Thesis Briefing Document

‘con ned to 9 by 5, and that closed in on me, as a 20 year old, immediately’

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 1: AIMS, AMBITIONS + ASPIRATIONS

Project 2 drew on themes of self-help through re ection and meditation. This project will seek to specialise, and provide a means of self-help to particularly vulnerable individuals in Preston.

Female prisoners as a particularly vulnerable group have been used as an example. Shifting perceptions is an important place to start. Most women in prison are victims as well as o enders:

• women made up 22% of all prison self-harm incidents, despite making up only 4% of total prison population. over 1/4 of suicides occur during the rst month of a sentence.

• the rate of suicide attempt is 5x higher inside prisons than out.

• 46% of female prisoners have attempted suicide before.

• over half of the women in prison have su ered domestic violence.

• 53% of female prisoners reported experiencing emotional, physical or sexual abuse as a child.

• approx. 17 000 children are a ected by maternal imprisonment each year.

Furthermore, more women are in prison for theft-related o ence, than for violence, robbery (theft by force), sex o ences or drugs combined. This fact should open the question of whether most of these women are really a danger to the general public, and if a sentence is an appropriate punishment.

This project will therefore seek to empower these vulnerable members of the community, and challenge public perceptions. An extensive and supportive rehabilitation scheme will be necessary to o er the women the skills they need to readjust to freedom, and re-integrate into society. The scheme must be sensitive, and conscious of the fact that many of the clients may be disadvantaged by far more than just their prison experience.

Another ambition of this project will be to foster a sense of autonomy and community within Preston. This feels especially relevant as we nd ourselves recovering from the e ects of the coronavirus pandemic. The UK government now face a resentful and distrusting population, who continue to su er the consequences of indecisiveness, dishonesty, and fatal delays in action.

As the virus loosens its grip on the way we live, the transition back to a restriction-free world presents interesting opportunity to make positive environmental lifestyle changes. I question what lockdown habits we may hang onto. Throughout the earlier days of the pandemic, self-su ciency felt more important than ever, as national food-shortages and hysterical stockpiling left the shelves of supermarkets barren. Many used the time at home to learn new skills, like bread-making or gardening.

People also relied on local shops more, recognising the importance of supporting small businesses during di cult times, and preferring to reduce travel. The value of community is widely appreciated in times of hardship, and often forgotten with prosperity or ease. Self-su cient, resilient communities create opportunities for locals and can control more aspects of the way they live. Another ambition of this project will therefore be to engage a community, and reap the social and environmental bene ts.

Preston su ers from pockets of extreme deprivation, with many derelict areas of boarded-up shop fronts and unpopulated, decaying buildings. By developing a derelict site, the ambition of ‘reform’ can be extended to the urban environment.

CHAPTER 2: CULTURAL/POLITICAL/ PHILOSOPHICAL/SOCIETAL POSITIONINGS

THE PRISON EXPERIENCE = THE DEATH OF IDENTITY

Dostoevsky’s semi-autobiographical memoir recounts four years at a Siberian katorga, where he served a sentence for his involvement in the Petrashevsky Circle, a progressive, anti-tsarist Russian literary discussion group.

He describes the harsh physical conditions of the labour camp, those he encountered, and the intense and unbearable sense of restriction that plagues the prisoner’s psyche.

UNIFORMITY AND INEQUALITY

‘beyond this , there are light and liberty, the life of free people... one thought of the marvellous world, fantastic as a fairytale. It was not the same on our side’

‘a great gate, solid and always shut; watched perpetually by the sentinels and never opened.’

‘the centre of the enclosure is completely barren. Here the prisoners are drawn up in ranks, three times a day’

‘It was the house of living death’

‘Long, low, stifing room, scarcely lighted by tallow candles and full of heavy and disgusting odours’

4

‘The soldiers on guard are suspicious, and clever at counting’

SPECULATIVE PLAN OF SIBERIAN KATORGA

BARRACKS

BARRACKS

CELLAR/BARN

KITCHEN

SURVEILLANCE STATES AND THE EROSION OF FREEDOM

Foucault criticised the power of the modern bourgeois capitalist state, idealising a Marxist, anarchist utopia. He radically argued that contemporary systems of authority were less humane than medieval ones, and better at obscuring their inhumanity.

