How to use a reuse by Zofia Jasniewicz

How to use a

r e u s e On raw materials, life cycle and circular economy.

CHOICE OF SUBJECT 11/05/2017 The dissertation will be dealing with regenerative design - an approach that appeared last century, goes together with Cradle to Cradle strategy and still can be seen as upto-date. Actually, it is becoming even more relevant and accurate with time. Waste do not disappear even after a very neat separation of paper, plastic and glass. Construction waste is said to be even 10 to 15% of an overall quantity of materials coming on a building site. In fact, there is tremendous expenditure in terms of both cost of a material and also working hours. The main goal of the report is to prove that even a small change can give a great impact. The world we live in is in our hands. However, Net Zero Energy Building, geothermal energy or hydroelectricity is not so easily understandable for an Everyman. How can we make any difference then? The very first step is to start to care. All in all, the report is written to be a guideline for amateurs (not only architecture geeks). Discussion on how to design a building, it can easily refer to how to design a simple everyday life and how to make choices resulting more sustainable solutions. As a case studies provided would be both: small and big scale design examples. Small scale stands mainly for furniture design. Contemporary designer, Piet Hein and his outstanding work based on upcycling is definitelly worth mentioning here. Also, so called PET technology used by De Vrom company shall be a subject for more profound investigation. Big scale refers to buidling design. Described will be renovation of Royal Haskoning DHV office building in Amersfoort, the Netherlands and Circular Pavilon of ABN AMRO Bank Amsterdam, Netherlands. What is more, I do have a hope the report will broaden my horizon and enrich me with new solutions or ideas in the subject of sustainability so that my final project can correspond directly with the issue.

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

title How to use a reuse. On raw materials, life cycle and circular economy

author student identity number consultant number of copies publish date number of pages number of characters (incl. spaces) font main body font size main body signature

Zofia Jaśniewicz 236123 Steen Fynbo 1 22/09/2017 75 101 158 Adobe Garamond Pro 12

All rights reserved – no part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the author. NOTE: This report was completed as part of a Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management degree course – no responsibility is taken for any advice, instruction or conclusion given within!

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank everyone who helped to create the report. Every inspiration and idea allowed not only on exhausting the subject, but most of all on better understanding it. I would like to express a gratitude to Royal Haskoning DHV office in Eindhoven which for a month has been Plastic Bags Collection Center. Especially, I want to thank Roel Brouwers who patientlly has been answering all my questions. Another important base for my research was Bas Luiting and his introduction to Circular Economy and Urban Mining. Moreover, I would like to thank Steen Fynbo, my consultant, who helped making the report consistent. This report would not be the same without my family and friends. Their support and assistance during every phase of the report has been priceless.

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

ABSTRACT AND KEY WORDS Main subject of the report is reuse as an effective waste dealing strategy. Reuse is one of waste management strategies stated by the LEED Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction. Together with other actions (reduction, recycling and waste to energy) reuse minimizes a devastating impact of building industry on mining, logging or quarrying raw materials and futher transport or logistic till final disposal of components. Nowadays more and more goods are being thrown away before approaching the end of their life cycle. It appears buying and replacing old items is much easier than repairing or reusing them. Often products are used and discarded. Reuse can save not only raw materials or money. It makes a significant difference in reduction of embodied energy needed for production proccess. Reuse helps to close the loop. Facts and figures can be terrifying when refering the problem to building industry .Demolishion and construction waste brings up a total stream of solid waste of about 40% in United States and 25% in Europe*. This statistics alarms: designing, building and managing waste has to play a meaningful role in construction processes. Circular economy, an alternative for traditional linear economy, encourages to consider “Buildings as Material Banks”** and to focus on reusing. The report gives an answer to the following question: why and how building industry should care about resources and look for possibilities to reuse.

KEY WORDS Architecture, building industry, sustainability, reuse, raw materials, renewable sources, life cycle cost,6s shearing layers, construction waste, Cradle to cradle, circular economy, circular building.

Read more about Construction Waste 3.1// Life cycle ** Available at: http://www.c2ccertified.org/news/article/want-to-design-for-circularity-consider-your-buildings-as-future-material-b; [Accessed: 08/08/2017] Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

CONTESTS

1.1 // Background information and presentation

1.2 // Choice of the subject

1.3 // Problem statement

1.4 // Delimination

1.5 // Research methodology and empirical data

1.6 // Target readership

2.1 // Shared shortage

2.2 // Reuse at grassroots

3.1// Life cycle

3.2 // Green business

4.1 //Reputation of engaged

4.2 // Circularity

5.0 // Interviewing Bas Luiting

6.0 // reChair

7.1 // Bibliography

7.2 // List of figures and illustration

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

â&#x20AC;&#x153;He looked at the granite. To be cut, he thought, and made into walls. He looked at a tree. To be split and made into rafters. He looked at streak of rust on the stone and thought of iron ore under the ground. To be melted and to emerge as girders against the sky. These rocks, he thought, are here for me; waiting for the drill, the dynamite, and my voice; waiting to be split, ripped, pounded, reborn; waiting for the shape my hand give them. â&#x20AC;&#x153; The Fountainhead, Ayn Rand

INTRODUCTION 1.1 // Background information and presentation

The following dissertation has been written as an elective self-study assignment being a part of the final 7th semester of Bachelor of Architectural Technology & Construction Managment at VIA University College. The report refers to the sustainable design approach and is inspired by the urgent need of dealing with waste growth. This growing amount of waste includes vast share of building industry and building design. One of possible and the most responsible strategies is to start to reuse. 1.2 // Choice of the subject

When thinking in terms of life cycle, the most important are raw materials. Either renewables (like wood) or non-renewables (like metals), once extracted raw materials should not be predestinated to dump. Landfills cannot be seen as boundless areas. The growing amount of waste pressures to look for reuse opportunities. Another issue is the energy used to manufacture and to transport products. Using a product till it’s final utilisation benefits on various levels: it saves money and energy, reduces pollution, prevents greenhouse gas emission and sustains the environment. The sentance quoted above reflects responsibility for Architects, Construction Architects or Engineers deal with. Commonly, raw materials loses its value when installed within a building. The answer is to see “Buildings as Material Banks” (BAMB)*. This movement aims to consider in advance on how to design and manufacture for future dismantling and further use of materials. Still, it is too acceptable to produce waste while demolishion or refurbishment of a building rather then look for opportunities to reuse.

Available at: http://www.c2ccertified.org/news/article/want-to-design-for-circularity-consider-your-buildings-as-future-material-b; [Accessed: 08/08/2017] Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

INTRODUCTION 1.3 // Problem statement

LIFE CYCLE

REPUTATION OF ENGAGED

>Mind your source

>Close the loop

> Making difference

> Water wanted

>Think life cycle

> Society to enhance

> Power of energy

>Shearing layers >Construction waste,

WHY 3

SHARED SHORTAGE

WHY 2

WHY 1

Architect is said to be a public trust profession with a high rate of demanded honesty standards*. That means more than only sculpting a building. Architect is the one to create living space and enhance lives as well as the one to initiate a difference. Even though the idea of reusing has been under development since the last century, architects and designers, the same as engineers or contractors are still unwilling to implement reuse strategy into any phase of design and building process. Reuse, part of a sustainable design approach, together with upcycling and circular economy, is widely discussed topic. Therefore, it is the highest time the building industry brings these ideas to life. As a matter of fact, there is not a single building being erased as a fully circular constrcution yet**. Thought, some attempts are seen, e.g.: Circular Pavilion on ABN Amro Bank in Amsterdam or the City Hall in Venlo (both in NL). The dissertation divides into three aspects. Apparently seperated, are all vital to the question Why and how building industry should care about resources and reuse? These aspects are as follows: enviroment, economy and society. Further, each issue provides an answer on firstly Why should we reuse? and after How can we reuse? The following table navigates around the paper and the same time is a mindmap which has been leading research process.

GREEN BUSINESS

CIRCULARITY

> Go renewable

> Benefiting from certificates

> Circular economy

>Viewing into the future

>Case study

> Urban scale

> Water treatment >Woodworking

HOW 3

REUSE AT GRASSROOT

HOW 2

HOW 1

> Waste infrastructure

> Building environment > Case study

> Case study

Reading order is recommended as the disseration presentes. Though, it is allowed to start at first with finding a reason Why should we reuse? and then How can we reuse? The main body of the report is kept on only one side of a paper sheet. The reason was not only to enable print on one-page-used paper sheet, but also to achieve easier perception.

Available at: http://news.gallup.com/poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx; [Accessed: 02/07/2017] ** Read more about Circular concept 4.2 // Circularity Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

INTRODUCTION 1.4 // Delimination

The following report focuses on reuse as a prospective strategy to deal with waste. The content does not cover other strategies (reduction, recycling and waste to energy), although they all overlap each other. Economy, politics or health issues mentioned in the text shows that even if referring to building industry, such aspects go together and it is essential to take them into consideration. Structures erected with its prior aim to be easily dismantled (temporary building for exhibition, circus tents or moveable stages) are not within the report scope. 1.5 // Research methodology and empirical data

The process of finding information is done as a compilation of data gathered from books, articles, brochures and websites as well as interviewing professionals and practical work from previous semesters. While collecting data, multiple sites have been visited: Royal Haskoning Headquater (11.05.2017), Circular Pavilion of ABN Amro Bank (17.05.2017), De Ceuvel (15.07.2017), Plug-in City Eindhoven (05.09.2017). 1.6 // Target readership

The report intends to provide information for all interested and/ or involved in reuse in either architecture or product design: o

Future clients and developers

Designers, architects, engineers

Environmental managers

Manufacturers

This report intends to show importance of an action which should be undertaken immediately. On the other hand, it should not be seen as a contradiction to reduction strategies. Rather then this, the paper strives to show opportunities of reuse.

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

PREFACE There is an increasing will of both designers and clients to use ‘second-hand’ equipment or components in construction work. Though, there are still significant difficulties on the way for architects, design engineers and manufacturing companies Information and guidance has been generated by the waste industry to stimulate the market. Unfortunately, there is a yawning gulf between data base and the actual incorporating reuse strategies on a larger scale. Not many things are intended to happen without a reason. Speaking about reuse, there are three major reasons explaining growing interest in reused goods and materials in building construction: o

Reducing negative construction´s impact on the environment

Benefiting on building permission, cost reduction or tendering

Improving reputation amongs others engaged in business

The first of reasons might be derived from a strong society’s will for good quality of living which is inextricably connected with either new or refurbished buildings which are inhabited and actively used. Not everyone may be aware of it, but the building industry has a great impact on extraction of natural resources (with a special regard for non - renewable ones like minerals and fossil fuels), air pollution caused by manufacturing and transportation or degeneration of landscape (woodland abatement, landfills, quarries). Secondly, reuse on a building site can help to save money. Reusing materials from demolishion straight on site reduces the cost of sending it to a landfill. What is more, on special areas of conservation it is more than welcome to match the old with new. That can be done by reuse of construction materials in adjacent buildings, but details depend on the creative mind. There is also rising interest, which could be consider as a true race, for obtaining credits for sustainable certifications. Here, the prior ones are Building Research Establishment Environmental Assesment Method (BREEAM; in UK) and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED; in US). These whole - building assessment tools calculate the overall environmental impact of a building including its energy use or life cycle of materials. Additionally, governments together with local authorities, are making a great effort to push construction towards sustainable solutions and to minimize the amount of generated waste. Often, the effort might be seen in disguise of a sustainable construction checklist which needs to be submitted as a part of planning/ building application. Growing awareness of society makes it hard to tolerate a product which is harmfull for enviroment or a manufacture habit which does not aim for a lesser footprint. Track records and transparency in operations are aspects of business that shareholders and potential new employees (mostly young, well - educated ones) are looking for in an organization’s profile. Such an approach is seen as a serious attempt to improve the environment. The ones that care about the environment are the most likely the ones that care about the living conditions as well. Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

IT IS NOTHING NEW OUT HERE In ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome it was a common habit to reuse masonry if a construction has been destroyed or decayed. If concidering cost of hewing out new stones (which most often had to be shipped from faraway quarries), reuse of already given material was less pricy in terms of manpower and feedstock. Not only stone or brick was reused. Iron was handle in a similar manner. Building industry, machnies and weapon did not cost Romans hardly any extraction. To reduce cost of steel manufacturing recycles (scrap) materials in a given proportion. This fact was not widly published as many of users, either engineers or private customers, are still not fully convinced to practise a use of second - hand materials. Since the middle of last century architectural savlage is growing with a numerous of firms to stock second-hand goodies (starting on doors, windows thru ironmongery to paving stones). Interest in reuse is blooming in other industries: automotive, electronic and electrical ones. In the Wester world these industries are the most rapidly growing domains. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unstoppable technology innovation and expansion of a market leads to increasing waste ( Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment - WEEE) amount.

