Toolkit anci 140115 v9 0

ZEMedS School Technical & Financial Toolkit nZEB renovation for Mediterranean schools

Introduction This Toolkit has been developed by the joint collaboration of the ZEMedS Project Consortium. It is aimed at providing regional public institutions, decision-makers, building designers, contractors and other professionals of the Mediterranean Area with valuable information on appropriate techniques and financial resources and mechanisms to implement nZEB renovation initiatives in schools (primary and secondary education). The Toolkit incorporates detailed information on the benefits, technical strategies, available technologies, regional perspectives, public and private funding mechanisms and best practice studies on nZEB renovation of schools. Renovation with the ZEMedS’ strategy include high energy and indoor environment goals. The ZEMedS Toolkit has been developed as product of the collaboration of the project partners and it is intended solely to provide general guidance on matters of interest for public institutions and professionals of the MED area. The content of this toolkit does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views contained herein lies entirely with the authors. This Toolkit has been created as an interactive PDF, which will allow the user to easily navigate around the document and its external information sources, by using embedded links.

Objectives -

-

Raise awareness about the benefits of nZEB (as an holistic approach) for existing schools Help building designers and decision makers to pave the way to renovated schools consuming net zero energy as a final goal, with key intermediate steps Provide guidance in assessing the deep renovation process, even if it is implemented in different stages Highlight key steps and strategies in the refurbishment process towards nZEB Provide decision makers with tools to assess the opportunities of implementing nZEB renovation measures Allow decision makers to take informed decisions on nZEB renovation Give guidance in the global cost approach and inform about the current costs for nZEB related measures Act as an assistant in the selection of existing funding mechanisms and channels and explore innovative supporting policies to help policy makers set up new ones Promote a paradigm shift in the building sector by enforcing the involvement of public administration.

ZEMedS in a nutshell: Energy Reduce the energy demand-Source the remaining energy requirement from RES (a) Annual energy balance of non-renewable energy sources is at maximum zero: CPE – ProdRES ≤ CPE: Primary energy consumption yearly for all uses. In accordance with national primary energy factors ProdRES: Renewable energy supply

KEY STRATEGIES UFaçade : 0.20- 0.40 W/m2K URoofs: 0.15 - 0.30 W/m2K UWindows: 1.40 -1.80 W/m2K External solar protection is needed

Limited air leakage

(b) Final energy consumption (all uses except DHW & Cooking): CFE ≤ kWh/mreference area².year Heating/Cooling and Ventilation: CHVAC ≤ kWh/m².year Lighting: Clighting ≤ kWh/m².year ICT and Electric Appliances: Celec ≤ kWh/m².year

Key points to succeed in nZEB: - Integrated design - Commitment from all users - Energy management - Monitoring

ZEMedS in a nutshell: IEQ Ensure good indoor air quality & appropriate visual & acoustical comfort The indoor air should have concentrations of CO2 ≤ 1000 ppm Plus VOCs< 0.05 ppm and particles PM10< 50 ¾g/m3 (average in 24 hours)

KEY STRATEGIES Ventilation rate: 5 -13 (l/s per person) Average value: 8 l/s per person Ventilation strategy may vary upon the site and local climate, from a controlled natural ventilation (probably assisted by a fan to ensure the minimum rates all over the school year) to a fully mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, considering intermediate solutions too. The use of non-toxic materials and properly choice of ventilation filters will help improving air quality

ZEMedS in a nutshell: Thermal Environment Comfort Adequate thermal environment should

be guaranteed Minimum Operative Temperature in Winter season:19-21ºC Maximum Operative Temperature in Summer

season:25-27ºC Overheating should be limited to 40 hours in which internal Temperature is above 28ºC annually T air above 28 °C ≤

hours/year

Sections Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

1

Goal & Benefit

8

Motivation Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Climate change is the leading challenge we face today and the building environment is in the front line of the battle to minimize carbon emissions Schools represent an important part of the public building stock. In Mediterranean regions of Italy, Greece, Spain and France, there are around 87.000 schools

Costs

In the field of energy savings in buildings, the interest towards the school sector is deeply motivated: schools have standardized energy demands, and high levels of environmental comfort should be guaranteed

Funding

School buildings are one of the building sectors that should be given precedence, as they affect the life of most people

Solutions

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

nZEB definition in ZEMedS Goal & Benefits

Currently (August 2014), there is no official definition regarding nZEB that applies Technical Strategies

to existing buildings. In the framework of this TOOLKIT (ZEMedS project), the nZEB definition has been defined as a FINAL ENERGY GOAL. This goal is very ambitious. The authors do

Operating Strategies

nZEB schools: requirements

A Net Zero Energy school is one in which annual energy balance of non-renewable Methodology requirements

energy sources is zero (all uses included). Costs

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

believe that ambitious targets need to be set up, particularly when it concerns the young population.

Solutions

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Additionally, the maximum final energy consumption allowed, without considering cooking and DHW, is 40 kWh/m2/year.

Special cases

Finally, Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) needs to be guaranteed, at least in Funding

regards to air quality and overheating.

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Remarks

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

nZEB definition in ZEMedS Goal & Benefits nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Technical Strategies

Primary Energy from non-renewable energy sources covered by renewable energy

Final energy consumption (all uses except DHW & cooking)

Overheating limited to

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is guaranteed

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

Operating Strategies nZEB schools: requirements

Solutions

0 kWh/m².year (annual balance)

CFE ≤ kWh/m².year

40 hours over 28ºC annually

CO2 ≤ ppm

Methodology requirements

Costs Special cases

Funding Remarks

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Key criteria for nZEB in MED schools Goal & Benefits nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Very low heating demand

Technical Strategies Local architecture

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

Avoid overheating

Operating Strategies nZEB schools: requirements

Solutions Users/Education for future generation

NZEB School

Methodology requirements

Renewable energy supply

Costs Special cases

Funding

Raise awareness

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Guarantee of IEQ

Benefits

Remarks

ZEMedS approach

nZEB schools: requirements Goal & Benefits nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Requirement 1 A Net Zero Energy school is one in which annual energy balance of non-renewable energy sources is at maximum zero

Requirement 2 A Net Zero Energy school has a maximum allowable final energy consumption of 40 kWh/m2.y

Requirement 3 A Net Zero Energy school ensures a healthy environment and comfort for building occupants

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

nZEB schools: requirements

Methodology requirements

Special cases

Funding Remarks

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

nZEB schools: requirements Goal & Benefits

Requirement 1 Technical Strategies

A Net Zero Energy school is the one which annual energy balance on non-renewable energy sources is maximum zero CPE – ProdRES ≤

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

CPE: Primary energy consumption yearly for all uses (heating, cooling, ventilation, DHW, cooking, lighting and specific electricity). Conversion coefficients are national ones.

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

nZEB schools: requirements

Methodology requirements

ProdRES: Local renewable energy production yearly in primary energy

If local renewable energy is not feasible (it is required to demonstrate it with a feasibility study) these options are possible (in order of priority): - Neighborhood/town RES installation - 100 % green electricity from the grid (to be demonstrated with the energy contract) Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Special cases

Remarks

nZEB schools: requirements Goal & Benefits

Requirement 2 Technical Strategies

A Net Zero Energy school has a maximum allowable final energy consumption of 40 kWh/m2.y CFE ≤

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

kWh/m².year

CFE: Final energy consumption for all uses (heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting and specific electricity) except for DHW and cooking (which are not present in all schools) Reference surface area: surface area used in the regulation in the national regulatory thermal calculation Indicative maximum values are defined for final energy consumption for certain uses:

Funding

Heating, cooling and ventilation Lighting ICT and electric appliances

Motivation

nZEB Definition

CHVAC ≤

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

nZEB schools: requirements

Methodology requirements

Special cases

kWh/ ². ea Remarks

Clighting ≤ 5 kWh/m².year Celec ≤ 5 kWh/ ². ea

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

nZEB schools: requirements Goal & Benefits

Requirement 3 Technical Strategies

A Net Zero Energy school ensures a healthy environment and comfort for building occupants

Operating Strategies

Indoor Air Quality is guaranteed: CO2 ≤ 1000 ppm

Solutions

Costs

Funding

These objectives are not fully comprehensive

Benefits

Methodology requirements

Special cases

Decision/policy makers & designers are highly encouraged to fix other requirements regarding indoor air quality (e.g. formaldehyde HCHO, particle matter PM), noise, natural light, cold surface effect, etc.)

nZEB Definition

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

nZEB schools: requirements

Summer comfort: Maximum overheating time: T above 28 °C ≤ 40 hours/year during occupancy

Motivation

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

ZEMedS approach

Remarks

nZEB schools: requirements

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Renewable energy balance (RES-fossil fuels)

Goal & Benefits nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

Net-zero line

nZEB schools: requirements

40 kWh/m2/y Methodology requirements

NZEB energy balance range Special cases

Funding Remarks

Final energy consumption

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Methodology requirements Goal & Benefits

Performing a d a i thermal si ulatio - To validate the predicted final energy consumption Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

(indicating the

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

(best compromise between

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

consumption per use)

-

To validate the summer comfort goal To help decision makers to optimize the project insulation, summer comfort and natural light)

Making a calculation of other energy consumption - To estimate the DHW consumption - To estimate the cooking/kitchen consumption - To estimate the specific electricity consumption depending on the appliances - To identify the most energy-consuming equipment

nZEB schools: requirements

Methodology requirements

Special cases

Funding

Performing a Renewable Energy Sources study - To evaluate the local energy potential - To determine the techno-economic feasibility - To consider, when needed, nearby or grid RES Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

Remarks

ZEMedS approach

Methodology requirements Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Measuring the building air tightness - Before works, to identify the existing weaknesses - After works, to validate the implementation according to project specific requirements and apply corrective measures

Monitoring the building - To measure the real consumption per use - To measure the indoor conditions to assess comfort and health requirements - To adopt corrective measures or new actions to improve building use - To support the communication plan that involves the users

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

nZEB schools: requirements

Methodology requirements

Special cases

Funding Remarks

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Special cases Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

My school has special facilities (gymnasium, laboratory, ...) A global approach is best to minimize energy consumption but, in very special cases, some facilities may not be taken into account in the ZEMedS goals It is not possible to install photovoltaic panels Achieve ZEMedS goal is still possible, for example by producing heat and/or DHW from a renewable energy (i.e. geothermal, biomass) and subscribing a "100% green electricity" contract from your electricity supplier

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

nZEB schools: requirements

Methodology requirements

Costs

Funding

Solar thermal collectors may not be installed as a rule Because of heritage protection regulations. Because energy demand and strategies adopted may not justify it

Special cases

Remarks

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Remarks Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

-

-

)EB’s goal is a long-term oriented approach. Many measures may not be cost effective if they are considered separately

-

Why an absolute value? Because we will call nZEB the same energy result. If the energy goal was a relative criteria (i.e. -70% of heating demand), indeed the energy consumption can vary from each building because of different starting points

Solutions

Funding

)EB’s goal is more difficult to achieve in renovation than in new buildings

Operating Strategies

Costs

)EB’s goal needs to be supported by a global approach, including dynamic simulations. Current regulative procedures in Italy, France, Spain and Greece do not allow achieving the goals of ZEMedS’s approach

-

In some cases, nZEB will be simply not possible

-

Beyond works, it is necessary to organize the maintenance/use of the school to maintain the level of performance. nZEB is not just for one year

-

Documentation and instructions should be provided to users. nZEB is very sensitive to behavior

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

nZEB definition in ZEMedS

Key criteria for nZEB in Med schools

nZEB schools: requirements

Methodology requirements

Special cases

Remarks

Legislative and regulatory compliance Legislative and regulatory compliance

Goal & Benefits European Legal framework Technical Strategies

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Operating Strategies

Economic benefits

French National framework

Solutions

Spanish National framework

Costs

Catalan Regional framework

Health and Safety benefits

Italian National framework

Social benefits

Greek National framework

Funding

Educational benefits

Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

European Legal Framework Goal & Benefits

Three directives drive public effort on the renovation and energy efficiency of buildings: Technical Strategies

- Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD): The EPBD sets out several requirements, including the need for public buildings to be nearly zero-energy by 2019

Operating Strategies

and all new buildings by 2021. The EPBD also requires Member States to set a minimum energy performance requirements fir new buildings and buildings undergoing

Legislative and regulatory compliance

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

renovation with a view of achieving cost optimal levels Solutions

- Energy Efficiency Directive (EED): The EED contains a number of mandatory

Health and Safety benefits

measures designed to deliver energy savings across all sectors and prescribes Member States to establish a long-term strategy for mobilising investment in the Costs

renovation of residential and commercial buildings - Renewable Energy Directive (RED): The RED is a piece of legislation driving the

Funding

Social benefits

deployment of renewable energy solutions in buildings and their integration in local

Educational benefits

energy infrastructures Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

European Legal Framework Goal & Benefits

The closest definition to an nZEB building available at EU level is mentioned in the

Legislative and regulatory compliance

Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), Article 2, as a building that has a Technical Strategies

“very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources,

Operating Strategies

including energy from renewable sources produced on site or nearby”

Economic benefits

The same Directive states that “Member States shall ensure by 31 December 2020 all Solutions

Energetic and Environmental benefits

new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings; and after 31 December 2018 new

Health and Safety benefits

buildings occupied and owned by public authorities are nearly zero energy buildings” Social benefits

Costs

Also Member States shall “draw up national plans for increasing the number of nearly zero-energy“ and “following the leading example of the public sector, develop policies

Funding

and take measures such as the setting of targets in order to stimulate the transformation

Educational benefits

of buildings that are refurbished into near zero-energy buildings” Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Greek National framework Goal & Benefits

nZEB Definition: To date there is not any national law that embodies the 2012/27 EED

Legislative and regulatory compliance

as far as concern a definition of nZEB that contains both a numerical target & a share of Technical Strategies

renewable energy sources Legislative framework: Law N.3851/2010 on RES (FEK 85/A/4.6.2010); All public

Operating Strategies

buildings by 2015 & all new buildings by 2020, should cover their primary energy consumption from RES, combined heat & power, district heating or cooling, & energy

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

efficient heat pumps. National targets by 2020: reach a contribution of 20% from RES in Solutions

the national gross final energy consumption (from 5% in 2007), 40% in gross electricity

Health and Safety benefits

generation (from 4.6% in 2007), and 20% in final energy consumption for heating and cooling Costs

Social benefits

Implementation: Implementation still not monitored. It will be based on intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings by 2015, with most

Funding

focusing on strengthening the building regulations &/or the energy performance

Educational benefits

certificate level Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

French National framework Goal & Benefits

nZEB Definition: There is no national accepted definition of an nZEB solution in France.

Legislative and regulatory compliance

However, Effinergie association recently proposed a label for new buildings. For the Technical Strategies

renovation, we must wait for a new thermal regulation of existing buildings (not before 2016)

Operating Strategies

Legislative framework: Laws of the Grenelle Environment (2007) set the objectives of the energy transition. The building sector is a strategic sector because it is the most

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

energy intensive, with almost 44% of the final energy consumed. It also generates 21% Solutions

Health and Safety benefits

of greenhouse gases emitted in France - Reduction of energy consumption of the entire park buildings: -38% by 2020. (act n째 2009-967 of 3 August 2009)

Costs

Social benefits

- 500,000 major residential energy renovations by 2017 and obligation to renovate public and private tertiary buildings before 2020 (act n째 2010-788 of 12 July 2010)

Funding

Implementation: some buildings are monitored with calls for regional projects co-

Educational benefits

financed by ADEME Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Italian National framework Goal & Benefits

nZEB Definition: There is no national accepted definition of an nZEB solution

Legislative and regulatory compliance

Legislative framework: Technical Strategies

- Law n. 90, August 3, 2013 adopts The Directive 2010/31/UE – EPBD recasts and introduces the concept of nZEB buildings. However, several decrees are still missing,

Operating Strategies

including the decree defining the methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings (Annex 1 to Directive 2010/31/UE – EPBD Recast)

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

- The regulation in force, D.Lgs. 311/06, prescribes thresholds for the heating Solutions

consumption and for the thermal features of the envelope. It defines the Energetic

Health and Safety benefits

Performance Index and the maximum transmittance values for building envelope depending on climatic zones and Surface to Volume ratio Costs

Social benefits

- Italian NREAP, 2010 states that for new buildings and existing major renovations, 50% of expected energy consumption for domestic hot water, heating and cooling must be

Funding

covered by RES. There will be a gradual increase of that percentage until 2017

Educational benefits

Implementation: The implementation of the Italian National Strategy is still under Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

negotiation

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Spanish National framework Goal & Benefits

nZEB Definition: There is no accepted definition of nZEB solution in Spain. A definition

Legislative and regulatory compliance

is expected to be produced before 2018 Technical Strategies

Legislative framework: -

Royal Decree 235/2013 addressing the energetic certificate of those buildings built, sold or rented in the terms established by the basic procedure. According to this

Operating Strategies

disposition will need to be nZEB new buildings from 2021 and the public buildings

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

built from 2019 Solutions

-

Modification of the CTE-HE 12/09/2013 for which limited values on the use of non-

Health and Safety benefits

renewable energies are established based on geographical zones. Need to comply with energetic qualification B Costs

Social benefits

Implementation: Implementation still not monitored although it will be based on the definition A of the energetic qualification for those buildings built from 2021 onwards.

Funding

Intermediate measures will be implemented by 2015 and new funding instruments might

Educational benefits

be designed accordingly Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Catalan Regional framework Legislative and regulatory compliance

Goal & Benefits

Legislative framework: - Catalan Plan for Energy and Climate Change of Catalonia 2012-2020 (PEAC 2020). Technical Strategies

The plan will define the Catalan Government’s approach towards energy policies, and addresses issues related to the mitigation of climate change and energy

Operating Strategies

- The Catalan Government passed in 2013 the Catalan Strategy for the Energy Renovation of Buildings in Catalonia. The strategy is expected to be implemented

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

during the 1st trimester of 2014 after the development of the Action Plan for the Energy Solutions

renovation of Buildings in Catalonia. The plan will be endowed with 2.6 million Euros

Health and Safety benefits

and will run between 2014-2020 Implementation: The implementation of the Catalan National Strategy is still under Costs

Social benefits

negotiation Educational benefits

Funding Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Energetic and Environmental benefits Legislative and regulatory compliance

Goal & Benefits

Reduced Emissions The mitigation potential of emissions from buildings is important and as much as 80% of Technical Strategies

the operational costs of standard new buildings can be saved through integrated design principles, often at no or little extra cost over the lifetime of the measure

Operating Strategies

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

Engagement of Public institutions in a new energy paradigm When analysing the situation in a macroeconomic perspective it is important that the

Solutions

public sector engages in the development of specific activities aimed at the modification

Health and Safety benefits

of an energy paradigm deemed to generate significant conflicts due to the MED area heavy reliance on energy imports and the subsequent vulnerability to external and Costs

Social benefits

international energy shocks Educational benefits

Funding Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Economic benefits Legislative and regulatory compliance

Goal & Benefits

Reduced Energy Demand Implementing nZEB solutions will result in a reduction of fuel demand in the public sector Technical Strategies

premises. The long term optimisation of nZEB solutions will result in the reduction of energy bills and a more sustainable energetic approach

Operating Strategies

Spill-over effect The successful implementation of nZEB solutions in educational buildings will have a

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

spill over effect on other public sector buildings and departments. The extension to other Solutions

Health and Safety benefits

public areas will have a significant effect on the overall public budget Disruptive Innovation Even further than this it can be assumed that nZEB renovation and the tools used might

Costs

constitute a disruptive innovation that will help creating and fostering a new market for renovation and retrofitting actions, displacing earlier technologies

Funding

Social benefits

Educational benefits

Retention of economic activity The implementation nZEB solutions will contribute to the retention of tradesmen and

Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

service engineering activity

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Health and Safety benefits Legislative and regulatory compliance

Goal & Benefits

Air quality improvement Air quality in nZEB schools is improved when compared to buildings constructed according Technical Strategies

to the current practice. The improved air quality will results in much safer and healthier environments for pupils and personnel working in the school premises Reduced impact of allergies and respiratory problems

Operating Strategies

According to some studies buildings equipped with mechanical supply and exhaust heat

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

recovery ventilation systems show a correlation with health problems (allergy and respiratory Health and Safety benefits

problems) that will be reduced with nZEB solutions Solutions

Reduction of artificial light The reduction of artificial light use will have a positive impact on the well being of students

Costs

Social benefits

and their educational environment Reduced danger of mould and fungus formation

Cultures of mould fungus tend to grow at critical places in a high humidity environment. Funding

Educational benefits

Humidity is usually increased in premises occupied by a significant number of people, as it is the case with schools. Mouldy and fungus can be prevented by good thermal insulation

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Social benefits Legislative and regulatory compliance

Goal & Benefits Alleviation of fuel needs One of the main benefits of implementing nZEB solutions stems from the need to alleviate fuel

Technical Strategies

demand. It is important to note that as in the rest of benefits produced by nZEB solutions the payback will be fully grasped over time

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Development of a new construction sector paradigm

Operating Strategies

In a wider perspective the development of a new paradigm in the management of public buildings will have an impact on the economic and social conditions in the region Reinforcement of a new economic model for the sector

Solutions

nZEB might help overcome current obsolete values and behaviours in a sector so fundamental for economic and social development; a process in

Social benefits

Regeneration of local job conditions The implementation and development of new technical skills and capacities within the building and

renovation sector will have a significant impact on the regeneration of a sector a deeply hit by the

Funding

Health and Safety benefits

which public procurement should act as an

accelerator

Costs

Economic benefits

economic stagnation of the last few years

Educational benefits

Innovative statement about society Supporting the development of nZEB buildings is a statement about the society we want for our kids and about the environmental and community values we want to bestow to new generations

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Educational benefits Legislative and regulatory compliance

Goal & Benefits

Promote education in eco-friendly environments Allowing the new generations to grow and be educated in an eco-friendly environment as Technical Strategies

that of nZEB schools will have as a result an ingrained sensitisation of children, thus generating an acculturation process that will have a fundamental impact when these kids

Operating Strategies

reach the adult life

Economic benefits

Promoting the “normality” of energy efficient solutions among kids Promoting the “normality” of energy efficient solutions within young people’s values and

Solutions

Energetic and Environmental benefits

behaviours will be one of the most valuable outputs of any nZEB aimed action

Health and Safety benefits

Allowing students to monitor their energetic consumption In energy efficient schools, students can monitor their school’s energy consumption from Costs

energy data bases and have the opportunity to learn about the benefits of smart energy management

Funding

Social benefits

Enhanced well being of the student will result in improved academic performance

Educational benefits

Thermal comfort is an important factor for schools, since it guarantees the well being of Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

students

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Aesthetical and Cultural benefits Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Legislative and regulatory compliance

Safeguard of architectural and cultural heritage

The construction boom experienced in some of the Mediterranean countries in the last decades, have resulted in the construction of new school buildings from

Operating Strategies

scratch. Although these new buildings have been constructed following the highest technical and energetic standards, it might be argued that in the process, the vast architectural and cultural heritage of the region might have been

Solutions

forgotten.

Energetic and Environmental benefits

Economic benefits

Health and Safety benefits

nZEB must be seen as a valuable mechanism to improve this situation Social benefits

Costs

A guide to developing strategies for building energy renovation (Published in Educational benefits

February 2013, Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE) Funding

Aesthetical and Cultural benefits

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

ZEMedS approach: Paradigm Shift Goal & Benefits When a renovation has an nZEB target, a paradigm shift is needed. Current approaches Technical Strategies

to increase energy efficiency of schools are

• Local economy • Low energy dependence • Environmental impact • Climate change • High savings • Low CO2 emissions • Health improvement • Pupils performance

no longer appropriate, because energy savings potential is limited.

Operating Strategies

Moreover, many other criteria, i.e. indoor air quality, are traditionally not considered from the beginning

Solutions

of the design phase. The new paradigm needs to be based on a holistic approach and then

Costs

consider not only energy issues but indoor conditions, environmental issues). Current short-term oriented renovations neglect many aspects compared to long-term oriented approaches

Motivation

Paradigm shift

Path to nZEB Importance of Using RE resources

Short-term

also other criteria (i.e. global cost, Funding

Long-term

Key issues

•Low savings •High CO2 emissions •Delocalization •High energy dependance

Key aspects short-term vs. long-term oriented approach nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Path to nZEB Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies Paradigm shift Operating Strategies Path to nZEB Solutions Importance of Using RE resources Costs Key issues Funding

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Path to nZEB Goal & Benefits

In contrast with current practice, when a renovation has an nZEB Technical Strategies

target, the role of renewable energy is no longer secondary but it may

Operating Strategies

Paradigm shift

represent 100% energy supply

Path to nZEB Solutions

Consequently, during the design of Importance of Using RE resources

an nZEB renovation, a previous analysis of local renewable Costs

energy sources is required in order to make the most appropriate

Key issues

choices

Funding

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Key issues Goal & Benefits

KEY ISSUES FOR MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

-

Choosing the right ventilation strategy

-

Relying on a set of passive cooling techniques

-

Heating demand is the highest energy demand, even in EU-MED

-

High solar energy potential

-

Abundant natural light being well-managed

Paradigm shift

Path to nZEB

Solutions Importance of Using RE resources

KEY ISSUES FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS Costs

Funding

-

Indoor environmental quality needs to be assured

-

Renovation period must be strictly planned according to holidays

-

High internal heat gains

-

User behavior is key both to guarantee energy goal and to train future generations

Motivation

nZEB Definition

Benefits

ZEMedS approach

Key issues

2

Technical Strategies

40

Consumption and Comfort Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Schools in the Mediterranean consume most of their energy in heating the indoor space (around 60-80% of the total energy consumption is heat, including heating and domestic hot water uses). Current overall consumption varies greatly according to local climate, building typology, equipment and users’ behavior. Although there is few statistical data, first estimations show that the average consumption may not be far from 100 kWh/m2/year. Current indoor conditions generally need to be improved to offer high quality learning environments; insufficient ventilation rates (e.g. high CO2 (and other pollutants) concentrations have been recorded in many Greek schools), glare problems, and common overheating during spring and autumn have been reported. Building designers, policy makers, constructors and school users need to know the starting point in order to build and implement the strategies both concerning the energy and the indoor conditions to guarantee the energy goal and to train future generations.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Consumption & comfort

Environment

Building

RES

Initial Consumption of the School Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Where does the consumption come from? What consumes the most? Heating, cooling, lighting‌ are there other important energy uses? Action needed: ENERGY AUDIT It is necessary to have a good knowledge about the energy use and consumption in the school buildings that face a renovation process with high energy goals. - National methodologies - Local auditors repertory - EN 16247-1:2012 Energy audits - Part 1: General requirements - ZEMedS – School energy assessment template - Workshop on Energy Audits and Energy Management (EC) - Criteria of an energy audit: - Representative - Reliable - Based on measured, traceable operational data - Build when possible on LCCA (Life Cycle Cost Analysis) instead of SPP (Simple Payback Period)

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Consumption & comfort

Environment

Building

RES

Comfort and Users Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

What are the current problems in indoor environments? Are there too high concentrations of some pollutants? Where do they come from? What is the ventilation rate? Are there any meetings planned to collect users’ feelings(too hot, too cold, problems with glare, noise, etc...)? Action needed: IEQ AUDIT - No reference standard is currently available for an IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality) audit. - An IEQ audit should include: - comfort (temperature, relative humidity, lighting, noise, smells...) - ventilation rate - gases and emissions (VOCs, CO, CO2, NOX, SO2, O3, formaldehyde, radon) - particles, bacteria, fungi and suspended fibers - Electric and electromagnetic fields, static electricity See the section IEQ in this Toolkit IEQ course for students (Green Education Foundation-USA) IEQ related to HVAC (checklist)

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

Consumption & comfort

Environment

Building

RES

School Yards

Integration into environment Goal & Benefits

Architecture and heritage Identify architectural elements to allow an appropriate choice of technical solutions. This analysis shows whether the walls are insulated from the outside or inside. Can the windows be modified to optimize the contribution of natural light or solar gain?

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Regulatory environment Know the regulations defined by the planning documents (for France: PLU, SCOT, PADD ...) and architecture regulations (for France: ZPPAUP, historic building ...). Identify the limits to the public domain (thickness of outside insulation, position of rainwater gutters ...).

Current Situation

nZEB Design

Consumption & comfort

Environment

Building

RES

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Surronding landscape Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Orientation and exposure of the building and the windows?

Sunshine and solar access: shadows over the building (high-rise building with a drop shadow for example)?

Operating Strategies

Wind conditions (direction, frequency and strength)?

Nature of the materials of walls, school yard, street, sidewalks, heat island effect?

Solutions

Solar shading?

Consumption & comfort

Environment

Building

Costs

RES

Funding Do outdoor areas need to be considered?

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

Vegetation to improve summer comfort?

School Yards

Surronding landscape Goal & Benefits Consumption & comfort

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Other sources of pollution?

Air pollution? Environment

Solutions Noise pollution? Building Costs

Funding

RES

Other sources of pollution: soil, pollen .. ?

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Building diagnostic Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

The school needs to be assessed in regards to the building, the urban planning and the educational programs. Information about current situation and future programs may be needed to develop the nZEB renovation project. Action needed: BUILDING DIAGNOSTIC

Environment

Solutions

-

Costs

Funding

Consumption & comfort

-

Is there a technical history of the building? Interventions, maintenance, energy upgrade, other works already done, …? Does the building conform to all existing regulations? Accessibility, earthquake, asbestos, lead, …? Are there existing disorders to which the renovation will also answer? Humidity, noise, …? According to educational plans, which are the criteria that may affect building renovation? What is the school community involved in this particular building(s)?

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Building

RES

RES potential Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Can renewable energy sources on-site/nearby supply the future renovated school?

Consumption & comfort

Action needed: ASSESSMENT OF RES POTENTIAL Operating Strategies

-

Solutions

Costs

-

Funding

Is there any RES District heating existing or planned in the neighborhood? Does the building have solar access (presence of existing or potential future shadow)? Biomass boiler: Is it feasible? Can the site be supplied with wood (truck access, close, wood in the close vicinity, room for the boiler and wood reserve ‌)? Is the site favorable to geothermal energy (ground favorable, sea/lake water ...)? Is this a windy region? Are there wind maps available? Is the building located in an open area?

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Environment

Building

RES

The Key Steps of a Renovation Project

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

According to Effinergie (French association), the general steps for a low energy renovation are the following 7. In the framework of Mediterranean schools, 3 of them are highlighted.

