LINKERS AND CONNECTORS CONTRAST however: Still: Regardless: Sin embargo nevertheless: instead of: en vez de in spite of / despite: a pesar de on the contrary: por el contrario whereas / while: mientras though / although / even though: aunque But / yet: pero all the same: a pesar de todo Despite (that) Sub + Vb. Despite (that) he hadn’t been invited, Peter came. in spite of / despite + ing/noun: al principio o al final de la frase. ‘He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late’ ‘We enjoyed our camping holiday in spite of the rain’ although / though/ even though: Unen dos ideas que se oponen. Van seguidos de un Sujeto y un verbo. Pueden ir al principio o al final de la frase. ‘Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams’. ‘Peter came, though he hadn’t been invited’
-
In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.
REASON AND CAUSE because of + noun: a causa de /por due to + noun: debido a owing to + noun: debido a Because (porque) As / Since / Seeing that (ya que/como) due to the fact that + suj verbo: debido a que owing to the fact that + sentence: debido a que for this / that reason: por esta / esa razón -
As / Since / Seeing that: introducen una oracion Suj-verbo. Introduce a sentence. ‘As/since it was raining, I stayed in. ‘Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home’ Because ‘I stayed at home because it was raining.’
-
Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to: seguido de un sustantivo. ‘John was late because of / due to / owing to/ on account of a traffic jam’. ‘Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home’ PURPOSE
-
However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast / All the same. Introducen una idea que contradice a otra que se ha dicho previamente. Van siempre seguidos de coma. ‘He was quite ill. however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school’ ‘He felt tired. However/Nevertheless, he went on working.’ ‘She spent hours in the hot kitchen. Regardless, he didn't touch her food’. ‘The boy got F's on all his exams. All the same, the teacher passed him’. ‘I wasn't hungry. Still, I had dinner with the family and ate a lot’. while / Whereas Unen dos ideas contrarias. ‘This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring’ ‘I like coffee, whereas/while Mary likes tea’ but / yet: van seguidos de una oracion suj-verbo o un sustantivo . ‘The book is short but / yet interesting’ ‘The book is short but / yet it is good’. Instead of + v-ing He rent a film instead of going to the cinema
To / in order to / so as to,: para So that: para For that purpose: por esta razón/ con este proposito To, in order to, so as to: van seguidos de un infinitivo. La diferencia entre las tres formas es sólo que el TO es informal, el IN ORDER TO es más formal, y el SO AS TO, es más formal aun. ‘I came in order to/ so as to/ to see Mary’ ‘She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes’ -
So that: va seguido de una frase suj-verbo y normalmente se usa cuando la segunda acción tiene un sujeto diferente a la primera acción. ‘We came so that our daughter could see her grandparents’ For that purpose: seguido de coma. ‘For that purpose, I will come’
RESULT AND CONSEQUENCE consequently/ As a consequence / in consequence : en consecuencia as a result: como resultado therefore: por lo tanto As a result of: como resultado de As a consequence of: como consecuencia de so: por lo tanto / así que Thus: por lo tanto that's why: por eso, por esa razón...+ sujeto verbo -
Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore/ for this reason / thus: Sequido de coma. ‘We were tired and hungry. Therefore, we stopped to rest and eat lunch’. ‘He went out dancing every week night. Consequently/for this reason, he failed his class’. He went out dancing every week night. That’s why he failed his class. ‘He studied hard and did all his homework. Thus, he got A's most of the time’. As a consequence of / As a result of: sequido de sustantivo . ‘As a result of / as a consequence his brave action, he was awarded a military medal. So: sin coma en medio de la frase. ‘We came early, so we had to wait’
‘He's too weak to do heavy labor. In addition, his memory is failing him.’ ‘I think he's a boring teacher. What's more, he doesn't know his subject.’ ‘I don't have time to read Shakespeare. Besides, I don't understand him.’ ‘She's always late for work. Besides this, she loses important files’. ‘The school doesn't have money for books. Furthermore, the building is old.’ ‘ I am too busy to help you. Moreover, I think you can do it by yourself’. ‘She's smart and beautiful. On top of that, she's kind and considerate’. in addition to: seguido de nombre o Verbo-ing: ‘In addition to soul music, she likes rap’ ‘In addition to going to dance lessons, she went to the gym’. Also: siempre va antes del verbo principal, nunca al principio de frase. ‘I saw Susan. I also saw Mary. EXEMPLIFYING for example: por ejemplo for instance: por ejemplo such as: tal(es)como and so on: etcétera for example, for instante: ‘Vegetables are a good source of vitamins: for example / for instance, oranges have vitamin C’ such as: ‘I eat lots of vegetables such as carrots, oranges and so on.