With respect to the past and regard to the future.

Zofia Jasniewicz

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

GLOSSARY

Circular economy - industrial and business model with focus on restorative and regenerative attitude of design process. CE model redefines economic, environmental and social basics. Reuse - reclaimed material use without proccesing it fitting the original purpose or related one. Construction and demolision waste (C&D waste) - materials coming from construction, reparation, refurbishment or demolition of buildings and other structres, also for transport and infrastructure, aviation, maritime and water managment. Life cycle cost - a study on particular cost spend within certain time horizon equal to time horizon within the study is conducted, usually this period refers to duration of a building operation. Natural resource - natural wealth raw materials (human cannot produce a natural resource), like: air, minerals, water, sunlight. There are several ways to classify natural resources. Non - renewable resources - natural resource of economic value which occurs in limiteed supply and cannot be replaced equally to the level of its consumption. Raw materials - objects used for manufacturing products, traded as commodities around the world. Raw materials can be divided differently: into direct and indirect ones of fixed and variable cost. Reclaimed material - material being put aside out of the waste stream and prepared for reuse. Renewable resources - natural resources of economic value which replenishe itself naturally over time sufficiently to cover demand for it. Shearing layers - coined phrase for seeing a building in a light of several layers working together in favour of one, integral system - building. Upcycling - turning material, component or product from low - grade one into the same or higher - grade performance.

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Stuart McMillen is australian comics drawer. His thoughtful work is focusing mainly on ecology, economics, sustainabilty and science. With a hint of irony Purpose, being one of his environmental episodes, puts up questions: What is our approach the to the nature? Are we here to replace or respect it? What is our purpose? Let this little comic strip be the very first step towards more serious discussion.

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Why should we reuse? 2.1 // Shared shortage

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

MIND YOUR SOURCE Once upon a time, as archeologists claims, around 500 CE, polinesian nesters, a group of around 100 people, have docked to a shore of Isla de Pascua (the Easter Island). They have settled on the island: rearing pigs and hens they brought with them, growing bananas and sweet potatoes. They have managed to create a miniature, self sufficient world. Comfortable living conditions contrubiuted to the growth of society. Cultivated area must have increased in order to provide sufficient food supply. Wood from palmtrees was the base of the existing economy. Wood was dominant energy source for heating and cooking as well as the main building material for houses (residential needs) and boats (hauling). Forest provided retention and keeps optimal groundwater levels. Shortage of wood caused sluicing the soil out. With time, due to the constant degradation, flora and fauna of the Easter Island has vanished nearly completely. This phenomonon is closely related with carrying capacity. Crossing over the capacity is possible once a spiecies is provided with accessible reserves of necessities like water and food which provide growth of the population. Though, there are always some restrictions. As long as resources are regenerating, the carrying capacity of the environment remains balanced. If population consumes more than the environment is able to replenish, following steps can be noticed

resources degradation population breakdown re-stability

on a significantly lower level

This is what happened on the Easter Island. Last tree has been felled, last pig has been eaten. Soon, people were starving, struggling to survive. Following figure exposes how population can approach its carrying capacity.

CAPACITY

POPULATION

Fig. 1 How population approaches the environment carrying capacity; overshoots and collapses

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

WATER WANTED It is stated that water, or much rather lack of it, may become a reason for wars if no sustainable solution would be soon provided for it’s common shortage*.Nil is a key water supplier in Africa. Though, the water of the longest river is forbidden to industries or even irrigation in Etiopia, Uganda, Kenia, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo. Population of these countries increases, but tract signed back in 1929 between Egypt and United Kingdom entile Egypt and Sudan to use 74% of the water**. Situation in Africa is very severe: rivers and lakes dry up, droughts obsess the region, people suffer from chronic underfeeding since it is nearly impossible to cultivate or rear under such circumstances. Likewise, for the rest of the world, desertification becomes a serious threat. Spain, Italy or Greece estimate losses caused by drought with milions of euros. In 2008 Barcelona had to import fresh water. Lack of water is also a trouble for the City of Mexico. Used to the city has been an island on a lake. Now, fully asphalted, derives more groundwater than can be regenerated and wells, with an old depth of 10 meters, reach now up to 120m. Authorities plan to lead more water supplies from suburbs. The problem is that Mexico City’s suburbs faces similar hardship. Glacier Chacaltaya (South America) has evaporated***. Glaciers in Himalayas, Alps, on Alasca or on the Arctic are dying. Many of exisiting rivers are taking it’s source in these glaciers. Once glaciers evaporate - the same thing happens to rivers. POWER OF THE ENERGY

Together with the Industrial Revolution foregoing world has irreversibly changed. The wide range of use of carbon has started. From then onwards, machines were in charge of production while watermills and windmills had become monuments. People could spend time mastering art or philosophy. Living conditions have improved. With 1 liter of petroleum a car rides a dozen kilometers within couple of minutes. It is said that 1l of petroleum (10kWh) is nearly half month of humans hard work. If valuing both costs it is easy to appreciate energy we manage to generate from fossil fuels. In the world we live nowadays where one person comfort is equal to hardwork of many others, there is no possibility to turn back. Energy is foundation of any kind of economic activity. Fossil fuels work is equal to the work of 250 people in order to serve needs of one American****. Today’s society uses cars and gagetry, travels with planes for holidays or business. All these depends on the energy. Oil, coal and gas enable proceeding transportation, building process, industry, heating or agriculture. Without a doubt - fossil fuels accelerate an unprecedented development of humanity. So called carrying capacity *****of our enviroment benefits from the use of fossil fuels and technology powered with them. It is possible to extend the carrying capacity with utilization of new, unexploited resources. This is what happened with Industrial * ** *** **** *****

Popkiewicz M. Świat na rozdrożu, page 280 Ibidem, page 281 Ibidem, page 284 Ibidem, page 70 Read more about carrying capacity 2.1 // Shared shortage (Mind your source) Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Revolution with a discovery of fossil fuels. Though, if the resources are non - renewable population depends on them. Since fossil fuels are non - renewable resources it is impossible to extend their carrying capacity. If the resources run down, the population breaks down. It is estimated that without fossil fuels current carrying capacity would hesitate between two and three milliards what is 1/3 of existing population. On the Earth would be space for only 1/3 of the current population if fossil fuels will not be replaced as the main energy source*. Present share in the energy production is divided into three major types. Fossil fuels share is a lion’s share and crushes other sources**:

80 % 10 % 10 %

fossil fuels

oil | coal | gas

biomass

deforest | excrement burning

rest

nuclear / water energy | wind | sun | tides and waves

What is the most important in this relation that energy depends on energy sources which shrinks. Oil Peak faced in 2008 was only a warning and shortage of oil, coal or gas is not only a theory. It becomes a fact. China and other countries want to have Western living standards. This may lead to global lack of fuels what goes together with a sharp change of price, consolidation of authoritarian regime as well as military conflicts for the resources. It is easy to imagine how price of oil or coal affects cost of everyday life. Increasing fuel’s price may be considered as a reason ( at least one of them) for inflation. Transport together with production, household bills for electricity and heating - becomes tremendous expense. People start saving money and plan expenses more carefully. If consumption descreases, demand will decrease as well. Usually, such recession can be seen at first in air and motor transportation. Further, troubles will touch tourism, trading, gastronomy and industry sectors. In effect, such a plateau leads to booming unemployment. Smaller demand goes with lower price. Only within half a year (from July 2008 to January 2009), oil price has dropped from 150 $ to 40 $. Ironically, it was not a good news. Many of projects, drilling platforms, have stopped to be profitable for that price and got closed or hibernated. Oil, coal, gas and any other non - renewable resource will get to its limits (Oli Peak) and influence an economic gloom as a financial crisis. It appears these three energy sources are not replaceable for the moment. Any other alternative source of the energy (it does no matter if solar or nuclear energy) is more expensive, harder to extract, often unable to store or barely available. It took over hundred of years to transfer from wood to coal. Later, within several dozen of years movement lead from coal to oil. Soon (probably sooner than one could expect) peaks would be faced. * **

Popkiewicz M. Świat na rozdrożu, page 74 Ibidem, page 77 Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Foregoing text bases to a great extend on Świat na rozdrożu - polish book which has not yet been translated into other languages. The book is the very first publication recommended by Greenpeace and Private Banking (Private Banking Newspaper) at the same time. Its author, Marcin Popkiewicz, is a journalist and scientist. Exponential growth is unnoticeable - population, use of energy, inflation. World we live in nowadays appears as a dreamt place to be. It is hard to imagine something might change. The change is undeniably going to happen. The author calls it an elephant in the room. Instability of tomorrow is terrifing. The book provides an access to it’s comprehensive references. It is highly recommended to each person interested in related topics (economy, politics, environment, fossil fuels, etc.) to look into the read.

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

How can we reuse? 2.2 // Reuse at grassroots

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

GO RENEWABLE The very first step is to autonomise economy from non - renewable energy sources and finding a suitable replacement for them. This replacement should give a long - term strategy and preferably guarantee sufficiency for more than two generations. Fossil fuels need to be eliminated from transport, agriculture, industry, and heating systems. Back in 2016 The European Investment Bank (EIB) provided € 16.9 billion to subsidize environmental projects. In July 2017 European Central Bank has announced approval of a budget of €12.4 billion in total for supporting investments (mainly transport and energy supply scheme)*. Within this, an amount of €4.3 billions is destinated to support varoius energy projects all over the world: distribution of natural gas (Spain/ Ireland), offshore wind and hydropower (Italy), projects of district heating and energy efficiency (France). Such help aims to give better opportunities for small companies. Not only in Europe people would be benefiting. Across the world access to fresh water and green energy would influence condition of health, education, transport or even banking. Similar attempts have been already made earlier this year by EIB together with ABN Amro Bank (the bank is said to be an ambassador of circularity**). Developing energy from solar panels, heast pump or producting fuel from algae is getting more effective and more afforadable. Undoubtedly, the environment benefits from an alternative energy sources. The atmosphere contains less nitrogen, sulphur, carcinogenic particulates and harmful metals. Water, soil and food become less polluted. People do not work deep undeground in dangerous mines. Instead of linear use of non-renewables (t a k e > m a k e > w a s t e), sustainable sources are handling the growing energy demand. Though, it might appear hard to define what really stands for ‘green energy’. Products with ‘eco’ prefix are broadly advertised and are attracting a large amount of environmentally- friendly users. Dutch government is known for an active stimulation of green power. Great part of this green energy is produced from incineration of either organic municipal solid waste (MSW) or biomass. Still, from life cycle point of view, this is a linear method. It stands rather for a harmful emission to the athmophere. There are three key metals for agriculture: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium which during the traditional incineration are irreversibly depleted. In the Netherlands, where hundreds millions of chickens are raised, for both eggs and meat production, an innovative initiative for poultry litter processing has occured. BMC Moerdijk recovers nutrients from ash - a byproduct discharged while incineration of poultry manure. This ‘side - effect’ is not harmful and still contains phosphorus and potassium. Seen in the light of dutch law, poultry manure is waste. As that, regulations do not allow use of it. Ashes are being exported and reused in other countries. The answer is still to be given on whether the incineration with the recovery process is valuable. However, another step to close the loop has been done.