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Operating Strategies

Design tools & resources

Solutions Diagnostic /Current situation

Planning

Design

Companies consulting

Works

Reception of works

Use and maintenance Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

“pe ial atte tio i MED s hools’ renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

The Key Steps of a Renovation Project

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

When designing a Zero Energy School, energy demand reduction must be tackled at the same time as the evaluation of the local renewable energy resources (RES)’s potential.

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Energy demand

RES contribution

Energy demand

Solutions

RES contribution

Good habits

Geothermal

System needs

Biomass

Envelope losses

Solar

Costs

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

The Key Steps of a Renovation Project

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

In the energy balance, special attention must be given in studying RES potential, energy demand by use and the potential to reduce it. Energy demand for heating may be covered by a determinate energy source, while electricity may be covered probably by solar PV. For each case, a thorough study is needed in line with the specificities of the building, the site, the surroundings, the energy uses, and the occupants' needs. In addition, indoor conditions need to be guaranteed in terms of health and comfort. Consequently, the energy balance is to be achieved with improved IEQ.

Costs

Finally, cost and implementation issues should be considered during the analysis in order to take the feasible decisions at each step. Funding

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Mediterranean Approach

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Current energy consumption of schools is far from nZEB goals. Additionally, current indoor conditions are not satisfying.

Design methodolog y

nZEB’s approach is ambitious. It intends to both comply with zero energy consumption and current standards for indoor environments.

Integrated team

Operating Strategies

Design tools & resources

Solutions

Costs

Design with climate

Primary Energy IEQ

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Current

Regulation

NZEB Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

The Way Towards Healthy nZEB Schools

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits THERMAL Technical Strategies

ELECTRICITY

heating

heating

Thermal RES OR Electrical RES Extra RES

heating Operating Strategies

Design methodolog y

DHW

DHW

cooking

cooking

DHW cooking

Solutions

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

PV/wind Design with climate

Costs

Reduced demand

RES supply

Funding

Now

Better IEQ

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

nZEB Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

The Way Towards Healthy nZEB Schools

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

In order to achieve the nZEB final goal in renovation, a global approach needs to be undertaken, considering criteria such as: energy, environment, users, health, comfort, learning outcomes, current situation, climate change, local resources, local traditions, economy, regulations, policies, education plans, commitment, etc. Even though it is not often used, the current way to consider all these factors in a successful way is to follow a holistic approach, involving all the necessary actors.

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Traditional way Design with climate

Costs

Holistic approach

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Holistic Approach

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Holistic definition: Characterized by the belief that the parts of something are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole .

Design methodolog y

The holistic approach is the one considering the building as a whole and its interconnected subsystems, functions, uses and benefits.

Integrated team

A Holistic Methodology for Sustainable Renovation towards Residential NetZero Energy Buildings (under development in University of Aalborg, Denmark)

Design tools & resources

Method for Developing and Assessing Holistic Energy Renovation of Multistorey Buildings (Technical University of Denmark) Costs

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Holistic Approach

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Before designing the renovation, it is necessary to check that the building selection has been done according to a planning phase and that it is still current. Actually, Public Authorities (or private school owners) are highly encouraged to analyze the school’s portfolio and set the renovation priorities in order to elaborate a Master Plan. This analysis will then determine which schools are the most concerned for the ZEMedS’s renovations. In this sense, the methodology proposed in the framework of SchoolVentCool project can be applied. It proposes some criteria to help elaborate the Master Plan and end up with a best practice renovation. Therefore, it is very important to make a good choice and devote the efforts needed in achieving the first successful real cases. Otherwise, if the first renovation cases fail in achieving the targets, a lack of confidence may spread among the actors involved.

Funding

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Holistic Approach

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Before designing the renovation, it is necessary to check that the building selection has been done according to a planning phase and that it is still current. Actually, Public Authorities (or private school owners) are highly encouraged to analyze the school’s portfolio and set the renovation priorities in order to elaborate a Master Plan. This analysis will then determine which schools are the most concerned for the ZEMedS’s renovations. In this sense, the methodology proposed in the framework of SchoolVentCool project can be applied. It proposes some criteria to help elaborate the Master Plan and end up with a best practice renovation. Therefore, it is very important to make a good choice and devote the efforts needed in achieving the first successful real cases. Otherwise, if the first renovation cases fail in achieving the targets, a lack of confidence may spread among the actors involved.

Funding

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Existing Stock and Best Practice Renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits Design methodolog y

Technical Strategies

Integrated team

Operating Strategies

Design tools & resources

Solutions

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Source: SchoolVentCool project Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Integrated Design

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

When it comes to renovating a school building with high energy and/or environmental goals, it is highly recommended to start following an Integrated Design (ID) process. According to MaTrID project guidelines, Integrated Design is advisable in managing the complex issues arising from planning buildings with high energy and environmental ambitions. Key issues are collaboration in multidisciplinary teams, discussion and evaluation of multiple design concepts as well as clear goal-setting and systematic monitoring. In the early design phases, the opportunities to positively influence building performance are great, while cost and disruptions associated with design changes are very small.

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Integrated Design Goal & Benefits

NZEB approach

Source: MaTrID project, Supplement on scope of services and remuneration models, www.integrateddesign.eu) Design methodolog y

Technical Strategies

Integrated team

Operating Strategies

Design tools & resources

Solutions

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Integrated Design

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Integrated Design (ID) is more time and effort consuming during early phases (as illustrated in the previous slide). But this constitutes an investment that will save future operational costs and maintenance during whole building lifecycle. Suggested steps from MaTrID guidelines are: Step 0. Project Development Step 1. Design basis Step 2. Iterative problem solving Step 3. On track monitoring Step 4. Delivery Step 5. In use

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Costs

Funding

Design methodolog y

The performance of buildings should be assessed in a lifecycle perspective, both regarding environmental performance (LCA) and costs (LCC). (Source: MaTrID) LCA: Life cycle assessment LCC: Life cycle cost

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Integrated Design Goal & Benefits

NZEB approach

BENEFITS OF ID

Main BARRIERS WITH ID

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Higher energy performance Reduced embodied carbon Optimized indoor climate Lower running costs Reduction of risks and construction defects 6. More user involvement 7. Higher value 8. Green image and exposure of the building

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

1. Conventional thinking 2. ID seems to costs too much 3. Time constraints in initial design phase 4. “kills t a

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Solutions

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Source: Estimations of increased/reduced costs connected to ID. (Source: MaTrID project, ID Process Guide, www.integrateddesign.eu) Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Implementation

and follow up

Integrated Design

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Integrated Design Process was firstly developed in Canada, with the experience gained from the demonstration program C2000 (from 1993), focusing on high-performance buildings. Later on, Canada, USA, Europe and other regions have applied the same principles to design more recent buildings. When ID is called Integrated Energy Design (IED), the focus is on the energy consumption. There, early decisions are taken in favor of energy performance in order to ensure achieving a better final performance. -

Costs

Funding

-

The Integrated Design Process (iiSBE 2005) Engage the Integrated Design Process (WBDG 2012), including “charrettes� (creative multi-day sessions) The integrated design process – Benefits and phases (Canadian Government Webpage 2014) Integrated Design Process Guide (Canadian Gouvernment)

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Integrated Design

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Lessons learnt Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Some lessons learnt from implementation of ID in real building projects are the following: 1. “The earlier you start, the better it is� 2. ID is a process that works 3. Communication and collaboration among actors involved from the beginning (including the occupants) is a key point for a successful implementation 4. Some additional tasks may be required (i.e. LCCA, Feasibility studies, Monitoring users’ satisfaction) 5. Benefits of ID need to be comprehensive and clearly explained to the decision makers 6. It is needed to define the design requirements as much as possible before launching the tenders 7. Short simple payback times are a limiting factor for implementing sustainable measures 8. Lack of methodological procedures easy to implement 9. ID facilitator should be an expert in nZEB and have managing skills 10. ID should be included in educational programs and follow latter building phases, as implementation and use 11. ID implies a higher effort in the beginning. That means a higher risk that constitutes a barrier. It is important to identify the risks and opportunities.

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Source: MaTrID Workshop (Vienna 26th November 2014) Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Integrated Design

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

ID and nZEB schools Technical Strategies

-

Operating Strategies

Solutions

-

Costs

-

High energy target is at the core of the nZEB approach. Energy design is then a key issue The use of dynamic thermal simulation is needed to ensure the nZEB design. However, current regulative procedures will probably not be compatible with the nZEB approach Moreover, indoor environmental quality – IEQ – is an additional key issue for every building and particularly important in school buildings Involving school community in the design is necessary and offers great replication potential about energy efficiency knowledge and habits to be deployed into other kind of buildings Additionally, an implementation program is needed to achieve design objectives during the use phase of the building Renovation works could be implemented in phases. Design phase needs to pay particular attention to this aspect

Funding

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Integrated Team

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Success is linked to the team involved in elaborating the strategies and making decisions. Multi-disciplinary teams will be needed to cover the broader aspects linked to school renovation. Skilled professionals will represent the different parts involved: owner, designer, consultant, manager, operator, funder, and user, and may include: -

Building and building technology related experts: urban planners, monument conservators, architects, HVAC and structural engineers, specialists in fire precaution, ecological aspects, etc Energy related experts Experts in social and health matters Experts in the field of education Operators and ESCos (Energy Service Companies) Users and user-related persons like teachers, pupils and parents

The first buildings with low energy design have shown that commitment of key actors (at least owner, designer and user) and support from local institutions are key elements.

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Guidelines for Low Energy SCHOOLS / for energy efficiency in schools - School Vent Cool project: High performance renovation strategies for school buildings in Europe. New solutions for ventilation systems, natural cooling and application of prefabricated modules (20102013) Design approach

- School of the Future project: Towards Zero Emission with High Performance Indoor Environment - 4 demonstration buildings in EU (1 in Mediterranean Italy) – Reports on technology, IEQ and implementation (2011-2016) nZEB approach

NZEB approach

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

- Teenergy Schools project: High energy-efficient architecture and improved comfort for secondary school buildings in the Mediterranean area. Mediterranean architecture design approach

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Guidelines for Low Energy SCHOOLS / for energy efficiency in schools - Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings Achieving 50% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy Building (USA-ASHRAE 2011) NZEB approach - EURONET 50/50 MAX project: Energy use and education in schools and other public buildings (2013-2016) Building use approach

NZEB approach

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

- VERYschool project: Smart solutions and energy management integrated Into the platform "Energy Action Navigator� with 4 demonstration sites (2012-2014) Energy management approach

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

More links and guidelines in the Appendix Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

BIMobject AB: The European Parliament recommends BIM-technology Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Leaders from Europe's architecture, engineering and construction industry expressed their support today of the European Parliament's decision to modernize European public procurement rules by recommending the use of electronic tools, such as building information electronic modeling, or BIM, for public works contracts and design contests. As a result, building and infrastructure projects are created and completed faster, more economically and sustainably. The adoption of the directive, officially called the European Union Public Procurement Directive (EUPPD), means that all the 28 European Member States may encourage, specify or mandate the use of BIM for publicly funded construction and building projects in the European Union by 2016. The UK, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland and Norway already require the use of BIM for publicly funded building projects.

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Source: http://info.bimobject.com/Read.aspx?type=pr&id=1755425&date=201401 Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Energy Design

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

-

IES-VE (Energy + Ventilation + Comfort + Lighting)

-

EnergyPlus – Open Studio(Free) / Design Builder

-

Trnsys

-

TAS

-

Comfie-Pleiades (French)

-

MIT Design Advisor (5 minutes early design)

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

-

Energy tools directory US-Energy Dpt

-

Energy tools directory – WBDG

-

Software and resources directory for Environmental buildings (French)

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Daylighting

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

-

WBDG daylighting

-

Radiance – Open Studio (free)

-

Ecotect

-

DIALux

-

Daysim

-

Lighting software directory – US Energy Dpt

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Costs

Other specific tools are provided in the corresponding chapters Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Heat Island Effect

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

nZEB’s design needs to take into account the local microclimate. Technical Strategies

Design methodolog y

Cool materials and vegetation could mitigate heat island effects. Animated picture of heat island effect

Integrated team

Operating Strategies

Design tools & resources

Solutions

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Source: NASA

Source: Urban-Climate& Energy Inc. Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Sunshine

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

The objective is to use the available solar energy as light or heat, including recovering maximum solar gain in winter, while simultaneously reducing direct sunlight in summer.

Design methodolog y

Best Practice: the maximum window area should face south because direct exposure from the east and west often causes "overheating area" and visual discomfort.

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Solutions

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding Source: http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/ www.cuepe.ch http://www.airdesignlab.com/environmental_simulation-detail-c294.html

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Wind

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

In the winter, the objective is to protect the building from wind and cold rain, while at the same time allowing for summer comfort where the cool night air is necessary

Design methodolog y

To know the direction, frequency and strength of the prevailing winds is essential. The topology of the site and the surrounding environment can also help protect against winds discomfort

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Solutions

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Source: Example for Montpellier area

Source: www.meteofrance.com Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Deep Renovation (Macro-Scale)

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

In a global approach, deep renovation means renovating a high number of buildings with high efficiency targets.

Design methodolog y

Particularly, in the Deep Renovation of Buildings report, Ecofys states the following:

Integrated team

‘Deep renovation’ means: a high level of energy efficiency improvement at a rate of 2.3% of the building stock, with a high focus on the efficiency of the building envelope and high use of renewable energy. This track leads to a 75% reduction in final energy use by 2050 (compared to 2010). Including cooling, the present study estimates that the energy demand will be reduced by at least 66%. (...) Literature shows that alternatives to deep renovation for reducing the fossil fuel import dependency, e.g. shallow renovation with a very high share of renewables or alternative (domestic) supply options, are not cheaper and create other dependencies or risks.

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Deep vs. Step-by-Step Renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits Design methodolog y

Technical Strategies

Integrated team

Operating Strategies

Design tools & resources

Solutions

Design with climate

Costs

Funding

Source: EURIMA Renovation tracks for Europe 2012

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Deep Renovation (Micro-Scale)

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

At a building scale, according to Global Buildings Performance Network, a standard renovation or refurbishment will often achieve energy savings ranging between 20% and 30% and sometimes less. However, as the GBPN research shows with a “deep” renovation, it is possible to reduce a building’s energy use by more than 75%.

According to “Renovate Europe Campaign”, staged deep renovation means the deep renovation of a building that takes place in a series of planned stages, whereby the costs of undertaking a particular stage does not preclude or increase the costs of carrying out subsequent stages.

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Costs

Funding

Design methodolog y

Multiple Benefits of Investing in Energy Efficient Renovations - Impact on Public Finances. Among the many benefits, Renovate Europe states that energy efficient renovation is a great investment: 1€ invested by government in renovations can return up to 5€ back to public finances.

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Step-by-Step Renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

The term step-by-step renovation may apply to steps done in favor of energy efficiency without having a final global target. On the contrary, a deep renovation approach must be considered from the beginning in order to achieve the final ambitious targets. However, when funding or schedule reasons prevent the deep renovation at a given time, it is then proposed to follow a staged deep renovation.

Key issues for a staged deep renovation: - From the beginning, define long-term objectives - Strict plan to implement the actions at different steps - At each step, revision of status, targets and actions to carry out - Keeping the commitment from the beginning until the end - Technical key points: - Envelope and ventilation should be implemented at the same step - Thermal bridges treatment may imply some simultaneous actions (i.e. changing windows and faรงade insulation)

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Step-by-Step Renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits Design methodolog y

Technical Strategies

Integrated team

Operating Strategies

Design tools & resources

Solutions

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Examples of staged deep renovations, according to EuroPHit Project. Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Staged deep renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Design methodolog y

Deep renovation 100

Integrated team

80

Operating Strategies

Solutions

RES

60

Others

40

Catering

20

Lighting

DHW

0 -20

Design tools & resources

%

%

Heating

Design with climate

Costs -40

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Source: Typical percentage of energy consumption in existing Catalan schools, 2004 (ICAEN) and proposed new energy consumption according to a staged deep renovation (theoretical example) Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Staged deep renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

When it is time to implement a staged deep renovation, possible scenarios are possible. Decision makers will need to take into account many criteria (renovation needs, school programs‌) as well as availability of funds.

Integrated team

Some possible Implementation Plans: Operating Strategies

-

Solutions

Costs

Funding

-

Design methodolog y

Renovation in 2 steps 1. Envelope upgrade 2. Systems and renewable energy

Design tools & resources

Renovation in 3 steps 1. Envelope upgrade 2. Systems 3. Renewable energy

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Renovation in 3 steps 1. Windows , ventilation and lighting 2. Façade and roof insulation, shading, thermal bridges 3. Systems and RES

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Staged deep renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Implementation Plan – Example 1

Design methodolog y

Technical Strategies

Integrated team

Operating Strategies

Now Solutions

STEP 1: Windows, Ventilation, Lighting, Investment, LCC

STEP 2: Façade, Roof, Shading, Thermal bridges, School yard, Investment, LCC

NZEB: Heating system, RES, Investment, LCC

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Staged deep renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Implementation Plan – Example 2

Design methodolog y

Technical Strategies

Integrated team

Operating Strategies

Now Solutions

STEP 1, Façade, Thermal bridges, Windows, Ventilation, Investment, LCC

STEP 2: Roof, Thermal bridges, Lighting, Shading, Heating system, Investment, LCC

NZEB: School yard, RES, Investment, LCC

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Staged deep renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Important considerations Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

-

-

Costs

Funding

-

Whatever staged renovation is to be implemented, it is imperative to develop a full NZEB renovation plan to ensure achievement of ambitious final NZEB goals Users need to make part of renovation process from the beginning. During the first step, users’ related actions should be implemented. Apart from habits, a procurement process needs to be implemented to give priority to Energy Star products Windows replacement should be done at the same time than ventilation If envelope is upgraded in stages, it is needed to foresee the future actions in order to avoid thermal bridging and air infiltrations. Special attention in windows-façade junction It is needed to foresee the future heating system (in NZEB situation), among other reasons, in case a coupling between ventilation and heating is to be done If ventilation ducts need to be installed, their integration could be done at the same time than lighting replacement

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Staged deep renovation

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Important considerations Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

-

-

When the boiler is so old that waiting for the final step is not possible, intermediate possibilities need to be studied before installing a new efficient boiler (i.e. two boilers/heat pumps of lower capacity, one of which could be installed later in another school‌) When renovating the roof, building integration of PV system needs to be tackled Windows can be replaced before or after façade renovation (ideally at the same time); however in both cases special care and some additional work is needed to ensure thermal bridges treatment Ventilation works are directly linked to windows and airtightness If it is urgent to change the heating system, provide two boilers in cascade with one which is sized to the needs after work

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

Staged Construction and Use Phase

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Construction phase - Strict planning and execution to follow holiday period - Foresee a margin period for eventual delays - Engagement for the use phase

Design methodolog y

Integrated team

Use phase - Monitoring (Effinergie guide, in French) - Setting up a continuous improvement plan - i.e. Energy management ISO 50001 - PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act)

Design tools & resources

Design with climate

Costs

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Source: www.bulsuk.com Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

The Way to Achieve the Real Goal

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

From current energy consumption to achievement of the final nZEB goal, an implementation program needs to guarantee the final result.

Design methodolog y

Most likely, the project goal will not be achieved during first year. The implementation plan will include actions to monitor real results and adopt measures (following PDCA methodology).

Integrated team

Current situation

Solutions

Design tools & resources

Project target 2nd year? Costs

Design with climate

1st year? Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

Funding

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

The Way to Achieve the Real Goal

NZEB approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Example: low energy renovation in 2012 in La Castelle school (Lattes France)

Design methodolog y

Final energy consumption (HDD= 1553) 100

Operating Strategies

Integrated team

95

90 80

Design tools & resources

70 kWh/m²

Solutions

Costs

60

55 heating

46

50

40.6

Electricity

40 30 20

14

18

20

17

Deep renovation vs Step-by-Step renovation

10

Funding 0 Existing

Design with climate

Year 1

Year 2

Dynamic simulation

Implementation

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

and follow up

The Way to Achieve the Real Goal

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is most simply described as the conditions inside the building. Four main components are identified for an acceptable indoor environment:

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance?

Indoor Air Quality IAQ

Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

Thermal Comfort

IAQ Plan

Costs

Funding

Visual Comfort

Comfort Plan

All these aspects of the in each door environment interact with other & may have consequences on the overall indoor comfort & building energy consumption

Acoustic Comfort

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines IEQ Concluding Remarks

Indoor Environment of Schools: Unique aspects

Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

A. Schools are building with high occupancy: Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

-

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

The number of people per square meter is quite high In addition, children spend almost 12% of their time inside classrooms, which is more

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance?

B. Students’ comfort is related to learning performance

well-being D. Students are much more vulnerable to indoor pollutants than adults due to their

Costs

Comfort

time than in any other building except their homes

C. Indoor air problems do not always produce easily recognized impacts on health or Solutions

Definition of IEQ

differences in their absorption, metabolism, and physiology

Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

E. Therefore, as children breathe more air than adults relative to their weights, they have Funding

higher activity while their organs and tissues are growing

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Indoor Environment of Schools: Unique aspects

Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Indoor air is 2 to 5 times more polluted than outdoor air due to: Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

-

Chemicals

-

Mold (Moisture problems - indoor mold growth)

-

Particulates

-

Poor Ventilation.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance?

Acceptable IAQ: “air in which there are no harmful concentrations of contaminants as Solutions

determined by cognizant authorities and with which 80% or more the exposed occupants do not express dissatisfaction“ (ASHRAE) IAQ Guide

Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Costs

Funding

Definition of IEQ

Comfort Plan

Tair C

RH%

Air movement

PM10

CO

CO2

TVOC

HCHO

NO2

O3

Rn

Bacteria

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Indoor Environment of Schools: Unique aspects

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Technical Strategies

Comfort

Operating Strategies

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

Solutions

IAQ Plan

Costs

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

Funding

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Source: EPA: IAQ Tools for Schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Thermal Comfort

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Thermal neutrality, where an individual desires neither a warmer nor a colder environment, is a necessary condition for thermal comfort:

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

a condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment

Comfort

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance?

-

Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

Air temperature

Exchange of radiation IAQ Plan

Air movement Humidity

Comfort Plan

Activity IEQ issues

Clothing

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Source: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE, 2009 Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Acoustical Comfort

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Good acoustics for learning support easy verbal communication. Formerly, classrooms may have been constructed without adequate consideration of sound acoustical principles. Sources of noise hampering students' concentration consist of: Outdoor external noise due to traffic Sounds produced in hallways Sounds produced in other classrooms Sounds produced from mechanical equipment Sounds produced inside the classroom

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Room acoustical quality - reverberation time - undesirable echoes and reflections Sound insulation between rooms - air-borne sound insulation - structure-borne sound insulation Background noise levels - technical installations - environmental noise

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Source: Common Sounds from OSHA Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Visual Comfort

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Visual comfort depends on appropriate natural and artificial lighting. The correct design of an illumination system should offer the optimal conditions for visual comfort Factors that Determine Visual Comfort

Operating Strategies

Uniform illumination Optimal luminance

Solutions No glare

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Adequate contrast conditions

Costs

Comfort Plan

Correct colors IEQ issues

Funding

Absence of stroboscopic effect or intermittent light IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Source: Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, ILO Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

How IEQ affects pupils´ performance

Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Poor Air Quality Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Definition of IEQ

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Indoor Air Quality is decreased by a large number of pollutants of very different kinds and multiple sources. In the context of the low-energy buildings and the development of nZEB buildings, several questions arise as to their ability to ensure safety and reasonable comfort for the users, and regarding the actual energy consumption of these buildings. Subject to determinant factors other than housing, indoor air pollution in classes has specific characteristics. This variation is explained by a higher use, so there is more CO2 and bacterial load, a higher density of furniture that emits most pollutants, the frequent use of work and maintenance products, and the lack of specific ventilation systems involving stuffy air.

Costs

As the experience shows us, the concentration of formaldehyde is usually high, the IAQ perception is quite bad, and the air flow rate in both mechanical and naturally ventilated schools is usually not enough.

Funding

High indoor pollutant concentration may have a significant adverse impact on the health of students, given that children are much more vulnerable to indoor pollutants, as they breathe more air than adults relative to their weights, while their organs and tissues are growing. Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines IEQ Concluding Remarks

How IEQ affects pupils´ performance

Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Definition of IEQ

Thermal Discomfort Comfort requirements are many and they are not all related to the single temperature: thermal comfort includes thermal temperature, but also humidity, cold wall effect and air movement.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

The resulting temperature & the "cold wall" effect The resulting temperature at the center of a room is the average of the air temperature and the surface temperature of the walls. Uninsulated exterior walls are naturally colder than the center of the room. Cold radiation caused by a cold wall creates a discomfort. Rather than increasing the temperature of heating and therefore the expense of heating, it is necessary to insulate the walls.

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Humidity Thermo-hygrometric comfort is generally considered satisfactory when the air has a temperature of 20 °C and contains between 40% -60% relative humidity (RH%). Below 30% of relative humidity, air can dry out the respiratory mucosa which then cannot stop pathogens. Above 80%, the air, too humid, does not allow sweating and promotes the development of micro-organisms (fungi, mites, etc.).

Comfort Plan

Draught A higher air velocity is seen as a drop in temperature: for 18 °C, an air velocity of 0.50 m/s results in a decrease of the sensation of temperature of 1° C. A skip from 0.10 to 0.30 m/s causes a cooling sensation.

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Funding

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ issues

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Poor Lighting & Noise Pollution

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Poor Lighting The visual quality of classrooms where the child has an intellectual activity is important. Insufficient lighting requires a greater effort for the eye, increasing eye strain, and may cause headaches or long-term blurred vision. A dazzling lighting enhances and accelerates the adverse effects mentioned above and can lead to a loss of readability. Glare can make boards or computer screens unreadable. These effects are particularly harmful as the child, in full development, is vulnerable to inefficient visual quality. Additionally, studies have shown a significant improvement of memory, logical reasoning and concentration with improved lighting. Noise Pollution In the classroom, communication is essential to the learning process. Proper acoustics is especially important for children, because their ability to hear and listen differs from that of adults. In addition providing good sound quality reduces barriers to education for p eople with non-native language skills, learning disabilities, and/or impaired hearing.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

Funding

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

How to promote Health & Comfort

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

-

Use materials that do not emit pollutants or are low-emitting

-

Supply adequate levels and quality of ventilation and fresh air for acceptable indoor air quality

-

-

Costs

-

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Prevent airborne bacteria, mold and other fungi, as well as radon, through building an envelope design that properly manages moisture sources from outside and inside the building, and with heating, ventilating, air-conditioning (HVAC) system designs that are effective at controlling indoor humidity Provide thermal comfort with a maximum degree of personal control over temperature and airflow Create a high-performance luminous environment through the careful integration of natural and artificial light sources Assure acoustic privacy and comfort through the use of sound absorbing material and equipment insulation

Funding

-

Control disturbing odors through contaminant insulation and removal, and by careful selection of cleaning products

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines IEQ Concluding Remarks

Reduce the Emission Sources

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

To achieve acceptable IAQ, the initial strategy to practice is source control, not only during building renovation, but also over the life of the building. For instance, decision makers can ask the designer to select and use materials/building products that do no emit pollutants or are low-emitting of noxious or irritating odors, and volatile organic compounds (VOC). For example, formaldehyde (HCHO) is ubiquitous in our indoor environment, found in: adhesives, paints, pens, markers, cleaning products, furniture, board, laminated materials, varnishes, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, vitrifying, etc.

Solutions

Decision makers may take into account IAQ as a criterion in the tendering specifications, requiring the use of materials boasting a label on low VOC emissions, as the European label Indoor Air Comfort, or equivalent. Costs

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

Funding

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Ensure proper ventilation

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

IAQ can be achieved with high ventilation rates for effective air renewal. However, there are conflicts between energy performance and IAQ: significant airflow increases heat loss and degrades the energy performance. Moreover, in the Mediterranean climate, the question of ventilation is also closely linked to summer comfort. Ventilation rate: Parameter ranges -- 5 (low): 8 (mid): 13 (high) (l/s per person) - Natural ventilation may offer a feasible solution when outdoor environment is not polluted or noisy, but needs to be properly designed and controlled in order to satisfy both IAQ requirements and energy savings - To minimize ventilation losses during the heating season, the baseline designs are often provided with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery - Additionally an hybrid solution with automated controlled windows could be feasible

Costs

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

Funding

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Thermal Comfort Plan

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

-

Providing indoor environmental comfort involves wall insulation and ventilation control Overheating in the warm period is an issue for the Mediterranean school building design As new buildings are built with more thermal insulation and have improved standards of air tightness, concerns are emerging about an increased risk of overheating Along with the importance of IAQ, overheating is a risk that needs to be managed carefully as we move further towards the aim of nZEB and this now is a great concern and priority that needs to be addressed.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

Controlling Thermal Comfort: 1.

Administrative controls [planning & rescheduling work times & practices]

2.

Engineering controls: Heating, Air movement,

IAQ Plan

AC, Evaporative cooling, Thermal insulation

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

Funding

Source: ASHRAE's Thermal Comfort Tool in consistency with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Standards & Guidelines IEQ Concluding Remarks

Visual Comfort Plan

Definition of IEQ

Goal & Benefits

If designed and integrated properly, day lighting together with artificial lighting will maximize visual comfort in the space: - Natural and artificial lighting should be designed according to recommended EU standards plus the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES)

Technical Strategies

- Direct sun penetration should be minimized in work areas because the resulting high contrast ratio may cause discomfort

Operating Strategies

- Optimizing student orientation in relation to the windows is also essential in minimizing discomfort

Costs

- Computer screens should never be orientated facing the window (student with back to window) or facing directly away from the window (student facing window). Both of these alignments produce high-contrast ratios that cause eye strain. Situate the computer screen and student facing perpendicular to the window wall to minimize visual discomfort

Funding

- Direct glare from both natural and man-made sources in the field of view should be reduced, particularly in spaces with highly reflective surfaces, such as visual display terminals (VDTs)

Solutions

Conditions Required for Visual Comfort

- Flickering from some magnetic fluorescent lamps should be reduced using high-frequency electronic ballasts

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines IEQ Concluding Remarks

Acoustical Comfort Plan

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

There are a number of things you can do to improve the classroom acoustics strategy. The need for clear communication in classrooms has been recognized for many years and is addressed by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) in Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for Schools. Proper acoustics must be a priority in all design decisions and not adversely affected by energy reduction measures. Addressing acoustics during the design phase of a project, rather than attempting to fix problems after construction, likely will minimize costs. Noise disturbances can come from external elements (road, construction, ‌). In this case, the ventilation by opening the windows can bring discomfort. During a major renovation, it is possible to redistribute classrooms and activities, depending on the external elements, so in addition to optimizing the bioclimatic approach, noise pollution can be reduced.