ADDING INFORMATION apart from in addition Además Besides moreover Also: What’s more: Además; lo que es más Furthermore: además/ Lo que es más on top of that: Además/encima in addition to: Además de apart from: seguido de nombre o Verbo-ing. ‘Apart from English, she speaks French’. ‘Apart from studying English, she speaks Frech’. -
Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more: Al principio de oración y seguidos de coma ‘I was late. Besides/in addition, I had forgotten my books.
CONNECTORS Pros and Cons. On the one hand ... On the other hand: Por una parte… Por otra parte. The advantage is…: La ventaja es The disadvantage is …: el inconveniente es On the one hand ... On the other hand. Se usan en dos parrafos diferentes para organizar dos ideas diferentes: ‘On the one hand, I'd like more money to buy a car. On the other hand, I'm not prepared to work the extra hours in order to get it’ Succession . - First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First …. - Second / Secondly / Then … - Third / Thirdly / After that... - The next stage … - Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least…
Order First parragraph At first sight: A primera vista First: En primer lugar First of all: Antes que nada In the first place: En primer lugar To start with: Para empezar Second parragraph In the second place: En segundo lugar Second: Segundo Secondly: En segundo lugar Third: Tercero Thirdly: En tercer lugar Conclusion Finally: In conclusion: Lastly: And eventually:
Por último Para concluir Por último Y finalmente
Expressing facts actually: en realidad as a matter of fact: de hecho in fact: de hecho really: en realidad (antes del verbo9 Expressing a personal opinion as far as I am concerned: por lo que a mí respecta from my point of view: desde mi punto de vista in my opinion: en mi opinión in my view: según lo veo I think that: creo que it is true that: es verdad que personally: personalmente to be honest: para ser honesto to tell the truth: a decir verdad I agree (with): estoy de acuerdo I disagree (with): no estoy de acuerdo According to x: De acuerdo con x
Explain that is (to say): es decir in other words: en otras palabras in short: en resumen above all: sobre todo all in all: en general at least: al menos basically: básicamente, fundamentalmente especially: especialmente, sobre todo essentially: esencialmente in general: en general in particular: en particular more or less: más o menos on the whole: en general to a certain extent: hasta cierto punto that is esto es that is to say es decir in other words en otras palabras. Summarizing all in all: en suma in brief: en resumen in conclusion: Para concluir / en conclusión in short: en resumen on the whole: en general to sum up/ to summarize: Para resumir Sequencing after that: después de eso all of a sudden: de repente Finally: Finalmente First of all: En primer lugar in the end: al final in the meantime: mientras tanto meanwhile: mientras tanto next: luego suddenly: de repente then: entonces, después while: mientras
OTHERS talking about the present time 1. These days, computers are available in most public schools and libraries. 2. Nowadays, women get heart attacks almost as often as men do. 3. In this day and age, technology is present in every facet of our life. 4. Currently, the economy is strong. 5. At the present time, the President is facing political difficulties. talking about the historic past 6. A long time ago, there were no computers in schools. 7. In former times, people went to the river to get drinking water. 8. Formerly, slaves did much of the work in this country. 9. In the old days, kings and princes ruled people's lives. giving the truth 17. I don't like little Ricky. To tell the truth, I think he's a monster. 18. He says he's a vegetarian. In fact, he eats seafood on occasion. 19. He calls himself a "professor." Actually, he's only a teaching assistant! giving information which is against normal expectation 20. His liver was in bad shape. That notwithstanding, he continued to drink. giving the bright side or the sad side
27. She was hit by a car. Fortunately, she wasn't killed. 28. He lost his house in the hurricane. Happily, his whole family survived. 29. She inherited a million dollars. Unfortunately, she invested the money badly. 30. He did everything to make her happy. Sadly, she never grew to love him. showing consistencies and similarities 31. He worked hard to make his wife happy. Likewise, she took good care of him. 32. He treated his workers well. In the same way, he did everything for his kids. 33. The lady was an angel. Similarly, her husband helped the poor in their town. showing inconsistencies or dissimilarities 34. He was handsome and smart. On the other hand, he dressed very badly. 35. Falcons fly 200 miles per hour. In contrast, ostriches can't fly at all. stating what is clearly true or probably true 36. He sang and danced on his way to work. Obviously, he liked his job. 37. He always took his kids to the park. Undoubtedly, he loved them a lot. 38. He gave vacation time and sick leave. Surely, his workers appreciated it. 39. He was invited to all the parties. Indeed, he was quite popular. 40. He kept closing his eyes while I was speaking. Apparently, he hadn't slept well. 41. He couldn't recognize his friends. Possibly, he had Alzheimer's disease.