Foucault uses retribution frameworks as a primary example, asserting that the public execution and torture of the Middle Ages allowed the convict to preserve his dignity and become an object of sympathy, while the executioner became the locust of shame. The transparent nature of punishment left room for public opinion and challenge: it was not uncommon for riots to break out following an execution.

Though a cruel abuse of power, Foucault argued that this system was no more damaging than the modern prison, which operates entirely behind closed doors, and is therefore impossible to resist.

BENTHAM’S ‘PANOPTICON’:

the prisoner learns discipline in a constant state of uncertainty, never knowing whether he is being watched.

Foucault also questions fundamental freedom in a modern society, which is constantly monitored by advanced surveillance systems. Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon unknowingly predicted this existence, where we are equally restricted outside the prison as we are within.

The threat of punishment is as much of a behavioural control system, with the risk of being sentenced disproportionately higher for some groups than for others.

HMP Preston is a Category B prison housing 757 male inmates known for its issues with overcrowding and violence. A report from the Prison Reform Trust revealed that it was England and Wales’ most overcrowded prison, with 90% of inmates sharing single cells.

‘The Preston Approach’ was coined to describe the obstructive control and restraint methods rife among sta , as well as the comparatively high number of assaults against both prison sta and prisoners.

THE EVERYDAY CONTEXT:

The everyday context of this proposal will be a supportive rehabilitation centre aiming to help female ex-prisoners reclaim a sense of identity and independence. The scheme will offer psychological support and opportunities for employment and education.

The extraordinary context focuses on anarchist ideas from Foucault, and the current public sentiments of betrayal and distrust at the hands of the government. The second function of the scheme will be a settlement moving towards small-scale self-suffciency, to set an example for wider Preston.

This will directly beneft the ex-prisoners, and potentially other vulnerable people at risk of offending, as these groups are marginalised from the rest of society in many ways anyway. For example, it is far more diffcult for somebody with a criminal record to fnd a job. If desperation, hopelessness or anger was what provoked an individual to perpetrate a crime in the frst place, surely ending a prison sentence with even fewer opportunities ensures reoffence for many?

Self-suffciency will empower ex-prisoners, providing them with ways of not having to rely on a system which they may feel has failed them before. The wider community of Preston will beneft in the same way.

CHAPTER 3: TYPOLOGY STUDIES

METAPHORICAL PRESENTATION OF MARGINALISED GROUPS

priests

the nobility

professionals

the middle-class

workmen

women

‘Flatland’ is satirical 1884 novella by Edwin Abbott Abbott that points out the inequalities and ironies within Victorian society. The story describes a world inhabited by two-dimensional shapes, where the women are straight lines, and the men are polygons with multiple sides. In Flatland, social status is determined by the number of sides to the shape, therefore women populate the very lowest social strati cations, as a line only ever has one side.

‘

GENERATIONAL SOCIAL ASCENT

Every man has one side more than his father. Sons elevate a family’s social status.

‘no way can Women entertain such hopes’

‘‘Once a Woman, always a Woman’’ is a decree of nature, and the very laws of evolution seem suspended in her disfavour’

3 4

‘miseries and humiliations are at once necessities of their existence and the basis of the constitution of Flatland’

‘inferior to the very lowest of the Iscoscles, they are consequently wholly devoid of brainpower, and have neither refection, judgement nor forethought, and hardly any memory’

mother father daughter daughter SON

SON daughter

mother

Social status is also dependent on the regularity of the shapes, and it is regularity that enables discrimination in Flatland, and the implementation of a system of inequality. A stranger’s social status is ascertained by the language of Feeling, where one touches the vertex of the other, and can tell the number of sides by the angle.

The vertices of an irregular polygon of course, are all di erent angles, and therefore these shapes are impossible to conventionally understand, and pose threat to the entire power system built upon foundations of inequality and obedience.

The vertex of a straight line is a sharp point, which viewed face on, is almost invisible. Women are considered equally as unpredictable and dangerous, and so are also marginalised.

Overall, ‘Flatland’ makes an interesting comment on the oppression of marginalised groups in society, and the threat that those who do not conform pose to oppressive power systems.