Costs

Funding

In the case of a Mechanical Ventilation, when the fans are not installed properly, it can make noise, forcing users to cut the ventilation. Again, the proper implementation, maintenance and monitoring of the system is essential. Acoustic comfort can be also achieved through the use of sound absorbing material and equipment insulation.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines IEQ Concluding Remarks

Indoor Air Quality Assessment

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

An Indoor Air Quality Assessment is based on: - Questionnaires: Due to a growing awareness of the indoor environmental influence on occupants’ productivity and efficiency, there is an increased interest in obtaining feedback from occupants, which is often obtained by using a questionnaire: (an example of occupants survey )

Solutions

Costs

-

Funding

Field Measurements: 1.Measurement techniques, 2.Instrumentation 3.Methodology (Sampling criteria, Analysis), 4.Parameters: Physical (Temperature, Relative Humidity, Air Movement), Chemical (CO2, CO, PM10, NO2, O3, HCHO, TVOCs & Rn), Biological (Airborne Bacteria) Simulations: Models could be used for analyzing the impact of sources, sinks, ventilation, and air cleaners on indoor environment, plus to predict indoor air flows and contaminant levels (IAQ models, CFD models: CONTAM, COMIS).

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

IEQ can be assessed through measurements (temperature, humidity, air stuffiness, brightness), but also through user feedback on their feeling of comfort. As it is subjective; it is complex to find indicators of well-being Temperature sensors: temperature monitoring will, in addition to verifying the proper operation of heating and its regulation, assess the level of summer comfort Light sensors: to control and optimize daylight and artificial lighting Humidity & CO2 sensors: to avoid health problems, measurement of carbon dioxide and humidity are good indicators

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

To optimize the opening of windows, some studies developed a light indicator to visualize the air stuffiness in classrooms, based on the on-line measurement of carbon dioxide. It lets the teacher know the status of air stuffiness in the classroom in real time. The use of the light indicator showed a reduction of the air stuffiness so even if it may not be an adequate tool for all situations, it can be the current means of awareness on indoor air quality in schools.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

Lum’Air®: apparatus dedicated to the air stuffiness measurement and control in schools. Crédit Photo: Arnaud Bouissou

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Users´ Indicators

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Due to the growing awareness of the indoor environmental influence on occupants’ productivity and efficiency, there is an increased interest in obtaining feedback from occupants, which is often obtained by using a questionnaire

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

Operating Strategies

Poor indoor environmental quality is often blamed for causing sick building syndrome and the impact on health is even higher in schools Many studies have been conducted on the links between IEQ and health, and also between IEQ and academic success

Solutions

Costs

Funding

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

The studies agree that improving the physical environment quality contributes to a positive school climate and thus to academic success

IAQ Plan

Based off the surveys of user's satisfaction, simple solutions regarding complaints about discomfort (heat, noise...) can be implemented

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

Classroom Survey

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

IEQ vs. Energy Efficiency

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits Parameters of Comfort

Key Actions Natural Ventilation

IAQ Humidity

Technical Strategies

Mechanical ventilation

No effect, decrease or increase in energy con sumption depending on the initial situation

Insulation

Decreases energy consumption

Ventilation, insulation, shading

Decreases energy consumption

Passive cooling

Decreases energy consumption (for planned o r current active cooling)

Air cooling

Increased energy consumption

“Cold wall” effect

Wall insulation

Decreases energy consumption

Air movements

Airtightness & controlled airflow

Decreases energy consumption Decreases energy consumption

Visual quality

Optimization of daylight Increased use of artificial lighting (avoid glare, reach visual required standards) Installation of energy efficient bulbs Maintenance of mechanical ventilation

Decreases energy consumption

Indoor T°C in cold period

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Impact on Energy Performance Increased energy consumption if poor manag ement & misuse

Indoor T°C in warm perio d (overheating)

Acoustic quality

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Increased energy consumption Decreases energy consumption

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

Funding

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

IEQ Limits: Ventilation Rate

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Ventilation according to CIBSE Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Parameter ranges - low : mid-point : high

-

Day (l/s per person) 5 : 8 : 13

Comfort

Night (air changes/h) 0 : 4 : 12

To minimize ventilation losses during the heating season, the baseline designs are often provided with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery.

Solutions

Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

Ventilation according to ASHRAE In line with the ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 (ASHRAE, 2004) a minimum outdoor ventilation rate in breathing zone for classrooms (age 9 plus) is 5L/s-person.

Costs

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance?

IAQ Plan

Guidance/ Building Bulletin 101: ventilation for school buildings Specify a minimum ventilation rate of 3 l/s per person in all teaching and learning spaces

Comfort Plan

when they are occupied. Furthermore, a ventilation rate of 8 l/s per person should be Funding

achievable under the control of occupants, although it may not be required at all times if the occupancy density decreases.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

IEQ Limits Goal & Benefits

Parameter

Definition of IEQ

Source

Concentration Level mg/m3

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Exposure period

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

ppm 15 min

WHO

100

USEPA

60

25

30min

ASHRAE

30

9

1h

HWC

10

35

8h

TEE

29

9

1h

10

25

8h

40

11

1h

CO Solutions

Costs

Funding

CO2

Current Situation

nZEB Design

10

8h

29

1h

13

8h

WHO

1800

1001

1h

ASHRAE

1800

1001

8h

HWC

6300

3504

IEQ

Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

MED Energy Strategy

Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

IEQ Limits

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

The health effects of exposure to VOCs

Technical Strategies

Concentration Level TVOC Operating Strategies

Comfort

Effects

Below 0.2 mg/m³

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance?

Comfort (or 0.05 ppm)

Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

0.2 - 3,0 mg/m³ Solutions

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Discomfort ( 0.05 - 0.80 ppm)

IAQ Plan

3,0 - 25 mg/m³ Symptoms– Headache

Costs

(0.80 - 6.64 ppm)

Comfort Plan

Over 25 mg/m³

Possible additional neuron toxic effects (6.64 ppm)

Funding

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

IEQ Standards

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

-

ASHRAE: Ventilation for acceptable IAQ: Standard 62.1-2013

-

ASHRAE 55, 2004: Conditions that provide thermal comfort, Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Occupied Spaces

-

-

Costs

Funding

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

ISO 7730 (last reviewed 2009): Ergonomics of the thermal environment, the main thermal comfort standard is ISO 7730 which is based upon the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) thermal comfort indices (Fanger, 1970) ISO 14415:2005 (last reviewed 2014)Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Application of International Standards to people with special requirements provides background information on the thermal responses and needs of groups of persons with special requirements so that International Standards concerned with the assessment of the thermal environment can be appropriately applied for their benefit Pr EN 15251:CEN/TC 156 “Ventilation for Buildings”, Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics

Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

IEQ Standards

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

-

Pr EN 15239:CEN/TC 156, Ventilation for buildings,Guidelines for inspection of ventilation systems

-

WHO (global update 2005), Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen, dioxide & and sulfur dioxide

Comfort

-

EN 12464-1 Lighting of workplaces – Part 1: indoor workplaces (CEN, 2002a)

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance?

-

EN 12665 Light and Lighting – Basic terms and criteria for Specifying Lighting requirements

-

EN 13032-2: Lighting applications – Measurements and presentation of Photometric Data of Lamps and luminaries

-

CIE 117 Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting (CIE1995)

-

NEN 2057 Daylight openings of buildings

-

EN 12354 Building acoustics: estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

School Yards

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines IEQ Concluding Remarks

IEQ Standards

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

-

EN ISO 14257 Acoustics: measurements and parametric description of spatial sound distribution curves in workrooms for evaluating acoustical performance

-

EN ISO 140 Acoustics: measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements

-

EN ISO 10052 Acoustics: field measurement of airborne and impact sound insulation and of service equipment noise; survey method

-

ISO 9921 Ergonomics: assessment of speech communication

-

EN ISO 18233 Acoustics: application of new measurement methods in building and room acoustics

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

Costs

IAQ Plan

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

Funding

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

IAQ: Tools for Schools: Action Kit (EPA) A framework for School IAQ Management, IAQ Coordinator’s Guide, IAQ Reference, Checklists

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Comfort

Operating Strategies

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance? Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

Solutions

IAQ Plan

Costs

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues

Funding

More links and guidelines in the Appendix IEQ Standards & Guidelines

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Definition of IEQ Unique Aspects of Indoor Environment of Schools

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

ASHRAE’S Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for Design, Construction, and Commissioning (ASHRAE 2009), which provides specific guidance for achieving the following key objectives: - Manage the design and construction process to achieve good IAQ

Operating Strategies

- Control moisture in building assemblies

- Control moisture and contaminants related to mechanical systems

- Capture and exhaust contaminants from building equipment and activities - Reduce contaminant concentrations through ventilation, filtration, and air cleaning

Funding

- Apply more advanced ventilation approaches.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

IAQ Plan

- Limit contaminants from indoor sources Costs

Comfort

How IEQ affects Pupils Performance?

- Limit entry of outdoor contaminants Solutions

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

MED Energy Strategy

Comfort Plan

IEQ issues IEQ Standards & Guidelines

School Yards

IEQ Concluding Remarks

Mediterranean Challenges

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Saving energy and improving indoor conditions at the same time!

1. Use & Management

Operating Strategies

Minimising already known overheating problems

2. Demand Reduction

Diversity of climate and habits

3. Energy Efficient Systems

Solutions

Facing climate change Costs

Funding

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Involving current and future generations

5. Building Operating System

At the minimum cost!

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Mediterranean Approach

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

When designing the renovation of a school in a Mediterranean climate, some basic criteria must be taken into account in the framework of a broader methodology (see nZEB Design chapter): -

Solutions

-

Costs

-

Funding

Current situation needs to be carefully studied Energy strategies are closely linked to indoor conditions, so IEQ strategies must be considered at the same time Passive heating and cooling strategies must be combined in order to achieve optimum results and minimise overheating Energy strategies must take into account all seasons (comfort during midseason has to be also guaranteed) Existing strategies for colder regions should not be transferred without pondering the benefits and drawbacks first Heating demand is the highest relative demand. However, other energy needs become more important in the energy balance than in colder climates A study of implementation of local energy from renewable sources is needed

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Energy Steps

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

The following steps are proposed to face the energy challenge in MED schools. They are arranged by priority in order to achieve the final nZEB goal and to develop firstly some savings to help finance the works. WISE! If we start with low cost measures, savings can be invested in following steps

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

Solutions

Costs

1. Use & Management

NOW

Use and management

Energy efficient systems

Demand reduction

Renewabl e energy supply

Building Management System

NZEB

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Funding HELP! Usually not considered in short-term oriented energy renovations

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Use and Management (low cost) Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Challenges & Approach

A better use and simple energy management actions can result in average energy savings of around 10%, even though savings can differ widely depending on the status quo

- Improve current energy use

Energy Steps

1. Use & Management

- Assign an energy manager (see Solution S01) - Adjust heating/cooling setpoint temperatures (see Solution S02) - Improve users’ behaviour through their engagement, from previous analysis up to

2. Demand Reduction

implementation of solutions (see Solution S03) Solutions

- Set up an energy education plan (Teachers role and energy education) - Install simple monitoring equipment (sensors and energy meters) in order to develop

3. Energy Efficient Systems

some knowledge and identify short-term corrective actions Costs

- Set up a program to know and improve IEQ running in parallel to the energy actions

4. Renewable Energy Supply

- Set up a PLAN to purchase only best energy rated equipment (see Solution S28). Funding

Challenge: integrate improved comfort standards and ICT without booming the energy

5. Building Operating System

goal. Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Use and Management (low cost)

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Changes in user behaviour and simple energy management, with low cost investments, result in average energy savings of around 10%. Savings potential varies widely depending on the status quo, achieving up to 30% in some cases. The first step of a renovation is to conduct an energy audit. At the same time, users can set up an energy program to raise awareness and commitment among users, improve energy use and have more knowledge to define the renovation strategy. During this first stage, simple energy management tools may be used. However, it may not be convenient to install a robust and expensive energy management system because of the many changes in the systems that will occur during the renovation process. These first low cost measures will promote users’ commitment and can facilitate the funding of more ambitious measures, such as demand reduction actions, like upgrading the building’s envelope.

Best energy rated equipment is crucial for achieving the nZEB goal. It is highly recommended to set up a purchase plan that will cover any future equipment purchase. However, this plan can not be used directly to purchase a new boiler, because prior demand reduction strategies and RES availability have to be tackled.

Funding

Investments in energy efficiency equipment at this stage will compromise achieving nZEB goals, thus making steps outside the path to nZEB.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools

Use and Management (low cost) Goal & Benefits

Current situation and good knowledge of facilities : plans, maintenance reports, bills (works & energy), contract power tariff su s riptio optio s …

setpoint temperatures, book boiler with maintenance operations actually carried out and illi g…

Manage Ventilation (reduce heating consumption, assure IAQ, summer comfort) & Lighting (use daylight when possible, ensure light extinction

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Current Situation

nZEB Design

Monitoring Record (on dashboards for example) the bills and personal state e ts, users’ feed a k o o fort …

Users’ awareness & involvement on management :

Compare actual energy consumption accounted by the building owner with the amounts invoiced

opening of windows, extinction of electrical appliances, et …

Alert of any possible malfunction or deviations as soon as possible

Taining of maintenance staff if necessary

Low cost equipments : purchase plan for A++ equipment, heating circuits insulation, water saving equipments, …

Energy Steps

Check

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Challenges & Approach

Adjust

Regulate and programming heating and cooling

IEQ

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

energy supply and maintenance contracts to actual needs, frequency of equipment ai te a e …

MED Energy Strategy

1. Use & Management

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools School Yards

Demand Reduction

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Upgrading the building envelope in a holistic way (considering openings, walls, roof, basement and thermal bridges) is a key factor that must be tackled before investing in new efficient energy systems (i.e. boilers), that may become oversized with the new reduced demand. Care must be taken with passive heating techniques in MED schools, because it may result in an increase in cooling needs. Passive heating and cooling strategies must be tackled at the same time in order to assure the best decisions in each case.

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

Solutions

Passive heating

Costs

1. Use & Management

Efficient

Passive cooling

cooking

Efficient DHW

Daylighting management

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Passive Heating

Passive heating

Efficient

Passive cooling

cooking

Efficient DHW

Daylighting MNT

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Passive heating includes all the techniques and solutions that use free heat from the sun and internal gains in order to avoid heating with active systems. -

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Passive solar design: Solar gains can be maximized through some changes in the existing windows, but no changes of orientation can be done in existing buildings. Attention must be paid to manage the solar gains without causing glare or overheating; therefore, strategies in this sense are closely linked to daylight management and cooling loads. Thermal insulation: It is imperative to insulate the envelope (prioritizing exterior insulation) beyond current thermal regulations in order to achieve the nZEB goal. Indicative values for thermal transmittance are:

Openings (frame+glass)

Wall

Roof

Basement

1.40-1.80

0.20-0.40

0.15-0.30

0.30-0.60

Costs

U-value Funding

These values need to be evaluated in energy studies, using design software (dynamic thermal simulations). They are not universal target values, just indicative ranges for MED regions. (See solutions S5-8 and S11-S13)

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Passive Heating

Passive heating

Passive cooling

Efficient cooking

Efficient DHW

Daylighting MNT

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Thermal bridges: When insulation is needed, thermal bridges become very important. For nZEB, losses through thermal bridges can be up to 15-30% of the envelope losses. Thermal bridges are encountered when different construction systems are connected or when a discontinuity on the insulation material appears. They can be linear or punctual. In renovation projects, some thermal bridges are difficult to solve. However, efforts must be done to minimize them, including appropriate design, planning and innovative products. Generally, in the nZEB renovation approach, linear transmittance (ď ™-value) should be kept in average under 0.45 W/(mK). (See solution S14) Reduction of air infiltrations: In order to have the control on energy and ventilation flows, it is needed to reduce air infiltrations. In MED schools they occur mainly through the windows, doors, and also in installations (where walls or roofs have been pierced to introduce an element). (See Solution S15) Internal gains: - People: In a school, free heat provided by the occupants is a major energy source. This needs to be well-managed in order to provide heating when needed and displace heat during warm periods to avoid overheating. One possible strategy is to combine ventilation with free heat management in order to transfer heat gains among different spaces. Other options are tackled in ventilation strategies - Appliances: In a school, appliances are less implemented than in office buildings, therefore causing less internal gains. Nevertheless, the increase in ICT usage, especially the computers room, creates the need for tailored strategies Highly efficient equipment must be prioritized at the moment of any purchase. (See solution S28)

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Energy Steps

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools

Passive Cooling

Passive heating

Passive cooling

Efficient cooking

Efficient DHW

Daylighting MNT

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

In Mediterranean schools, it is imperative to use a range of passive cooling techniques in order to avoid active cooling; otherwise, we will face the situation where existing schools (running without cooling systems nowadays) are equipped with cooling devices, therefore increasing energy consumption. For this reason, the first three cooling strategies (solar shading, cool surfaces and ventilative cooling) are applicable to all cases.

1. Use & Management

Solar shading: It is imperative to use solar protections in MED schools. These have to be designed to offer solar protection to avoid possible overheating or glare effects. External devices offer good protection. Internal may be used just to manage daylight and avoid glare problems. Adjustable brise-soleil offer an optimum solution. South, east and west faรงades need solar shading. Completely automated systems may be limiting in some cases, but user-managed systems are not recommended. A hybrid solution may be consistent, with the commitment of trained users. (See Solution S03)

3. Energy Efficient Systems

Costs

Funding

Cool surfaces: High reflective surfaces, also called cool surfaces, are low cost and efficient solutions to decrease solar gains during warm periods. They are included in exterior paintings for roofs and faรงades as well as in outdoors pavements. If a choice has to be made, the roof should be prioritized. Additionally, when a PV system is installed, cool surfaces help reduce overheating of solar panels, so higher efficiency is achieved. (see Solution S10)

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

2. Demand Reduction

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools

Passive Cooling

Passive heating

Passive cooling

Efficient cooking

Efficient DHW

Daylighting MNT

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Ventilative cooling: This refers to the use of natural or mechanical ventilation strategies to cool indoor spaces. Attention must be paid to ventilation strategies as there is no universal solution to prescribe and the one to be implemented has to fulfill three requirements at the same time: health, comfort and energy savings. For cooling purposes, night cooling and free-cooling techniques must be prioritized. Ceiling fans can help improve comfort when temperature rises. (See Solution S16 and Venticool platform) Thermal mass activation: This refers to allowing high thermal inertia elements (such as concrete slabs) to activate during daily temperature oscillation in order to reduce cooling loads. Thermal mass cooling potential is lower in MED regions than in cooler climates, but it is a solution easy to implement when it just entails removing the false ceiling. (See Solution S17) Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers: EATHE is a ground source of heat and cold. Especially in MED climates it offers a good option to cool buildings with low energy (if coupled with a heat pump) and even no energy (if it is coupled with the ventilation system). It is often called “climatic well”, “Canadian well” or “Provencal well”. In order to evaluate the cooling potential, detailed information about the soil is needed. Design must be carried out by a specialist in order to ensure the expected results. Ground tubes can conduct ventilation air or constitute an independent net (then generally water is used). In renovation, high investment cost in soil movements is a major barrier. (See Solution S22)

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools

Efficient Cooking

Passive heating

Passive cooling

Efficient cooking

Efficient DHW

Daylighting MNT

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps

Energy demand for cooking includes the need to cook or heat the meals. Technical Strategies

Different situations are used in different countries: a vending machine with cold food when almost all pupils eat at home (Greece), a fully equipped kitchen for almost all pupils (most cases in Catalonia), or the catering option (heated on site or not).

Operating Strategies

In order to reduce cooking demand, many strategies can be followed.

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

Apart from the vending machine (see Solution S28), two main strategies need to be implemented: good habits and best energy class equipment. Solutions

Additionally, tailored strategies to reuse the cooking heat or evacuate it (depending on the needs), and its link to the ventilation strategies, need to be investigated. (See Solution S29) Costs

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Efficient DHW

Passive heating

Passive cooling

Efficient cooking

Efficient DHW

Daylighting MNT

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps

DHW demand may vary greatly depending on each school. Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

When the demand is very low, it may not be a good option to install a specific system just an electric thermos will be enough.

1. Use & Management

When demand is higher than 200 litres/day, renewable energy supply options need to be studied.

2. Demand Reduction

Moreover, aerated taps and good habits need to be implemented to ensure minimum demand. Solutions

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Costs

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Daylighting Management

Passive heating

Passive cooling

Efficient cooking

Efficient DHW

Daylighting MNT

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Energy for lighting purposes may be high because there is not enough daylight entering the classrooms, or because there is no appropriate management. Improved daylight management may include light sensors, dimming, redirection of daylight and even installing solar tubes. (See Solution S25)

1. Use & Management

Operating Strategies

2. Demand Reduction

Solutions

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Costs

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Energy Efficient Systems

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Once the energy demand of the school has been reduced, it is time to integrate energy efficient systems. Systems powered by renewable energy must be the first option. When these are not possible, fossil fuels may be introduced, keeping in mind that other systems working with renewable energies should compensate this consumption. Systems include a wide range of equipment and appliances, many of them often running with electricity:

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

Solutions

Costs

1. Use & Management

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Ventilation

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Ventilation options

Available technologies

1. Use & Management

Managemen t

Operating Strategies

2. Demand Reduction

Users

Requirements Solutions

Costs

Current situation Funding

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Best ventilation strategy

Cost 5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Design Criteria

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps

The aspects of ventilation that the designer of classroom ventilation must relate to during the design process.

Analysis of current situation Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

-

Exterior pollutant sources Exterior noise Interior pollutant sources Seasonal climate differences Winds and microclimate Heating and cooling demand Current air flow Current IEQ problems Building characteristics Current costs

Source: SchoolVentCool project 2013 2. Demand Reduction Building characteritics

3. Energy Efficient Systems

Comfort

Purposes of ventilation

Ventilation in classroom

Costs

Funding

1. Use & Management

- Reduce indoor pollutants - Reduce outdoor pollutants - Reduce cooling demand (evacuate internal heat gains) - Heat recovery

Initial costs

Energy consumption

Running costs

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Strategies

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Urban area: If the exterior environment is polluted or noisy, natural ventilation will probably not be feasible. However, night cooling can be certainly implemented. Controlled natural ventilation will be suitable for many cases, even though natural ventilation depending exclusively on opening of windows by the users is not compatible with the nZEB approach. It has been demonstrated that this strategy for ventilation results in poor air quality (high CO2 concentration and other pollutants). A natural and controlled ventilation, with automated windows (and/or vents) linked to air-monitoring sensors, is a highly recommended solution. Moreover, the design of the ventilation must ensure appropriate air flow distribution and rate. In this sense, a Danish study has concluded that natural ventilation performs better with an exhaust fan. (See Solution S16) Mechanical ventilation: In many cases it may be necessary to install a mechanical ventilation system. The system can be centralized, decentralized or room-by-room. The last option is easier to implement in already existing schools. The air flows, equipment, filters, and ducts must be carefully chosen. Special care must be taken during both design and implementation phases to avoid noise problems. (See Solution S18)

Funding

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Strategies

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Hybrid (natural and mechanical): Natural and mechanical ventilation may be beneficial to combine in order to fulfil ventilation requirements by limiting the investment cost. In this sense, a controlled natural ventilation can be supported by a mechanical system (from an exhaust fan up to an AHU with lower capacity) in order to reach higher required airflows, especially when wind or thermal conditions are not favourable for natural ventilation. Heat recovery: Heat recovery is not prescribed for all MED schools. Instead, its convenience should be evaluated for each particular case. The decision will be made taking into account the heat recovery potential (for colder MED regions it will be certainly more interesting), the presence or absence of active cooling systems, the air-flow, and the investment costs. Management: It is very important to ensure the functioning and maintenance of the ventilation system. Specialized staff and additional training may be needed.

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

High efficiency ventilators: Solutions should integrate low consumption ventilators. 5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Strategies Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Controlled natural ventilation Building current situation: building features (orientation, shape) Outdoor environment Users IAQ needs : minimum ventilation

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Ventilation

Comfort

Energy consumption

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Mechanical ventilation

Energy Steps Orientation and openings shall allow cross ventilation / stack ventilation

Room height and size requirements to design ducted ventilation systems

Can not deal with highly polluted or noisy environments

Allows dealing with highly polluted environments and better control of external noises

Automatic windows or vents (users can participate in punctual ventilation by opening windows)

Users usually have little control

System must ensure good IAQ: sensors, monitoring, controllable windows opening, users awareness

System can easily ensure good IAQ if maintenance is diligently performed

Risk of draughts Implementation of passive cooling techniques: openings, shading, night cooling, thermal mass

Risk of draughts with some systems, although these should be easy to engineer out Potential fan noise and higher room-to-room sound transmission. Good engineering can reduce this. Easier to use for night cooling

Natural ventilation can deteriorate energy performance if not properly controlled. Sensors and actuators consume very reduced energy

More energy efficient with heat recovery in winter but higher electrical load because of fans

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Resources

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

A recent Danish study in classrooms concludes that mechanical ventilation and natural ventilation with automatically operable windows with exhaust fan performed notably better than the other systems.

1. Use & Management

Health-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent project) Operating Strategies

Solutions

Implementation of ventilation in existing schools – A design criteria list towards passive schools (SchoolVentCool project)

2. Demand Reduction

Integrated ventilation and free night cooling in classrooms with diffuse ceiling ventilation (SchoolVentCool project)

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Costs

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Requirements Goal & Benefits

REGIONS United Kingdom Germany Belgium

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Limit value (CO2 ppm) 1500 (average) 1500 500 1000 or 1500 (under discussion) 1200 1200 1000

Austria

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Ventilation rate (min) 8.3 l/s/person 5.5 l/s/person (for 1000 ppm) 6 l/s/person

Finland Holland Denmark 5.7 l/s/person Lithuania 6 l/s/person Portugal 1000 8.3 l/s/person Norway, Canada, Brazil, China, 1000 Japan, Korea, New Zealand USA 700 over exterior air 7 l/s/person MEDITERRANEAN Regions France 1000 Italy 3.5 air changes/hour Greece 6.2 l/s/p Spain (schools) 500 over exterior air 12.5 l/s/person Spain (kindergarten) 350 over exterior air 20 l/s/person Health-based reference according to HealthVent, which does not include outdoor or indoor pollutants, other 4 l/s/person than the own occupants pollution loadfor schools in different countries (and associated ventilation rates) Table. CO2 limit values

Source: ANSES, HealthVent, SchoolVentCool and own elaboration

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Challenges & Approach

Energy Steps

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools

Heating Systems

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Heating demand will be highly reduced in comparison to the initial state. Oversized and old heating system needs to be replaced or, at least, adapted. Options to consider:

1. Use & Management

- SOLAR THERMAL (RES): Solar collectors to supply storage tank and use existing radiators

2. Demand Reduction

- BIOMASS (RES): Wood biomass boiler Solutions

3. Energy Efficient Systems

- NATURAL GAS (FOSSIL): High efficiency boiler (condensing boiler)

Costs

- ELECTRICITY (I): Low-temperature heat pump (linked to the ventilation system or to radiators). If a split is considered, pay attention first to comfort related issues (dry air, air speed and noise). It can be used as active cooling if needed

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Funding

- ELECTRICITY (II): Ground source heat pump (water-water) (linked to the ventilation system or to radiators). It can be used as active cooling if needed. High investment cost

5. Building Operating System

- District heating (RES): If available, it may constitute a good alternative

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools

Considerations

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Heating system upgrade will take into account current situation, new heating demand (after demand reduction) and technical and cost issues. For example, if boiler was replaced 3 years ago, it may be preferable to invest the budget into actions other than the heating system. In another hypothetic case, if existing radiators are in a good state and budget is limited, a beneficial option can be to replace the energy supply while keeping the existing radiators in the short-term. When a thermal storage is needed, highly thermal insulated products will be prioritized. Ducts need to be well insulated too.

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Cooling Systems

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

If, after a range of passive cooling techniques, extra cooling is needed to prevent overheating, high efficiency heat pumps will constitute a good solution

1. Use & Management

Operating Strategies

Solar cooling: Even though very promising, investment cost is currently still quite high and it will be most probably not cost-effective

2. Demand Reduction

Solutions

Radiant ceiling: This provides satisfactory comfort to distribute cooling energy

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Costs

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

High Efficiency Systems

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps

Technical Strategies

Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in the European Union (2012)

-

ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Boilers

Operating Strategies

-

ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Central Air Conditioners and Air Source Heat Pumps

Solutions

-

ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2014 — Geothermal Heat Pumps

-

REHVA - Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations

Costs

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

High Efficiency Systems

Ventilation

Heating

Active cooling

Lighting

Kitchen

DHW

Appliances

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Lighting Artificial lighting needs to be improved by an appropriate daylight management, sectorization, sensors and timing. (See solution 21 and 22) Bulbs need to be replaced by high efficiency bulbs (LED offer currently good colors). (See solution 20) Kitchen The kitchen consumes energy in appliances, cooking or reheating, and ventilation. Regarding the cooking needs, many options are possible: electrical cooking, biofuel/biogas powered, fossil-fuel powered (to compensate with other RES). (See solution 29) DHW When DHW demand is higher than 200 l/day, it is needed to cover 60% demand with RES (solar thermal or biomass). Storage tank and ducts need to be highly insulated. (See solution S31) Appliances In an nZEB school building, appliances will constitute an important part of energy consumption. In order to save energy, any new equipment or replacement will be chosen according to best energy class criteria. (See solution S28)

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools

Renewable Energy Supply

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

RES supply must be studied in order to choose the most suitable energy(ies) for each case. Different possibilities may be identified at first and need to be weighed taking into account several criteria (availability, local resource, renewable character, feasibility, investment cost, maintenance, school energy demand).

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

Solar PV

In Mediterranean regions, solar energy has high potential

3. Energy Efficient Systems

Solutions

Nevertheless, in some cases it will not be indicated Costs

Solar Thermal

Biomass, geothermal or wind may offer good alternatives if local available potential is evidenced

Biomass

Funding

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Wind

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Renewable Energy Supply

Solar PV

Solar Thermal

Wind

Biomass

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps

Local RES available?