* Available at: https://cleantechnica.com/2017/07/19/european-investment-bank-commits-e4-3-billion-renewable-energy/; [Accessed 28/07/2017] ** Read more about Circular concept 4.2 // Circularity Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

WATER TREATMENT South Africa is suffering from droughts. An annual rainfall in this coutry (464mm) is just half of the world’s avarage (860mm). When rivers flow,the basic water source, drops by 50 - 25 % refering to it’s normal level - the worst drought might be recorded*. This happened in 2009. Desalination and reuse of wastewater helped to deal with shortage of water in areas stricken by drought. Such strategies bring water security to nearly 2 millions people. Provided solution effectively averts fresh deficit with making use of accessible sources and replacing expensive water with more economical one until situation normalise. With its population of 180 000 residents, George is one of the biggest cities on South Africa’s Garden Route. Over half of city’s potable water finishes at wasterwater treatment work (WWTW). This is the starting point for an indirect reuse strategy. Effluent is at first being polished with ultra filtration and disinfected after it. Further, water is brought to main storage dam and mixed with inflow from other schemes and natural catchments. Then, as a final step, upgrading to potable standards of water has place. This lifesaving strategy allowes to reach per day additional 10 000m3 of existing water supply. That equals 30% of current demand. There is a difference between direct and indirect potable reuse. The direct one introducts reclaimed WWTW straight into drinking scheme. The process might involve additional, more advancted steps or technologies that helps to mitigate risk. Indirect potable reuse, before the actual introduction into drinking water, enlarges a source (either groundwater or surface one) with reclaimed water. It usually happens via a buffer - dam. Just then water is introducted into drinking system. Requirements of end users are specifying which of strategies ought to be used in a particular situation. Solution for reusing water has to be tailored and meet specific demands: potablility, industrial needs, agricultural or commercial ones. Mossel Bay is home to 130 000 people. At the same time this area is a site for PetroSA which is a key country’s fuel supplier. Basic plan was to support refinery with 15 000m3 per day with input of 5 00m3 taken from a final effluent. This would allow on saving drinking water. Back in 2009 the town was announced as a disaster area due to the drought. Then, a serious threat of decrised refinery’s capacity appeared (caused by drought). As an solution engineers prepared a project for seawater desalination. The scheme was broadly appreciated by Consulting Engineers South Africa (CESA) and Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa (IMESA) and awared in 2011 and 2012 in its category. Wastewater treatment is still not formally recognised. Intake point is often being discharged if located downstream. Several perspectives have to be changed when talking about benefiting from water reuse:

Water reuse equals food security and is regarded as a secure supply for development of agriculture

Reduction of water footprint appears through water reuse and desalination projects that should be seen as energy efficiency

Feasibility of scheme need to be considered in terms of life - cycle costs, risk evaluation and solutions for both operations and maintanance

Water reuse is potentially the best option for continuous industrial water supply (also mining and commercial use)

Theron J. Life beyond our rivers. Connect Magazine (Issue 1) Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

VIEWING INTO THE FUTURE From the 21st of April 2017 untill 10th of September 2017 Kazakhstan hosted EXPO 2017 Future Energy. Twenty-two international organistation and hundred fifteen countries* took part in the Expo in Astana. The relevant subject is it to draw international community attention to dissonance between reduction of CO2 emission and comfortable, safe access to energy. As a part of the exhibition for EXPO 2017, british ecoLogicStudio designed BIO. tech HUT, a futuristic urban form of algae farming. The project explores connection of bionics and architecture. Both: the structure and interior of the pavillion depicts perfect collaboration of nature and man. With a support of high-performance honeycomb polycarbonate frames, the pavilion is a recyclable, lightweight construction. Semitransparent material, thank to scattering thru structure sunrays, creates nearly intangible experience. Folding glass tubes are interesting architectural details. Tubes are filled with fluides which stimulated with streams of air starts to move. In a sequence, exchange between O2/ CO2 is generated. These BIO.tech HUT splits into three areas: Hydro Organisms Responsive to Urban Stimuli (H.O.R.T.U.S.), Bio.light Room and Garden Hut. The first space, H.O.R.T.U.S. is filled not only with natural light, but also with cyanobacteria colonies closed in art installation. It is possible for visitiors to generate oxygen bubbles closed within 700 meters - long continuous glass tubing.

Ilu. 1-3 H.O.R.T.U.S. on EXPO 2017 Astana; source: www.naaro.com

* Rapil Zhoshybayev, Kazakhstanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s National EXPO 2017 Commissioner. Available at: http:// astanatimes.com/2017/05/115-states-and-22-international-organisations-to-take-part-in-expo-kazakh-national-commissioner-says/; [Access: 31.07.2017] Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Bio.light Room, on the contrary, is absolutely dark. The only light seen there is produced when shaking and oxygenating bioluminescent bacteria. Organisms in tubes, that envelope the room from outside through photosynthesis, are able to emit light into the pavilion. Last but not least, Garden Hut is laboratory for bioenergy and super-food production - garden that uses of high-speed flow of air and litfs algae being inside a tube. Micro -organisms absorb carbon dioxide while producing oxygen and biomass. A focal point of Garden Hut is harvest area which transforms biomass into electricity and food.

Ilu. 4 Bio.light Room on EXPO 2017 Astana; source: www.naaro.com

Ilu. 5 - 7 Garden Hut on EXPO 2017 Astana; source: www.naaro.com

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

EcoLogicStudio has estimated that amounts of proteins produced by BIO.tech HUT can be sufficient to 12 adults or 8 cows. Carbon sequestration that could be achieved by simple switching for diet basing on algae protein is said to be approximately 90kg per day - equivalent to 500m2 of forest*. Expo 2017 will also include British attempt to make graphene amazing material for generating energy, German houses producing more energy then they use, Thai renewables reusing agricultural waste, Austrian pavilion which enables creating energy with using your body. WOODWORKING Wood has many advantages as a potential building material: easy to work with, and strong enough to bear loads, its sensate structure, being warm and tactile, gives a cosy perception of it. As renewable material wood is using mainly solar energy to grow. What is more, wood has posivite impact on the atmosphere (sequestration of carbon and air purification) - even as a processed lumber. Wood engineering becomes more and more sustainable when it comes to forest managment or harvesting processes. Material is also commonly offered as a reclaimed material (when combining with lowtoxic binders and less-toxic maintaining of finishing). Obvious strategies like efficient use, minimizing waste and builiding structure ‘to last’ may result in making wood the most sustainable of building materials. Reuse of wood relieves forests and landfills. What is more, older buildings erected with solid wood from old-growth forests. They are closer grained, stronger and denser with less defect that is visiable in it’s structure. Even when being easily biodegradable, wood is not preffered to be send on a landfill at the end of this component life cycle. If there is no possibility to reuse wood, recycling into different byproduct is possible. In order to boost wood reclaming with dismantling, it is crucial to design the structure in a proper way as design for disassembly (DfD). Some steps are listed as following:

Apply deconstruction techniques over demolishion - connections with screws / bolts rather than glued / nailed pneumatic

Properly prepared storaging on-site - wood has to be moisture protected

Accept budget to cover labor work (sorting, mining or carpentry) when making components reusable

Reclaimed materials may enhance site and should be designed to use their potential

* Available at: https://dailyplanet.climate-kic.org/algae-producing-architecture-future-energy-highlight-astana-expo-2017/?utm_source=Daily+Planet+%7C+Powered+by+Climate-KIC&utm_ campaign=75e5faedc1-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_05_04&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_3a7 2e49719-75e5faedc1-317891981 [Accessed 28/07/2017] Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

There are a various sources of reclaimed wood in both buildings and landscapes. Though, it is worth noticing that wood sourcing, especially in some regions, can be challenging. Following sources can be found: Architectural - the most common types of buildings to be deconstructed are military facilities, warehouses and industrial buildings in which building components are usually not plaster and do not use many finishes. Other common sources of reclaimed wood are decks and bridges. Major cost of salvaging comes from additional cleaning work which is demanded. This includes removal of fasteners (nails, screws, bolts), transport (that is the reason for advising against crossing long distances) or paint shaving. It is necessary to keep in mind concerns regarding lead-based paint on the wood. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in its Resource Conservation and Recovery Act has qualified lead paint with concentration of lead on a level of 5mg/L and higher as hazardous waste. It is illegal to sell or give away such woodwork. It is allowed to dispose paint layer following Federal Regulations unless the lead level in certain piece of wood is below stated threshold. Work site - considering wooden structures it is often seen that design ought to be changed while the structure itself is still proving proper stability. From a constractor point of view it is hard to find new wood matching old one. This practice applies to a deck structure or a retaining wall. Use of on-site sawmills is recommened. A portable mill, above the traditional one, benefits from fuel efficiency and lower waste wood amount. It is estimated that portable sawmill may save up to 30% of material comparing with traditional mill. It is important to store wood in similar conditions as the future ones in order to prevent elementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shrinking after being built.This causes one of the most significant challanges. On-site storage is not always available and/or not enought time has been reserved from cut to use of the wood (to let it dry out). Then it is essential to use traditional mill and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s kiln. There are again health and safety issues with reuse of chromated copper arsenatetreated (CCA) lumber from a demolishion. Many of already existing structures are using CCA-treated lumber that is expected to be soon disposed, though its demolition is not obligatory. Such a material(CCA-treated lumber) is highly adviced not to be reclaimed until new techniques of preservation would be found. Incineration of CCA-treated wood creatives ash that still contains arsenic, chromium and copper. The ash becomes an airborne and finally finishes on watersurface or soil. Accumulation as a waste, seen from standpoint of landfill is space consuming but might be harmful due to potential leaching of such highly toxic matters. Horticultural - there is growing interest in reuse of taken down or fallen trees coming from neighborhood streets, orchards or woodlots. Many of those hardwoods or fruit trees might be taken down as a result of city or infrastructure development, lightning strikes or life-cycle reason.

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Underwater timber - there is an estimation showing the amount of 300 millions of trees are submerged behind 45 000 dams from which 100 billions of board feet could be produced*. Canada is pioneering in harvesting practise within such specific circumstances. The equipment is specifically developed to reduce an impact on the enviroment, use of energy and workers risk. Harvesting machines stay above and leave roots and water habitat intact. Even thought impact on enviroment is said to be insignificant in comparisson with other methods (mainly following one with river bottom salvage), it stands in need of drying saturated lumber that requires additional use of energy. River bottom - mostly such old-growth logs, taken from a river are well conserved. The only environmental concern regarding reclaiming methods as they might disturb gentle habits occuring in the water. Project site - many tree are being cut due to nuisance they cause. It can become cheap source of reclaimed material if no transportation or landfill costs are needed. In such case it might be worth to hire a reclamation specialist or assure a walk for constractor together with designer to indicate potencial material salvage. Online exchanges - nowadays more and more reclaimed lumber stocks can be find on the Internet. When looking for material it is advisable to take distance to project site as transport expenses may overdo savings. Other demolition / constractors - standard practise for the moment are as follow: demolition of a structure > wood fragmentation > wood being chipped for mulch. This is seen as more effective than salvaging wood if time and costs are concerned. However, if providing a fee for contractors they are willing to dismantle in a manner enabling future reuse.