‘a woman is a Needle... practically invisible’

ARCHITECTURE DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE VULNERABLE

Aldo Van Eyck’s ‘Mothers’ House’ was designed for an organisation in Amsterdam providing single mothers and their children with temporary housing, aid and therapy. Unconventionally, the mothers’ bedrooms are separated from the children’s, in the roof of the building where the sloping attic ceilings create a comforting and protective retreat for potentially traumatised users.

This language is continued throughout the building, in elements like alcoves and bay windows.

The independence of the children is further encouraged by the adaptable plan, where rooms can be annexed or separated as needed. This creates a spontaneous experience of spaces, which invites exploration. Social areas like the cafeteria and the children’s dayroom foster interaction between inhabitants and create a sense of community.

Van Eyck’s use of transparency combined with enclosure is an especially interesting feature of the shelter’s design. The paradoxical pairing of ‘openwelcoming’ and ‘closed-private-sheltering’ creates an environment where the inhabitants are safe to comfortably heal, without shutting them o from the rest of the world, in which they are aiming to reintegrate.

This precedent serves as an example of a scheme which seeks to empower vulnerable women, and improve their quality of life through a design which stimulates feelings of warmth and safety. The balance of public and private space within the building feels highly relevant in the design of the rehabilitation centre, where the users must be supported in the transition of re-adapting to freedom.

large areas of glazing counterbalanced with colourful painted steel facades and mullions.

‘THE LAST FREE PLACE IN AMERICA’

Slab City is an o -the-grid community based on a former US Marine artillery training range in California. Constructed upon a square mile of disused public land, the scheme is relevant to the extraordinary context of this proposal. Slab City represents a small-scale anarchist community, who live autonomously and lawlessly, valuing freedom over comfort or amenity. The community mostly self-polices and self-governs, relying on learned technical expertise in the generation of electricity by solar panels.

Though a true embodiment of anarchist ideas, Slab City is not a utopia. Only 150 of the 4000 inhabitants are permanent, year-round residents, and these are mostly driven to the area by poverty, rather than a desire for self-su ciency or isolation. In 1995, almost the entire population collected disability bene ts, social security or unemployment.

The local economy is highly dependent on tourism, which uctuates throughout the year, and was heavily impacted during the Covid-19 pandemic. There is no health infrastructure within the community, and residents still rely on Niland, which is four miles away, for basic shopping.

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL + TECHNICAL STRATEGIES

THE JAPANESE METABOLIST MOVEMENT

STRUCTURES WITH REPLACEABLE PARTS

Liberation and autonomy will lie at the heart of this project. The Japanese Metabolist movement embodies similar themes, idealising an independent lifestyle of Nomadism, and embracing change.

The Metabolist movement developed in response to a post-war climate, whose population were coming to terms with intense trauma. One of the symptoms of this trauma was a deep suspicion of authoritarian powers, as an after-e ect of a war lost under totalitarian regime. Nationalist propaganda that had falsely presented the war as a victorious e ort, and counteracted accusations of atrocity perpetrated by the Japanese government eroded the trust of an entire nation.

As mentioned in Chapter 1, the political climate today does not feel totally dissimilar. Now feels like a time to turn to architecture that encourages independence and self-su ciency.

Radical Metabolist designs involved detachable parts with established ‘lifespans’, demanding future update to ensure a high standard of design was maintained, and that the building could be adapted to suit evolving human requirements.

JAPANESE WARTIME SATIRE, AND 2021 UK POLITICAL CARTOON

‘CAPSULE HOUSE K’ DETACHABLE CAPSULE SYSTEM

REFERENCES.

CHAPTER 1

1 http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/WhatWeDo/Projectsresearch/Women

2 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/picture/2021/dec/21/ben-jennings-on-boris-johnsonschristmas-rules-cartoon

3 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/picture/2021/dec/14/ben-jennings-on-the-introduction-ofcovid-passes-for-clubs-cartoon

4 https://houseofcommons.shorthandstories.com/EFRA-covid19-food-supply/index.html

CHAPTER 2

1 DOSTOYEVSKY, F. (1861). The house of the dead. p.7 2 ‘‘ 3 ‘‘

4 DOSTOYEVSKY, F. (1861). The house of the dead. p.9

5 DOSTOYEVSKY, F. (1861). The house of the dead. p.8

6 DOSTOYEVSKY, F. (1861). The house of the dead. p.7 7 ‘‘

8 FOUCAULT, M. (1975). Surveiller et punir: naissance de la prison

9 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/23/panopticon-digital-surveillance-jeremy-bentham