YES Technical Strategies

NZEB possible

NZEB still possible

If existing/projected RES District Heating, consider it first

Operating Strategies

Low thermal needs

Solutions

Costs

NO

Supply alternative: neighbourhood RES installation or purchase/invest on off-site RES to be 100% RES powered

High thermal needs When PV/Wind is feasible

NZEB 100% electrically powered/balanced (PV/wind)

Thermal supply according to the site

PV/Wind for electrical needs

Urban: Solar Thermal/Geothermal may offer good options. Is biomass local, emission-free and feasible?

Funding

Rural: Solar thermal/Local biomass/Geothermal or other

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Solar PV

Solar PV

Solar Thermal

Wind

Biomass

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

This is reliable, abundant and easy to implement. Roof-integrated is to be prioritized. Even if pitched modules offer better performance, building integration (BIPV) will be carefully studied (roof, façade, solar protections in the building and shades in the playground…).

1. Use & Management

Solutions

Indeed, district solar PV installation needs to be considered an option in the framework of other energy needs in the area. Feed-in tariffs and current fees may constitute opportunities or important barriers today (depending on national regulations). However, self consumption could be interesting because production and demand both take place during the day.

Costs

Big figures: Annual production around 1200–1500 kWh/kWp. Module surface needed is around 8 m2/kWp. Horizontal surface needed for installation of modules around 15-20 m2/kWp.

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Funding

That means that only solar photovoltaic can come up for a minimum of 60 kWh/m2 if the building has only one floor, 30 kWh/m2 for 2-storeys, 20 kWh/m2 for 3-storeys, etc.. (See solution S30)

5. Building Operating System

Operating Strategies

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Solar Thermal

Solar PV

Solar Thermal

Wind

Biomass

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

This is reliable, abundant and not subject to feed-in tariffs. Installation must guarantee a good design and prevent overheating and possible damage of collectors, especially during summertime (holidays). Maintenance is needed. Solar thermal can supply DHW and heating energy demand, but a back-up system will be needed for cloudy periods. Building integration needs to be considered from the beginning. Solar cooling is technically feasible but still needs a high investment cost.

Solutions

Big figures: Current flat plate collectors may offer around 700 W/m2. (See solutions S31 and S32)

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Costs

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Wind

Solar PV

Solar Thermal

Wind

Biomass

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Wind can be an abundant resource in some places. However, detailed wind maps are not often available. Wind turbines may offer a good option in rural sites with “constant� wind (even though human perception might characterize a site as windy, wind is usually not enough to run a turbine); while in urban areas, wind resource is more limited (existing buildings limits and affects wind resource). (See solution 34)

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

Solutions

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Costs

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Biomass and other RES

Solar PV

Solar Thermal

Wind

Biomass

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps

Wooden local biomass offers a renewable source that is available when needed. Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

A storage system is needed and some precautions need to be considered. It should be noted that rain may be scarce in the Mediterranean basin, which implies low biomass production in the forests. Indeed, only local sustainable biomass can offer a solution for nZEB buildings (remote biomass will have a high embodied energy because of transportation). (See solution S35)

Other RES may be possible according to the site conditions. Some possibilities include the use of (local) biofuels or high efficiency heat pumps using the exterior air, ground or groundwater as heat or cold source. (See solution S27)

Funding

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

SMART Building Operating Strategies

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

BMS (Building Management System) is used to manage energy demand. It is a computer-based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the building’s mechanical and electrical equipment such as heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, etc. EN 15232 “Energy performance of buildings – Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management” describes methods for evaluating the influence of building automation and technical building management on the energy consumption of buildings and estimates that for schools, the introduction of BACS can give savings up to 40% of thermal energy and up to 20% of electrical energy. Different options are available in the market, from complex systems to more simple ones. The goal is to have an overall view of the building and know what is going on in terms of operating conditions (equipment, return control), measurements (temperature, operating times, number of failures) and alarms (failure, abnormal stopping, measurement exceeding a threshold). (See solution S38) Benefits of BMS - Good control of internal comfort conditions - Effective response to HVAC-related complaints: users’ comfort improved - Effective monitoring and targeting of energy consumption - Early detection of problems - Effective use of maintenance staff (maintenance scheduling) VERYschool project has developed a useful energy management tool for school buildings.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

1. Use & Management

2. Demand Reduction

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

5. Building Operating System

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools

SMART Building Operating Strategies

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Equipments (heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, …)

Technical Strategies

Valves, power, electric shutters, lights …

1. Use & Management

Reduction

Improvement

Operating Strategies

Energy Steps Control

Solutions

Costs

Regulation Programming

Comfort parameters (T°C, humidity, CO2, lighting …)

Sensors

Detection of problems ALARM

2. Demand Reduction

Monitoring

3. Energy Efficient Systems

4. Renewable Energy Supply

Energy meters

Energy consumptions

5. Building Operating System

Optimize coverage needs

Funding

RES

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Must-Have Criteria for nZEB Schools

Challenges & Approach

Goal & Benefits Energy Steps

- Engagement of school community Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

- Solar shading

1. Use & Management

- Envelope thermal insulation - Improved ventilation - A range of passive cooling techniques (solar shading, cool roof and night ventilation)

2. Demand Reduction

- Strategies to decrease electrical consumption: 3. Energy Efficient Systems

- LEDs or similar

Solutions

- Purchase only certified A++ equipment - Acquire good energy practices - Make a “moderate� use of ICT and appliances according to educational needs

Costs

4. Renewable Energy Supply

- PV or Wind supply in order to cover electrical demand - Efficient cooking

5. Building Operating System

Funding

Must-Have Criteria nZEB schools Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Regeneration of the school yards Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

The regeneration of the schoolyards is a challenge for environmental sustainable schools. In summer, sunshine overheats grounds and facades. Microclimate and its interaction on the indoor thermal comfort must be controlled to minimize summer discomfort without compromising the winter comfort and efficiency. The main parameters affecting the urban microclimate are radiation, convection and humidity. Other parameters can be taken into account: lighting, whose variability in space and time is very important in the summer, contributing to users’ comfort or discomfort, and surrounding noise which may aggravate sensation of thermal stress. The purpose of regeneration of the school yards is to create comfortable spaces around buildings. - The designer can try to see what enhances radiation, convection and humidity. - The planning and architectural design of outdoor living spaces should take into account seasonal changes and daily fluctuations in external environments (mainly temperature and sunshine) and choose their location and optimal configuration. Objectives Eliminate exposure to Solar Radiation, create shade

Means Solar protection and Shading devices

Regeneration of the school yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural Ventilation

The location and height of buildings Enhance Natural Ventilation Vegetation

Funding

Current Situation

nZEB Design

Regulate Air temperature and relative humidity

Color of materials

Regulate Temperature & Humidity of the air

Use of water

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Regeneration of the school yards Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Treatment of outdoor spaces helps mitigate the harsh climatic constraints around buildings which make these areas used for only a part of the day. Also, regeneration of the school yards can improve comfort inside the premises. There is an urban microclimate around the buildings. In summer, sunshine overheats grounds and facades. Microclimate and its interaction on the indoor thermal comfort must be controlled to minimize summer discomfort without compromising the winter comfort and efficiency. The main parameters affecting the urban microclimate are radiation, convection and humidity. Other parameters can be taken into account: lighting (whose variability in space and time is very important in the summer), contributing to users’ comfort or discomfort, and surrounding noise which may aggravate sensation of thermal stress.

The purpose of regeneration of the school yards is to create comfortable spaces around buildings. - For this, the designer can try to see what enhances radiation, convection and humidity. - The planning and architectural design of outdoor living spaces should take into account seasonal changes and daily fluctuations in external environments (mainly temperature and sunshine) and choose their location and optimal configuration.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Regeneration of the school yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural Ventilation

Regulate Air temperature and relative humidity

Solar Control Goal & Benefits The first step to improving summer comfort in outdoor spaces is to control exposure to solar radiation: solar protection, seasonal vegetation, etc.

Technical Strategies

These external devices extend the architectural shading system of the building in order to create comfortable, sheltered areas and reduce indoor thermal discomfort. Additionally, they limit sun exposure of the scholars (promoting skin health)

Operating Strategies

Regeneration of the school yards

Solar Control

Solutions Fixed shading devices Generally used as protection for rain, covered outdoor areas (walkways, awnings, canopies), if opaque and ventilated, can create comfortable shaded area. Spaces with significant shade are also caused by multi-storey buildings which can be considered as fixed sunscreen

Costs

Funding

Variable and mobile shading devices Their effectiveness is optimal on the south side of buildings where summer solar sector constraints are not the strongest; the sun is above the horizon and the energy received is lower than for the east and west exposures. Deciduous vegetation is part of this type of protection

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Promote Natural Ventilation

Regulate Air temperature and relative humidity

Solar Control Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Vegetation as summer sunscreen: Plantations near buildings provide shade in summer without blocking the winter sun (deciduous trees) and reduce soil exposure to solar radiation. Deciduous vegetation planted on the east, southeast, southwest and west sides of buildings can reduce the cooling energy demand or increase summer comfort (highest priority should be given to west-facing windows). Plants create shade on the ground and walls and allow the use of outdoor spaces while keeping indoor comfort. For example, climbing plants protect the walls from direct sunlight. The choice of plants: Plants should be selected based on their ability to adapt (soil, temperature, humidity), their size and nature (trees, lining, deciduous trees) but above all, depending on their role (sun or wind protection). Thus, it is recommended: - Use local species of Mediterranean type, more robust and resistant to high heat conditions - Choose the species according to the type of area concerned and leaf: diversify the species as much as possible to take advantage of the thermal characteristics associated (linden promote dense shade, pine filter light, willows are adapted to wetlands) - Plant windbreaks around hedges to reduce the phenomenon of drying soil by the wind. When choosing plants, pay particular attention to future maintenance needs (consumption of water for watering, pruning trees and shrubs, etc) and the risk of allergy they can cause by pollen.

Applications: hedges, pergolas, lawns, ground cover plants on walls Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Regeneration of the school yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural Ventilation

Regulate Air temperature and relative humidity

Promote Natural Ventilation Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

- The movement of the air increases the cooling body by accelerating convective exchanges but also the evaporation of perspiration

Regeneration of the school yards

- The cooling effect is achieved with air temperature below 32째 C, in the shade. This situation happens throughout the day in the coastal strip and in the morning and evening in land - The choice of plant or mineral windbreaks against strong winds for winter is not incompatible with the development of comfortable outdoor environment; these have to be placed in areas where the air must circulate freely - Outdoor vegetation should guide the movement of air by filtering dust during warm periods - As mentioned above, walkways naturally ventilated can create comfort in summer.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural Ventilation

Regulate Air temperature and relative humidity

Regulate Air Temperature and Humidity Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Radiation can cause a "cold wall" effect, which is a source of discomfort during winter inside the premises, but which can improve the comfort of the user outside. For example, in summer, while solar radiation increases the temperature of the walls and of the air, walls and grounds which have been in the shade for at least 6 hours can create a beneficial role of “cold wall”. Work on outdoor environment radiation is essentially based on the choice of colors and materials, as well as vegetation. Outside walls and materials’ color The ability of materials to reflect solar radiation (albedo) depends upon their color and their nature (mineral or vegetable). The colors have different absorption coefficients of solar radiation. The so-called "cold" colors (blue and green) absorb strongly solar radiation: light blue is more absorbent than brown. Avoid absorbing colors: under the action of sunlight, they contribute to heat the air and create a radiator effect for the user who passes nearby. For summer comfort, light colors are required because clear surfaces store and radiate less heat. Highly reflective materials, such as polished aluminum, almost do not heat up. In winter, a high coefficient of solar reflectance of grounds located in the south will be favorable for buildings: the reflected part of the radiation increases the thermal and light contribution through windows. However, be careful not to cause glare conditions. Application: clear gravel, concrete slabs, paving light color, etc.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Regeneration of the school yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural Ventilation

Regulate Air temperature and relative humidity

Regulate Air Temperature and Humidity Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Vegetation as "cold wall“: Compared to a building wall which heats by the effect of sunshine, the planted wall façades act as a very effective "cold wall": the color and texture of foliage allow absorption of solar radiation who (approximately 30%) is removed by evapotranspiration. This phenomenon works better with deciduous plants. Vegetation also provides humidification through gas exchange and water vapor between plants and the atmosphere. In addition, the presence of plants reduces the heat island through albedo and evapotranspiration. The use of water: cooling by humidification: The natural evaporation of water of a fountain or transpired by vegetation (lawns, trees) creates a lowering of the temperature of the ambient air in the immediate vicinity. However, for plants, the amount of water involved is relatively low, so the cooling effect of evapotranspiration is limited. Warning : water-wise gardens in the Mediterranean area can be a solution for resistance to high heat and water savings, but these plants, with limited capacity of shading and evapotranspiration, do not significantly contribute to cooling the environment. Water-wise gardens only have a decorative role. The evaporation of irrigation water plays a more important role (wet soil storage, thermal regulator). The effect is more effective when the air is dry. Evaporation caused by misting, watering soil, etc. is more effective but is a high water consumer. Moreover, artificial methods of humidification must be well studied regarding the safety of children, as well as the consumption of water and energy. Also, be attentive to the presence of stagnant water, always conducive to the proliferation of mosquitoes.

Current Situation

nZEB Design

IEQ

MED Energy Strategy

School Yards

Regeneration of the school yards

Solar Control

Promote Natural Ventilation

Regulate Air temperature and relative humidity

3

Operating Strategies

160

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits

European Union

Negotiating Directives and Regulations Guiding Member States implementation of nZEB

Technical Strategies

Establishing the objectives and priorities informing EU Funding

Operating Strategies

Solutions

National Governments

Regional Administration

Developing and monitoring funding mechanisms

Municipalities

Costs

Energy Agencies

Enforcing concerted actions and promoting cooperative initiatives Funding

Schools

Raising awareness on the development and need to develop nZEB activities

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits

European Union

- Comply with the regulations and directives agreed at EU level Technical Strategies

- Set the strategies and action plan aimed at achieving the EU guidelines - Elaborate the National Operational Plans to distribute EU’s Cohesion Policy Funds

Operating Strategies

- Collect taxes and use own resources in financing nZEB initiatives

National Governments

Regional Administration

- Articulate collaboration with regional administration in the funding and implementation of strategies and actions Solutions

Costs

- Responsible for Education Competences (in some countries together with regional governments)

Municipalities

- Manage the General Education Budget: for further details please refer to the National State Scheme Budget Section

Energy Agencies

Funding Schools

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits

European Union

- Comply with the regulations and directives set up by national strategies Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

- Elaborate the Regional Operational Plans and Strategies to distribute EU’s Cohesion Policy Funds allocated by the national government

National Governments

- Elaborate the regional strategies and action plans to invest the region’s own resources - Collect taxes and use own resources in financing nZEB initiatives

Regional Administration

- Articulate collaboration with national administration in the funding and implementation of strategies and actions

Municipalities

- Articulate collaboration with municipalities in the identification and funding of renovation actions Costs

Energy Agencies

- In some countries responsible for educational competences Funding

Schools

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits

European Union

- In charge of the maintenance of School buildings and equipment Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

- Responsible for the identification of renovation needs in public buildings and equipment - Articulate collaboration with regional government in the identification and funding of renovation actions

National Governments

Regional Administration

- Articulate collaboration with schools in the identification of renovation needs and requirements Solutions

- Responsible for the assessment of energetic rehabilitation results and identifying best practices Costs

Municipalities

Energy Agencies

Funding Schools

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

European Union

- Responsible for the implementation at regional and national and local level of the current strategies and action plans - Promotion of cooperation activities in the sector and meeting for relevant agents

National Governments

- Analysis and sector assessment tasks - Participating in the development and management of related funding mechanisms

Regional Administration

- Responsible for the transfer of international best practices related to the sector Solutions

Municipalities

Costs

Energy Agencies

Funding Schools

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits

European Union

- Educational responsibilities Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

- In charge of the identification malfunctioning or needs of improvement in the premises and the equipment - Responsible for the communication of the improvements and renovation requirements to decision – maker level

National Governments

Regional Administration

- Ensure that municipalities and decision-making institution are aware of the renovation needs and requirements Solutions

Costs

- Collaborate with municipalities (mainly environment departments) in promoting energy saving programmes, encouraging Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency through the application of usage and management best practices and i.e. 50/50 methodology, which consist in introducing economic incentives in exchange for energy saving

Municipalities

Energy Agencies

Funding Schools

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Energy Service Companies

Goal & Benefits

- Consultancy support in the implementation of nZEB solutions Technical Strategies

- Capture energy efficiency potential of schools

Financial Entities

- Provision of a service model that overcomes traditional market barriers Operating Strategies

- Identification of technical and financial solutions for nZEB implementation in schools - Ensure that nZEB savings cover the costs of its implementation on the long term

Solutions

- Provision of a comprehensive package of services - Monitoring and supervision of the project from its beginning to end

Costs

- Assume the technical risks on behalf of the school/municipality

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Energy Firms

Roles and Responsibilities Energy Service Companies

Goal & Benefits

- Provision of financial mechanisms supporting the implementation of nZEB solutions Technical Strategies

- Promotion of a new long-term pay-back approach towards nZEB

Financial Entities

- Set up cooperation mechanisms and channels with public authorities Operating Strategies

- Development of energy efficiency oriented financial packages

Energy Firms

- Offer interest reduced loans to introduce nZEB Solutions

Costs

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Energy Service Companies

Goal & Benefits

- Invest efforts in the identification of renewable energy solutions Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

- Provide the technical expertise for the implementation of renewable energy solutions in schools

Financial Entities

- Ensure the energy performance is achieved Energy Firms

- Help setting nZEB standards

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits Energy Clusters

- Promote competitiveness and new solutions Technical Strategies

- Foster collaboration among its members and with local actors Energy Consortium

- Define innovative packages and solutions for nZEB actions Operating Strategies

- Cooperate with public actors in the identification of energetic needs and opportunities Public-Private Partnership

Solutions Educational Consortium

Definition: Non-Profit organisations bringing together companies to promote and develop new products and solutions

Costs

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

- Foster and carry out energy research to obtain results of high scientific and technological value - Lead the development of the energy technology research lines and market valorization - Offer engineering services with high added value to the companies in the energy field - Become a strategic consultant for the Administration on energy issues - Build a collaboration network with the major national and international energy technology and research centers - Offer companies and entrepreneurs the technological innovations resulting from research.

Costs

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Energy Clusters

Energy Consortium

Public-Private Partnership

Educational Consortium

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits

- Bring together the private and public capacities for the development of nZEB actions Technical Strategies

- Enhance economic and technical capacities of the actions Energy Consortium

- Reduce the risks associated to nZEB actions Operating Strategies

Energy Clusters

- Foster the involvement of a wider variety of actors - Combine operational capacities of public bodies with the technical expertise of the private sector

Public-Private Partnership

Solutions Educational Consortium Costs

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Roles and Responsibilities Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

- Instruments for the cooperation and collaboration between public administration bodies in the deployment of their responsibilities - Traditionally formed by regional and municipal bodies

Energy Consortium

- In charge of the maintenance of School buildings and equipment - Responsible for the identification of renovation needs in public buildings and equipment - Articulate collaboration with regional government in the identification and funding of renovation actions - Articulate collaboration with schools in the identification of renovation needs and requirements

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Energy Clusters

Public building renovation

Public-Private Partnership

Educational Consortium

Objectives and steps of Regional Strategies for nZEB Goal & Benefits

Objectives

- Assessing public building stock nature, state and needs Technical Strategies

- Assessing the actual financial mechanisms and designing new financial support lines

National Structure

- Identification of legal and technical parameters and measures Operating Strategies

- Evaluation of the impact of nZEB on the environmental and educational systems

Regional Structure

- Identification of the necessary procedures for tendering and contracting Solutions

Example of Regional Strategies

- Identification of new energetic indicators - Designing new promotional strategies

Costs

- Creation of supporting agents and instruments for the implementation of nZEB solutions

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

National Structure for nZEB Goal & Benefits

Objectives EU Directives

National Government

Technical Strategies Ministry of Public Works and Transport

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

a) Evaluation and diagnostics of existing public buildings b) Develop new technical parameters c) Develop new possible financial instruments and tools d) Develop new legal and technical measures e) Identify the necessary procedures for tendering and contracting Stakeholders: a) Constructors Associations b) Construction consortium c) Public and private universities d) Architecting associations e) Private Architecting companies f) Individual architecture

Public Actors

Ministry of Education

Ministry of Finance

a) Identify the impacts of nZEB on the educational system b) Identify actions and strategies that could improve the acceptance of nZEB concept c) Assess and identify the possible changes in the educational system components

a) Assess the existing funding mechanisms b) Identify new lines of funding

Stakeholders: a) Educational associations b) Schools c) NGO d) Individual experts e) Public and private universities

Stakeholders: a) Banks b) Individual Financial advisors c) Financial advisor firms d) Public and private universities

Private Actors

New Actors

Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Environment a) Identify the impacts of the implementation of nZEB on the environment b) Identify promotional strategies

Stakeholders: a) Environmental Organizations b) NGO c) Civic Associations

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

National Structure Ministry of Energy

a) Collaborate with the rest of entities in the development and implementation of nZEB concept b) Assess national needs c) Promoting nZEB as an innovative socioeconomic solution

Stakeholders: a) Representatives of Regional and municipal Energy Agencies b) Energy Services firms c) Energy clusters d) Energy consortium

Public building renovation

Regional Structure

Example of Regional Strategies

Regional Structure for nZEB EU Directives

Goal & Benefits

National Directives

Objectives

Regional Government National Structure

Technical Strategies Dpt. of Public Works and Transport

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

This department will be the responsible for developing and issuing the correspondent licenses and certificates, providing technical support, designing new technical measures and classifying the materials utilized.

Dpt. of Education

Dpt. of Finance

The financial The Education department will Department will be the have the responsible of evaluate responsibility to the public awareness in develop new the regional educational funding centers and assess the mechanisms that compatibility of the allow individuals, educational materials with the nZEB concept. private and public entities to apply nZEB concept.

Dpt. of Environment

Dpt. of Energy

This department will be the responsible of evaluate the impacts of the implementation of nZEB on the local environment , promote the new strategies , and raise the public awareness about the importance of nZEB in the environment protection.

The department of energy throughout the regional and municipal energy agencies will be the responsible of developing all strategies related to the usage of renewable energy resources,

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Regional Structure

Example of Regional Strategies

1Âş Draft Strategy MARIE: General Overview Goal & Benefits

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Trans-national, Regional and Local Level

Technical Strategies

MS Level

EU Level

Objectives Strategic Managment, Financing, Monitoring and Evaluation

Common Framework

Common Framework

Ensuring the coherence for all MED regions

Improving the Regional and Local legislations regarding Renewable Energy Efficiency

Complementaries formation and communication programmes

Public and private commitment in favor of REE

Plannings adaptation to facilitate the REE

Investment and Funding Mechanisms Programmes

Innovative products and services

Organising and Coordinating

Final users + REE ´s Agents (Investors, Building administrators, consultants, constructors)

Local Framework

Public Actors

National Structure

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Regional Structure

Example of Regional Strategies

Municipal Energy Management Strategies Goal & Benefits

Administration Buildings

Technical Strategies

Provinces

Housing (Social housing, etc.)

Municipalities

Other public buildings (Schools, Hospitals, etc.)

Public fund Solutions

a) Assigned taxes b) Transfer of the guarantee fund of basic public services c) Global sufficiency fund

Costs

a) Grants b) Energy Performance contracting with Energy Services Company

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Private Fund

Operating Strategies

Government of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya)

Public building renovation

Creation of a “Central Point� Goal & Benefits

What is it

Gather Information

Technical Strategies

Evaluates school needs

Monitors the process

Responsibilities

Operating Strategies

Ensures public bodies involvement

Solutions

Costs

nZEB Central Office

Cooperates with energy clusters Involves sector firms

Funding

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Guarantees audits and data

Centralizes tendering and funding process

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

Creation of a “Central Point� Goal & Benefits

What is it

- Identify target buildings, typologies and conditions Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

- Identify beneficiaries and eligible cases

Responsibilities

- Guarantee that an energy audit is conducted by the candidate school - Prioritise measures to be implemented - Assess options for deep renovation - Determine actions required

Costs

Funding

- Create comprehensive packages of measures with a clear long term objective - Set requirements for sustained energy efficiency and performance

Public Actors

Private Actors

New Actors

Regional Strategies

Municipal EMS

Public building renovation

4

Solutions

181

Solutions Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

The Solutions chapter includes a repertory of technical solutions for the building use, the building envelope, energy related equipment, renewable energy sources, control and management and school outdoors.

Operating Strategies

These solutions constitute many different proposals that may be selected and combined according to each particular case.

Solutions

Each solution is provided with key information, useful links and highlights particular points regarding the schools in the Mediterranean regions.

Costs

Funding

In order to make a suitable selection of solutions for each particular school, please read before the guidelines and support to taking decision that is provided in previous sections (Technical strategies and Operational strategies)

Overview Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

USE

S01. Energy manager/team S02. Adjust heating/cooling temperatures S03. Users’ commitment ENVELOPE

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

S04. Solar shading S05. Windows’ replacement S06. Exterior roof insulation S07. Interior roof insulation S08. Cavity roof insulation S09. Green roof S10. Cool roof and façades S11. Exterior façade insulation S12. Interior façade insulation S13. Cavity wall insulation S14. Thermal bridges S15. Reduction of air infiltrations SYSTEMS

S16. Controlled natural ventilation

S17. Mechanical ventilation S18. Thermal mass activation S19. Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) S20. Daylight management S21. Artificial lighting improvement S22. Lighting system improvement S23. Best energy class substitutes S24. Efficient cooking ENERGY SUPPLY

S25. Solar photovoltaic S26. Solar thermal for DHW S27. RES Heat pump S28. Wind turbine S29. Biomass/wood energy CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

S30. BMS - Building Management System OUTDOORS

S31. Exterior environment

S01. Energy Manager/team

CONTROL AND MONITOR An energy manager is responsible for planning, controlling and monitoring energy use in the school, and can be represented by a person or a team. Their goal is to improve energy efficiency by evaluating energy use and implementing new policies and changes where necessary. This is not a full time job and it does not require technical skills

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

INVOLVE USERS Energy managers need to be motivated and organize communication throughout the school. As everyone in a school has an impact on energy use, the energy manager/team needs to work closely with managers, teachers, maintenance staff, cleaners, students and parents to help identify opportunities for savings

In MED Schools In nZEB MED schools, consumption is moderate and every bit counts: temperature control that does not work, lights left on, faulty ventilation ... all problems that may exist must be quickly detected. For example: • Ask cleaning staff to report any faulty lighting; • Ask students to report areas that are overheated, where doors and windows do not close properly, or where lighting or equipment is being left on; • Ask maintenance staff to monitor and adjust control settings to meet but not exceed internal requirements for heating and ensure all ventilation equipment is switched off when the building is unoccupied. KEY POINTS  Control and monitor energy use  Elaborate an action plan, including objectives  Involve staff and students  Eliminate wasteful practices and ensure they do not recur  Involve maintenance staff

Costs

Tools www.carbontrust.com (Energy Management guide) http://www.energystar.gov (ENERGY STAR Guidelines for Energy Management) http://www.ksba.org (Kentucky SCHOOL ENERGY MANAGERS PROJECT) See project EURONET 50/50max

S02. Adjust heating/cooling temperature

CONTROL An efficient heating/cooling control is essential to create the conditions for optimal comfort, namely, taking advantage of solar and internal gains, which can cover up to 50% of heating needs. The main control unit will adjust the heating/cooling power as needed. But it must also integrate a terminal control to be able to react locally, quickly and accurately

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

KEY KEY POINTS POINTS  Control Control temperature temperature setting setting and and take take measures measures to to check; check  Heat / cool only when needed; Heat / cool only when needed  Make Make sure sure radiators radiators and and vents vents are are not not obstructed; obstructed  Involve users to optimize the settings Involve users to optimize the settings

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

ROOM BY ROOM Today it is possible to manage the temperature room by room and to take into account the occupancy. The users need to be informed but leaving them the control of thermostat may be risky, because they do not usually have enough information to ensure good comfort while keeping energy savings. A program to manage occupancy in order to adjust temperature could provide a beneficial solution

In MED Schools In nZEB MED schools, adding 1 °C to indoor temperature may increase consumption by about 15% or about 2 kWh/m² year in Primary In nZEB MED schools, adding Energy. 1 °C to indoor temperature may increase consumption by about 15% or Current adjustment of temperatures sometimes involves third parties that are not sometimes participatinginvolves in everythird day about 2 kWh/m² year in Primary Energy. Current adjustment of temperatures life of the school. This increases the gap between need and energy provided. Energy systems should be parties that are not participating in every day life of the school. This increases the gap between need and managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs. Moreover, adjustments made according to local energy provided. Energy systems should be managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs. weather forecasts may offer a better thermal response of the building. Moreover, adjustments made according to local weather forecasts may offer a better thermal response of The terminal control must be very precise. Thermostatic valves shouldvalves be replaced to react the building. The terminal control must be very precise. Thermostatic should by besystems replacedable by systems much more quickly and with a value of control accuracy (CA) of less than 0.8 ° C. This allows you stay able to react much more quickly and with a value of control accuracy (CA) of less than 0.8 ° C. This to allows very close to the set temperature: remember that 21 °C consumes 30% more than at 19 °C. you to stay very close to the set temperature: remember that 21 °C consumes 30% more than at 19 °C. In In case conditioning,it itis isnecessary necessarytotoinstall installaacontrol controldevice devicethat that will will stop stop itit when when internal internal air thethe case of of airair conditioning, air temperature is below 26 °C. A setting too low is often synonymous with dry air and discomfort. temperature is below 26 °C. A setting too low is often synonymous with dry air and discomfort.

In MED Schools

Costs

Tools http://www.energieplus-lesite.be/

S03. Users’ Commitment

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

The occupants are key actors to succeed in n nZEB goals. They can have either a positive or negative influence on the total energy consumption and comfort of a building, depending on their behaviour. Commitment in energy issues in a school community will offer both short-term results and long-term goals, because of pedagogic purposes. A users’ program needs to be set up, focusing on the people, rather than the equipment. This program will include raising awareness, training for energy and training for building management. Users need to be involved from the design process and feel responsible for the comfort and energy use. In regards to nZEB buildings, users’ impact is more important than in traditional buildings. Even with the most energy efficient equipment, if people are leaving lights on 24/7, or if programming set points and run times are incorrect, you will never see the expected savings.