Ilu. 8 Harvester lifts a log from Lake Pieman, Tasmania; source: http:// www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-20/the-hunt-for-sunken-treasure-harvestingunderwater-timber/6957388

Calkins M. Materials for sustainable Sites; page: 295 Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

CASE STUDY In 2009 in Goshen, Kentucky, Mason Lane was built. Desgined by DeLeon & Primmer Architecture two barns are about to be new farm complex serving 2 000 acreage. Property is used not only for agriculture, but also additional functions as a stable and provides wildlife habitat. Farm buildings are not often seen to be an object of architectural interest, what makes Mason Lane extraordinary. As architects admitt, there is not many buildings they could get inspired from. In 2010 complex achieved LEED Silver certificate. Focus was made on raw materials and sustainable use of them. Careful analysis of overall building materials has been done after completion*: o o o o

80.9 % of construction waste have been reclaimed 11.9 % of building materials come from either post-consumer or pre-consumer recycling 44.2% of materials come from a source being no farther then 500 miles 54 % of wood comes from Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

Complex consists of two buildings: a warehouse and a garage. Warehouse is a typical example of agrarian architecture in Kentucky. Narrow, floor-ceiling windows, are equiped with enginee controlling mechanical and natural ventilation. Even though, the building is devoted to store crops, it also provides spaces for fueling and servicing vehicles, director’s office with kitchenette and a room for recycling. In workplaces (servicing area and office) the interior is heated with fuser located in concrete floor. Wooden framework being a building structure, is covered with steel sheets as its skin. Interior finishing has been limited so building components do not come with any additional layer. Garage, above its primary function, stores hay. In contrary to the warehouse, the garage is made of bamboo. There was a few reasons for the choice of material. Firstly, the appearance for bamboo facade resembles hay beams. Secondly, “breathing”material allows proper ventilation and effective desiccation of hay. Further more, bamboo is resistant to caused damage. Use of fossil fuel is completely eliminated. Mason Lane uses wood-fired “green boiler”. Firewood comes from leftovers of the farm as well as from the forest area on the site. Even if the complex do not produce lots of sewage, the farm has been equipped with ecological treatment plant. Waste water goes to an on-site septic field where is filtrated.

Farmy klasy eko - premium. Zawod: Architect #53; pages: 36 - 41 Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Ilu. 9 - 12 Impression on Mason Lane and details of bamboo facade; Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/100573/mason-lane-farm-de-leon-primmer-architecture-workshop/571d7013e58ecee4ad00000dmason-lane-farm-de-leon-primmer-architecture-workshop-detail; [Accessed 30/08/2017]

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Why should we reuse? 3.1// Life cycle

STUFF SPACE PLAN SERVICES SKIN STRUCTURE SITE

Zofia

JaÅ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

CLOSE THE LOOP A key feature of today’s economy is its linearity: t a k e > m a k e > w a s t e. Such a model bases on extraction of raw materials stock. Then material is being transformed into an actual product. Within time the product becomes a rubbish and uploads a stream of waste. This way, once extracted, raw materials cannot be brought back to use. Irreversibly.

take

make

waste

Fig. 2 Scheme of linear economy

raw material

extraction

production

PRIMARY USE

material cycle 4

component

immobilization

IF NEEDED

improvement

building design building stages 1 use maintenance 2 initiavite

5 USEFUL APPLICATION

demolition / dismantling

6 ENERGY RECOVERY

INCINERATION

LANDFILL

SECONDARY USE

Fig. 3 Scheme of the Delft Ladder

Throwaway society, from a linear flow ‘from cradle to grave’ , moves towards ‘from radle to cradle’ and closes the loop with thinking and acting with a regard to entire life cycle of materials. Saying in advance: it is not yet achievable to realize a building being 100% a Cradle to Cradle practise. Regardless of this impossibility, there is a high importance of raising awarness and attempt for a positive input. As an extention, in order to close the loop, The Delft Ladder diagram has been created*. Figure 3, inspired with the diagram, represents various stages of the life cycle of a product and helps designers to enhance the loop and reach the highest achievable performance. *

Addis B. Building with Reclaimed Components and Materials; page: 14 Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

As the figure 2 is a simple explanation of linear economy principles, figure 3 might seems a bit confusing. Nonetheless, with a short description it can be useful enginee in designer hands. The very first thing to notice is a difference between lines types. In process of extraction and production raw materials turn into components and as ones, they are used within the building enviroment. Then life cycle of a building (or other structure) is tied up with the life cycle of a building component. From a user point of view the longest possible lifespan is favored. In the every first stage of the component’s life prevention (1) can be implemented. Design of a building system and/ or building components should be already devising a way to enable reassembly and reuse. Ii is important to ask whether material or an element can be reused. As a matter of fact, renovation combined with an accurate maintanance of the building helps to keep it in constant use (2) and to avoid demolition works. If analyzed in advanced, it is possible to prolong the life cycle. Sooner or later, improvement (3,4) of the component is inevitable. If an advancement is successfully done, the component is taken back ‘on board’ and used again. Some of components are gathered as removals from exisitng buildings, but some of them are collected as waste of production process. If component cannot be used any longer in a way that fits its orginal purpose, application (5) with a new ambition ought to be determined. At first the same level of perfomance should be obtain. If the level will not be achievable, downcycling and use with a lower performance is still considered as a reasonable step to take. Otherwise, an effective incineration (6, 7) with energy recovery is advised prior to traditional incinertion, where burnt materials are sent on landfill (8) and do not provide energy constribution. When material or component is qualified as potentially harmfull it will need to be rendered harmless before any other action is undertaken (9,10). THINK LIFE CYCLE A concept behind life cycle cost (LCC) is to define and to analyse over all cost of a building considering its initial capital costs together with the following running costs of daily operations, maintenance and cleaning or reperations and replacement costs. LCC might be executed in various areas of economy in order to guide decision-making proccess. Objects like cars or freezers are likely seen to be examined in terms of future expenditures. Future users want to know subsequent cost of maintenance or repair. Avoiding such calculations might have negative effects. It is surpring who building industry neglects LCC aspect.

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

The Building environment, whether refering to site, structure, serivces or components, creates structures which are going to last for numbers of years. An investment (acquisition) is seen as a starting point of rising total costs of building process and as this - LCC should play a major role in a design brief. Awarness of upcoming costs should evoke not only in designers, but also in the future owners, users or inhabitants of the building. At the very initial stage of the design there are many doubts: How to heat/ cool and ventilate the building? How to iluminate it from outside and provide sufficient daylight inside? What building components will fit itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s function? What materials should be used as finishes?

COST

If running cost (operation and maintenance) is relatively low an implementation of LCC strategy within capital cost makes a minimal difference. The difference is considerable in perspective of a bigger expens, for instance, within building industry. The difference in capital cost, future expenses and possible savings (or even incomes) rises together with scale of LCC study case. The following figure 4 shows studies on a changing balance that dependa on an alternative design option in regard to capital cost and operations/ maintenance cost. LCC does not discharge the lowest capital cost at the beginning. Studies guarantees the chosen option is the most profitable one draws upon a comparison of various scenarios. The sooner LCC strategy is implemented in the design process, the more effective is may happend to be. Postponding the application of LCC changes into the design is getting more expensive and less efficient as the time goes by. LCC should not be seen as panacea, but if understood and used propely, might be powerful in designer hands.

MINIMUM

TOTAL COST

OPTION

ALTERNATIVE OPTION

OPTION

Fig. 4 The changing balance of alternative design

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

One significant point of a difference in initial and future costs should be mentioned. LCC combines capital cost in the initial stage of investment together with subsequent costs which are going to be verified during certain operation period. The difference can be seen a as relation of today and tomorrow. Since the costs mentioned above will not be incurred at the same time, their relevance will not be equal. Note to the presentation of current and upcoming expenses should be a focal point of the estimation. As initial cost is evident, running cost is a guessing game. Traditional methodology on making a decision depends on an inicial capital cost as the major and the most important one whether investing on existing building or designing a new one. Other costs are ignored as irrelative ones and no attempt is done to reduce running cost. In a matter-of-fact, it is still under discussion if the dominant, capital cost is prior one. To portray the discussion a case of building’s insulation with double-glazed windows can be consider. With today’s energy efficiency goals double glazing is considered as a standard rather then an expensive luxury. Following illustration depicts a potential client (Owner-to-be) who peacefully approaches an investment (House-to-be). It is said that the only 10% of an iceberg’s bulk is visible and most of it conceales under the surface. There is a given diversity of clients interests. LCC study must consider not only a client type. A different investor’s experience and interest will affect a perception of LCC. Clients can be seen as ones who build only once in their live. This type is a sector of private owners and upcoming occupants or public owners like authorities (either central or local). It often appears such owners-occupiers tent to satisfy their own needs and they are willing to pay for a prestige and comfort. Public sector, building also only once a term, needs to meet public demands for education, health care or sport. Another type of a client has a buidling program limited to every few years built. This could be public sector client who builds either for rent, lease or sale or. The third type develops program continiously. Lion’s share in this type have developers and financial institutions with prime interest in cash flow.

PROFESSIONAL FEES CAPITAL COST SITE COST

FURNISHING ENERGY COST OPERATING COST OCCUPANCY COST MAINTENANCE COST

Fig. 5 Total LCC

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

To obtain higher effectivness in savings on running costs, building should be monitored what means that LCC is to be a key element in a cost managment strategy. This can be done also partly. A specific area, pointed as an area of potencial savings, is indentified in details considering possible strategies how to achieve savings. Even if contemporary buildin industry is not yet adapted to correlation between running-capital costs more and more historical data base can be found. However, attepmts to indicate future cost as one package with capital cost shoulde be enforced now and practised with every design. SHEARING LAYERS Concept of shearing layer has been coinced by Frank Duffy and further developed by Steward Brand. Building, seen it the light of temporality, is a system of working together layers. These layers, made of building components, have various life time. Such an approach reshapes persception of the whole building enviroment. Once upon a time, there was a very common magazine called Architectural Digest. The problem is with its content which instead of Architecture was about Interior Design. They say architects and interior designer are against each other. Justifiably, an accepted manner is splitting these courses into different departments. Architectural Digest was indeed touching architecture back in 1920. Looking rather for publicity then professional audience, its editor has realized interiors are retrofitted much often then houses are built. As a consequence, around 60s, maganizeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contest swung towards interior design. Specific parts (layers) of a building changes within different time axis. With the dissonance in mind six layers of a building have been distinguished and named 6S shearing layers. Site - this layer is eternal, defined setting is a conceptual, ephemeral space of given region. Very often refering to site its about entire neighborhood. The site is changing on a geological time scale and it is outlasting generations and buildings.Studing medieval cathedrals location is easy to notice that most of them was erected on a base of previous churches reusing foundations, crypt or even existing masonry incorporating it with newly built extensions. Structure - life cycle of structural building elements spans from 30 to 300 years. It is both expensive and troublesome to replace foundation or a load-bearing element so that they should be designed in a way to last. Structure is a framework of a building. Structural elements, though being very often the greatest expenditure of capital cost, do not demend any budget in futher life of the building. Skin - shell, external surface of a building is purposed to change every 20 years. It is to hold on with technology and modern appearance. Lastes struggle for an airtight and well-insulated external wall had an impact and redesigned a way the skin is designed. Facades are also affected with weather factors and it becomes a challange to resist them. Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Services - this layer can be seen as a second skin which “makes things go”: cabling, plumbing, HVAC (heating, ventilating, air conditioning) and moving parts (elevators and escalators). A building should be fit out every 7 to 15 years. Pictured on the right is Miss Edna Cowen dressed up as a Basin Girl. She was the only female representative on a ball in 1931 on Manhattan. In era of skyscrapers when the sky was the limit, there has been no space for women. In this race, with an archtiecture as a design of costumes, there was also no space for embarassing plumbing. Yet, it is still entwined with buidling.

Ilu. 13 Enda Cowan as Basin Girl; source: https://bau-house.blogspot.nl/2013/02/deliriousskyline_19.html

Space plan - layout of walls, floors, ceilings and doors is applied for 3 to 30 years (top limit predestinated for residential housing). Space plan or Scenery is adopted to activites and an actual function of the building and its users needs Layout is easy to moderate if do not affects structural elements. Stuff - fittings and furnishings are designed for daily, weekly or monthly lifespan and as ones with the shortest life - they are replaced the most often. This is that Architectural Digest was about. * This overview helps to picture how buildings are built. Starting with site preparation and setting up building foundation with structural elements as a frame for skin. After, the inside, being firmly separeted from the outside, is fitted out with services and partitions which are free from weather cause damages. At the very end tenants bring in stuff. Seeing building process this way prevents spending time and money on solving less important issue with over the top solution or not paying enough attention on more demanding assignment. Buildings become beloved with age and their ability to adapt. Building has to be adjusted to meet tenant’s demands. Buildings steadily learn from tenants and so do tenants learn from buildings.