10 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lancashire/3560486.stm

11 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/475362.stm

CHAPTER 3

1 Abbott, Edwin Abbott, 1838-1926. Flatland: a Romance of Many Dimensions.

2 https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Abbott/paper.pdf

6 https://www.archdaily.com/575732/book-excerpt-edwin-abbott-s-fatland-a-romance-of-many-dimension s/5482085ae58ecef0ed00001e-fgure-2-gif

7 https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/aspiring-to-a-higher-plane

8 https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Abbott/paper.pdf

9 The Secret Life of Prisons Podcast: Carl Cattermole

http://vaneyckfoundation.nl/2018/11/23/g-j-visser-house-retie-1974-6/

13 https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/street-urchin-mothers-house-amsterdam-by-aldo-vaneyck

14 https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/street-urchin-mothers-house-amsterdam-byaldo-van-eyck

15 ‘‘

16 http://vaneyckfoundation.nl/2018/11/23/g-j-visser-house-retie-1974-6/

17 https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/street-urchin-mothers-house-amsterdam-byaldo-van-eyck

18 http://vaneyckfoundation.nl/2018/11/23/g-j-visser-house-retie-1974-6/ 19 https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/street-urchin-mothers-house-amsterdam-byaldo-van-eyck

20 https://roadtrippers.com/magazine/slab-city-california-desert/

https://www.mapsimages.com/works/slab-city/

https://roadtrippers.com/magazine/slab-city-california-desert/

CHAPTER 4

1 http://www.psywarrior.com/JapanPSYOPWW2.html

2 https://www.pacifcatrocities.org/blog/visual-puppeteer-japanese-propaganda-during-worldwar-ii

3 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/picture/2021/dec/28/ben-jennings-on-borisjohnson-and-boosterism-cartoon

4 Kurokawa, K (1977). Metabolism in Architecture p.84

5 https://www.metsawood.com/global/Campaigns/planb/building-extensions/all-entries/Pages/ metabolism-2.aspx

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ABBOTT, E. A, 1838-1926. Flatland: a Romance of Many Dimensions. [New York], Dover Publications

FOUCAULT, M. (1975). Surveiller et punir: naissance de la prison. [Paris], Gallimard

JOHNSON, R., & TOCH, H. (1988). The Pains of imprisonment. Prospect Heights, Ill, Waveland Press.

Kawazoe, N (1960). Metabolism: Proposals for a New Urbanism

Kurokawa, K (1977). Metabolism in Architecture

Senk, P (2013). The Concept of Capsule Architecture as Experiment

http://vaneyckfoundation.nl/2018/11/23/g-j-visser-house-retie-1974-6/

http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/preston-prison

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Preston

https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/aspiring-to-a-higher-plane

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/23/panopticondigital-surveillance-jeremy-bentham

https://www.archdaily.com/110745/ad-classics-nakagin-capsule-towerkisho-kurokawa

PART TWO

CHAPTER 5: DESIGN PROCESS

HYBRID BRIEF

On one level, this is a temporary housing project aimed at vulnerable individuals needing of a sanctuary. In attempts to analyse the type of client I may be designing for, I dedicated earlier chapters of the brie ng document to better understanding the prison experience.

I was struck by the commonly shared sentiment between ex-inmates that prison is ‘easy physically, but very di cult in your head’, emphasising the ways in which people are impacted by the loss of their freedom during their sentence. Highly restricted visiting hours, a lack of rehabilitation facilities and a criminal record mean that the vast majority of people seem to leave prison burdened with more problems, and even less support than they had to begin with.

Following this narrative, I developed a line of enquiry into philosophical perspectives on prisons and the societies which enable them. Foucault’s take on the ‘docile body’ particularly piqued my interest, and widened the scopes for my aims for this scheme.

The notion that all of us are enslaved to a modern surveillance state, (which Bentham’s Panopticon served as a pre-microcosm of), culminates to the ultimate question of whether or not any of us can truly consider ourselves free, if we are to reap the State-provided bene ts of a city today.

Following this, my avenues of interest for this project expanded as I looked towards making elements of the scheme more mainstream. Attracting a wider audience is a key re-integration strategy I have employed for this project.