In MED Schools In nZEB MED schools, adding 1 °C to indoor temperature may increase consumption by about 15% or about 2 kWh/m² year in Primary Energy. In MED schools there are two factors that should be faced: Current adjustment of temperatures are not participating in every day • Raising awareness of the school sometimes community,involves tackling third both parties energy that education and building system life of the school. This increases the gap between need and energy provided. Energy systems should be management managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs. Moreover, adjustments made according local • A high variability of indoor conditions depending mainly on the solar pattern. This involves thermaltoloads weather forecasts may offer a better thermal response of the building. and natural lighting. Users respond dynamically to the change of solar conditions, while usually the The systems terminal are control must very precise. Thermostatic valves and should be replaced systems ableimprove to react static. Thebeintroduction of intelligent automatic dynamic controlby systems could much more quickly and with a value of control accuracy (CA) of less than 0.8 ° C. This allows you to stay this situation. very close to the set temperature: remember that 21 °C consumes 30% more than at 19 °C. In the case of airthe conditioning, it is necessary deeply to install a control device that will stop In MED schools, aspects of user-behaviour affecting energy performance are: it when internal air temperature is below 26 °C. A setting too low is often synonymous with dry air and discomfort. • Opening of windows: special attention must be paid to not open the windows while the heating or air

In MED Schools

conditioning systems are on and IAQ is guaranteed • Solar shading: used when needed, to avoid recurrent overheating due to the incoming solar radiation or KEY POINTS glare problems • Control setting and take measures to check; Turn offtemperature lighting when not needed • Heat / cool only when needed; Don't leave equipment in stand-by mode • Make sure radiators vents are obstructed; Be aware about theand correct use ofnot existing components and systems (valves, local controller, set points  Involve users to optimize the settings and so on)

Tools -

Energy tips for schools Calculation of energy savings See project EURONET 50/50max User Behaviour Powering Down Saving Energy Money in Schools Increasing EE behaviours among adolescents

Goal & Benefits

S04. Solar Shading

USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

EXTERNAL SHADING INTERNAL SHADING CONTROL OF SOLAR RADIATION - Horizontal overhangs: are a common traditional, fixed - Curtains: reduce significantly the light but only reduce Can be achieved through: - Shading devices shading system in hot climates. On a south façade, they heat gain by a small amount They also reduce ventilation - Orientation & aperture geometry can block high summer sun but permit the lower angle & block views winter sun - Control of solar-optical properties of opaque & transparent - Blinds: permit diffuse light while excluding direct sunlight, surfaces - Shutter: The horizontal slats of the shutter successfully & can also act as a daylighting device by redirecting light - Urban design reduce solar heat gains while allowing illuminance & onto the ceiling - Vegetation ventilation. Direct & Diffuse radiation are blocked by the The most apparent role of shading device is the protection from Schools shutter, but reflected light is permitted to pass (results in According to BRE data, the shading coefficient varies In MED direct solarMED radiation & the consequential internal heat temperature improved comfortconsumption & reduced heat by gains) In nZEB schools, adding 1 °C to indoor may visual increase about 15% orbetween 0.40 (Cream Holland linen blind) to 0.81 (Dark green Benefits of Solar Shading Systems: - Blinds: moveable adjustable device open weave plastic blind). According to ETSU data, the about 2 kWh/m² year in Primary Energy. - Less cooling load - Louvre: can be adjusted to different climatic conditions shading coefficient varies between 0.49 (Light curtain-closed) adjustment -Current Better thermal comfortof temperatures sometimes involves third parties that are not participating in every dayto 0.85 (Venetian blind-open OR net curtain-open weave) -lifeBetter visual comfortThis increases the gap between need and energy provided. Energy systems should be of the school.

managed on-site and adapted to current climate and needs. Moreover, adjustments made according to local weather forecasts may offer a better thermal response of the building. The terminal control must be very precise. Thermostatic valves should be replaced by systems able to react - In Mediterranean solar heat gains through glazing can represent substantial input of heat to ayou building much more quickly climate, and with a value of control accuracy (CA) of lessathan 0.8 ° C. This allows to stay - External shading (80-90%remember reduction ofthat the21 heat of the window) arethan recommended very close to the setdevices temperature: °Cgains consumes 30% more at 19 °C. as they are more efficient In the casethan of internal air conditioning, it is necessary to install a control device that will stop it when internal air - Sun shading devices can be fixed or movable. For classes exposed to the east or the west, it is better to install temperature is below 26 °C. A setting too low is often synonymous with dry air and discomfort.

In MED Schools

movable sun shading devices, because they can be removed in winter to let the sun come in and heat the air - Simple devices, correctly designed, are often as effective as high-tech systems -KEY ForPOINTS rooms exposed to the south, either movable or fixed shading devices can be installed, because even with fixed shading devices sufficient winter sun will be allowed into the room Control setting takefor measures to check; schools - The solartemperature shading systems areand suitable new and refurbished - Some systems can also be used to produce electricity, when they contain photovoltaic modules Heat /solar cool shading only when needed; - A common MED climate is the traditional external wood shutters and blinds, which is a very Make sure approach radiators for andthe vents are not obstructed; deviceto with day lighting function  effective Involve users optimize the settings

Tools -

Solar Shading For the European Climate Solar Control Window Orientation & Shading Integrated PV in shading systems for Mediterranean countries

S05. Window’s Replacement

GLAZING Glazing is a key element. It must provide daylight, allow solar gain and, with the help of solar shading, prevent overheating. Commercial products include double to triple pane. Energy performance indicators are: thermal transmittance in the center of the glass (Uglass), solar factor (g-value, used in Europe for the glass; SHGC is used in USA to evaluate solar heat gain of the whole window, including solar shades), and psi-value for the glass edge (including spacer). Typical Uglass for double glazing with Argon gas can reach 1 W/m2K, meanwhile triple pane reaches 0.6. Glass solar factors in the market range between 0.8 and 0.3. Traditional metal spacers (psi value 0.1) are being replaced by “warm edge” products (psi value 0.04). Glass light transmittance (LT) values range between 0.1 and 0.9.

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

HIGH PERFORMANCE FRAMES High performance frames are available in the market, now efforts are mainly made in lowering the purchase cost. U-value for frames can reach 0.6 for the highest insulating frames. Many materials can be used; when an aluminum or steel frame is chosen a good thermal break is imperative. High performance frames are proposed in aluminum, wood-metal, PVC or steel.

In MED Schools

Windows to be prescribed in MED schools should be high performance, low-e double glazed windows. No triple glazing is necessary in MED climate; only in schools with important Heating Degree Days values, located in the mountains or nearby could be interesting. Solar factor for MED schools should not be lower than 0.4-0.5. Windows will be chosen according to heating and cooling demand, and other criteria (airtightness, acoustics, daylight…). When replacing the window, ventilation strategy and façade insulation need to be studied too. Then, ventilation through the window could be one option. Attention must be paid to the overall energy performance of the chosen solution to be implemented. A solar film could be installed in existing windows to reduce current heat solar gain; however, if thermal properties are low performing, whole replacement of the window is needed.

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

WINDOWS Windows represent a big potential in energy savings. In the nZEB approach, high performance windows are needed to minimize heating and cooling demands. U-value for windows include Uglass, Uframe and psi-value (spacer) and it depends on the product, the geometry and dimensions of the window.

Tools SOFT: Window software from LBNL, Comsol software Thermal properties of windows INDUSTRY: EuroWindoor umbrella organization, Glass for Europe, European Windows Film Association INTERACTIVE: BUILD UP Community Windows, Interactive platform Glassfiles TECHNOLOGY: Envelope Technology Roadmap (IEA), and Annex NATIONAL: Verre online (French)

S06. Exterior roof insulation

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

FLAT ROOF INSULATION PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (LIGHT) PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (HEAVY) A flat roof is the most common case for Mediterranean school buildings. Pitched roofs may be less common in MED Wooden structure pitched roof may be External insulation is easy to apply and may be done following two basic buildings. However, the typical solution is a high encountered mainly in mountain regions techniques: inverted roof and conventional roof. In the first choice, the inertia pitched slab. Even local particularities and in France. waterproofing layer is in the warm side, so it is exposed to fewer thermal can show brick pitched roof over a series of Usually, a wool-type insulation is differences; while in the second option, it is exposed to higher thermal masonry wall partitions. Roofing material installed, with the corresponding differences but insulating material is more protected. When insulating a flat (commonly tiles) must be removed (carefully to waterproof membrane and raster to roof, it must be considered if it is accessible to people (i.e. used as minimize breaking of tiles) and replaced again. support the tiles. playground). Additionally, PV and cool roof materials may be integrated at the same time. Exterior roof insulation consists of an insulating material applied on top of the roof slab or over the wooden structure, which is covered with a roofing material. The manner in which the insulation is applied and the type of covering depends mainly on whether the roof is flat or pitched. Advantages: Best option to minimize thermal bridges; protection of roof structure; mature technology and vast product offer; does not affect interior space. Disadvantages: Higher investment cost than other roof insulations due to the need to remove existing covering material (for pitched roofs).

In MED Schools In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the priority among roof insulation options. In order to undergo a good implementation, insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties; additionally, it is highly encouraged to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Waterproofing needs to be guaranteed and roof junctions with faรงade, openings need to be studied and treated to minimize thermal bridges. At the moment of installing an exterior roof insulation, a cool roof and integrate photovoltaic can easily be applied. In the case of a ventilated covering (tiles or similar), it is highly encouraged to place a radiant barrier over the insulation material to help reduce heat gains. Moreover, fire regulations can affect choosing one or other solution/material. When acting on the roof, it is a good moment to consider other functions and aesthetics; so major changes as converting a pitched roof into a flat roof or vice versa may apply. In warm climates, a flat roof could even be refurbished into a new pitched roof including a ventilated attic. The higher investment in this cases may be one of the main barriers.

Tools -

Thermal Insulation Report EC

-

International Federation for the Roofing Trade

-

Envelope Technology Roadmap (IEA), and Annex

-

E-toiture (in French)

S07. Interior roof insulation

FLAT ROOF INSULATION A flat roof is the most common case for Mediterranean school buildings. Internal insulation may be placed when external is not possible. Insulation is installed with the help of a support and a finishing is added over it. The system needs to be adapted to the current situation, where previous removing of existing materials (false ceiling…) may be needed.

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

SYSTEMS

PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (HEAVY) Pitched roofs may be less common, and typical MED solution is a high inertia pitched slab. In this case, applying internal insulation is easy and fast. Sometimes there is no insulation access because of architectural peculiarities, for example a brick pitched roof over a series of masonry wall partitions.

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

PITCHED ROOF INSULATION (LIGHT) Wooden structure pitched roofs may be encountered mainly in mountain regions and in France. Wool-type insulation tends to be common and it is installed with the help of wooden profiles.

Interior roof insulation consists in applying insulation material from the inside of the roof; what is to say, in the inner side of the roof structure. Usually a vapor retardant barrier is needed in the inner side of the insulation in order to avoid interstitial condensation. Advantages: Low investment cost; easy to apply; no scaffolding needed. Disadvantages: Affects the use of the loft space; implementation interrupts activities inside the building; may increase thermal bridges, must be complemented with insulation on interior façade; no other energy measure can be applied at the same time (cool roof, PV, radiant barrier).

In MED Schools In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the priority among roof insulation options. When not possible, interior insulation can be prescribed. Insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties; additionally, it is highly encouraged to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Waterproofing needs to be guaranteed and roof junctions with façade, openings… need to be studied and treated to minimize thermal bridges. Finally, fire regulations can affect choosing one or other solution/material. BE AWARE that in France, structural disorders have appeared for some flat roofs insulated in the interior side, because of colder temperatures for the roof slab and condensation problems. In any case, this solutions needs to be studied in detail to guarantee no damage and correct functioning.

Tools -

Thermal Insulation Report EC

-

International Federation for the Roofing Trade

-

Envelope Technology Roadmap (IEA), and Annex

-

E-toiture (in French)

S08. Cavity roof insulation

FLAT VENTILATED ROOF When the existing roof is a flat ventilated roof, blowing/injecting an insulating material may be a possibility to improve roof thermal properties. However, potential for energy savings will be limited by air chamber width, intermediate masonry (acting as thermal bridges) and the current state of the chamber.

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

PITCHED ROOF Pitched roofs are less common in Mediterranean school buildings. Nonetheless, when encountered, they can be insulated with rolled or blown/foamed materials on the upper side of the slab.

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

PITCHED ROOF WITH PARTITIONS Locally, some particular roofs have been built with a range of internal partitions. Access to the attic will be probably limited but blown, foamed or rolled insulation, even panels, could be considered for installation. However, partitions will create thermal bridging.

Cavity roof insulation consists in applying insulation material in an existing air chamber (in flat roofs) or inside the attic, over the upper slab. The first option (flat roof) offers low potential and should not be the sole roof insulation; while the second option (without partitions) will represent a low payback measure. Previous analysis and skilled professionals are needed to implement this solution; in addition, final check with thermography is highly recommended. Advantages: Low investment cost; generally easy and fast to apply; no scaffolding needed; does not affect the interior space. Disadvantages: It may increase some thermal bridges (if many partitions are present, this is a weak point), final performance uncertain, no other energy measure can be applied at the same time (cool roof, PV, radiant barrier).

In MED Schools In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the priority among roof insulation options. Cavity roof insulation is a low cost solution that needs to be previously analyzed in terms of energy savings potential. Depending on the existing roof, it may constitute a good alternative or just a complement/intermediate step to achieve moderate performance. Insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties; additionally, it is highly encouraged to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Singular points as roof junctions with façade, wall partitions, openings‌ need to be studied and treated to minimize thermal bridges. Finally, fire regulations can affect choosing one or other solution/material. If a cavity roof insulation is performed, little work is needed to convert the attic into a ventilated chamber, in order to help reduce heat gain from solar radiation.

Tools -

Thermal Insulation Report EC

-

Carbon Trust - Roof insulation

Goal & Benefits

S09. Green Roof

USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

Extensive

Semi-intensive

Intensive

Thickness

3 – 12 cm

12 – 30 cm

> 30 cm

Bearing

30 – 150 kg/m²

150 – 350 kg/m²

> 350 kg/m²

Vegetation

Sedum

Grasses, Perennial

Herbaceous, shrubs, trees

Maintenance

Twice a year, no much watering

Four times per year, watering recommended

As traditional garden

Access

no

Yes

Yes

Cost

30 – 70 €/m²

100€/m²

150 – 200€/m²

A green roof is a vegetative layer grown on a rooftop, which includes, as a minimum, a root repellent system, a drainage system, a filtering layer, a lightweight growing medium and plants, and shall be installed on a waterproof membrane of an applicable roof. There are three main types of green roof systems, according to their thickness: the extensive roof, semi-intensive roof and intensive roof. Extensive roofs are currently the most common type at present, mainly due to their low cost, light weight and low maintenance, making them adaptable to many existing buildings. They are also often planted with esedum, due to their resilience to drought and their high covering power, but they are generally not diverse enough and the substrate is too thin to increase biodiversity. Also, it is recommended to avoid the monoculture of sedum to strive for greater plant diversity (between 20 and 30 species). Benefits : Green roof can increase roofing membrane durability by decreasing their exposure to large temperature fluctuations that can cause micro-tearing, and ultraviolet radiation; it can enhance storm water management by reducing and slowing storm water runoff in the urban environment; can increase biodiversity. Limitations : Costs (installation and maintenance) ; accessibility and maintenance ; bearing capacity of the roof ; water demand.

In MED Schools The benefits of a green roof vary widely depending on the type of green roof, thickness and density in particular. If properly designed, a green roof can reduce energy needed to provide cooling and heating by absorbing heat and acting as thermal insulators for buildings. It can also improve pupils’ health and comfort: urban heat island can be moderated, air quality can be improved, noise can be reduced (especially for low frequency sounds), quality of life and aesthetic value can be improved but only if the green roof is visible and/or accessible to the public, which is rarely the case (safety, risk of deterioration)). In a school, a green roof can offer educational opportunities. Furthermore, when the objective of achieving an nZEB school involves a PV system, a green roof can be compatible. However, limiting factors such as water demand, maintenance and mosquitoes need to be previously assessed.

Tools -

http://www.greenroofs.org/ http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/gree nroofs.htm Design Guidelines for Green Roofs Peck, S. and M. Kuhn. 2003 (French)

S10. Cool roof & façades COOL ROOF A Cool Roofing product is characterized by higher solar reflectance in comparison to conventional roof materials of the same color and high infrared emittance values. Cool Roofing products can be applied to all types of roofs. Α Cool Roof minimizes solar heat gain keeping roof surfaces cooler under the sun. This is due to the materials used, which both reflect the solar radiation (increased solar reflectance) and release the absorbed heat (high infrared emittance).

Conventional roof system

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

SYSTEMS

COOL COATINGS Cool coatings are white or special reflective pigments that reflect sunlight. Coatings are like very thick paints that can protect the surfaces from ultra-violet (UV) light and chemical damage, and some offer water protection and restorative features. The use of cool coatings is an inexpensive and passive solution that can contribute to the reduction of cooling loads in air-conditioned buildings and the improvement of indoor thermal comfort conditions by decreasing the hours of discomfort and the maximum temperatures in non air-conditioned residential buildings.

• • • •

BENEFITS OF COOL ROOF PRODUCTS FOR BUILDING OWNERS Reduce the energy required for interior cooling Reduce thermal stresses on the roof, potentially improving system lifetimes Improve indoor thermal comfort Reduce running and maintenance costs.

Cool Roof

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

BENEFITS OF COOL ROOF PRODUCTS FOR POLICY MAKERS • Have a positive impact on the global environment by reducing the energy required for interior cooling and related greenhouse gas emissions • Help to mitigate the urban heat island effect. Hourly values of surface temperatures for both, the reference (A) and cool (B) roof building. The surface temperature difference can reach a maximum of 25 °C during summer (Experimental and numerical assessment of the impact of increased roof reflectance on a school building in Athens, A. Synnefa et al, 2012, Energy & Buildings, Vol.55, pp7-15)

Solar reflectance (% of solar energy reflected by a surface) and thermal emittance (how much heat a material will radiate per unit area at a given temperature), have noticeable effects on surface temperature of the materials. Conventional roofs have low reflectance but high thermal emittance, while cool roofs have high reflectance and infrared emittance. According to the research (EPA), conventional roofs can be 31- 47°C hotter than the air, while cool roofs tend to stay within 6-11°C of the ambient temperature. The cost premium for cool roofs versus conventional roofing materials ranges from zero to 1,63 cents per square meter (6,1-24,4 €/m²), depending on the application.

In MED Schools Cool roofing is a system that reflects solar radiation and emits heat, keeping roof surfaces cool under the sun (due to increased solar reflectance and high infrared emittance). It can be made of a highly reflective type of paint, a sheet covering, or highly reflective tiles or shingles. Cool Roofs allow building owners, architects, civil engineers, energy consultants and policy makers to optimize the energy and environmental performance of a single building or an urban environment, depending on the use, design, environment and the surrounding climate. White painted roofs have been popular since ancient times in Mediterranean buildings. It is known that the use of light colors redirect most of the incident solar radiation and results in lower surface temperatures. Cool roofs are a mix of these old concepts and modern technologies. Studies have shown that Cool Roofs technology is efficient in Mediterranean climatic conditions. A low cost measure such as a cool coating can significantly contribute to increasing thermal comfort conditions inside a building, making it more energy efficient and additionally increasing the life time of the roof.

Tools

- European Cool Roofs Council Cool Roofing Information CRRC -

Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies , EPA

-

Cool roof Project IEE

-

Cost & energy savings, DOE cool roof calculator

-

Mitigation Techniques IDES EDU

S11. Exterior Façade insulatioon

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

SYSTEMS

ETICS - EIFS External Thermal Insulation System (ETICS/EIFS): Composed envelope consisting of various prefabricated components (adhesive, insulation material, anchors (if required), base coat, reinforcement (glass fiber mesh), finishing coat/top coat with system primer and/or paint coating, accessories) that are applied directly on the façade.

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

OTHER Exterior insulation can be included in finishing elements, non-ventilated cladding, double-wall or even in heavy cladding solutions.

VENTILATED FAÇADE The ventilated façade allows air circulation through its structure. It is an envelope consisting of an outer layer made of different materials that is attached to the building walls using a substructure usually made of wood, steel or aluminum, and a ventilated air gap of varying width which contains the thermal insulation. External Façade Insulation consists in applying a layer of a thermal insulation material to the external walls. Many techniques can be used, ETICS and ventilated façades being the most widespread in MED countries. If needed, previous treatment of the existing wall will be performed. Advantages: Reduction of thermal bridges and consequently of condensations; building walls suffer less thermal solicitations; conservation of the walls thermal inertia; does not affect the inside of the building and the activities performed; adaptable to any façade geometry; opportunity to include other energy measures; gives the façade a new look; mature technology; board variety of insulating materials can be used. Disadvantages: Reduced number of skilled professionals; scaffolding needed; balconies may form thermal bridges that are difficult to solve; changing the aesthetics may be a barrier for some high value façades; higher investment cost than other insulation techniques; invasion of public space may occur due to increase of the building’s volume; façade may become less resistant to vandalism actions.

In MED Schools In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the first choice when studying façade insulation options because of the greater benefits comparing to internal or gap insulation. To achieve a successful implementation, insulation material should be chosen according to technical properties (thermal, mechanical, acoustic, fire, water and vapor, stability…); additionally, it is highly recommended to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Vapor diffusion retarders (not vapor barriers) are generally not needed. However, they should be carefully studied and their properties should be chosen according to the construction materials, the ventilation strategy and local climate conditions. For ventilated solutions, a radiant barrier added in the inner side may help to reduce heat gain. When installing external systems it may be the appropriate moment to integrate solar shading, cool materials and/or BIPV. Moreover, fire regulations can influence the choice of one or other solution/material. Finally, because of exterior intervention, some work could be performed during school days if needed.

Tools -

ETICS European Association

-

Rockwool ventilated façade

-

French association Mur Manteau

-

EURIMA

-

Energy Saving Trust UK

S12. Interior Façade insulatioon

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

SYSTEMS

RIGID INSULATION BOARDS Plasterboard backed with rigid insulation (foamed plastic) is fitted to the inner part of the walls. Insulation boards are attached to the wall using continuous ribbons of plaster or adhesive.

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

BEHIND INNER WALL Internal insulation can be installed over the inner side of the existing wall. A new masonry wall is built afterwards to protect it and give a finishing.

STUD WALL A metal or wooden studwork is attached to the wall, filled with insulating material, and covered with plaster. The use of both a vapor control layer (internal) and a breathable membrane (external) creates an air barrier that helps to improve the air tightness of the building and to limit condensations. Interior Façade Insulation consists in applying an insulating material and a covering to the inner side of the façade. The systems commonly used include anchors, insulation and finishing (usually supplied by the same dealer). Different techniques can be used depending on the insulation material and the implementation choices. Because of many identified drawbacks, in Belgium interior façade insulation is only prescribed in cases where external façade must remain unchanged. Advantages: External façade remains unchanged; well-known technique among professionals; mature technology; scaffolding is not needed or very simple; board variety of insulating materials can be used; lower investment cost than for external insulation. Disadvantages: Important increase of thermal bridges; building walls increase thermal solicitations; reduction of room space; wall’s thermal inertia is not conserved; major impact on the inside of the building and the activities performed; risk of interstitial condensations.

In MED Schools In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the first choice when studying façade insulation options. However, if the external façade must be preserved in its original state, internal insulation may be the right option. To achieve a successful implementation, insulation materials should be chosen according to technical properties (thermal, mechanical, acoustic, fire, water and vapor, stability…); additionally, it is highly recommended to include environmental impact criteria (LCA). Vapor diffusion retarders (not vapor barriers) may be needed to avoid interstitial condensations. Therefore, a previous analysis needs to be performed, including the construction materials, the ventilation strategy and local climate conditions. Finally, fire regulations can influence the choice of one or other solution/material.

Tools -

EURIMA

-

Energy Saving Trust UK

S13. Cavity Wall insulation

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

SYSTEMS

TECHNOLOGY Cavity faรงade insulation consists of the incorporation of an insulating material into the air cavity between the building blocks, inside the wall. The insulation is injected through small holes drilled through the outer or inner brickwork. This technique can be used in well-maintained double-walls, and it is recommended that the cavity is at least 5 cm wide. It is applied by skilled professionals following specific indications. Final thermal performance may be very limited and quite uncertain; therefore, in the nZEB approach, it may only be recommended as a low cost complementary measure to future insulation improvements.

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

INSULATION MATERIALS Only shape-free materials are suitable to be applied. A broad commercial offer is available: blown mineral wool, blown cellulose or sheep wool, plastic beads (EPS), expanded perlite/vermiculite, polyurethane or urea formaldehyde foam. Insulation material should be chosen according to technical and environmental criteria.

Advantages: Low cost; easy to apply; exterior and interior appearance is conserved; scaffolding is not needed; no reduction of room or outdoors space; board variety of insulating materials can be used. Disadvantages: Lack of information about current condition of the air cavity (may contain rubble or building scrap); low final thermal performance; insulation thickness is limited by the width of the cavity; thermal bridges will be increased in most cases; walls thermal inertia is reduced.

In MED Schools In the nZEB approach, external insulation is considered the first choice when studying faรงade insulation options. However, cavity walls may be present in MED schools built before 1975. If cavity insulation appears to be a good complement or an intermediate solution, some precautions need to be taken. A preliminary analysis is needed to evaluate the current wall condition and energy savings potential, as some construction material will probably be stocked in the wall cavity. Then, it is necessary to find the appropriate insulation material, the right technology to introduce it and qualified staff to implemented it. A final verification procedure (including thermography) is needed.

Tools -

Carbon Trust guidelines

-

Cavity Insulation Guarantee Agency UK

-

ECIMA Cellulose EU association (in French)

-

ATEC CSTB Cellulose insufflation in cavity wall (in French)

S.14 Thermal bridges

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

Thermal bridges can occur at various locations of the building envelope, whenever there is a break in the continuity, or a penetration of, the insulation. It can result in increased heat flow, which causes additional transmission losses, lower inner surface temperatures and possibly moisture and mould problems. Examples of thermal bridges include : • Junctions between : low floor and exterior wall, intermediate floor and walls, high floor and exterior walls, high floor and parapet; • Load-bearing walls penetrating through the basement ceiling; • Masonry projecting out of the envelope (balconies); • Reveals around windows and doors (sides/above and below at the window sill); • Studwork in timber frame walls (interrupting the insulation); • Steel wall ties in masonry construction. Benefits : Problems with cold spots and moisture damage are reduced; no complicated and tedious calculations to make, just a few clearly formulated principles for planning the details. Limitations : Higher costs; in renovation, completely thermal bridge free implementation is not possible with justifiable effort (e.g. basement plinth, projecting balcony slabs etc) ; external insulation, most effective solution to reduce thermal bridge can be impossible in some buildings with architectural value; In renovation, thermal bridge breakers’ use is limited because they primarily aim at junctions between floors and internal insulated walls. The implementation of thermal bridges breakers includes special attention in terms of mechanical strength, fire resistance and the risk of noise transmission between floors.

In MED Schools The additional transmission losses lead to a higher heating energy need and are becoming especially important in the case of nZEB buildings; reducing the thermal bridge is highly desirable to reach nZEB performance. Thermal bridges are strongly related to the insulation system, internal or external insulation, which determines the possibilities of treating thermal bridges of the envelope and those related to any balconies, rolling shutter cases, etc. Impact of insulation attachment systems in masonry construction can be reduced by using, if possible, low-conductive ties and limiting the frequency. Many solutions could be considered to reduce thermal bridges of balconies, as insulating the lower side of the balconies. A more complicated and costly a option is to demolish it. Thermal bridge breakers can also be used to reduce heat losses. For example, they can be placed at the junctions between walls and floors. They are also integrated into the frame of aluminium windows to improve their performance.

Tools http://www.asiepi.eu http://www.passivhaustagung.de http://www.buildup.eu/communities/thermalbridges http://www.energieplus-lesite.be

S.15 Reduction of Air

infiltrations

ENERGY SAVINGS Improving the air tightness limits air infiltration and therefore heating requirements of the building. In existing buildings, these air leaks can represent up to 40% of heating needs. We must therefore set a goal that must be measured to validate the quality of work. For example : n50 < 0.6 /h (PassivHaus label); 0.6 -1.0 m3/(m2·h) (BBC French label for housing).

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Even if the average outside temperatures are lower in Mediterranean climate, our regions are often very windy. So it is important to work on the air tightness, especially to ensure thermal comfort for users and ensure a good quality of indoor air. In addition, after improving building insulation and equipment, air infiltration becomes the most consistent source of loss, along with thermal bridges. It is therefore impossible to reach a level of nZEB if air tightness of the building is not improved. Although the regulation does not impose, it is necessary to make an in situ measurement of airtightness. It is ideal to first perform a blower door test before finishing for validating the quality of structural and insulation works. A second blower door test will definitively confirm the results at the end of the work. The price of a blower door test depends on the size of the building and measurement tools available

(€ 1,000 minimum for a blower door test).

SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

COMFORT IMPROVEMENT Improving the air tightness also controls air flow circulating through the ventilation system for better air quality. Furthermore, an airtightness defect results in cold drafts and moisture laden. This creates discomfort to the user and a risk of mildew. It also improves acoustic comfort in relation to outside noise.

In MED Schools

aCOST

Costs

Tools Movies : Energivie program in France Guides Government of Ireland Energivie France Minergie Swiss Guide technique Étanchéité des Menuiseries Extérieures (TREMCO)

S.16 Controlled natural

ventilation (I)

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

NATURAL VENTILATION – VARIABLES THAT AFFECT AIR MOVEMENTS ºNatural ventilation, unlike fan-forced ventilation, occurs due to air moving through the building under the natural forces of buoyancy and wind. Fresh air is required in buildings to ensure air quality and comfort (eliminate odors, cooling). Natural ventilation, without any control, does not guarantee current indoor air quality standards and high energy savings in Mediterranean school buildings, even if it has been well-designed. That is the reason why it needs to be controlled and even, when needed, combined to a mechanical ventilation. 3 types of natural ventilation effects : Wind causes a positive pressure on the windward side and a negative pressure on the leeward side of buildings. To equalize pressure, fresh air will enter any windward opening and be exhausted from any opening on the leeward side and the roof. Buoyancy ventilation may be temperature-induced (stack ventilation) or humidity induced (cool tower). Temperature differences between warm air inside and cool air outside can cause the air in the room to rise and exit at the ceiling or ridge, and enter via lower openings in the wall. Differences in humidity can allow a pressurized column of dense, evaporated cooled air to supply a space, and lighter, warmer, humid air to exhaust near the top. Factors affecting natural ventilation: • At site scale : Local topography, vegetation, and surrounding buildings have an effect on the speed of wind hitting a building. Approximate wind directions are summarized in seasonal "wind rose" diagrams. However, wind data collected in a weather station can differ dramatically from actual values at a remote building site with local microclimate conditions (influenced by natural and man-made obstructions). • At building scale : - Wind-induced ventilation is maximized when the ridge of the building is perpendicular to the summer winds. -Natural ventilation is more easily created in narrow buildings; consequently, buildings that rely on natural ventilation often have an articulated floor plan. Moreover, the amount of ventilation depends critically on the careful design of internal spaces, and the size and placement of openings in the building :

a

Each room should have two separate supply and exhaust openings. Locate exhaust high above inlet to maximize stack effect. Orient windows across the room and offset from each other to maximize mixing within the room while minimizing the obstructions to airflow within the room.