Brand S. (1994). How buildings learn. What happens after they’re built, pages: 12 - 24. Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

CONSTRUCTION WASTE Back in mid-1990s british government has made a measurement of materials for construction and demolishon. The figures shows how much did construction industry use (tearly)*: Construction industry used:

250mln tonnes 3.5mln tonnes 0.5mln tonnes 4mln cubic meters

crushed rocks and gravel metals polymers timber Waste:

10mln tonnes 30 mln tonnes

generated as post - industrial by construction process generated by demolishion Bricks:

3.5 billion 2.5 billion

new brickes used per year knocked down in demolishion (with salvage of only 140mln)

Last years demolition methods have moved from careful dismantling towards more brutal process which tents to turn building into a rubble. More recent statistics shows that demolishion and construction waste is in United States about 40% and about 25% in Europe of total stream waste **. In 2003, only in the U.S. construction waste has been estimated to reach 170mln tons. Over a half of it comes from nonresidential projects. EU countries produces 510mln tones of construction waste annually.*** Various locations have distinct services for Cosntruction Waste Managment (CWM). Planning for CWM should preferably be prepared prior to constrction. There are several strategies available: reuse, donation, recycling, source reduction. It is advisable to incorporate standard material size, modular design and prefabrication what optimize and notably reduces construction wastre. In Construction and Demolishion Waste Managment there are two steps to consider: o

at least five materials (structural and nonstructural) ought to be identify

indication of planned strategy is each of material

CWM can curtail cost and enlarge potential return of investment.

* ** ***

Addis B. Building with Reclaimed Components and Materials; page: 5 The LEED Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction; page: 467 Ibidem; page: 480 Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE Waste coming from in-use buildings is evenly disturbing. Municipal solid waste in the United States is estimated to be up to to 69% compried of plastics, metals, papare, glass and food which are recyclable*. Factor, which is considered not often enough, is infrastructure that supports effective recycling. If accurate physical spaces are incorporated, occupants are more likely to use it. Moreover, growing amount of electronic waste demands accurate storage areas, logistic and recycling facilities. E-waste like batteries or fluorescent lamps are much more hazardous then cardboard, paper or even glass, metals and plastics. Different needs regarding generated waste will have office (with a usual vast use of paper) and cafeteria (plastic packaging, glass or metals). This very first step should be followed by identifying most specific waste streams of the building. List of top (four) streams and storage spaces have to be provided. Further consideration should covers local recycling programms, frequency of collection, particular requirements of specialized streams (e.g. health care or mercury-containing products) and accessability for haulers.

The LEED Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction; page: 474 Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

How can we reuse? 3.2 // Green business

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

BENEFITING FROM CERTIFICATES

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) has been developed orginally in 1998 and every since has been updated few times. Goal of LEED is to guide building instrustry towards green construction, operation and maintaining the way to create sustainable neighborhoods. There is a seven - goal list of LEED: o

Reversed impact on global climath change

Contribution to human well-being and health

Protection of water resources

Protection of ecosystem biodiversity

Promotion of material resource cycle

Building green economy

Enhancing community and quality of life

Regarding the list seven equivalent categories for credits have been created with futher rating system of four levels of certification: Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum (as the highest one). Gathering owners, designers, operators and builders LEED helps building industry to create a knowledge base while documenting, tracking and measuring use of resource. Idea behind such a precise building process is to give an input and set tomorrow’s design free from today’s mistake. LEED-based design benefits from lower cost of operation and maintenance, increased value of the asset and healthy climate created for occupants. For owners the most attractive of LEED certification are zoning allowances and lower taxation guaranteed by many cities. Certified buildings have also possitive impact on landfills as they reduce waste amount created thru out building process. Following LEED guidance reduction of gas emissions and conservation of energy and water has been noticed. One of LEED Reference Guide for Building Design and Contruction v4 chapters Material and Resources (MR) address cycle of material resource. Regarding every stage from extraction thru processing, transport and maintaining till disposal of building components MR focuses on discrease of embodied energy and increasing performance. Within solid waste managment there are several strategies: reduction, reuse, recycling and waste to energy. As reduction appears to be at the top of the hierarchy, reuse is consider at the second most effective strategy. Project teams are highly encouraged to make a use of Life Cycle Assesment (LCA) which gives overall view of materials and products allowing on more awared decisions. LCA exams entire life cycle in both terms: upstream with extraction of raw materials and downstream with transport, use and operation till the very end of life cycle. Such approach might be called “cradle to grave”. If turning traditional disposal with landfill as a destination, “cradle to cradle” initiative might be introduced.

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

CASE STUDY

Boardering with Germany, there is a Dutch region -Venlo. The Authorities of the City of Venlo have decided on applying Cradle to cradle (C2C) principles on a building scale for the new City Hall. There is a struggle seen to improve the enviroment of the entire region, boost economy and enhance society by developing concept of C2C*. City Hall, within it’s 13 500m2 combines 620 workplaces for 900 employees, 400 parking lots arranged as 3-story garage and additional 2 000m2 for the next-door building. Rather then a traditional request of design, Venlo has set a programme of requirements as a base for European tender and asked of architectural vision with a special regard to C2C aspect. Awarded Kraaijvanger Architects together with C2C frontrunners have developed a strategy with four key elements: Air quality: enhanced indoor and outdoor climate is reflected as increased labour productivity. Use of materials: suitable for recycling at the end of life cycle ( in either biological and technological terms). Renewable energy: generated by the building energy covers more that it is needed. Applied simultaneously energy-efficiency strategies have been intergated to the design rather prior to fossil fuels reduction. Water quality: extraction of nutrients from (waste) water. Such a roadmap of ambitions has determined further framework. Poor air quality inside an ordinary building effects on sick-days amount and on a daily productivity. Greenhouse, situated on a top works as ‘green lungs’of the building. Additionaly, vast living green facade purifies air before it enters the building. Total surface of the green wall is 2 200m2. The wall and green roofs will enhance air quality within 500m**. Ventilation within the building is provided partly by green wall and partly it is boost with solar chimney which heats up by the sun will suck out the warm air. Tender for interior design was, alike the architectural once, emphisizing use of C2C certified products. This was seen as cheerleading that encourages other contractors to challange their products. What is more, reversal take-back system has been requested already in the tendering. Preferably, every product will come back to a supplier after ten years of use. Program of requirements aims to achieve 50% lower energy-efficiency compering with national demands and Energy Label A+. North and south facades can be seen as a wink to C2C cycles. With it’s greenery, the norther facade is dedicated to the biological cycle, while south facade (with 1 000m2 of photovoltaic cells) is designed to as the technical cycle. No gas connection for the building is needed as geothermal energy and solar water heaters is suficient for thermal energy. Harvested from the green roof rainwater is used for flushing toilets. Even if hylofyt filtred, the water will not be suitable to any other useage. Algae system has been under * Available at: http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/master-plan/venlofirst-cradle-to-cradle-region-in-the-world/ [Accessed: 03/09/2017] ** As estimated by TU Eindhoven; C2C inspired building: City Hall Venlo Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

consideration. Yet, it is still not profitable to implement it on such a scale. Nonetheless, design is applicable to test innovative developments within coming years and others systems can be easly adjusted in future. Venlo City Hall see C2C as a good economy base. Already after a year of operating costs are estimated to be lower if compare to a non C2C case. The business model is calculated for 3.4 mln € additional investement at the beginning and net return on 16.9 mln € within defined lifespan of fourty years. Municipality, in the time of economic crisis, should rather limit budget. In contrary, viewing potential savings an additional investment was made instead of cutting down the fixed budget. From the very beginning it was said that no fully C2C building has been realized so far and Venlo City Hall will not be the first one. However, careful attention payed to the design brings added value to the whole Venlo region. The building does not only give financial benefits. It sets up a new direction and shows way how to make a difference.

Ilu. 14 North facade of Venlo City Hall; source: http://www.c2c-centre.com/project/venlo-city-hall

Ilu. 15 Interior of Venlo City Hall; source: http://www.c2c-centre.com/project/venlo-city-hall Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Why should we reuse? 4.1 //Reputation of engaged

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

MAKE DIFFERENCE

To not stay behind, society have to move forward. Mark Zuckerberg, CEO and founder of Facebook, while delivering his speech at Harvard University to graduating class, he made a point that everyone needs a sense and a purpose and that modern society should be able to provide it. It’s not enought to find a purpose for yoursefl one person should challange another. Without a meaing things cannot develope. Three ways to create the world have been set out: o

Aiming together at substancial projects

Reconsidering common sens of freedom

Creating community

Zuckerberg’s speech would be highly appreciated by Steve Jobs, CEO and founder of Apple, who had the same approach on business: never start a company unless you want to make an impact. It has been the latest public appearance of Jobs when on the l7th of June 2011 he did present The Ring - a project of new, green headquarter of Apple, a campus which provides space for 12 000 people*. The building, being a circle reminds a spaceship and merges with it’s surroundings. It was more then just a building. The Ring, was the last Jobs’ enthusiasm and one of the most ambitious project undertaken by Apple. Sir Norman Foster, British well - known architect, was commisioned to make a design. Design team has eventually reached 250 architects. Orginally the site was covered with asphalt what was a mismatch with Jobs’ idea of the building with walking paths around it. Alike a school courtyard, open-air and filled with greenery, the structure was a gentle connection of inside and outside. People in The Ring would not only stay connected with surroundings but also with each other. After a few years of construction works, on a huge site of 175 acres, the new head office of Apple has been erected. There is no main lobby to welcome visitors. Rather then this, nine equally important entrances. Despite workingspace four floors of the Ring facilitate a cafe or fitness and wellness. Regarding the neighborhood (malls and highways), it is surprising how calm appears the inner courtyard with a hilly terrain. The building is about to bring to life two major achievements: social - connect so many people as they can walk, talk and collaborate in one place and technical - with massive curved glass panels and four-story glass door in dining area. Every aspect of the building have been carefully designed: from dialogue boxes (with rounded corners) and smooth concrete egdes to services like water pipes andhidden in beams electrical cables. Another special feature of the interior is a white staircase made of thin, lightweight concrete. Open staircase, like this one, normally would require stairwell to meet fire demands. However, inspired by solution seen on yatchs, Job has proposed more sophisticated solution: dense mist would drench the stairs by sprinkler heads. * One more thing. Inside Apple’s insanely great (or just insade) new mothership.; Available at: https://www.wired.com/2017/05/apple-park-new-silicon-valley-campus/; [Accessed: 22/08/2017] Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Nor air conditioning or fans, neither opening windows was Jobs’ preference. The Ring does breathe just as a human does. Sensors measure air flows and coordinate flaps with an opening mechanism. Rather then being sealed, the building circulates air from the oustide. Water tubes leaded in concrete slabs lock temperature between 68 - 77°C Demands for cooling or heating appears occasionally. Employees, using thermostats, are allowed to adjust temperature within a sector they work. The reason for that is to provide people working inside with a perception on the accurate weather outside what boosts their senses. Design is not free from critisism. Apple Park is missing childcare and is not adaptable for the future. But the building is the last Jobs’ wish. His utopian idea of extraordinary place were 12 000 people have ability to create the future. Engineers, designer or cafe managers (Francesco Longoni developed with Apple a take away box which presents pizza’s getting soggy).