Creating opportunities for new communities to develop in territory familiar to marginalised groups can help to achieve the following:

IMPROVED INCLUSIVITY

INCREASED INDEPENDENCE

PROMOTION OF SHARING

... eventually creating an environment in which people feel supported and empowered.

eating resting learning creative expression

Maslow’s heirarchy of basic human needs (left) [1]

summarised and categorised to masterplan (above)

1. a large community kitchen, which hosts cooking lessons encourages the sharing of resources, skills and facilities. Has the potential to reduce energy consumption within a community.

2. a community fridge and store cupboard. O ering dignity and place to the traditionally transient food bank.

3. a public living room and library. Quiet and loud areas designed for resting in. Computer and learning facilities accessible to all

4. exible outdoor spaces to be used for the mundane as well as events

shelter is o ered at all levels of involvement with the scheme, somebody waiting for a taxi in the rain nds sanctuary in the facade of the new building. existing layout of the street is referenced, but not strictly adhered to.

LOCATION: Nagano Prefecture, Japan

BUILDING TYPE: Private housing

ARCHITECT: Kisho Kurokawa

CLIENT: [private]

This precedent has been designed with four capsules independently cantilevering o a central concrete shaft. Each compact capsule represents a di erent function for the house, with the inner core containing a circulation and living space.

The capsules are lightweight and pre-fabricated, attached to the shaft with four high-tension bolts, and designed to be assembled and deconstructed with ease and speed. Kurokawa identi ed the lifespan of a capsule as 25 years.

The Metabolists envisioned buildings that would adhere to the laws of nature: growing, metamorphosing and eventually dying. This building embodies this philosophy, with detachable capsules designed to be replaced at the end of their lifecycles.

This precedent has been designed to be deconstructed, giving it the ablity to sustainably adapt and respond to both mechanical deterioration, and changing social needs. This is a strategy which has inspired my design process.

The philosophy behind the capsule considered it as a mobile sanctuary, within which one could truly be free.

Inside his capsule, the inhabitant is able to ‘recover his subjectivity and independence’, protected from uniformity by ‘perfect shelter’, ‘just as an astronaut is… from solar winds and cosmic rays’

(Kurokawa, ‘Capsule Declaration’ 1977).

This has in uenced my scheme, which is seeking to create housing evoking feelings of safety and independence.

LOCATION: Tourcoing, France

BUILDING TYPE: Contemporary arts studio

ARCHITECT: Bernard Tschumi Architects

CLIENT: [public]

This scheme connects a mix of existing and new architecture with a suspended high-tech canopy roof, and a box-like facade. The ‘resolutely contemporary facade encloses the ensemble of builidngs’ in corrugated steel and curtain walls, with open sides o ering the user and the passerby with views of the old and new.

existing 1920s leisure complex:

cinema

ballroom dancing

skating

horseback riding

Nearly all of the existing buildings were retained.

supplemental program:

exhibition spaces

library

sound studios

cinema restaurant apartments

Historical tile roof buildings restored and reinforced. The new roof is constructed from steel and polycarbonate. 1920s architecture is juxtaposed with modern industrial materiality.

Exposed heating, ventilation and air conditioning ductwork suspended beneath the new roof, and above the old ones. Suspended circulation also hangs from the canopy. Spaces between the roofs are left open for installations and lm projections.

The juxtaposed areas of transparency and enclosure are highly relevant to my scheme. The series of connecting circulation routes is something I would like to replicate in my own design. The canopy roof stretching over the network of spaces o ers this precedent continuity. I would like my scheme to achieve the same.

LOCATION: Yorkshire, UK

BUILDING TYPE: Bridleway bridge

ENGINEER: Forest Civil Engineering

CLIENT: [public]

This bridge spans across the River Ribble in remote moorland on the Yorkshire Dales, and has been designed for horses, cyclists and walkers who take the Pennine Bridleway National Trail. Timber was the primary structural material, and stress-laminated timber was used to construct the arches. The result is relatively low-cost, and highly sustainable, as well as being scalable to my scheme.

By utilising similar materials and methods to construct connecting bridges along my highly urban site, I can contribute towards increasing public con dence in timber as a viable structural material, as well as integrating into the rest of my scheme as an environmental strategy.