A ridge vent is an opening at the highest point in the roof that offers a good outlet for both buoyancy and wind-induced ventilation. The ridge opening should be free of obstructions to allow air to freely flow out of the building.

S.16 Controlled natural

Goal & Benefits

ventilation (II)

CONTROLLED NATURAL VENTILATION Natural ventilation may offer a feasible solution when properly designed (considering all the criteria that affect air movement), for areas not affected by air pollution or noise. In nZEB approaches, it is required to control natural ventilation, via an automated system, which the user should be able to override (always supported by a warning’s systems to avoid significant energy loss). Interior air velocity should not compromise thermal comfort for the occupants (at air velocities of 0.5 m/s, the perceived interior temperature can be reduced by as much as 1°C). Air diffusion is a complex phenomena, so it is advisable to refer to specialists in this field (engineering, manufacturer, ...).

USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

KEY ELEMENTS A system that allows controlled natural ventilation includes automated windows and/or vents, actuators and motor controllers, in order to ensure the required flow and proper diffusion of fresh air. These elements are offered by many manufacturers. It is important to choose the ones offering at least a soundless mode (slow speed), protection of window durability (many actuators in the same window need to be correctly coordinated). The proposed system needs to be linked to the general BMS in order to optimize opening/closing schedule and times. Automated windows may be placed in upper zones in schools, while internal openings are subjected to sound issues (to be studied in each case). Maintenance is needed to ensure proper function of all the elements.

In MED Schools Natural ventilation, properly controlled, may be appropriate for nZEB MED schools. Previous studies need to be performed to ensure air quality, thermal comfort, air distribution and flow. Control is done by actuators placed in automated windows or vents. When the school is one-storey high, stack ventilation with roof openings will be considered. Needed night cooling will be much easier to implement in this situation. In school buildings, where high ventilation flows are needed to ensure IAQ, it may be necessary to include an exhaust-fan into the outlet window/vent. This would be the most simple case of hybrid ventilation, and even in other cases a complete mechanical ventilation system may be needed.

Tools Health-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent project) ClassVent and ClassCool: school ventilation design tool (UK) Natural ventilation COOLVENT tool (MIT) Software LOOP DA 3.0 (US) Ventilative cooling and venticool AIVC Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Danish experimental study in classrooms Trend Controls Brochure Potential of night ventilation in office buildings in Spain Natural ventilation (WBDG) Control of naturally ventilated buildings (Univ Sheffield) http://www.shef.ac.uk/civil/research/eeb/naturally-ventilated-buildings

S.17 Mechanical

Goal & Benefits

ventilation

USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

Mechanical ventilation is characterized by a fan transporting inlet and/or outlet air through duct systems where heat recovery, air flow control and conditioning of inlet air are possible. A mechanical ventilation system is either characterized as a central system or as a decentralized system. In Europe, mechanical ventilation is usually provided with negative pressure while positive pressure could also be considered to avoid some particular pollutants (radon).

CENTRAL

DECENTRALISED

One air handling unit and large ducts ventilate large areas.

Multiple air handling units and smaller ducts for smaller areas.

DECENTRALISED COMPACT ROOM UNIT Compact air handling unit in each room eliminates ducts.

The appropriate ventilation solution for an existing school is primarily constrained by the existing conditions (service space, load-bearing elements, room height, location etc.) and secondary by trade-offs between initial costs, running costs, desired indoor climate quality, and expected energy use. A new system is being demonstrated in Belgium : These windows include in their frame a double flow ventilation system with heat recovery (http://www.bricker-project.com/Technologies/Aerating_windows.kl). Benefits : Appropriate strategies and ventilation system can satisfy IAQ, quiet environment, and energy savings. Limitations and watch-points: • Ventilation can be supplied in a number of ways in the classroom with more or less risk of draught to the occupants in the comfort zone; • Control air flow necessarily involves the airtightness of the building but also, and especially, the airtightness of ductworks; • Maintenance must be ensured : replacement of defective components, check the flow fans, vents, etc.

Tools

In MED Schools In schools, rooms have intermittent and variable occupancy. All solutions must adapt the flows according to the occupation : a minimum flows to the occupation, through several possible ways: - Programming acting on the flow, depending on occupancy classroom scenarios; - Modulating the flow depending on the CO2, humidity or presence. Careful design and skilled professionals are needed to avoid disturbance caused by the noise of a poorly designed and implemented system. Other complementary solutions can help to further minimize energy consumption: hybrid ventilation, heat recovery in the case of a double flow ventilation, fans with low energy consumption, preheating of fresh air (Heat-to-air heat exchanger, Trombe all, ai sola olle to … .

SchoolVentCool guidelines Health-based ventilation guidelines for Europe (Healthvent project) AIVC Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre REHVA (Federation of associations) EVIA (European Ventilation Industry Association) CETIAT (France)

S.18 Thermal mass activation

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

IN SUMMER Thermal mass absorbs heat from within the room, keeping it cool. Of course, it will also absorb heat from the hot air outside – the external surface must therefore be insulated to prevent this. It is vital to be able to remove the heat being released by the thermal mass overnight (night ventilation): cool night breezes pass over the thermal mass, drawing out stored energy.

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

IN WINTER Thermal mass works where it can absorb heat generated by the sun. The sun enters the room through windows and heats the surfaces it falls on, as well as the air in the room. It will reradiate this warmth back into the room at night.

Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb, store and re-release heat. Thermal mass is mainly provided by load-bearing interior walls, exterior walls, ceilings and floor. How much heat these elements can hold depends on what they are made of and how thick they are. The color of a surface significantly impacts its ability to absorb heat. Dark, matt and textured thermal mass surfaces absorb more heat than light, reflective surfaces. Some materials take longer to absorb heat, but can hold it for longer. For example, concrete floors will absorb more heat and hold it longer than timber floors. To be effective, thermal mass must be integrated with passive design techniques : appropriate areas of glazing facing appropriate directions with appropriate levels of shading, ventilation and insulation. Benefits : In the Mediterranean areas, thermal mass is generally very advantageous for better comfort and lower consumption of cooling. Limitations and watch-points: • In renovation, it is not always possible to enhance the thermal mass of a building; • Thermal mass is lowered by: - Internal insulation: external insulation of walls is preferable; - Presence of light lining, airtight false ceilings, raised floor: high-floor and low-floor have to be heavy, false ceilings have to be ventilated (if it does not compromise fire protection between floors); • Heating control may be more complicated.

In MED Schools In schools, usually not equipped with active cooling systems, premises must be protected against temperature peaks; inertia is an indispensable complement to sunscreens and night ventilation. Correctly used, thermal mass evens out variations in temperature, which can increase comfort and reduce energy costs. In school premises, internal partitioning is often light and low. In this case, thermal mass is mainly provided by external walls and floor slabs. Where false ceilings are present, they should be removed to allow thermal mass activation. Moreover, in schools, with intermittent occupancy, thermal mass requires a certain anticipation for operating the heating and/or cooling; a precise and quality programming is required. In the Mediterranean region, even useful, cooling potential is limited (around 10% in cooling demand) comparing to colder climates.

Tools http://www.level.org.nz/passivedesign/thermal-mass/ http://environmentdesignguide.com.au/media /misc%20notes/EDG_65_AH.pdf

S.19 Earth to Air heat exchange

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

IN WINTER Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers allow the use of the relative warmth of the ground in winter to heat the incoming air.

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

IN SUMMER This cools the external air due to the coolness of the ground.

Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers, also known as earth tubes, are tubes buried in the ground that use geothermal exchange to pre-heat / pre-cool outside air entering a uildi g’s HVAC system. As the temperature of the ground is practically constant, it substantially reduces ambient air temperature fluctuations. Systems can be driven by natural stack ventilation, but usually require mechanical ventilation. In some cases air is circulated via air handling units, allowing filtering and supplementary heating/cooling. A simple controller can be used to monitor inlet and outlet temperatures, as well as indoor air temperatures. Regarding the cooling phase, the EAHEs are used either as stand alone systems or as additional auxiliary systems: e.g. in summer the pre-cooling effect can be used to increase the performance of reversible air-to-air heat pumps (GSHP), but it is also possible to combine it with other passive or low-energy strategies, such as night natural or mechanical ventilation. Ground coupling ducts or tubes can be of plastic, concrete or clay – the material choice is of little consequence thermally due to the high thermal resistance of the ground. Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers are suited for mechanically ventilated buildings with a moderate cooling demand, located in climates with a large temperature differential between summer and winter, and between day and night. A technical study is systematically required for tubes and ventilation rates sizing, and to define its management. Benefits : Provide low-consumption cooling in the summer and pre-heating of air in the winter; can be interesting in noisy areas where opening windows can be problematic. Limitations and watch-points: Difficult implementation in renovation; high installation costs; can be economically attractive if the renovation requires earthworks; need available land to accommodate the length of tubes; maintenance necessary to avoid any health risk with indoor air quality.

In MED Schools Given the technical and economic difficulties in renovation, Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers can rarely be implemented in a school renovation. The interest of the EAHE in MED schools is mainly based on the pre-cooling effect in summer. In the case where it could be implemented, a study is required to define energy savings arising in relation to an active cooling system. It is also imperative to provide a contract for health maintenance. To avoid the risk of degrading IAQ, it is preferable to use a water glycol heat exchanger with buried tubes.

Tools http://www.ibpsa.org

S.20 Daylighting Management

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

SOLAR TUBES

LIGHT SHELVES

BLINDS

Tubular daylight guidance systems, widely used for transporting daylight usually from the roof to the core of buildings, where windows are not available.

Horizontal surfaces, mounted either inside, outside or on both sides of a window, dividing it into a larger lower part and a clerestory window above the shelf. Light shelves shade the areas close to the windows from direct sunlight while reflecting daylight to the ceiling, thus increasing and homogenizing daylight levels in the space.

Made from plastic or fabric, or even the Venetian type, they are positioned on the internal or external part of the window, so as to shade the space by reducing the incoming daylight/sunlight.

In MED Schools Solar Tubes: Even though Mediterranean schools usually have adequate area of side windows, solar tubes can be used in order to bring daylight to the deepest areas of classrooms and to dark corridors. Great tube lengths and elbows decrease the s ste ’s performance. The system is difficult to be implemented on existing buildings. Furthermore, special attention must be paid in ensuring proper sealing and preventing overheating (a solar protection may be needed). Light Shelves: Light shelves should be placed at a height that would minimize the risk of accidents for all types of users and that would avoid direct view of the upper reflective surface of the shelf, that would cause glare. Their performance is maximum to southern exposures. Blinds should only be placed below the shelf. Blinds: Blinds are considered necessary in all Mediterranean schools, for minimizing glare. When positioned outside the window they may also offer thermal protection from sun radiation. Glare in MED Schools: Glare is a very common problem in Mediterranean countries, because of the increased levels of sunlight. The factors most likely to create glare issues and should be encountered are: 1. Very high levels of daylight (large, non-shaded windows); 2. Highly reflective interior surfaces; 3. Highly reflective facades of the opposite buildings.

Tools Solar Tubes Light Shelves Blinds

S.21 Artificial lighting improvement

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

SYSTEMS

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

AUTOMATIC CONTROL

DAYLIGHT SENSITIVE CONTROL

SECTORIZATION

Automatic controls switch or dim lighting based on time, occupancy, lighting-level strategies, or a combination of all three. In situations where lighting may be on longer than needed, left on in unoccupied areas, or used when sufficient daylight exists, consider installing automatic controls as a supplement or replacement for manual controls. An occupancy sensor automatically turns on lighting when someone enters the space. If the last person to leave the rooms does not turn the lights off manually, the occupancy sensor turns them off after a pre-set time delay.

Daylight control is also one of the automatic controls. It also integrates common lighting sensors that give feedback to the system about the lighting performance status. If daylight is enough, artificial lighting is switched off, and vice versa.

Circuiting the lights to allow individual lamps within a fixture to be controlled separately adds flexibility, providing different levels of lighting that can be used for different activities, and maximizes energy saving.

In MED Schools Minimizing the use of the load related to the lighting system is very important in the perspective of nZEB buildings. On one hand, by improving the lighting source technology (see S22 – Lighting system improvement), on the other, through an optimization of lighting management through control systems. In the case of schools, expected savings from the use of occupancy sensors in classrooms alone can range from 10-50%. These savings come from simply turning lighting off when the rooms are unoccupied and lighting is not necessary. Other lighting controls can reduce lighting energy consumption as well. For instance, the EPA has estimated that the use of daylight controls can result in savings up to 40%. Perhaps most importantly, these savings can be realized without affecting the quality of educational activities or the efficiency of the learning environment. Many other areas in a school are ideal for lighting control including administrative offices, libraries, cafeterias, auditoriums, storage areas, field lighting, locker rooms, and more.

The use of daylight controls is an effective strategy for classrooms and administrative areas where the daylight contribution is substantial. In such areas, occupancy-based controls can be added to switch or dim the lights as needed. When daylight drops below the target level, the photo-sensor sends a signal to return the electric lighting to a higher level of light.

Tools Best Tools Practices for Schools Daylighting Controls 1 Daylighting Controls 2 Occupancy Based Lighting Control Systems

S.22 Lighting system improvement

Goal & Benefits USE

SIMPLE BULB REPLACEMENT – PLUG&PLAY

Fluorescent tube replacement with LED tubes requires sol i g the ballast issue . In fact, fluorescent tubes need ballasts to operate (giving a high voltage burst to get started and regulating the amount of power) and LEDs do not (they just use a driver). However, the ballast removal is expensive, as it requires electrical works, and this is why fluorescent tube replacement is ’t very popular. Fortunately, now the market has introduced products with an integrated driver that operates on the existing ballast, meaning that the LED tube can simply replace the fluorescent tube without removing the ballast.

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

SYSTEMS

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

BALLAST REMOVAL

WHOLE FIXTURE REPLACEMENT

Although electrical modifications are required, ballast removal has several advantages : - no wasted power in the ballast, - reduced long term maintenance costs, - dimming option is possible.

Equivalent products should have similar light distributions to ensure the lumens produced are directed where they are needed. The photometric features of a lighting source highly depends on the fixture. This is why in some cases, the whole fixture replacement can be the most efficient solution.

In MED Schools The amount of savings related to fluorescent lamp replacement depends greatly on the chosen method. Nevertheless, the majority of the LED advantages is clearly known: •

Mercury Free – Unlike fluorescents, LEDs contain no mercury. This makes them safe for the environment and results in no recycling fees;

•

Dimmable – Many LEDs have full dimming capabilities, whereas FLs are expensive to dim and do so poorly;

•

Directional Lighting – LEDs offer directional light (illumination exactly where you need it). On the other hand, fluorescents have multi-directional light, which means some light is lost in the fixture and other unnecessary places;

•

Work Well with Controls – Fluorescent lights tend to burn out faster when integrated with occupancy sensors and other controls. In contrast, LEDs work perfectly with control systems, since their life is not affected by turning them on/off;

•

Quality Light - Toda ’s LEDs produce light in a variety of color temperatures similar to fluorescent, but do ’t have any flickering issues that can happen with fluorescent;

•

Lifespan – The average life of a T8 LED is 50,000 hours, versus only 30,000 hours for an average T8 LFL. One thing to keep in mind though, is that there are now linear fluorescent T8 lamps that last up to 84,000 hours.

Tools Green Public Procurement Indoor Lighting - Technical Background Report European Lighting Industry

S.23 Best energy class substitutes

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

OTHER ADVANTAGES

Opting for the cheapest product is not always the best solution. Computers, televisions, video-projectors, refrigerators -- all of these devices consume a lot of electricity. The analysis must be based on a 5-year lifecycle of your equipment. For example, the difference in terms of energy consumption, if you compare the most and least efficient equipment, you can save up to â‚Ź 200 per computer.

More efficient equipment in terms of energy efficiency results in reduced heat generation, valuable extra workspace and longer life of your equipment. Also, in case of active cooling, your air conditioning costs will decrease.

In MED Schools In nZEB Med schools, it is possible that there is virtually no need for heating but, paradoxically, the risk of discomfort in summer is considerable. Some internal heat sources must be limited in the summer. In addition, in the primary energy balance, the specific electricity use can be 50% of total consumption. This consumption is often underestimated because it depends on equipment that is not always identified at the design stage.

Tools

Opting for the best energy efficient equipment has multiple benefits and is essential for MED schools if you want to do without air conditioning. Therefore, an nZEB renovation needs to include a est energy lass replacement PLAN to face the new acquisitions.

http://www.energyrating.gov.au/

Benefits : Low energy consumption, financial savings in the long term, less noise in operation, less heat in the atmosphere. Limitations : Higher purchasing costs, higher embodied energy product.

COST: For each purchase, a life cycle cost analysis should be performed.

http://www.eu-energystar.org http://www.guide-topten.com/

Goal & Benefits

S.24 Efficient cooking

USE

EQUIPMENT AND HABITS After lighting, the kitchen equipment consumes the most electricity. So choose high performance equipment (label A+++) and adopt good cooking habits. Whatever the cooking method or equipment (electricity, gas…), limit the number of appliances and optimize their size and adopt several simple measures which can minimize consumption.

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

REFRIGERATORS EXAMPLE ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Position fridges/freezers away from heat sources; Set the thermostat at the right level, defrost regularly; Keep doors closed (install alarms for example); Respect temperature regulations of cold room or refrigerator. Increasing cooling temperature by 1°C can reduce energy consumption by 4%.

In MED Schools

Tools

Meals are not always prepared on site. They can be warmed or sometimes there is no canteen in the building. In any type of school buildings, especially in Mediterranean areas, limiting the use and the consumption of kitchen equipment can limit the internal source of heat and so, the use/need of cooling system.

Austin public schools project (energystar)

COST:The first rule is to adapt the size of the equipment to its needs. Indeed, the purchase price and energy consumption are directly dependent on the size. Equally beneficial, choosing the equipment that consumes less does not always mean higher prices.

http://www.savingtrust.dk (criteria for high performance products) http://www.carbontrust.com/res ources/guides

S.25 Solar PV

Photovoltaic (PV in short) is a form of clean renewable energy. Most PV modules use crystalline silicon solar cells, made of semiconductor materials similar to those used in computer chips. Thin film modules use other types of semiconductor materials to generate electricity. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the semi-conductor material in the PV cells is stimulated by the photons of the sunlight to generate direct electrical current (DC). They will work as long as they are exposed to daylight. The electricity generated is either used immediately or is stored (eg. in batteries) for future use. Solar modules themselves do not store electricity.

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and generally are the most efficient. Second-generation solar cells are called thin-film solar cells because they are made from amorphous silicon or nonsilicon materials such as cadmium telluride. Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick. Because of their flexibility, thin film solar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles, building facades, or the glazing for skylights. Third-generation solar cells are being made from a variety of new materials besides silicon, including solar inks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes, and conductive plastics.

In MED Schools The following factors shall be considered, for the installation of PV panel in a school: Annual electricity consumption, local regulations refer to the installation and the system power, electricity tariff, orientation and size of the roof surface, and economic point of view. Benefits: • U li ited e e a le e e g sou e; • “ola e e g is a lo all a aila le esou e a ou t depe ds o lo atio ; • Whe g id o e ted, it a displa e the highest ost ele t i it du i g ti es of peak de a d; • PV pa els a p o ide e e ue selli g e ess ele t i it i ti es of lo de a d lo al poli ; • Noise-free operation. Limitations: • High i stallatio osts; • High e odied e e g of PV ells a d e ui e e t of a e etals; • PV pa els e ui e egula lea i g; • Asso iated i e te s a ause elia ilit a d e e g o su ptio if ot p ope l desig ed issues e ause the heat up during operation; • Re ui es a eful positio i g to o tai opti u pe fo a e; • “ola e e g is ot a aila le du i g ight a d is less a aila le du i g loud da s.

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

There are many ways to install PV systems in a building. For existing buildings, the most common manner without drastically affecting its appearance is to mount the PV modules on a frame on the roof top. In a new development, besides mounting on the roof top, the PV modules or panels could in a creative, aestheticallypleasing manner be integrated into the building facade. It could also be integrated into external structures such as canopies, car park shelters and railings.

Tools Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics National Center for Photovoltaics Photovoltaic Reliability Publications Pre-dimensioning tool PV-GIS Design Software Pvsyst, PV Database, BIPV Report 2013 http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/pv_guid e.pdf http://www.bre.co.uk/filelibrary/pdf/rpts/Guide_to _the_installation_of_PV_systems_2nd_Edition.pdf http://www.epia.org/home/ http://web.ornl.gov/sci/solarsummit/presentations/ ORNL-Coonen.pdf PV SOFTWARE FREE

S.26 Solar thermal for DHW & heating

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs

Funding

SYSTEMS

ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS

FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR

EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTOR

Using a solar collector, they turn the su ’s radiation into heat and then transfer that heat to air or water. There are multiple types of solar thermal collectors: evacuated tube, batch systems, air collectors and flat-plate collectors. These can be mounted to a roof or wall to provide solar water heating and space heating for the building.

Consists of: (1) a dark flat-plate absorber, (2) a transparent cover that reduces heat losses, (3) a heat-transport fluid (air, antifreeze or water) to remove heat from the absorber, and (4) a heat insulating backing.

It is composed of hollow glass tubes. The air between the tubes is pumped out, while the outside of the tubes is heated, creating a vacuum. This mechanism creates excellent insulation, trapping the heat inside the tube, making solar hot water evacuated tubes highly efficient.

Solar thermal for heating : Operation is the same, but it needs more olle to s’ surface and a large storage volume. However, the size and initial cost of conventional solar thermal systems for heat supply, which depend not only on the heat collected but also on the storage facilities, affect its successful utilization on a large scale. Careful design and skilled professionals are needed to optimize solar thermal olle to s’ surface and thermal storage. Solar thermal energy can be used for cooling systems, but these systems are more complex and rare.

In MED Schools For the installation of solar thermal systems, the following factors shall be considered: annual DHW and heating demand and, its distribution, existing technology for DHW production and heating, orientation and size of the roof surface, the location of the existing DHW storage tanks in the facility, the installation of DHW and heating storage from architectural viewpoint (available place), and economic point of view. The potential for Solar Thermal and the associated environmental benefits are significant. Advantages: • Unlimited renewable energy source; • Locally available resource; • Different types of collectors are available, which makes integration flexible for different building types; • Simple and robust design of collectors. Limitations: • In sunny periods too much heat is generated which can cause water to boil in pipes; • In case hot water consumption is limited it is important to decide how to use the generated heat; • The system always requires a source of back-up heating, which can represent a double investment.

Tools Solar Thermal Energy Free Solar Thermal Software Solar Thermal Requirements Types of Solar Thermal Collectors http://www.slideshare.net/AmericanSolar/solar-heatingfor-schools-1454385 http://www.solarschools.net/resources/stuff/solar_ther mal.aspx

S.27 RES heat pump

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

USE

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

HEAT PUMP TECHNOLOGY

EFFICIENCY

Heat pump technologies are used to collect heat or cold from air, ground or groundwater. In electrically -powered heat pumps, the heat transferred can be three or four times greater than the electrical power consumed, giving the system a coefficient of performance (COP) of 3 or 4, as opposed to a COP of 1 for a conventional electrical resistance heater.

Most of the energy for heating/cooling comes from the external environment. According to the US EPA, geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with airsource heat pumps, and up to 72% compared with electric resistance heating. Minimum COP required should be 3 or more.

In MED Schools In nZEB Med’s school renovation, because of the lower heating requirements of the building, the existing heating system can operate with low temperature. This situation is perfectly adapted to the heat pumps which can operate with optimum efficiency. However, the thermo-geology of the ground under and around the school must also be known or analyzed, to be sure that all the proper criteria are met (a high conductivity, a high specific heat capacity and a good geothermal gradient). Aerothermal heat pumps are easier to install and more cost-effective. However, high efficiency current products are more adapted to residential market than schools or commercial buildings. Benefits: Low energy consumption, low operating costs, financial savings in the long term (for geothermal), both heating and cooling, minimum installation space, no combustion and no chimney. Limitations: Lack of knowledge ranging from technicians to decision makers, requires low temperature heating distribution, requires good thermo-geological conditions (geothermal). Current refrigerant are more environmentally friendly (ozone) but have still moderate global warming potential. Only few innovative products are offering atu al ef ige a ts as CO2 gaz.

Tools www.groundmed.eu - technical guidelines and case studies www.geotrainet.eu - training online www.geopimed.eu - general information and case studies www.regeocities.eu - general information

S.28 Wind Turbine

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

Wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The energy in the wind turns two or three propellers around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the horizontal-axis variety and the vertical-axis design. Currently, horizontal-axis wind turbines offer the best guarantees in terms of technical and financial matters. Utilityscale turbines range in size from hundred kilowatts to as large as several megawatts. Larger wind turbines are more cost effective and are grouped together into wind farms. Single small turbines, generally below 36 kilowatts, are for domestic use. Wind turbines attached to the building have to be avoided. Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly depending on the region, the altitude, and are modified by surrounding vegetation, buildings and differences in terrain. Ideally, wind must be regular and strong without turbulence or gusty wind conditions throughout the year. Wind turbines operate for wind speeds generally between 14 and 90 km/h.

Implementation of one or several wind turbines must take into account : • Wind resource : wind studies are needed on-site, at different heights; • Neighborhood : distance to buildings, trees, etc. to reduce turbulence issues and distance to users to reduce noise; • Landscape (protected architectural and natural sites); • Maintenance: production monitoring, type of wind turbine mast (tilt system mast otherwise nacelle needed).

Tools

Benefits : Unlimited renewable energy source; wind energy is a locally available resource (amount depends on location). Limitations : High installation costs; requires careful positioning to obtain optimum performance; wind resource is very random, production is intermittent.

Tools In MED Schools Only schools located in rural areas may consider installing a wind turbine, because it needs a very open space to get some results. Given the technical and economic constraints, the value of a wind turbine is mainly based on the educational aspect, because a wind tu i e that spi s a help "see e e g , i o t ast to PV s ste . Ho e e , to go th ough ith the p o ess, displa i g the eal-time production with a counter can be a plus.

Catalogue of European Urban Wind Turbine Manufacturers (2005) Urban wind technologies (2005) Urban wind turbines Master Thesis (2010) Experimental results (UK) Small scale wind energy (Carbon Trust UK)

S.29 Biomass/ Wood energy

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

RENEWABLE AND LOCAL

EFFICIENT

ECONOMIC

Its low carbon energy if obtained from sustainable sources, leading to significant savings in carbon dioxide emissions.

Wood energy is a suitable solution to heat schools and eventually produces domestic hot water. Modern boilers are efficient, almost as clean as other energies, and are automatic.

Wood energy could make savings on the heating costs by replacing the current fossil fuel system. Its price depends on local supply chains and is not dependent on global issues.

Use of biomass heating systems increases rural employment and keeps revenue in the local economy.

In MED Schools

Tools

Control and performance : Modern boilers have very good performance and there are even wood condensing boilers. The regulation system is identical to that used in other energies.

http://www.southwestwoodshe d.co.uk/static/wpcontent/uploads/Regen__guidance_note_schools.pdf

Wood type and storage : The wood pellet boilers are best suited to the low heating requirements of nZEB schools. The size of the storage silo is low and maintenance is reduced. The distribution of heating can also be preserved. If no space is available inside the building, there are boxes ready to be connected (including the boiler, pellet silo, hydraulics, chimney). Primary balance energy: The presence of wood energy helps to more easily achieve the nZEB goal and limit the investment needed to produce electricity locally. Educational opportunity : The presence of a wood heating system can be used for educational purposes to explain the energy supply chains. COST: National and local financial aid is often available.

http://www.cibe.fr/

S.30 BMS Building Management System

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

According to the European Building Automation and Controls Association (eu.bac), around 20% of energy consumed by buildings is wasted and in the 27 EU countries only one in five buildings has BEMS, and a large number of non-residential buildings do not have any. Demand for building automation technologies is expected to increase with new regulation constraints because it’s more energy efficient, in comparison with other retrofit solutions (e.g. increasing insulation, window replacement, etc). In fact BEMS are cost-effective measures, requiring low costs, and with a quick return on your investment. Great benefits, both in terms of energy and economic savings, can be achieved through an optimal building energy management.

In MED Schools From quasi-passive buildings to active buildings Big savings can also be reached by introducing automated control system in schools, that remotely manage not only the systems but also the building components: a monitoring system that could observe what is happening -especially nonefficient solutions (e.g. a window left open in winter while students move to a lab for the next hour)- and activate a change immediately (e.g. automatically closing the window). First of all, an automated system consisting, where both a sensor network (which monitors in real time the status), and a control system (that identifies and activates a control policy), has to be integrated. Furthermore, a set of building components and technologies that could perform quick response actions (e.g. automated windows, automated natural vents, automated solar radiation screens) can be included in the school. The challenge is to identify a set of building elements and technological components that can be easily and cheaply installed. From automated control to shared o trol In schools, as in all public buildings, with a high occupancy rate, the integration of an automated control system can reveal a lot of possible inefficiencies (in terms of comfort and/or energy) due to the contrast between the automatic controller and human actions. Thus, it is necessary to foresee a shared control system, where humans have continuous interaction and communication with the automation system. In this system, the occupants are the final deciders, but are aware of the best energy saving strategy (e.g. opening the window contrary the s ste ’s advice). Many solutions can be identified, using a smart end-user device (smart display). The potential of the interactive communication between the control system and the school user has to be exploited.