Ilu. 16 Apple’s developed and patented pizza box. As moisture and air escapes, slices do not get soft; source: https://wired.com

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

SOCIETY TO ENHANCE

An international engineering consultancy company Royal Haskoning DHV has clearly stated its vision and mission which is to Enhance Society Together. Delivering services on various fields like Building Industry, Infrastructure and Transport, Maritime, Aviation or Water and Energy the company provides more then only projects or advices. Global company like RHDHV is always seen in a light of various aspects: respect for cultural differences, customs and law regularions as well as ethicsand transparent business context. Worldwide chain of offices broads knowledge and skills of every employee. The inspiring environment gives a strong believe in being possible to make a difference. Not only members of such a society are proud of being a part of it, but also others are willing to join its ranks. One thing is that pride and inspiration seems to fuel passion. It is essential to constantly develop new ideas and talents. Nowadays the bar is raising. To face challanges and stay in the game, company has to challange itself. On the other, independence leaves the final voice for the company. Partnerships can be freely bind and clients can count on indepentent opinion. The company is seen as a transfer of solutions from people and for people. The idea is to obtain balanced interaction between human and enviroment. While solving daily problems - from water shortage or food stockpiling, thru sanitation, mobility till safety and energy issues, it is important to bear in mind individual attitude and keep space for personal touch. Optimal decision can be made only in close cooperation with client. One of the most important projects of RHDHV is a renovation of the head office in Amersfoort, Netherlands. The building built in 1970 is one of the finest examples of dutch structuralism. Within three block (A, B and C) 20 000m2 of open office space has been provided. In 2006 an urgent need for renovation appreared. The building was qualified with Energy Label G. After careful feasibility studies refurbrishment works started in 2009. Architects paid attention to eco-effective design rather then ecoefficient one. As a result, the headquarter was brought up to Energy Label A. Further calculation estimated total energy costs reduction for 100 000â&#x201A;Ź per year including reduced use of gas and electricity and additional reduction of CO2 emission*.

77 %

121 000m

28 %

380 MWh

41 % 431 t

Ilu. 17 Yearly reduction of gas and CO2 emission and use of electricity

Renovation head office RoyalHaskoningDHV (19.02.2012);courtesy of Roel Brouwers Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Ilu. 18 Ground floor layout of RHDHV head office in Amersfoort

Ilu. 19 Evening impression of RHDHV head office in Amersfoort

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Project had to meet 5 basic requirements: o

Obtain energy savings

Update fire safety regulations

Retrofit facade

Fit in a limited budget

Provide at least equal comfort for its occupants

To ensure better insulation additional layer of 9cm insulation and a new, brightly coloured covering were placed on a top of existing roof. Additionally, HR ++ glass has been used for the facade. Thanks to a thin layer of metal oxides(mainly titanium or silver) the glass prevents overheating from sun rays better then any other product*. Supplementary sun protection is created by the nature surrounding the building which is sencircled with dense vegetation. According to current fire demands one fire compartment cannot be bigger then 1000m2. Such a regulation could ruin perception of its interior with a spacious atrium. A solution, popular in industry, is a use of sprinklers. Sprinklers were organized on the edge between office space and a corridor. In result, fire demands are met and regulations did not affect the orginal concept of interior design.

Ilu. 20 Meeting fire safety demands in RHDHV head office in Amersfoort

Available at: http://kozijnpro.nl/en/products/insulating-glass; [ Accessed: 03/09/2017] Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

How can we reuse? 4.2 // Circularity

LINEAR ECONOMY

Zofia

JaÅ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

RECYCLING ECONOMY

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

CIRCULAR ECONOMY As Ellen MacArthur said once “What you take when you leave, is all what you have. Nothing more.” This solo sailer has established Ellen MacArthur Foundation which accelerate transition from linear economy (see fig. 2 in chapter 3.1) to circular economy (CE, see following figure). It is crucial to understand how many sources are given only once in a history of humanity. Copper resources are sufficient for 61 years, zinc - 40 and silver for 29 years*. Even if figures turn out not to be accurate (it still very much depends on use of it), these valueables sources steadily extracted from the ground, will definitelly finish. There is nothing more. Reducion seems to be a proper reaction: use less, produce less. But in fact, there is a whole system to be changed, otherwise undertaken actions will never be enough. Recycled is just a small piece of overall linear economy use. Live on the Earth has been a complex system for already billions of years. In this perfect organism everything has been metabolised and reused - no generating waste. That is an attempt to work towards. That is an attempt to work in a long term. As principals three major points are presented:

increased supervision

highest utility performance

limiting flaws and leakage

in finite stock and natural capital of materials in use ( biological and technical cycle) tends to zero

distribution raw material

SI O

PROD

I S TRIB U TI O N

RE D

CTU UFA

N MA

E L YC

T EX

use

manufacturing

extraction

disposal

Fig. 6 Basic concept of CE

CE is about regeneration by design with keeping the best possible quality of materials. With this concept of an attractive alternative to ‘cheap and easy’, the new economy reaches for positive development and reasonable material flow CE challanges to design products ‘made to be made again’. * The surprising thing I learned sailing solo around the world; Available at: https://www.ted. com/talks/dame_ellen_macarthur_the_surprising_thing_i_learned_sailing_solo_around_the_world [Accessed 08/08/2017] Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

URBAN SCALE

Augmenting biodiversity within city boundaries, more plants and animals, increase of walking and cycling routes

SUFFICIENT RISE

Reusing organic waste as compost at domestic level, growing own fruit and vegetables or herbs

ENERGY RECOVERY

GREEN ARTERIES

Reveling rainwater sewer system thanks to increased retention while reusing paving for vegetation (where possible)

LOCAL RECLAIM

EFFICIENT SURFACE

Over a half of today’s society lives in a city and urbanisation is still increasing. Cities are focal points of production and consumption but also of innovation and major decisions. On the other hand, cities are consider to be a reason of the environmental crisis: massive consumption of water, food and electricity, waste generation, air pollution or greenhouse gases emission. But yet they can be seen as a hub capable to find groundbreaking solutions for these problem. Inefficient design of cities causes separation of functions and centralisation of facilities. That is the very first thing which ought to be challanged in 21st century. Towns and cities need to be attractive and healthy organisms. An innovative atelier Groenblauw has done studies of cities and cities’ challanges which are published as Green-blue grids book. Presented there is profound analysis of challanges today’s cities are facing: water managment, heat, biodiversity, urban farming, air pollution and energy. Architects and urban planners need to come together to integrate effort. Architectural trend of green roofs and terraces is a great inventory dealing with rainwater. This urban vegetation allows also on the use of useless space elsewhere and helps to achieve natural spoonge effect. Additionally, such areas in many metropolises become city gardens and enable food production. Greenery also absorbs CO2 what improves air. It cannot now (and probably never will) compensate all the caused pollution, but at least brings slight improvement. Last but not leaste, urban vegetation and wastewater might be reused for heat or energy recovery. At the city level it is not difficult to close waste cycle by the use of decentralise facitilies. Water waste and organic waste can be made into energy and for that particular area. For instance: phospate, released while upgrading wastewater, might be reused as a fertilizer in urban farms. Circular approach makes it possible to enhance living in a city. As a part of circular city more green roofs, walls, greenhouses, parks of berry bushes, urban gardens filled with fruit or nut trees and natural playgrounds would appear around the city. Residents would undoubtedly benefit on having clean air to breathe. People act less stresy in the green environment. Children, playing more often ouside, become healtheir and less overweight. Heating or cooling within homes and buildings with a use of geo - thermal or surface water heat

Creating urban farms and garden, involving residents to organize events and activities stimulating communities

Fig. 7 CE applied to urban planning Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT When applying circular economy to the building industry different approach is needed. This demands shift from treating separeted components towards work within interralated schemes. It is essential to understand lifecycle of a building as one integrity. Large inefficiencies might be seen in construction business model. That increases costs of development. It is said that during their utilization buildings are used only about 65% of their actual capacity*. Currently, every stage of building design generates loss of material and value. Briefing - client, the very first interested person, hardly ever sees a building as Bank of Materials which, once erected, brings up the future value. Design - already in the preliminary design face (involving architects, designers, engineers) waste is taken into account. Additionally, the most often design do not consider changes in use of the builiding, either to interior design, building layout or whole structure. Manufacture - produced components are made using raw material and without further disposal in mind, no recycle or reuse is implelemted. Logistic - components get one-way ticket from a manufacturer to supplier, who do not see a possibility to make a profit on tracking products installation, as there is no interest in return of goods. Construction - poor information about on site assembly and maintenance is delivered together with component and almost no information is provived how to act at the end of life cycle. Use - buildings are not well adaptable to needs and therefore under utilised, owners are not informed how to repurpose or reuse assets in more efficient way. Demolition- material value is not recovered in process of disassembly and that causes itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lost at demolishion. Landfill - materials are normally disposed to landfill without component improvement, there are a few possibilities how to use component before dumping. Building a new ecosystem for the building enviroment will need to be achieved on multiple levels. All stakeholders will have an impact on the transition. Designers and investors are challanged to see in a long-term perspective. Databases on materials, which are already in use in automotive or aerospace sectors are still unrecognized in building enviroment. Mapping past, present and future use of materials focusing on lifecycle would be a great help in facilitating reuse. To store it effectively high level collaboration is required. Flow of required knowledge ought to be provided through out design, construction, operating, refurbrishment and demolition. State of the art tools and platforms (like BIM) support upcoming change and help to combine technology vto boost buildings performance. *

Carra G., Magdani N. Circular business models for the built enviroment. Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Government policy plays a key role. In UK new construction is discharged from VAT while retrofitting works are not. This could be seen as counseling investors against renovation project. However, taxation in Europe evolves and for instance in Sweden a lower VAT rate has been introduces on repairs. Mentioned Circular Business Models (CBM) have social, financial and technical impact. Discussed as following would be mainly social aspect, though for CE in order to perform it is essential to combine all these aspects together. Going further, no company in CE would work alone. A business will have an opportunity to develope collaboration and expand its service. For instance contractor responsible for maintaining and refurbishing products need to track component’s life cycle from the moment of its installation. Continuing, return has to be arrange and therefore cooperation with logistic company is demanded. Every stage creates opportunieties but also challanges. Their are listed as the figure 9. Building industry is a complex system with many various interconnections that make the building environment linear-economy-dependent. Circular production can change building enviroment into one, liveable organism and result positively on our society. Radical change to overcome contradictions must be done. To achieve the goal some key issues needs to be remembered: o

Design for deconstruction (DfD)

System thinking (in long terms)

Utilization of production and consumption

Enabling flexability

Innovative approach and collaboration

circular

USE

Utilization of a design is increased by shared use and ‘sell and buy - back’’ delivery (‘product as a service’ model).

circular

DESIGN Production / design process includes solutions for maintaining, repairing and upgarding as well as reusing / refurbishing /remanufacturing.

circular

RECOVERY Reversed logistic forced with take back system allows on replacing virgin material in production process and upgarding used products which after can be sold

Fig. 8 CE applied to building environment Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

> Adding value to existing

last longer

extended till the end of ilife cycle

products

> Easier maintaining, repairing,

> Customer loyality contributes

> Reduction of waste

upgrading and recovering

to growth of domestic target

>Increase of residual value >Developement of reuse and recycability of product, byproduct or waste stream >Improved relations designerclient and designer-manufacturer

> Lack of data baseproducts about products in use >Customer perception of reused

> Maintaining, repairing, upgrading and recovering requires additional services what creates new potential businesses

>Operational Expenditures might appear to be higher then Capital Expenditures > Companies needs to operate

and recycled products demands

with lower cash flow

a change of mindset

> Need of higher financial

>Higher upfront cost of

support, loans

RECOVERY - service at the end of life cycle

>Period of servicing a product is

USE - operation and maintenance

DESIGN - planning and edvelopment

opportunities circular challanges

>Structures, system and products

> Development of reversed logistic (which is crucial in this case)

> Reuse and recycling still are considered as less cost or time efficient then raw material extraction > Waste managment, product performance or health and safety regulation are an

investment (benefiting in higher

obstacle on a way of material

residual value)

recapture

Fig. 9 Opportunities and challanges of CBM

An important investment from CE point of view is Circular Pavilion built in front of head office of ABN AMRO Bank in Amsterdam Zuid. The pavilion aims to be a laboratory of circulatiry. It’s facade, fully glazed at this moment, will be a canvas for students’ experiments. Mixed function of the building combines conference hall and meeting rooms in basement with exhibition space on the ground floor and cafeteria on the first floor. The pavilion not onlyi s almost fully remountable, but also uses lots of reused components. One of them are old jeans which collected from employees and unwoven became a fabric of acoustic insulation in the building. Inside is one elevator which exemplifies leasing performance. Studies shows that stakeholders did benefit on the project. Future user became an active participat in design and construction. Worth noticing is that user is not equal to emplyee. The pavilion welcomes everyone interested in the project. Architects CIE proposed future adaptability of the building, upgradability and potential reuse. ABN AMRO received a valuable space which integrates employees. Suppliers will also benefit. Involved as co-makers had already produced in regard for future recovery and reversed logistic so they are recipient of residual value. With design like Circular Pavilion residual value at the end of the first cycle is estimated to be higher up to 60% comparing with traditionally designed assets.