MATERIALITY + SUSTAINABILITY plantation timber recycled steel in small amounts

concrete foundations kept to a minimum through the use of structural connections to transfer load

the pressure treatment for the timbers uses Tanalith E used in pressure treatment for timbers: least toxic and most sustainable option

The bridge can be dismantled, and its material reused, by de-stressing the tension bars and taking apart the deck and arches, one laminate at a time. It is also possible to lift the bridge o its supports and take it apart o -site.

The site is rural, entirely vacant and green eld, embodying all which Church Street is not. The sites are incomparably di erent. In this way, many of the design motivators for this precedent were not applicable to my scheme. For example, measures taken to respect the natural wildlife, and preserve existing habitats dictated construction and assembly methods. Complementing the surrounding rural land was also of paramount importance.

Though the motivations for this project are very di erent, I see bene t in utilising some of the same construction methods. Stress-laminated bridges are both low-cost and sustainable. This precedent has been useful in understanding the speci cs of creating timber structures, and the measures that can be taken in material choices to minimise environmental impact.

My scheme will aim to transform its decaying, inner-city surroundings, rather than blending in with them. For this reason I see aesthetic relevance in this precedent.

CHAPTER 7: CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIES

This scheme follows a polycentric urban model which prioritises mixed-use zoning: planning that encourages the establishment of self-su cient quarters of the city. At its core, this scheme promotes sustainability; regenerating deprived urban land to provide spaces for the sharing of local facilities. However, a number of strategies will be employed to reduce the embodied and operational carbon of the structure, and set a positive example for the rest of the city.

MATERIAL CHOICES:

1. reclaimed brick

The impact of use, (for the same purpose) of reclaimed construction, can be 2-12 x lower than the use of brand new equivalents (Life Cycle Assessment).

Locally sourced reclaimed red brick will be used for the heavy structural cores. These represent a large surface area of the buildings in my scheme, and so are important to construct sustainably. They are the most visible features of the buildings from street level, and so will also help to blend the scheme with the surrounding buildings on site.

2. Cross Laminated Timber

The embodied carbon of CLT is relatively very low. It’s composed of wood, which if sustainably sourced with reforestation, is a renewable resource. No burning of fossil fuels is required during its production, and it sequesters carbon, making it a virtually carbon-zero construction material.

It is a pre-fabricated product, therefore there is very little waste associated with using it during construction. Any leftover wood can easily be recycled. It is a lightweight material that can also easily be deconstructed from a temporary structure, and used for a di erent project afterwards.

The oors are the most material-intensive building element in this scheme. Reducing the embodied carbon in this part of the architecture is therefore of paramount importance. Everywhere within the line of weatherproo ng, CLT will be used for the oors.

DESIGNING FOR DECONSTRUCTION

Some of this scheme will be designed to be temporary, to t around the old and the new permanent structures and suit a unique and growing community. For these parts of the structure, appropriate joinery will be considered in order to ensure easy dismantling. Mechanical joinery, instead of sealers, glues and welding are the most appropriate.

By constructing with deconstruction in mind, materials can be re-used in future projects. This reduces waste and improves the embodied carbon of the next project. Opportunity for easy disassembly also engages communities, providing them with local construction and environmental knowledge.

PASSIVE SUSTAINABILITY

The central core in each of my public spaces can be taken advantage of when designing for comfort control. Natural light for the higher levels can borrowed through use of void in the core, where it is no longer supporting heavy loads. This will reduce the need for arti cial lighting.

An e ective ventilation system can also be located within the void, that can serve the capsules it supports. The housing units are relatively small and can be pre-fabricated o site, and then lifted onto the core structure.

This o ers opportunity to insulate to a very high level, also improving thermal comfort and reducing operational energy consumption. Modular prefabrication also reduces material waste.

REFERENCES.

CHAPTER 5

1 https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

CHAPTER 6

1 http://hiddenarchitecture.net/capsule-house-k/

‘‘

‘‘

4 https://www.gridsecondlife.it/progetto/le-fresnoy%E2%81%A0-national-studio-for-contemporaryarts/#WHAT

https://www.trada.co.uk/case-studies/far-moor-bridge-far-moor-near-selside-yorkshire/

CHAPTER 7

1 https://www.archdaily.com/943366/a-guide-to-design-for-disassembly