Tools eu.bac Position Paper - Proposal for a Directive on energy efficiency EN 15232 Energy performance of buildings – Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management ISO 50001:2011 – Energy Management System Example 1- Can2Go Example 2 - Siemens

S.31 Exterior Environment

Goal & Benefits USE

Technical Strategies

Solutions

ENVELOPE

Costs SYSTEMS

Funding ENERGY SUPPLY

CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

OUTDOORS

GREEN SCHOOLYARD BENEFITS 1) Increases the environmental awareness of children; (2) Contributes to health promotion; (3) Helps children contact and interact with the natural environment, as a combination of both entertainment and creative play; (4) Improves the stude ts’ physical activity; (5) Enhances their innate sense and curiosity with the natural environment; (6) Contributes to the environmental improvement of the entire neighborhood.

MICROCLIMATE

THERMAL COMFORT

INTEGRATED PLANNING

A local atmospheric zone (a small-scale area such as a garden, park, valley or part of a city) where the climate differs from the surrounding area. The conditions in a microclimate are impacted by a number of factors:

A condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal e i o e t (ASHRAE). The main factors that affect comfort are: (1) Air temperature, (2) Exchange of radiation, (3) Air movement, (4) Humidity, (5) Activity, (6) Clothing Designing for thermal comfort requires tools that can provide for objective assessment of the landscape and an understanding of the conditions of comfort.

An integrated planning of the microclimate can provide the tools for creating thermally comfortable environments and energy efficiency landscapes: (1) Knowledge of prevailing climate conditions (2) Analysis & understanding of landscape data (3) Methods for applying, through landscape design, to create comfortable microclimate and minimize the energy use.

(1) Temperature (2) Humidity (3) Wind (4) Radiation Plus, the nature of the Soil & Vegetation_the Topography_Latitude_Elevation_& Season

local

In MED Schools • MED schools exhibit usually a rigid, concrete structure, with lack of vegetation, shading and water elements; • Regions with Mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters and hot summers, so the regeneration of the school yards could contribute to the environmental and energy efficient design of schools; • The main reason for considering microclimate in landscape design is to create comfortable habitats for humans; • Students and adults should become more active and generate sustainable and innovative ideas for the a ea’s development, to achieve greener environments; • Designing for thermal comfort requires tools that can provide for objective assessment of the landscape and an understanding of the conditions of comfort; • Design Factors: (1)Height, Spacing & orientation of buildings (2) Road pattern (3) Size & location of open spaces (4) Vegetation (5) Wind shelter (6)Shading (7)Wind breaks

Tools Designing open spaces Interventions for Outdoor Environment UHI & Mitigation techniques Sustainable Schoolyards Transforming Urban School yards

5

Costs

Cost Calculation Methodologies Cost Calculation Sources

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Global data is available at a country level. For reference, please, follow the next links to your specific countries: - Austria (Statistics Austria) - Finland (Statistics Finland) - France (batitel) - Greece (Hellenic Statistical Authority) - Ireland (Central Statistics Office Ireland) - Norway (Statistics Norway) - Poland (PMR Poland) - Portugal (Statistics Portugal) - Spain (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica) - Sweden (Statistics Sweden CCI) - United Kingdom (Building Cost Information Service) - United Kingdom (BIS Construction Market Intelligence)

Regarding the cost of energy and carbon emissions, the values published by the European Union (http://ec.europa.I/energy/observatory/trends2030/indexen.htm) and the 2010 scenario of the International Energy Agency for the Gas were assumed (http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2010). For a review of the electricity and gas price evolution developed by ZEMEDS with EUROSTAT DATA please click HERE

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

Considerations

Cost Calculation Methodologies Cost Calculation Sources

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Each country also count with different specific databases (free to use and fee based) which will provide more specific data. As an example please refer to the following (ES) Databases: - CYPE, SA (www.generadordeprecios.info) - Colegio de Aparejadores de Guadalajara (goo.gl/5FNbVc) - Base de Costes de la Construcción de Andalucía www.juntadeandalucia.es (Download) - Comunidad de Madrid www.madrid.org (Internet ) - Fundación de Estudios para la Calidad en la Edificación de Asturias www.fecea.org (Internet) - Gobierno Vasco www.presupuesta.com (Internet) - Instituto de Tecnología de la Construcción de Cataluña www.itec.es (Internet ) - Instituto de la Construcción de Castilla y León www.iccl.es (Download) - Instituto Tecnológico de Galicia www.presupuesta.com (Internet) - Instituto Valenciano de la Edificación www.five.es (Internet) NOTE: Due to the early success of Presto, thirty years ago, many different private and public entities (most from Autonomic regions) published this type of databases. Non Spanish Presto users may easily use these databases as long as the use the integrated translation tools and allow for price adaptation to the local market. Sometimes the labor may be cheaper and the industrial products more expensive, or the other way around. Other databases - RSMeans: www.rsmeans.com (USA: CD & Internet) - SPON: www.sponpress.com (UK, Asia-Pacific, Ireland, Africa, Europe, Latin America Books) - Batiprix: www.batiprix.com (France Internet) - Free Construction Cost Data: www.allcostdata.info (Internet ) - Compass International: www.compassinternational.net (International Books)

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

Considerations

Cost Calculation Considerations Cost Calculation Sources

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

In the case of energy efficiency refurbishments, it is always necessary to distinguish between expenditure for refurbishment measures, which would have anyway been required from a maintenance point of view, enhancement measures, and measures having the sole purpose of improving the condition of the school in terms of energy efficiency.

Only the investments associated with energy efficiency, may be taken into account when considering the cost-effectiveness of a refurbishment, i.e. expenditure (investment) versus income (value of energy savings).

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

Considerations

Cost of Thermal Envelope Renovation Goal & Benefits

Site

Technical Strategies

Renovation action

Average cost

Comments

External thermal insulation

24 – 34 €/m2

Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include VAT. Based on a standard insulation thickness.

Internal thermal insulation

18 – 26 €/m2

Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include VAT. Based on projected foam insulation.

Awning

70 – 96 €/m2

Includes manpower. M2 of installed awning. Does not include VAT. The lower range applies to manual systems while the higher range applies to motorized systems. Does not include scaffolding costs.

Insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges

31 – 55 €/m2

Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include VAT.

Additional external insulation

38 – 52 €/m2

Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include VAT.

Additional internal insulation

23.5 – 32.5 €/m2

Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include VAT.

Increase thermal mass

120 – 196 €/m2

Including manpower, painting. M2 of created thermal mass. Does not include VAT.

External double insulation

80 – 102 €/m2

Including manpower, debris collection, mortar coat and painting. M2 of treated wall. Does not include VAT.

Façade

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs Roofs

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

Thermal Envelope

Installations

Cost of Renovation of Installations Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Site

Gaps

Floor Hot Sanitary Water

Average cost

Comments

Replacement of window frames

35 – 45 €/m2

Includes collection of replaced frame, installation of the new frame, manpower. Price for m2 of window. Does not include VAT.

Replacement of window glass

28 – 36 €/m2

Includes collection of replaced glass, installation of the new glass, manpower .Price for m2 of glass Does not include VAT.

Glass improvement

18 – 25 €/m2

Price for m2 of glass. Does not include VAT.

Floor insulation is rather complex and needs an individual analysis for each case. 40-60€m2 of treated area; however, consider requirements such as minimum height and the need for further renovation actions (such as door frames) Introduction of HSW systems (Solar Thermal) Substitution by new high-performance systems (full installation required)

Costs HVAC

Funding

Lighting

Cost Calculation Sources

Thermal Envelope

Renovation action

400 – 620 €/m2

Includes complete panels installation, piping, pumps and other required equipment. Price per m2 of installed panel. Price for solar installation. Does not include VAT. Assumes pre-existence of gas heater. The higher price range would also include the potential for heating.

Need specific technical details

High-performance gas system

1500-2000€

Biomass heating

6000-10000€

Prices of biomass heating, including deposit, can vary significantly depending on the different sources of biomass and their efficiency. 70kw-1000m2 including installation.

Natural ventilation

120 – 180 €/m2

Includes manpower and debris collection. Price for m2 of treated wall. Does not include VAT.

Substitution of conventional lights by LED s

130 -200 €/unit

Includes lamp substitution and collection of old lamp. Does not include VAT.

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Assuming a pre-existing gas installation and based on a approximated 70kw- 1000m2.

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

Installations

Factors discouraging renovation Goal & Benefits - Long waiting period for return on investment, economically speaking Technical Strategies

- Limited financial instruments available in the EU that are aimed exclusively at nZEB promotion - Budgetary constraints from local, regional and national public administrations in charge

Operating Strategies

- Renovations for nZEB almost always entail other investments for regulation purposes (fire safety, handicap access...) - Technical issues often lead to increased financial requirements

Solutions

- Not considering the life-cycle of the building and focusing only on the initial investment and not the yearly operating costs - Lack of legal and regulatory standards

Costs

Funding

- nZEB solutions are technically challenging for historical and cultural buildings - Absence of awareness and knowledge among policy makers and financial institutions on nZEB solutions

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

XXX

Site

Renovation action

External thermal insulation

2-5%

Internal thermal insulation

2-5%

Awning

15-20%

Insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges

2-5%

Additional external insulation

4-6%

Additional internal insulation

2-5%

Increase thermal mass

2-4%

External double insulation

4-8%

Faรงade

Solutions

Costs

Maintenance costs (% of installation costs per year) Maintenance includes a reserve for replacement

XXX

XXX

Roofs

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

XXX

Energy prices

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

XXX Renovation action

Maintenance costs (% of installation costs per year)

Substitution of windows frames

3-5%

Substitution of window glass

4-6%

Improvement of glass properties

2-6%

Substitution by new high-performance systems

7-15%

Natural ventilation

2-5%

Lighting

Substitution of traditional lights by LEDs

4-6%

Hot Sanitary Water

Introduction of HSW systems

8-13%

Site Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Gaps

Solutions

XXX

XXX

XXX

HVAC Costs

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

XXX Site

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Renovation action

Energy Reduction

External thermal insulation

4-7%

Internal Thermal insulation Awning insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges Additional External insulation Additional Internal insulation Increase thermal mass External double insulation Substitution of windows frames Substitution of windows glass Improvement of glass property

4-8% <1% <1% 4-6% 2-3% 3 - 5% 2-3% 3-4% 3-4% 1-2%

Substitution by new high performance systems Natural ventilation Biomass boiler Condensation boiler Substitution of traditional lights by LED ones Introduction of HSW systems (solar thermal assuming also a use for heating)

4-7% N/A 5 - 10 % 10 - 15 % 3-4%

Faรงade

Roofs

Gaps Floor

Costs HVAC

Funding

Lighting Hot Sanitary Water

25 - 35 %

Based on the model of a Mediterranean-climate school, with an average of 1000m2, built on the 1980S and that has not undergone any significant renovation since then. (figures based on CE3 software) Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

XXX

XXX

XXX

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

XXX Site

Renovation action

CO2 Emissions Reduction

Faรงade

External thermal insulation Internal Thermal insulation Awning

5-8% 5-9% <2%

insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges

2-3 %

Additional External insulation Additional Internal insulation Increase thermal mass External doble insulation Substitution of windows frames Substitution of windows glass Improvement of glass property Substitution by new high performance systems

Biomass boiler Condensation boiler

4-7% 3-4% 5-7% 4-5% 4-5% 3-4% 1-2% <15% Only recommended when properly controlled and planned. (see solution S16) 100 % * 17 - 21 %

Substitution of traditional lights by LED ones

4-5%

Operating Strategies Roofs

Solutions Gaps HVAC

Costs

Funding

Natural ventilation

Lighting

XXX

Based on the model of a Mediterranean-climate school, with an average of 1000m2, built on the 1980S and that has not undergone any significant renovation since then. (figures based on CE3X software) Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

XXX

XXX

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

XXX Site

Technical Strategies

Renovation action

Durability

External thermal insulation

30 - 40 years

Internal thermal insulation

30- 40 years

Awning

5 - 10 years

Insulation of pillars and other thermal bridges

30 - 40 years

Additional external insulation

20 - 30 years

Additional internal insulation

30 - 40 years

Increase thermal mass

40 - 50 years

External double insulation

20 - 30 years

Replacement of window frames

20 - 30 years

Replacement of window glass

20 - 30 years

Improvement of glass properties

15 - 25 years

Substitution by new high-performance systems

15 - 25 years

Natural ventilation

40 - 50 years

Lighting

Replacement of traditional lights by LED ones

10 - 15 years

Hot Sanitary Water

Introduction of HSW systems

10 - 15 years

Faรงade

Operating Strategies Roofs

Solutions Gaps

Costs HVAC

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

XXX

XXX

XXX

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

XXX

- Study “reference” buildings – New and existing schools Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

- Apply various energy performance measures to exemplary buildings using thermal dynamic simulation software - Calculate overall cost of improvements for various energy performance measures which integrate economic factors (fluctuating interest rates, energy prices…)

XXX

XXX

- Perform calculation from an investor’s perspective and from a social perspective Solutions

Costs

- Calculate cost Eur/m2 vs KWh/m2/yr (refer not only to present prices but carry projections based on average cost increases) - Identify gaps between current energy performance standards in building regulations and cost-effective solutions

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

XXX

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

XXX

Schools’ main investments apply to the following categories: Technical Strategies

- Major renovation projects (or new construction)

XXX

- Building retrofits Operating Strategies

- Exterior lightning upgrade

XXX

- Cogeneration plants Solutions

- Renewable technologies

XXX

- Heating and cooling systems Costs

All of these will have a major impact when considering the costs of an nZEB project. Therefore, it is important to apply some careful thinking and reflection that will condition the return of nZEB investments.

Funding

Among the issues that could facilitate a major return of these projects are a careful planning, avoiding cream skimming, identifying cash flows, focus on life cycle analysis and monitor cost-effectiveness.

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

XXX

CAREFULL PLANNING Technical Strategies

nZEB Projects with comprehensive objectives increase the range of financing possibilities and allow for greater short and long term benefits and a broader focus when considering future needs and goals.

XXX

Operating Strategies

Clearly defined objectives such as: - modernised infrastructure - environmental compliance or - improved comfort / functionality will increase the projects option for success

XXX

Solutions

XXX

These objectives must be carefully analysed in order to guarantee the major coherence with the available funding mechanisms. Costs

Along with determining the project’s objectives, the school must clearly define its investment criteria, enabling project designers and managers to make fiscally sound investment decisions.

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

XXX AVOID CREAM SKIMMING

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

“Cream skimming” is the undesirable yet common practice of investing in simple projects with relatively low initial costs (relative to school size and budget parameters) and quick paybacks. While such investments are financially attractive in the short term, pursuing them may prevent a school from capturing more significant long term benefits that are likely to result from more extensive and capital intensive retrofits. For instance, the graphic below illustrates an example where 2 options are open to a school: - Option 1: A basic renovation targeting measures with low cost and a rapid payback - Option 2: A deep retrofit with a long term and nZEB approach

Solutions 1.750.000 1.500.000 1.250.000 1.000.000 750.000 500.000

Funding

XXX

XXX Option 2: Deep - Pros: significant energy/€ savings, longuer term results, CO2 ↓. - Cons: Higher initial costs, longer renovation period.

2.000.000

Costs

XXX

250.000

0 -250.000

5

15

Years

-500.000

Cost Calculation Sources

10

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

20

Option 1: Basic - Pros: fast, easy, low cost; short payback. - Cons: Lower savings; higher consumption, shorter periods for replacement and higher maintenance costs.

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

XXX

IDENTIFY ALL CASH FLOWS Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Cash flow scenarios that identify all costs and savings over the life of an nZEB project are crucial elements of any financial analysis. The life of an nZEB project is determined by taking into account the term for any project financing and identifying how long resultant benefits will accrue to the end user, while also considering the life span of all other costs and savings associated. When considering clash flows scenarios the following range of costs must be taken in to account: -

Planning and Management Capital acquisition and financing Installation and commissioning Operations and maintenance

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

XXX

XXX

Internal expertise, as well as financial advisors / consultants are required to estimate several cash flows components, including inflation, price changes, legislative (tax) implications and future cost deviations. Both responsible agents and external consultants must those cash flows that turn positive more quickly (i.e. ESCOs contributions help reduce initial negative cash flaws and speed up returns).

Cost Calculation Sources

XXX

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits

XXX

FOCUS ON LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Lifecycle costs (LCCs) should be used when measuring alternate approaches (including no action alternatives). Life Cycle Analysis include costs of acquiring, installing, owning, operating, disposing of a building, facility or equipment. Lifecycle cost integrates all positive and negative cash flows accruing to a project over its useful life. The value of broad based benefits outweighs the value of energy savings alone, and project managers should include them in the cost benefit analyses.

Solutions

XXX

XXX

MONITOR COST-EFFECTIVENESS Costs

XXX

The performance of efficiency measures and the resulting savings must be monitored and quantified through sound measurement and verification methods defined at the beginning of the project. Protocols should set the basis for energy efficiency performance and energy efficiency monitoring.

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

School renovation cost-effectiveness Goal & Benefits Façade, internal insulation

Case Study

Technical Strategies

Energy consumption Heating System HVAC Hot Sanitary Water Lighting

Operating Strategies

Installatio n of LED bulbs kWh/m2 year 124,06

17,17

17,59

17,56

15,26

14,87

14,98

14,06

13,82

14,54

14,68

16,84

17,59

195,23

195,23

67,74

195,23

195,23

195,23

195,23

195,23

195,23

195,23

195,23

195,23

195,23

17,63

17,63

17,63

17,63

17,63

17,63

17,63

17,63

17,63

17,63

17,63

17,63

2,95

14.558,79 €

COST

2.675,43 €

513,74

13.330,00 €

€

14.840,00 €

23.850,00 €

46.640,00 €

83.740,00 €

3.456,60 €

2.765,28 €

1.728,30 €

15.450,00 €

0,42

0

0,03

2,33

2,72

2,61

3,53

3,77

3,05

2,91

0,75

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

HVAC

0

127,49

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

14,68

8,85

127,32

1,09

7,79

13,59

12,82

16,18

18,62

15,46

14,3

4,66

14,68

1.645,06

21,01

471,32

1.711,17

1.091,98

1.860,37

2.882,57

4.497,31

223,58

193,38

370,88

1.052,45

1,5767868

22,684349 8

0,1942031 2

1,38792872

2,4213031 2

2,2841137 6

2,8827582 4

3,3174881 6

2,7544772 8

2,5478024

0,8302628 8

2,6155062 4

1671,39

24045,41

205,86

1471,20

2566,58

2421,16

3055,72

3516,54

2919,75

2700,67

880,08

2772,44

8,71

0,11

2,50

9,06

5,78

9,85

15,26

23,81

1,18

1,02

1,96

5,57

Hot Sanitary Water

Investment/ Saving: €/m2/Year/KWh 0,178168

Savings (€/Year/m2) Total savings: (€/Year/1060m2) Return: (Year)

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

XXX

XXX

Heating System

Price KWH

Funding

XXX

17,59

Total savings

Costs

Awning

kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 year year year year 124,06 115,63 124,23 123

Energy consumption

Solutions

Solar heating system

Installatio Installatio Roofs, Roofs, Roofs, Increasing n of n of Reduction internal external double thermal double reflective P.T.: insulation insulation insulation window mass window glass glass kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 year year year year year year year year 118,6 113,19 113,85 111,41 109,21 111,65 112,67 120,15 Replacem ent of windows frames

XXX

Assessing renovation Vs Replacement / New construction Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

There are many factors apart from the renovation cost that have an important effect on the decision of the improvement of the existing building or the new construction.

Social Responsibility

Operating Strategies

Solutions Projected objectives

Decision Makers

Funding

Costs

Time factor

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

Assessing renovation Vs Replacement / New construction Goal & Benefits

Social Responsibility

Time Factor Technical Strategies

Is the building improvement compatible with the educational systems requirements?

Operating Strategies

What is the environmentally impact of the new construction on the educational community?

Projected Objectives

Funding

Is the target CO2 emission achievable?

In case of renovation, Is considered the high validity of the additional cost?

Solutions

Costs

Existing building is protected or considered as historic heritage?

Is high participation of Renewable energy available?

The necessary investments are available and compatibles with the budgetary objectives?

Are energy consumption rates reducible?

The building improvement or new building construction is compatible with the budgetary allocations?

Funding

Is Cost – Effectiveness achievable?

What are the possible financial tools?

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

The importance of Energy prices Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Energy prices represent a major driver for the nature and composition of energy demand. Both gas and electricity are considered essential goods in the sense that they cover basic needs. Consumption of essential good, is on the other hand, inelastic, with respect to price changes. By inelastic is not meant here that consumption does not respond to prices change, but rather, that consumption will decrease (if it does) in very different percentages than that of the prices’ change. When considering the development of nZEB initiatives it is, therefore, important to bear in mind both prices fluctuation and the limited margin for response.

In the case of energy efficiency measures we may assume that there is a general tendency towards an overall increase of energy prices; this has a direct impact in encouraging actors to take the necessary action towards energy consumption reduction, as well as represent a major factor to be considered in any kind of pay-back calculation method. As an example of this impact the following tables present the energy prices evolution during the last decade in order to help understanding their impact upon any nZEB renovation initiative.

Costs

Funding

NOTE: The following tables and graphs include both consumer and industrial prices; depending on the typology and size of the school, they might fall into one of both categories. NOTE II: Please note that the calculations do not include taxes (industrial); fees or other additional costs.

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

The importance of Energy prices Goal & Benefits

Electricity Prices (medium households)

Electricity Prices Medium Industries

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

The importance of Energy prices Goal & Benefits

Gas Prices (medium households)

Gas Prices Medium Industries

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

The importance of Energy prices Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Source of Data: Eurostat Last update: 28.11.2014 Hyperlink to the table: here General Disclaimer of the EC website: http://ec.europa.eu/geninfo/legal_notices_en.htm NOTE: Based on the EUROSTAT data, the partners have developed the tables below. These represent the yearly increase (or decrease) in electricity prices for medium sized households, as well as providing an average based on the number of years for which reliable data is available.

YEAR

2003

EU (28 countries)

:

Greece

0,0606

Av. ↑↓

Av. ↑↓2

2004 :

2,5%

Av. ↑↓3

2005 :

0,0621

2,6%

Av. ↑↓4

2006 :

0,0637

0,9%

2007

Av. ↑↓5

:

0,0643

2,8%

0,0661

44,8%

Spain

0,0872

1,5%

0,0885

1,7%

0,09

4,4%

0,094

6,8%

0,1004

12,0%

France

0,089

1,7%

0,0905

0,0%

0,0905

0,0%

0,0905

1,8%

0,0921

-0,8%

Italy

0,1449

-1,0%

0,1434

0,4%

0,144

7,5%

0,1548

7,1%

0,1658 Average Electricity 2014 cost price increase

Av. ↑↓10

2013

Av. ↑↓11

EU (28 countries)

0,1175 4,2% 0,1224 -0,5% 0,1218 5,2% 0,1281 4,2% 0,1335 2,6%

0,137

1,1% 0,1385

2,80%

Greece

0,0957 10,2% 0,1055 -7,6% 0,0975 5,1% 0,1025 3,9% 0,1065 9,9%

0,117

2,9% 0,1204

7,09%

Spain

0,1124 15,1% 0,1294 9,5% 0,1417 12,7% 0,1597 10,6% 0,1766 -0,8% 0,1752 1,1% 0,1771

6,78%

France

0,0914 -0,7% 0,0908 3,5%

5,7% 0,0994 -0,8% 0,0986 2,1% 0,1007 5,7% 0,1064

1,66%

0,1397 3,4% 0,1445 3,7% 0,1498 2,7% 0,1539

3,40%

YEAR

Italy

Cost Calculation Sources

2008 Av. ↑↓6 2009 Av. ↑↓7 2010 Av. ↑↓8 2011 Av. ↑↓9 2012

:

Renovation Costs

:

Discouraging Factors

0,094 :

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

The importance of Energy prices Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Source of Data: Eurostat Last update: 28.11.2014 Hyperlink to the table: here General Disclaimer of the EC website: http://ec.europa.eu/geninfo/legal_notices_en.htm NOTE: Based on the EUROSTAT data, the partners have developed the tables below. These represent the yearly increase (or decrease) in gas prices for medium size households, as well as providing an average based on the number of years for which reliable data is available.

Operating Strategies

Costs

Funding

2004

Av.↑↓3

2005

Av.↑↓4

2006

Av.↑↓5

2003

EU (28 countries)

:

:

:

:

:

Greece

:

:

:

:

:

Spain

10,43

-4,6%

9,9528

3,0%

10,2548

12,7%

11,75

4,2%

12,271

10,9%

France

9,06

-4,5%

8,65

4,0%

9

16,7%

10,81

5,3%

11,42

7,1%

Italy

9,86

-9,9%

8,879

1,2%

8,984

13,9%

10,43

11,6%

11,794

2,0%

Solutions

Av.↑↓

Av.↑↓2

YEAR

2007

2008

Av.↑↓6

2009

Av.↑↓7

2010

Av.↑↓8

2011

Av.↑↓9

2012

Av.↑↓10

2013

Av.↑↓11

2014

Average Gas Cost Increase

11,68

7,5%

12,63

-14,1%

11,07

7,1%

11,92

11,6%

13,49

3,9%

14,04

2,2%

14,36

3,06%

17,4

-7,4%

16,2

-7,41%

:

:

:

13,777

5,9%

14,64

-14,5%

12,29

5,5%

13,01

-6,2%

12,25

12,031

15,0%

14,158

-35,5%

10,449

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

:

12,7863 -1,3%

:

12,62

18,9%

15,57

3,7%

16,16

2,8%

16,62

1,40%

8,8%

13,43

8,6%

14,7

6,3%

15,69

2,8%

16,14

2,35%

14,7%

12,25

13,7%

14,19

9,4%

15,66

-6,0%

14,78

1,03%

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

The importance of Energy prices Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Source of Data: Eurostat Last update: 28.11.2014 Hyperlink to the table: here General Disclaimer of the EC website: http://ec.europa.eu/geninfo/legal_notices_en.htm NOTE: Based on the EUROSTAT data, the partners have developed the tables below. These represent the yearly increase (or decrease) in electricity prices for industrial consumers, as well as providing an average based on the number of years for which reliable data is available. YEAR EU (28 countries) Greece Spain France Italy

Av.↑↓5 2008

Av.↑↓6 2009

0,088 18,9% 0,0861

Funding

2003 : 0,0614 0,0528 0,0529 0,0826

Av.↑↓ 2,5% 1,9% 0,8% -4,6%

Av.↑↓7 2010

7,9% 0,0956

2004 : 0,063 0,0538 0,0533 0,079

Av.↑↓8 2011

Av.↑↓2 2,3% 21,6% 0,0% 6,3%

2005 : 0,0645 0,0686 0,0533 0,0843

Av.↑↓9 2012

Av.↑↓3 3,4% 4,9% 0,0% 9,7%

2006 : 0,0668 0,0721 0,0533 0,0934

Av.↑↓10 2013

-4,5% 0,0915

1,5% 0,0929

2,9% 0,0957

-1,8%

0,094

9,2% 0,0948 -10,9% 0,0855

6,8% 0,0917

8,8% 0,1006

3,3%

0,104

Av.↑↓4 4,3% 11,0% 1,5% 9,1%

Av.↑↓11 2014

2007 : 0,0698 0,081 0,0541 0,1027

Average yearly increase in prices

-2,5% 0,0917 4,6%

0,60%

0,109

4,85%

11,5% 0,0915

16,7% 0,1098

1,1%

0,111

-2,6% 0,1082

6,3% 0,1155

0,9% 0,1165

1,7% 0,1185

6,80%

9,7% 0,0599

10,2% 0,0667

2,9% 0,0687

4,8% 0,0722

10,8% 0,0809

-4,9% 0,0771

-3,8% 0,0743

2,90%

:

:

:

0,1145

4,0% 0,1193

-6,3% 0,1122

-3,9%

2,05%

Cost Calculation Sources

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

0,108

Energy prices

The importance of Energy prices Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Source of Data: Eurostat Last update: 28.11.2014 Hyperlink to the table: here General Disclaimer of the EC website: http://ec.europa.eu/geninfo/legal_notices_en.htm NOTE: Based on the EUROSTAT data, the partners have developed the tables below. These represent the yearly increase (or decrease) in gas prices for industrial consumers, as well as providing an average based on the number of years for which reliable data is available.

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

YEAR

2003

EU (28 countries) Greece Spain France Italy

: : 10,43 9,06 9,86

2004

-4,8% -4,7% -11,0%

: : 9,9528 8,65 8,879

2008 Av.↑↓6 2009 Av.↑↓7

2010

Av.↑↓8

14,1%

11,07

7,1%

11,68

7,5% 12,63

:

Funding

Av.↑↓

: 13,777 5,9% 14,64 12,7863 14,5% 12,29

:

Cost Calculation Sources

2005

2,9% 3,9% 1,2%

: : 10,2548 9 8,984

Av.↑↓3

2006

12,7% 16,7% 13,9%

: : 11,75 10,81 10,43

Av.↑↓4

2007

Av.↑↓5

4,2% 5,3% 11,6%

: : 12,271 11,42 11,794

10,9% 7,1% 2,0%

2011 Av.↑↓9 2012 Av.↑↓10 2013 Av.↑↓11

2014

Average yearly gas price increase

11,92 11,6% 13,49 :

3,9%

:

14,04

2,2%

14,36

3,06%

17,4

-7,4%

16,2

-7,41%

-1,3%

12,62 18,9% 15,57

3,7%

16,16

2,8%

16,62

3,77%

12,25

8,8%

13,43

14,7

6,3%

15,69

2,8%

16,14

4,92%

10,449 35,5%

14,7%

12,25 13,7% 14,19

9,4%

15,66 -6,0%

14,78

2,62%

5,5% 13,01 -6,2%

12,031 15,0% 14,158

Av.↑↓2

Renovation Costs

Discouraging Factors

8,6%

Costeffectiveness

CostOptimality

Renovation Vs Replacemen t

Energy prices

6

Funding

244

The European Funding Scheme Overview

Goal & Benefits H2020

Technical Strategies

EU level ERDF

ELENA ELENA

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Horizon 2020

EU level Other

EU Funding mechanisms

National/Region al level (incl. Structural Fund)

Cross-Border Cooperation

ERDF

Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe

Preferential Loan

Costs

Private Funding

Guarantee Energy Performance contracting with owner finance

Funding

Energy Performance contracting with ESCO finance

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

European Funding Scheme Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

ELENA Horizon 2020

Operating Strategies

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions

INTERREG Europe Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

European Local Energy Assistance Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Part of the European Investment Bank (EIB) efforts on climate and energy policy objectives. This joint EIB – European Commission initiative helps local and regional authorities to prepare energy efficient or renewable energy projects.