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

CASE STUDY Nothing more rule can work as well the other way. When hiking, leave just a footprint, anywhere you go. Nothing more. Amsterdam is one of many cities around the world (Rotterdam, Nijmegen, Berlin, London, Singapore) trying actively to transmit water and nature into the urban area. The city’s alderman for sustainability Abdeluheb Choho has announced: getting rid of fossil fuels by the 2020 and apply zero waste strategy is the goal. Circular idea is not only adaptable on urban scale, but also on building one. In Amsterdam Noord, it is more then possible to find inspiring ideas and extraordinary concepts. This is where De Ceuvel is located. Cleantech Playground, being a unique, local example fot an urban experiment, offers workplaces to ‘green’ artists and entrepreneurs. Circular society is called the sharing society. De Ceuvel aims to be a close - loop incubator which contributes to the community. Vigorously organized workshops, festivals and meetings are to share knowledge and spread sustainable ideas. De Ceuvel is ‘A plan with ideals as fuel and ‘think different’ mentality as its foundation’. The land has been secured for a 10 years lease (2012 - 2022) after city’s municipality has organized a competition, which won a group of architects from Space&Matter. The plot, despite being the first circular office park, hosts various functions: sustainable café, workplaces (some are for rent and others are fixed),a stage to perform and bed & breakfast. All of this is made with recycled houseboats. Notwithstanding sustainable and circular goals, houseboats are added value of the district and attractive waterfront. Throughout the plot various different spots can be discovered if follow winding jetty. Boats, rough and nearly intact on the outside are undeniably outstanding collection of studios. From the inside, boats are adjusted: raised roofs, lowered floors and removed internal walls.

Ilu. 21,22 De Ceuvel seen from jetty

In 1919 Volharding shipyard (that is the orginal name of the site) construction has started. After eighty years the shipyard has been closed closed. Even if all buildings were demolished in 2002, soil remains polluted after decades of heavy industry. Such problem is usually being solved by removing the ground from site and disposing it elsewhere (in a sequel it only relocates the problem). De Ceuvle, in cooperation with Ghent University and DELVA Landscape Architects, is researching a phytoremediation method*. Such a method uses plants which absorb, with their roots, pollutants directly from the soil. * Information gather while visiting De Ceuvel [Amsterdam, July 2017] Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Land around De Ceuvel is contaminated with mercury, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, cadmium and more. Greenery used all around the site has been precisely chosen. Trees, plants and bushes (hyperaccumulators) are cleaning soil due to their ability to absorb high density of metals. Even type of grass is not random. It is so called ‘exluders’ which helps to stabilize condition of a ground. Additionally, walking path has been elevated above the terrein with a jetty leading across outdoor office space. With potentially more crowdy areas jetty gets wider. Equipped with more then 150 Photovoltaic (PV) panels, installed on majority of boats, De Ceuvel is able to meet electricity demands regarding heating system (air-toair pump) and covers some of elecctricity needs. Just from the sun, installed system produces 32 500 kWh of power per year. Over 60% of warm air that leaves inside is being circulated back. No gas line is needed. With a heat pump, surrounding air is used to heating up each of the office boat. To reduce electricity demand a use of daylight is maximalized and LED lights are implemented. Boats have been upgraded to nearpassive standards. What is more, De Ceuvel has managed to decrease the use of water up to 75% of the conventional office’s use. In their stategy for watermanagment two key steps have been undertaken: o

wastewater processing - water from kitchen sinks in discharged directly in to the ground for irrigation dry compost toilets - no wasterwater discharged to the sewer is produced o while flushing toilets

Ilu. 23 Site seen from above; courtesy of De Ceuvel

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Mentioned methods allow office boats to stay disconnected to the sewer system. Moreover, KWR and Waternet investigate possibilities to poduce locally potable water. Valueable nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus (How can we reuse? 2.2 // Reuse at grassroots > GO RENEWABLE) are essential for plants. Still, recovery causes negative shifts in nutrients cycle. Reused food and human waste for urban agriculture for fertalizing might significantly improve local nutrients cycle. De Ceuvel together with Metabolic, sustainability consulting company, is constantly looking for a recovery methods from waste. Human waste reuse interlinks high potential risk, quality of such fertilizers is still examined. Low-cost network of sensors has been installed all across the Cleantech Playground. Real-time data is collected and helps gain information of users behaviour, flows and patterns and how do they change with time(daily, weekly, etc.). Every boat has measured: temperature, humidity level, consumption of energy, energy generated with solar panels and use of water. A diagram below helps to explain in basic principals of Cleantech Playground. This concept, designed by Metabolic is tested in two neighbor areas in Amsterdam Noord: De Ceuvel and Schoons.

Ilu. 24 Flow around De Ceuvel

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

How can we reuse? 5.0 // Interviewing Bas Luiting

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Zofia Jasniewicz:

There are just two simple questions I would like to ask you: Why should we reuse? and How can we reuse? Let’s start with the first one.

Bas Luiting:

To save raw materials that we have here, on this Earth. We always use new materials extracted out from the ground, while already we have lots of it. There would be not enough raw materials for the next few hundreds years. It is essential to keep material in a so called comfort zone. Reuse can be done on several levels. You can recycle, repair, reuse and a lot of things between. You can apply it to everything we have. This is palette (pointing one of wooden palette we have been seatting on). Whitin next ten years it will be a palette.But if you have too many palettes, you can take a milimeter off and there is new wood. From the wood you can make a table, chair...

ZJ:

.... whatever you need at the moment.

BL:

Exactly! What we need at the moment. But the need is different every five, ten, fifteen years. So what we should do is saving raw materials. One of possibilities is to reuse but also repair, recycle and upcycle.

ZJ:

It might be a strange question but why should we care if raw materials will be available on the Earth in fifty or hundred years? Technology develops continuously. Maybe soon it appears we do not need such an input like a raw material or we could extract it from other plantes. Or the life could be completely vanished. Why not to be egoistic?

BL:

Oh, I am pretty sure we have next few hundred years! This is what we should believe in. With no regard to the future, for the last fifty years our brains have been trained to produce waste. This is your iPhone. You have 5, I have 4. And there is iPhone 3 (bringing a cup)...

ZJ:

... nicely taken apart (with laugh)!

BL:

There is plenty of very expensive raw materials in this cup.They produce a phone for maximum three, four years. And now it is a waste. But they did not think how to design to use the same materials for a new phone. They made it just for a business model, for shareholders value. To make new, new, new... Over and over. We have enough of wood, it is renewable material. But there is not so much pricy metals and we are living now in a trend of technology so we need lots of expensive components.

ZJ:

With metals the problem is that once derived from the Earth - it’s gone.

BL:

China is an owner of 75% of expensive raw materials.

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

ZJ:

Seriously? How is that possbile? Is it the ground being so rich?

BL:

They are smart. They bought land in Africa. You can read about it on the Internet, put in Google. They have a monopoly. The labour is cheap. That is the reason why so many things is ‘Made in China’. This smartphone is designed in America but produced and assembled in China.

ZJ:

So they do extract materials from Africa, then transport it for a production in China and further sale all around the world, is that?

BL:

Yes, that’s the system. The system of last fifty years. That’s the truth but nobody knows that. Or nobody wants to knows that. There is enough of wood: in Scandinavia, Canada, everywhere. You can easliy have it. Just plant a little pit and there it is after some twenty or thirty years. That is a biological circle. But for plactics the cycle is different. When I was a young guy plastic was a new thing. It came from oil. For how long would we have oil for plastic? And what can we do with plastic afterwards? For plastic the end of life is always in the oven.

ZJ: BL:

Incineration with energy recovery. In the best case scenario. You can make with plastic only one-time product. Look at this vacuum cleaner - it’s all plastic. No one wants to have this plastic when the vacuum cleaner breaks. Maybe you could use this plastic one more time and then the game is over. You can make nothing out of it. Scientists knew that. We didn’t. That you can recycle it once, but that’s always downcycling. This is the linear economy. It is all about designing a product, it doesn’t matter what product, the way you can use the same raw materials for the next few hundreds years.

ZJ:

Without loosing quality

BL:

Without loosing quality.

ZJ:

So now we come to the other question. How can we reuse? How can we do it properly?

BL:

It starts with a proper design. What do we have in the ground and here. What we can see. This is urban mining. Here is wood. Metal, another metal. This one is plastic, there is some cork. All products have the end of life. What we can do to extend their lifespan? This is a container made of steel, you can perhaps melt it.

ZJ:

But what’s the poin of melting it if you already have a sturdy object?

BL:

So you need a system and that is a question for the next fifty years, how can you redesign things we already have. If you can redesign it, you Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

can remake it and then you are going to reuse it. And those are also the three concepts of our containers here. Redesign, remake and reuse. And again: redesign, remake and reuse. That is our new assignment. ZJ:

Actually, what you try to say is that How can we reuse is an open question for upcoming creatives.

BL:

This is a question for everybody. Whole system is like a chain with little elements. Now it is linear but we try to find a formula to make it circular. There are lots of illustration about circular economy. One million expressions of all those cycles you can find in Google Image (with laugh).

ZJ:

Yes, I’ve seen it. Graphic designer did they best (both laughing).

BL:

But the principal is the same. You have technical cycle and biological cycle. The biological is a tree. It grows, get leaves and fruit which after fall and becomes the energy for the next spring and summer. But steel and plastics, they’ll end burning in the oven. There is one thing that never goes to the oven. This is brick. You can use brick for everything. Every year you can make other things with bricks. That is why I have designed bricks - no one will throw away lego*. They call it smart design. That is the formula. So the why is: we do need raw materials for the next generations, next few hundred years and how: by designing products not to generate waste but to reuse raw materials. Just don’t use glue if you fix you wood together. With glue you can’t separete it.

ZJ: BL:

Think in advance. That’s right. Now, back to the futre. When I was a little boy my parents said: once vacuum cleaner doesn’t work as it’s supposed to - you repair it. This generation say: if there is a cable defect - throw away and buy a new one. Then we are to ‘recycle’ the old one. But do you know what does it really mean? Do you know the cost of the recycling? It’s so expensive. So the biggest how is between ears of people. And this part is not for the consumers, it’s for industry. We don’t have to think about this problem, it’s not for us as users. But the industry trained us to buy every three years a new smartphone. This is number three in a cup, I have number four, you have five, my son has six, there is seven. Eight is coming already. But this is only an economical model to make more money. Rather then just destroy, destroy, destroy... now we’re looking for the circular economic model. Everyone: designers, producers, users, companies and organizations. Where can we start? With asking: what do we have? There was a lot of doors and windows * To learn more about the BB -Bricks of Bas Luiting: http://bb-bricks.nl/ over/over-bb-bricks-2/ Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

five years ago. They have renovated houses in Eindhoven. Some guys said ‘Let’s make a pavilion. Don’t recycle, just disassemble and give us a complete set.’ And you can see the effect*. That is the fourth life of these doors and windows. Fourth already?

