dominoe rules Gerund & Infinitive Dominoes In this enjoyable dominoes game, students practice making sentences by matching verbs to gerunds or infinitives.
Before class, make one copy of the domino cards for each group of four and cut as indicated. Procedure Split the class into groups of four and hand out a set of domino cards to each group.
One student in each group deals out nine dominoes to each player then places one domino face up in the middle of the table. The other domino cards are placed face down in a pile.
Keeping their domino cards secret, the students look at their cards. Students take it in turns to make a complete sentence using a gerund or infinitive by placing one of their dominoes at either end of the domino line.
They do this by matching a verb (in bold) to a gerund or infinitive or vice-a-versa. They then make a sentence to show it's correct. If a student can't think of a sentence or the sentence is incorrect, they take a card from the pile and play passes to the next player.
Play continues until one player has used all of their cards. This student is the winner.
Passive voice Passive voice is a grammatical construction in which the subject of a sentence denotes the recipient of the action (the patient) rather than the performer (the agent). The usual form uses the auxiliary verb be (or get) together with the past participle of the main verb.
Active
Passive
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE BUY IT
IT IS BOUGHT BY MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
SOMEONE PUBLISHED IT IN 1888
IT WAS PUBLISHED IN 1888
THEY HAVE REACHED THEIR GOAL
THEIR GOAL HAS BEEN REACHED
Passive statement: SUBJECT
BE ( NOT)
PAST PARTICIPLE
BY+OBJECT
IT
WAS
WATCHED
BY MILLION OF PEOPLE
IN 1888
Examples Yes or no questions Be/have
Subject
Is Was
(Been) +past participle Sold
it
Wh questions Wh word
Be/have
Subject
(been+) past partciciple
Where
Is/was has
It
Sold Been sold
Being sold
has
Be careful: only transitive verbs have passive forms examples • Transitive verbs: Ed Bly wrote that article
That article was writen by Ed Bly
• Intransitive verb: It seems interesting. NOT It was seemed intreseting Note: In most of the cases you dont need to mention an agent in passive sentences. Do not include an agent unnecessarily
not passive form
EXAMPLES
WORD SEARCH
Tag questions FORM A TAG QUESTIONWITH STATEMENT + TAG IF THE STATEMENT VERB IS POSITIVE THE TAG IS NEGATIVE AND IF IT IS NEGATIVE THE TAG IS POSITIVE. Be careful the tag only uses pronouns AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT
NEGATIVE TAG
NEGATIVE STATEMENT
AFFIRMATIVE TAG
SUBJECT+BE
BE+NOT+SUBJECT
SUBJECT+BE+NOT
BE+SUBJECT
YOU ARE FROM RIO
ARE NOT YOU?
YOU ARE NOT FROM RIO
ARE YOU?
WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO AFFITMATIVE STATEMENT
NEGATIVE TAG
SUBJECT+AUXIIARY
AUXILIARY+NOT+SUBJECT
YOU ARE MOVING
AREN’T YOU
HE’S BEEN HERE BEFORE
HASN’T HE
THEY CAN MOVE TOMORROW
CAN’T THEY
NEGATIVE STATEMENT
AFFIRMATIVE TAG
SUBJECT+AUXILIARY+NOT
AUXILIARY+SUBJECT
YOU ‘RE NOT MOVING
ARE YOU?
HE HASN’T BEEN HERE BEFORE
HAS HE?
THEY CAN’T MOVE TOMORROW
CAN THEY?
Tag questions WITH DO AS AUXILIARY VERB
AFFITMATIVE STATEMENT
NEGATIVE TAG
SUBJECT+VERB
DO+NOT+SUBJECT
HE LIVES HERE
DOESN’T HE?
THEY MOVED LAST YEAR
DIDN’T THEY?
• • •
NEGATIVE STATEMENT
AFFIRMATIVE TAG
SUBJECT+DO+NOT+VERB
DO+SUBJECT
HE DOESN’T LIVE HERE
DOES HE?
THET DIDN’T MOVE
DID THEY?
USE TAG QUESTIONS TO:
CHECK ON INFORMATION YOU BELIEVE TO BE TRUE. ESTER LIVES IN COSTA RICA, DOESN’T SHE? COMMENT ON A SITUATION IT IS A GREAT DAY, ISN’T IT? WHEN YOU EXPECT THE OTHER PERSON TO AGREE WITH YOU ( IN THIS TYPE OF TAG QUESTION THE VOICE FALLS ON THE TAG. IT IS GETTING WARMER, ISN’T IT?
Examples But you don't really love her, do you? This'll work, won't it? Oh you think so, do you? Well, I couldn't help it, could I? But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you? We'd never have known, would we? Oh you do, do you? The weather's bad, isn't it? You won't be late, will you? Nobody knows, do they? You never come on time, do you? You couldn't help me, could you? You think you're clever, do you? So you don't think I can do it, don't you? (British English) Shut up, will you! She can hardly love him after all that, can she? Nothing will happen, will it?
Activity Tag questions - with be Match the tag questions on the right with the sentence on the left. write your choices on the left.
1. He's waiting for you, 2. There are seven days in a week, 3. I'm not late, 4. These colors are pretty, 5. Her reasons weren't very good, 6. The doctor wasn't in his office, 7. The lights were very bright, 8. The idea is interesting, 9. There were a lot of books on the table, 10. The hole isn't deep,
a. weren't they? b. is it? c. am I? d. weren't there? e. isn't he? f. were they? g. isn't it? h. aren't there? i. aren't they? j. was he?
Grammar course memories
Reflections Through this course, Grammar 3, I dare to say that even I was already taught all the topics the teacher explained, I could get more details and I could polished my knoledge in all of them. The teacher had us use a grammar book, which is huge. My mind was about to blow up, but I kept calm because grammar is an incredible challenge. Grammar is the base of an English of excellence. I also shared with my classmates and teacher a lot of experiences, such as some presentations, playroles,and games. It is one of the most important courses in the English Teaching and Translation major, isn’t it? . Learning grammar broadens your vocabulary and writing style. Thank you for being part of my career!
Good bye!!!