ZJ: BL:

Yes. Thirty - five years in housing here in Eindhove, then for a year on exhibition at Ketelhuis, then some other location and finally here. Every time you can make something new. When at the beginning a product has a good design, a good technical design, you can use it for thousand years. But they are making circular economy difficult. What do you mean with making it difficult?

ZJ: BL:

‘How to see the circular economy? How to organise it?’ I think it is about creativity of the whole community. There is getting to much theorethical discussions what is the circular economy and so it becomes difficult.

ZJ:

I’ve heard once that circular community is a sharing community. Would you agree on that?

BL:

Could be. It’s not 100% sharing. In Africa maybe it is possible. When one has a cow, another has a pig and someone has a goat - they can share. That is nice but our system in Europe is a money-based one. You can borrow, share and it’s fine. But it is only 1%. We live in a system of coinage and digital money. You have no cash but you have your credit card. It can be sharing but with money. It is impossible to change it. I borrow equipment from Ben, I got him something. But this is small. I don’t believe the big economy, supermarkets and shop chains can go away from the current system. If you want to buy food, you need money. Maybe that will change, but not soon. Unless, with Korean guys World War will start, they destroy the existing order and make a new one afterwards. Then we can borrow and share, yes. Maybe. Maybe this is possible even next week (laugh). I don’t know. Nobody knows.

ZJ:

Nobody knows.

BL:

Do you know what? Don’t see it as a problem. See it as a challange.

ZJ:

Yes, that’s the right way to see it. Thank you Bas for the talk.

BL:

Thank you. And remember - see a challange, not a problem.

* Zofia

To learn more about the Glass Pavilion: /http://www.pluginpaviljoen.nl/ Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

Bas Luiting ( Haarlem, 1958) - creative entrepreneur and social designer, speaker for politicians and directors, one of Dutch Corporate Social Responsilbility (CSR) leaders, co-founder of Circular Economy Foundation as well as a trainer of comapnies and organizations. Within the field of circularity he points out that in the current sustainable approach does not work while birthsday guests still enjoy themselves. Design of Bas is featured with simplicity and functionality, decreased use of raw materials with a high possibility of whether pre- or post-consumer reuse. Bas developed a BB-Bricks concept of plastic bricks. Brick is shaped to look like Lego, though bigger. Neither glue, nor mortar is needed to put bricks together what makes it easy for assembly and disassembly.

Ilu. 25 iPhone 3 in a cup Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

How can we reuse? 6.0 // reChair

a bunch of plastic bags + one old chair frame = upcycled reChair

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

ONCE UPON A TIME Thrown away IKEA lounge chair has been found an early moning on the 5th of July 2017. Immediately, it elicit an idea of providing tactile example of reuse. Both chasisses: wooden and steel, were estimated as useable, though the steel one was missing two screw anchors linking two parts. Upholstery of the chair was determinded as marked with dirt that has already affected fabric. Challange has appeared: Can the chasiss be reused? What kind of material could be used for new upholstery? Can I make the chair being fully circular?

Ilu. 26-31 Chair and reChair at the very beginning of a story Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

PLASTIC IS FANTASTIC After a short research on the most commonly reused waste a choice of plastic bags has been made. If woven as dense structure plastic should be resistant enough to become an upholstery. Additionally, plastic packaging has a share in daily live: visit on a local veggie market, shopping, getting new furniture, ect. An idea of social action appeared: Royal Haskoning office in Eindhoven has turned for a month (August) into Plastic Bags Collection Center. Employees were asked to donated unneeded plastic bags. Bags coud be left in a special box placed in reception area. Such a strategy gives another advantage: it learn people to see possibilities how to successfully get rid of unwanted waste. As a community we share a strong will to reduce a use of plastic on a daily basis. But there is not enough of awarness how to give a second life to it.

Ilu. 32-35 The first plastic bag donation by Hanneke Maas and further collection (07/08, 11/08/, 15/08)

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

MAKING OF The choice of braiding plastic stripes from plastic bags was made. In such manner stripes have been being prolonged one after another so as a result long braid arised. Major factor for the choice of was potential resistance of a material. Additionally, it should be able to bear humanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s load. What is important, at the first glance the chair was about to look trust worthy so people do not get afraid of seatting. Two other advantages can be found with such a solution: only plastic have been used (neither other material is demanded to connect stripes with each other, nor glue) and flexability has been achieved (with not much effort every separeted seating part might be replaced in a simple way). As a result, reChair can be under infinite design.

Ilu. 36-38 Shots of preparation and manufacturing (05/08, 06/08, 17/08)

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

CONCLUSION The future is not a gift. The future is an achievement*. A careless use of non-renewable stock of materials does lead to a spectacular collapse. Linear economy is not a system to last. It is the high time long-term solution had to be provided. If the next steps are not determined, a chance to make it in a wrong direction is large. Given only once, non-renewable resources will finish. The estimations cannot be unerring, as the stock depends on its of extraction and so that, it depends on use and reuse of materials. Sourcing the energy from renewable resources (solar power, geothermal energy, etc.) is a concept to move towards. Implementing strategies for a regenerative design is an approach which government and authorities are pleased to see. Such a building concept can benefit from a building permit and a tax allowance. When considering entire life cycle of a building it is possible to optimalize future operation costs. The sustainable design is not a cerfitication or a product. An architectural deliveries should not be seen as handicapped conceptions. Every building has a story to tell and every construction affects its environment. It is possible to learn from building as well as to teach with them. When seeing buildings like trees, it is possible to create cities like forests.

Circular economy. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrb2v_f0ZYY [Accessed 01/08/2017] *

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

REFERENCES 7.1 // Bibliography Books

[1] Popkiewicz M. (2012). Świat na rozdrożu. Katowice: WYDAWNICTWO SONIA DRAGA Sp. z o.o., pages: 15 - 104;166-306; 412 - 425 [2] Addis B. (2006). Building with Reclaimed Components and Materials. London: Earthscan, pages: 5 - 16 [3] Calkins M. (2009). Materials for sustainable Sites. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pages: 271, 280, 285, 290 - 301 [4] Flanagan R., Norman G. (1983). Life Cycle Costing for Construction. London: The Quantity Surveyors Division of the Royal INstitution of Chartered Surveyors, pages: 2 - 20 [5] Pötz H. (2016)Green - blue grids. Manual for resilient cities. Delft: atelier GROENBLAUW, pages: 31 - 45 [6] Brand S. (1994). How buildings learn. What happens after they’re built. New York: VIKING, pages: 12 - 24. [7] Koolhaas R. (1994) Delirious New York. A Retroactive Manifest for Manhattan. New York: The Monacelli Press, pages: 130 - 131 Articles

[1] Luscuere L. (30/04/2014). What`s so “Green” about “Green power”? [Blog by EPEA] www.c2c-centre.com. Available at: http://www.c2c-centre.com/news/whats-sogreen-about-green-power-blog-epea [Accessed 27/07/2017] [2] Hill S. (19/07/2017). European Investment Bank Commits €4.3 Billion To Renewable Energy. www.cleantechnica.com. Available at: https://cleantechnica. com/2017/07/19/european-investment-bank-commits-e4-3-billion-renewableenergy/ [Accessed 28/07/2017] [3] Yeates W. (14/07/2017) Algae-producing architecture a “future energy” highlight at Astana Expo 2017. www.dailyplante.climate-kic.org. Available at: https://dailyplanet.climate-kic.org/algae-producing-architecture-future-energyhighlight-astana-expo-2017/?utm_source=Daily+Planet+%7C+Powered+by+Clima te-KIC&utm_campaign=75e5faedc1-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_05_04&utm_ medium=email&utm_term=0_3a72e49719-75e5faedc1-317891981 [Accessed 28/07/2017] [4] Theron J. (2013) Life beyond our rivers. Connect Magazine (Issue 1), pages: 10 - 13. [5] Verhagettps H. (18/06/2017). Live different. Available at: https://www.linkedin. com/pulse/live-different-harold-verhagen [Accessed: 22/08/2017] [6] Levy S. (16/05/2017). One more thing. Inside Apple’s insanely great (or just insade) new mothership.; https://www.wired.com/2017/05/apple-park-new-siliconvalley-campus/ [Accessed: 22/08/2017] [7] Wokan B. (12/2016). Farmy klasy eko - premium. Zawod: Architect #53; pages: 36 - 41

Zofia

Jaśniewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

R eports

[1] Circular business models for the built enviroment. (2017) ARUP & BAM [2] The LEED Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction (2013 Edition). Washington, DC 20037: U.S. Green Building Council; pages: 5,6, 466 - 595 [3] C2C inspired buidling: City Hall Venlo (2015). Venlo: C2C Expo Lab

Videos

[1] MacArthur E. (2015). The surprising thing I learned sailing solo around the world. [video]. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/dame_ellen_macarthur_the_ surprising_thing_i_learned_sailing_solo_around_the_world [Accessed 08/08/2017] [2] Rau T. (2013) Circular economy. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=zrb2v_f0ZYY [Accessed 01/08/2017] W ebsit es

[1] www.bmcmoerdijk.nl/en [Accessed 27/07/2017] [2] www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org [Accessed 08/08/2017] [3] www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/master-plan/venlo-firstcradle-to-cradle-region-in-the-world/ [Accessed 03/09/2017] [4] www.bb-bricks.nl/ [Accessed 06/09/2017] In situ

[1] CIRCL, Circular Pavilion of ANB AMRO Bank, Amsredam [May 2017] [2] Royal Haskoning DHV Headquarter, Amersfoort [May 2017] [3] De Ceuvel, Amsterdam [July 2017] [4] Interview with Bas Luiting [September 2017]

Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester

7.2 // List of figures and illustration Figures

[1] How population approach environment carrying capacity; overshoot and collapse [2] Scheme of linear economy [3] Scheme of the Delft Ladder [4] The changing balance of alternative design [5] Total LCC [6] Basic concept of CE [7] CE applied to urban planning [8] CE applied to building enviroment [9] Opportunities and challanges of CBM Illustrations

[1-3] H.O.R.T.U.S. on EXPO 2017 Astana; source: www.naaro.com [4] Bio.light Room on EXPO 2017 Astana;source: www.naaro.com [5-7] Garden Hut on EXPO 2017 Astana; source: www.naaro.com [8] Harvester lifts a log from Lake Pieman, Tasmania; source: www.abc.net. au/news/2015-11-20/the-hunt-for-sunken-treasure-harvestingunderwatertimber/6957388 [9-12] Impression on Mason Lane and details of bamboo facade; source: http://www. archdaily.com/100573/mason-lane-farm-de-leon-primmer-architecture-worksho p/571d7013e58ecee4ad00000dmason-lane-farm-de-leon-primmer-architectureworkshop-detail [13] Enda Cowan as Basin Girl; source:https://bau-house.blogspot.nl/2013/02/ deliriousskyline_19.html [14] North facade of Venlo City Hall; source: http://www.c2c-centre.com/project/ venlo-city-hall [15]Interior of Venlo City Hall; source: http://www.c2c-centre.com/project/venlocity-hall [16] Appleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s developed and patented pizza box. As moisture and air escapes, slices do not get soft;source: https://wired.com [17] Yearly reduction of gas and CO2 emission and use of electricity [18] Ground floor layout of RHDHV head office in Amersfoort [19] Evening impression of RHDHV head office in Amersfoort [20] Meeting fire safety demands in RHDHV head office in Amersfoort [21,22] De Ceuvel seen from jetty [23] Site seen from above; courtesy of De Ceuvel [24] Flow around De Ceuvel courtesy of De Ceuvel [25] iPhone 3 in a cup [26-31] Chair and reChair at the very beginning of a story [32-35] The first plastic bag donation by Hanneke Maas and further collection (07/08, 11/08/, 15/08) [36-38] Shots of preparation and manufacturing (05/08, 06/08, 17/08) Zofia

JaĹ&#x203A;niewicz

Construction

236123

Architecture

Elective Program // 7th semester