Operating Strategies

Funding for ELENA comes from the EC’s Intelligent Energy Europe Programme. The money is invested to provide technical assistance to local and regional authorities seeking to implement energy plans.

Solutions

The aim is to generate bankable projects that ca attract external finance, for instance forma local banks or other financial institutions and is also expected to involve Energy Service Companies in its implementation (thus, financing third parties).

Costs

EU level

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ELENA

Current Available Grants

Typology

Examples Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

Period

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Purpose Scheme Type Nature Beneficiaries

Costs

Process

Resources

ELENA

2014-2015 Provides Grant Support for the development of large scale SE Investment Projects Project Development Assistance

Regional/ National Fund

Public Beneficiaries

INTERREG Europe

Project Partners Project Application

European Neighbourhood Instrument

â‚Ź 30 million

Specific Funding Programmes

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Horizon 2020

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Funding actions

Current Available Grants

Typology

Examples Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

-

Operating Strategies

Solutions

-

Structure municipal and regional large-scale and long-term programmes on nZEB Develop Business and Viability Plans for the implementation of nZEB solutions at local level Conduct Energy Audits setting the path for further nZEB projects Preparing tendering procedures and contracts framing large scale public nZEB operations Implement individual large scale projects on nZEB at local level Funding for the implementation of technical solutions

Costs

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

BEAM-GRAZ

Current Available Grants

Typology

Examples Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

EU level

Location City of Graz (Austria) Beneficiaries Municipality of Graz Planned Investments

Main Activities

Expected results Project cost More details

European Funding Scheme

Automated energy monitoring and controlling system (EMC) in 300 public buildings (>500 m2) Energy efficient refurbishment of 18 municipal buildings New concepts for integrating energy efficiency in 5 new public buildings reaching passive house standard Financing model for the EMC system including profiling of requirements, building surveys, preparation of tender documents and launching produces Detailed energy audits and planning of building interventions, as well as financial model development including energy performance contracting that goes beyond typical savings 15-20% Detailed planning for new buildings at passive house standard including architectural contest Energy savings: 356 toe/year RES production: 15 toe/year GHG reduction: 710 tCO2e/year Total cost: 510.914 Euro EU contribution: 383.202 Euro Project web page: http://www.gbg.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10201841/4817071 Contact Person: gbg@gbg.graz.at

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

ESCOLIMBURG2020

Current Available Grants

Typology

Examples Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Location Province of Limburg (Belgium) Beneficiaries Province of Limburg, Infrax (public grid operator), Dubolimburg (provincial consultancy) Planned EUR 19.8 million in the refurbishment of public buildings Investments

Operating Strategies

Main Activities Solutions

Costs

Expected results Project cost More details

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Engage all 44 municipalities in the Province to define detailed building renovation plans Develop an integrated renovation service delivered by Infrax, which includes energy audits, detailed specifications, tendering, works supervision, and potentially pre-financing of the works Buildings will be retrofitted with an average of 40% savings (30% minimum) Communication at national and EU level Capacity building for the building sector in the Province Energy savings: 374 toe/year RES production: 187 toe/year GHG reduction: 19,504 tCO2e/year Total cost: 1.174.380 Euro EU Contribution: 880.785 Euro Web page: www.limburg.be E-mail: pboucneau@limburg.be

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

EU level

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

2020 TOGETHER

Current Available Grants

Typology

Examples Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Location Beneficiaries Planned Investments

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Main Activities

Costs

Expected results Funding

Project cost More details

European Funding Scheme

EU level

Province of Torino (Italy) Province of Torino, Environment Park, Piedmont Region, City of Turin The project will invest in the energy efficiency refurbishment of 59 public buildings and 1,272 public street lighting points. Refurbishment of 59 public buildings with an aim to save on average 36% of energy Refurbishment of 1,272 public street lighting points with the aim to save on average 50% of energy Development of “network procurement� as a model to reduce time and cost of administrative tender procedures and increase the attractiveness of investments Explore how European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) can support the economic viability and de-risking of low energy efficiency refurbishment investment through EPC schemes Increase impacts of upcoming ERDF measures (2014-2020) on energy efficiency and tailor them to local specific needs Energy savings: 1,796 toe/year RES production: 103 toe/year GHG reduction: 4,362 tCO2e/year Total cost: 9.4 Million Euro EU Contribution: 365.967 Euro Web page: www.provincia.torino.it E-mail: denigris@provincia.torino.it

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

MARTE

Current Available Grants

Typology

Examples Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level

Location Region of Marche (Italy) Technical Strategies

Beneficiaries

Operating Strategies

Planned Investments

Solutions

Main Activities

Costs

Expected results

Project cost Funding

More details

European Funding Scheme

Region of Marche, Regional Health Company, Modena Energy and Sustainable Development Agency, Marche Polytechnic University, Italian Society for Healthcare Engineering and Architecture The project will mobilise financing for the energy refurbishment of 5 healthcare buildings including acute care hospitals and nursing homes. Refurbishment of 5 acute care hospitals and nursing homes aiming to achieve energy savings of on average 36% Develop innovative financing models and strategies to support energy efficiency investments using a mix of instruments including the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) Energy savings: 1,917 toe/year RES production: 55 toe/year GHG reduction: 2,480 tCO2e/year Total cost: 15.54 million Euro EU Contribution: 427.599 Euro Web page: www.regione.marche.it E-mail: Mario.pompei@regione.marche.it

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Private Funding

POSIT”IF

Current Available Grants

Typology

Examples Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Location Beneficiaries Planned Investments

Operating Strategies

Main Activities Solutions

Costs

Expected results Project cost

Funding

More details

European Funding Scheme

EU level

Region of Ile-de-France (France) Société d’Economie Mixte Energies POSIT’IF Low-energy refurbishment with guaranteed energy savings in 32 condominiums as well as 8 social housing and public buildings

ELENA

Developing extended Energy Performance Contracting services to condominiums beyond normal market standards Delivering Energy Performance Contracts (EPCs) to small housing companies and municipalities / local government services Providing tailored capacity building activities to condominiums, social housing companies and municipalities Energy savings: 1,942 toe/year RES production: N/A GHG reduction: 5406 tCO2e/year Total cost: 2.061.018 Euro EU Contribution: 1.545.763 Euro Web page: www.energiespositif.fr Email: Josep.lopez@energiespositif.fr

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Private Funding

REDIBA

Current Available Grants

Typology

Examples Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

EU level

Location Barcelona province (Spain) Beneficiaries Diputacio de Barcelona

Planned Investments

Development and rolling out of the investment programme: Establishment of a contractual framework to ensure the development of investments Implementation of the EE projects through the involvement of ESCOs Development of a PPP approach to implement investments in PV and other RES in public buildings .

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Installation of PV plants on roofs of public buildings

Main Retrofitting of public lighting and traffic lighting systems Activities Municipal buildings refurbishment Expected results

INTERREG Europe

PV electricity production: 114 GWh/y Energy savings: 280 GWh/y CO2 reduced: 185.000 tCO2eq/y Jobs created/sustained: PV: 3,000 jobs in installation and maintenance; EE: 2,000 jobs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Project cost EU Contribution: 1.999.925 Euro More details Email: ferran@diba.cat

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Horizon 2020 Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Framework for the funding of the innovation and research activities at EU level. Horizon 2020 is a €79bn funding programme aimed at supporting research and innovation across the European Union. Competitions for funding will run from 2014 to 2020. Each competition is run on a dedicated theme. One of the pillars of the Horizon 2020 is “Societal Challenges” in the European Union were two funding are available for Energy and Climate Change.

EU level

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions

INTERREG Europe Costs

Funding

Societal Challenges

EUR million

Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy

5782 of which 183 for EIT

Climate action, resource efficiency and raw materials

3160 of which 100 for EIT

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Private Funding

Horizon 2020

Current Available Grants

Typology Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Period

Purpose

Supports the development and deployment of innovative SE technologies and solutions. Includes the successor to the IEE II and PDA activities under its Energy Challenge – Energy Efficiency Focus Area, topic EE 20. Funding Project Development Assistance

Nature

Public and Private Beneficiaries

Beneficiaries Process

Funding

ELENA

Scheme Type Solutions

Costs

2014-2015

Resources

European Funding Scheme

INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

Application to INEA, EASME, RTD or DG ENER Application to EASME

European Energy Efficient Fund

Based on Call

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

3 Entities from EU Member States Consortiums for Project Development Assistance

Regional/ National Fund

Horizon 2020

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Funding actions

Current Available Grants

Typology Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

-

Operating Strategies

Solutions

-

Projects aimed at the development of innovative technological solutions for nZEB Cooperation initiatives between public and private agents in the development / deployment of nZEB solutions nZEB project development assistance (funding for development assistance) Public engagement projects on nZEB (not strategic level) Demonstration project on nZEB

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe

Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Cooperative ERDF Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

INTERREG A: Cross-Border Cooperation: Cross-border cooperation between adjacent regions aims to develop cross-border social and economic centres through common development strategies. The term cross-border region is often used to refer to the resulting entities, provided there is some degree of local activity involved. The term Euroregion is also used to refer to the various types of entities that are used to administer Interreg funds. In many cases, they have established secretariats that are funded via technical assistance: the Interreg funding component aimed at establishing administrative infrastructure for local Interreg deployment. Interreg A is by far the largest strand in terms of budget and number of programmes.

ELENA Horizon 2020

INTERREG B: Transnational Cooperation (SUDOE): Transnational cooperation involving national, regional and local authorities aim to promote better integration within the Union through the formation of large groups of European regions. Strand B is the intermediate level, where generally non-contiguous regions from several different countries cooperate because they experience joint or comparable problems. There are 13 Interreg IVB programmes.

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions INTERREG C: Interregional Cooperation (INTERREG Europe): Interregional cooperation aims to improve the effectiveness of regional development policies and instruments through large-scale information exchange and sharing of experience (networks). This is financially the smallest strand of the three, but the programmes cover all EU Member States.

Costs

Funding

EU level

INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI): The European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI), which has replaced the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The ENI will support the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and turn decisions taken on a political level into actions on the ground.

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

CBC Programme

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

The main aim of cross-border cooperation is to reduce the negative effects of borders as administrative, legal and physical barriers, tackle common problems and exploit untapped potential. Through joint management of programmes and projects, mutual trust and understanding are strengthened and the cooperation process is enhanced. cross-border cooperation deal with a wide range of issues, which include:

EU level

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions

INTERREG Europe Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Funded Actions

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

- Exchange of regional strategies and best practices - Implementation of common strategies for the development of the nZEB sector - Raising awareness initiatives - Identification of new competences among the regional key actors - Roles and responsibilities information exchange - Transnational studies and data compilation on nZEB - Transnational cooperation among key actors - Funding for the implementation of technical solutions

Costs

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Southwest EU STC

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION The Southwest European Space Territorial Cooperation Programme is supporting regional development by means of the joint financing transnational projects through the European Regional Development FUND (ERDF) within the framework of the European Territorial Cooperation Objective for 2007-2013.

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

BENEFICIARIES: All public entities and non-profit-making bodies involved in this cooperation space may take part as partners in SUDOE projects (national, regional, and local administrations, other public bodies, research centers, universities, socio-economic players or bodies, etc.)

TIPOLOGY OF ACTIONS TO BE FUNDED: Establishment of inter sector networks of cooperation; Implementation of common strategies for the development and implementation of nZEB solutions; Best practices and knowledge exchange; Awareness raising actions; Identification of new roles and competences among the key agents; Transfer of information and knowledge between implementation agents and professionals; Funding for the implementation of technical solutions

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

ELENA Horizon 2020

OBJECTIVES TO1: Promoting research, technological development and innovation TO3: Improving the competitiveness of SMEs TO4: Encouraging the transition to a low-carbon economy in all sectors TO5: Encouraging adaptation to climatic change and risk prevention and management TO6: Protecting the environment and promoting the efficient use of resources

AVAILABLE BUDGET: â‚Ź 106 Million Euros

Funding

EU level

Private Funding

INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

E4R

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

Location Technical Strategies

Beneficiaries

Operating Strategies

Planned Investments

Solutions

Main Activities

Costs

Funding

EU level

Spain, Portugal and France ITG. Fundaci贸n Instituto Tecnol贸gico de Galicia (ES) INEGI. Instituto de Engenharia Mec芒nica e Gest茫o Industrial (PT) Junta de Extremadura (ES) EIGSI La Rochelle (FR)

ELENA

Encourage and promote energy rehabilitation of buildings within the European southwest, through the realization of practical tools that help establish both energy efficient and economically criteria.

Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation

Project cost

Development of a Web Portal that is the meeting point of all agents involved in energy rehabilitation and store the documents generated during the execution of the project and remain continuously updated. Cataloging measures and strategies specific energy saving energy rehabilitation. Organization of various public events for the dissemination of results among professionals in the rehabilitation sector and the dissemination of brochures and other promotional items. Development of a data base: Products, Technologies, Fund schemes, legislative, etc. Creating a Web Application to evaluate energetic renovation of buildings, to quantify improvements in energy saving strategy and prioritize among the most efficient in both energy and economically. Organization of seminars and an international congress with different experiences for the dissemination of results among other professionals from the rehabilitation sector Total cost: 1.032.916 Euro EU Contribution: 774.687 Euro

More details

Web page: www.e4rproject.eu Email: alejandro.garcia@aidico.es

Expected results

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

ECOHABITAT

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level

Location Spain and France Technical Strategies

Beneficiaries Operating Strategies

Solutions

Planned Investments Main Activities

Costs

Université de Toulouse (FR) Féderation Sud Ouest des SCOP du Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics (FR) Mancomunidad de Municipios del Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (ES) Universitad Politècnica de Cataluña (UPC) (ES) Fundación Privada Ascamm (ES) G.A.I.A. (Associación por la Generacion de Autonomia e Innovación en la Arquitectura) (ES) Establish a network of cooperation, transnational between the French and Spanish players in the field of construction and urban planning, to promote the implementation and dissemination of technological innovation in in terms of Buildings. Identification - in each regional partners - practices, social practices, technologies, costs, regulations, government incentives and institutional procedures. In a second step building a common stock based on knowledge transfer and the opening of the application of new technologies prospects for sustainable buildings.

Expected Data base, Methodologies, protocols, strategic planes, Formation models, Pilot test, results Clusters. Professional network Funding

Project cost More details

European Funding Scheme

Total Cost: 1.257.080 Euro EU Contribution: 942.810 Euro Web page: www.ecohabitat-sudoe.eu Email: Christine.monjon@grandtoulouse.fr

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

CBC Programme

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION The INTERREG EUROPE programme aims to improve the implementation of regional development policies and programmes, in particular programmes for Investment for Growth and Jobs and European Territorial Cooperation (ETC) programmes.

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

OBJECTIVES The overall objective of the INTERREG EUROPE Programme is to improve the effectiveness of regional policies and instruments.

Solutions

The Programme will address four thematic objectives: - Strengthening research, technological development and innovation - Enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs - Supporting the shift towards a low-carbon economy in all sectors - Protecting the environment and promoting resource efficiency

Costs

Funding

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

BENEFICIARIES: Managing Authorities of Structural Funds Programmed; Regional/Local Authorities; Agencies, Research Institutes, Thematic policy Organizations BUDGET AVAILABLE: â‚Ź 359 Million European Funding Scheme

EU level

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funded Actions

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

- Identification of nZEB best practices among European regions - Exchange and transfer of nZEB best practices among regional public administrations - Implementation plans for the deployment of nZEB strategies - Strategic cooperation among policy decision makers - Development and implementation of “mini-projects� under a more general project - Awareness raising initiatives

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe

Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ECO REGIONS

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

Location Technical Strategies

Beneficiaries Planned Investments

Operating Strategies

Main Activities

Solutions

Costs

Expected results

EU level

Sweden, France, Finland, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Malta, Norway Region Lombardy (Italy), Region of Bavaria (Germany), Region of Northern Great Plain (Hungary), Brussels (Belgium) Improving the governance of Eco-Innovation and Green Technologies in the Private Sector. Actions will be based on transferring good practices based on the RUR@CT methodology and involving RUR@CT partners. Disseminating the project’s activities and achievements outside the project to the relevant stakeholders in Europe (e.g. policy makers at the local, regional, national and European levels). Exchange of experiences dedicated to the identification and analysis of good practices. (core element to the project). More exclusively transfer-oriented, targeting transfers achievement during the project lifetime and at a decisive stage (political validation), notably because a big part of the work was done before the project starts. Strong involvement of policy-makers, associated from scratch. Involvement of every local stakeholder, for the real integration of the GP at all levels. Ambitious implementation plans, planning the real transfer of the GP AND the improvement of the existing policy. Creation of synergies with other projects and networks.

Funding

Project cost

Total Cost: 1.482.814 Euro

More details

Web page: www.ecoregionsproject.eu

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

SERPENTE

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Location Italy, Sweden, France, Cyprus, Belgium, Slovakia, Spain, Czech Rep, Poland, Ireland Planned Improve energy efficiency in different typologies of publicly owned or managed buildings Investments through improved public policies. Main Activities

Solutions

Develops new competence and expertise in measurements and methods for advanced design of energy efficient buildings, picks up and documents the best practices and recommendations based on real-life information, and finally, transfers all the accumulated knowledge to building professionals and industry representatives, local building authorities and citizens, educators, equipment manufacturers and system providers. theoretical understanding and practical application of energy efficiency initiatives responsible energy consumption

Expected foster proactive involvement results energy and economic savings

develop and disseminate a common manual

Project cost

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

European Energy Efficient Fund

Total cost: 1.960.985 Euro EU contribution: 1.531.970 Euro

More details www.serpente-project.eu

European Funding Scheme

Horizon 2020

European Neighbourhood Instrument

design and implement pilot actions

Funding

ELENA

INTERREG Europe

identify good practices related to energy efficiency in public buildings

Costs

EU level

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

IEEB

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Location Beneficiaries Planned Investments Main Activities

Solutions

Costs

Expected results

Project cost Funding

EU level

Sweden, France, Finland, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Malta, Norway Nordic countries Create a Nordic network of universities, research, business and society to develop new solutions and promote energy efficiency in buildings.

ELENA

Develops new competence and expertise in measurements and methods for advanced design of energy efficient buildings, picks up and documents the best practices and recommendations based on real-life information, and finally, transfers all the accumulated knowledge to building professionals and industry representatives, local building authorities and citizens, educators, equipment manufacturers and system providers. Technological development of low-energy solutions in housing Transfer of knowledge about energy solutions to the construction industry and the society Measurement techniques to decrease energy consumption Measuring the energy consumption in existing buildings through the energy signature Contributing in matching standards and technical solutions for energy efficiency, thus leading to better prerequisites for international trade. Total Cost: 32.568 Euro EU Contribution: 10.000 Euro

Horizon 2020

More details www.oamk.fi

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

ENI

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION The European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI), which has replaced the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The ENI will support the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and turn decisions taken on a political level into actions on the ground. Effective from 2014 to 2020 the ENI seeks to streamline financial support, concentrating on agreed policy objectives, and make programming shorter and better focused, so that it is more effective.

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

KEY ACTIONS - Bilateral Programmes covering support to one partner country - Multi country Programmes which address challenges common to all or a number of partner countries, and regional and sub-regional cooperation between two or more partner countries - Cross-border cooperation Programmes between Member States and partner countries taking place along their shared part of the external border of the EU (including Russia)

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe

IMPACT Under the ENI, Neighborhoods will: - Become faster and more flexible - Offer incentives for best performers through the morefor-more approach that allows the EU to increase its support to those partners that are genuinely implementing what has been jointly agreed - Be increasingly policy-driven based on the key policy objectives agreed with the partners, mainly in the ENP bilateral action plans - Allow for greater differentiation - Mutual accountability

European Funding Scheme

EU level

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ENI

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

ELENA Horizon 2020

Operating Strategies

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions

INTERREG Europe Costs

Funding

European Neighbourhood Instrument

BUDGET: The ENI will build on the achievements of the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) and bring more tangible benefits to both the EU and its Neighborhoods partners. It has a budget of â‚Ź15.433 billion Euro and will provide the bulk of funding to the European Neighborhood countries through a number of programmes

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding Actions

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

- Raising awareness activities on nZEB - Cooperative actions aimed at the identification of nZEB implementation schemes - Cooperation actions among private and pubic actors - nZEB industry development initiatives - Funding for the implementation of technical solutions

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions

INTERREG Europe Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

DIDSOLIT

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Location Beneficiaries Planned Investments

Promote and implement innovative technologies and know-how transfer of small-scale solar energy decentralized systems in public buildings/premises

Project cost More details

www.didsolit.eu

Main Activities Solutions

Funding

Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain, Barcelona)

Mapping and analysis of existing small-scale solar technologies Production of standard “Conceptual Designs� concerning the solar-power applications developed (including thermoelectric dish-stirling and parabolic-trough, photovoltaic glass-substitute sheets and thin-layer/film sheets) Drafting of reports addressing the rules and regulations for installing decentralised solar power systems in the regions concerned by the project Organization of conferences, workshops and training sessions for promoting the developed solar solutions Improved knowledge of the status of development and market-availability of innovative small-scale solar power technologies for in-buildings applications 10 solar power applications implemented in 10 selected public buildings Increased solar power created (260 kWp) and produced (380 MWh) in the selected buildings Enhanced interest of local private and public stakeholders for decentralized applications of innovative solar energy systems in public buildings and facilities Innovative solar technologies, know-how and best practices transferred Total cost: 4.438.553 Euro EU Contribution: 3.994.694 Euro

Operating Strategies

Costs

EU level

Greece, Egypt, Jordan, Spain

Expected results

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

MED SOLAR

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Location Beneficiaries Planned Investments

Main Activities

Solutions

Costs

Expected results Project cost

Funding

More details

European Funding Scheme

EU level

Spain, France, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan Trama TecnoAmbiental S.L (SPAIN, Catalu単a) Promote and implement innovative technologies and know-how transfer in the field of solar energy, especially photovoltaic energy Survey of the national regulations and legal frameworks related to photovoltaic energy Identification of financing mechanisms allowing for the development of photovoltaic projects Research and development on innovative photovoltaic technologies Drafting of a socio-economic impact study to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness and impact of the pilot plants Creation of a cross-border network engaging several public authorities, universities, SMEs, engineers, etc. National energy grids and their weakness characterized in Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine Set of recommendations defined to improve legal frameworks and energy tariff schemes Power from solar energy increased in 3 public buildings and 1 industry (between 500-800 m2 of photovoltaic modules installed) Pilot plants tested, validated and monitored Total cost: 3.017.615 Euro EU Contribution: 2.656.771 Euro www.medsolarproject.com

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

MED DESIRE

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

Location Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Beneficiaries Planned Investments Main Activities

Solutions

Costs

Expected results

Funding

Puglia Region – Research and Competitiveness Service, Industrial Research and Technological Innovation Office (Italy – Puglia) Facilitate the take up of distributed solar energy and energy efficiency in the target regions, by achieving an effective cross-border cooperation and by raising public awareness on the related benefits for the environment and for sustainable local development Benchmarking of national/regional policies and programmes focused on solar energy and energy efficiency Analysis of current certification procedures for solar energy technologies in MPC and EU regions Elaboration of recommendations and action plans for improving legislative and regulatory frameworks Capacity building initiatives for solar energy technicians and professionals to ensure the quality of components and installations Training sessions for policy-makers in charge of solar energy regulation Elaboration of innovative financial and market stimulus instruments Strengthened capacity of public administrations and regional institutions Higher and more diffused competences of local technicians and professionals, facilitating the removal of the main technical barriers for distributed solar technology Innovative tailored financial mechanisms and market stimulation instruments designed to support the widespread diffusion of solar energy technologies Strengthened participatory approaches and increased awareness among public and private local stakeholders A wide consensus achieved amongst public and private key stakeholders on the central role of renewable energies for sustainable development and environmental protection A cooperation framework established among providers of energy technologies and services in EU Mediterranean Countries and Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPC) to foster the development of a sustainable common energy market

Project cost

Total cost: 4.655.007 Euro EU Contribution: 4.191.306 Euro

More details

www..med-desire.eu

European Funding Scheme

EU level

Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Lebanon, Egypt

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

FOSTER in MED

Overview

Typology

Example Overview

Goal & Benefits

Location Technical Strategies

Beneficiaries

University of Cagliari – Departament of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture (Italy, Sardegna)

Planned Investments

Transfer knowhow in the solar energy field, to implement a shared design methodology and to promote solar energy innovative technologies at civil society level

Project cost

Creation of 6 info points Networking between similar projects and initiatives Formulation of policy papers Training dedicated to 400 stakeholders (designers, SMEs/installers and university students) to transfer technical knowhow Information seminars to promote the benefits of solar technologies involving 350 citizens and 3500 students Cultural and normative barriers, design and technical gap that can delay the diffusion of solar technologies identified through comprehensive context analysis Solar technologies and its technological trends promoted Local legislations on solar energy compared and common innovation proposals defined Design, architectural integration and installation competences transferred Solar energy consumption increased in 5 public buildings through 85 kWp of photovoltaic panels installed Total cost: 4.500.000 Euro EU Contribution: 4.050.000 Euro

More details

www.fosterinmed.eu

Operating Strategies

Main Activities Solutions

Costs

Funding

EU level

Spain, Italy, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Tunisia

Expected results

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Energy Efficient Fund

Overview

Current available fund

Typology

Examples

Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

The European Energy Efficiency Fund (EEEF) is an innovative Public-Private Partnership dedicated to mitigating climate change through energy efficiency measures and the use of renewable energy in the member states of the European Union. It focuses on financing energy efficiency, small-scale renewable energy, and clean urban transport projects (at market rates) The final beneficiaries of EEEF are municipal, local and regional authorities as well as public and private entities acting on behalf of those authorities such as utilities, public transportation providers, social housing associations, energy service companies etc. Investments can be made in Euro, or local currencies, however the latter is restricted to a certain percentage. DIRECT INVESTMENTS: These comprise projects from project developers, energy service companies (ESCOs), small scale renewable energy and energy efficiency service and supply companies that serve energy efficiency and renewable energy markets in the target countries. INVESTMENTS INTO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: These include investments in local commercial banks, leasing companies and other selected financial institutions that either finance or are committed to financing projects of the Final Beneficiaries meeting the eligibility criteria of EEEF

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Forfaiting structureguaranteed savings from the ESCO

Overview

Current available fund

Typology

Examples

Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

ELENA Horizon 2020

Operating Strategies

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions

INTERREG Europe Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Funding via special purpose vehicle

Overview

Current available fund

Typology

Examples

Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

ELENA Horizon 2020

Operating Strategies

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions

INTERREG Europe Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Energy Efficient Fund

Overview

Current available fund

Typology

Examples

Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

Period

Ongoing

ELENA

Uses unspent funds of the EEPR. It focuses on financing energy efficiency, small‐scale renewable energy, and clean urban transport projects targeting municipal, local, regional authorities (and national authorities, if justified) as well as public and private entities acting on behalf of those authorities.

Operating Strategies

Purpose

Solutions

Scheme Type

Structured Finance Vehicle

Nature

Public Private Partnerships

Beneficiaries Costs

Process Resources

INTERREG Europe

Local Authorities and ESCO’s

European Neighbourhood Instrument

Direct investment or via Financial Institutions € 265 million

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Horizon 2020

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Energy Efficient Fund

Overview

Current available fund

Typology

Examples

Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

-

nZEB oriented building upgrade initiatives nZEB technical solutions installation Large scale operation in buildings Development of role models Applied research Promotion of inter sector cooperation for the implementation of nZEB technical solutions

Solutions

ELENA Horizon 2020 Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation INTERREG Europe

Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Energy Efficiency upgrade of the University Hospital S.Orsola Malpighi – Overview Bologna, Italy

Current available fund

Typology

Examples

Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

ELENA Horizon 2020

Operating Strategies

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions

INTERREG Europe Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Building retrofit of the University of Applied Science - Munich, Germany

Overview

Current available fund

Typology

Examples

Overview

Goal & Benefits

EU level Technical Strategies

ELENA Horizon 2020

Operating Strategies

Cross-Border Cooperation Transnational Cooperation

Solutions

INTERREG Europe Costs

European Neighbourhood Instrument

European Energy Efficient Fund

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

European Regional Development Fund Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Overview

In the 2014-2020 programming period the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds), and specially the Cohesion Policy Funds, are expected to allocate a minimum of 23bnâ‚Ź to sustainable energy actions. The funds are governed by the Commons Provision Regulation (CPR) as well as fund-specific regulations. Under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) a minimum percentage of funding will be directed to energy efficiency, renewable energies, smart distribution systems and sustainable urban mobility: 20% for developed regions, 15% for transition regions and 12 for less developed regions.

Solutions

These funds will be planned and deployed within the regional Operational Programmes. The investment priorities set within the ERDF and the Cohesion Fund (thematic objective 4) and related to the nZEB initiatives in schools are:

Costs

- Promoting the production and distribution of energy derived from renewable sources - Supporting energy efficiency, smart energy management and renewable energy use in public infrastructures, including public buildings - Developing and implementing smart distribution systems at low and medium voltage levels - Promoting the use of high-efficiency cogeneration of heat and power based on useful heat demand

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Current Available Funds

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization Regional Operational Programmes

European Regional Development Fund Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Overview

Period

Purpose

Scheme Type

Current Available Funds

2014-2020

European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), European Social Fund (ESF) and Cohesion Fund (CF), provide funding for investment in a wide range of areas to support economic, social and territorial cohesion, including investments in EE, RE, energy infrastructure and sustainable urban transport, as well as related research andinnovation. Priorities set out in Operational Programmes at national or regional level

Nature

Public and Private

Beneficiaries

Public and Private

Process Resources

Specific to each MS or region, shared responsibility between EC and MS authorities â‚Ź 325 million

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization Regional Operational Programmes

Smart Specialization Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Overview

In order to ensure the coherence of strategies and in order to make more efficient use of the Structural Funds, the different member states have developed national and regional strategies for smart specialization innovation (known as RIS3) and integrated agenda for territorial economic transformation. Importantly, the proposal from the European Commission's cohesion policy for 2014-2020 will be a prerequisite in this regard to the use of ERDF funds. The strategy RIS3 put into effect, thus there is the need to develop an innovation strategy based on intelligent research by concentrating efforts on promising areas of the local context. These strategies support the technological innovation and practice through the involvement of all stakeholders.

Solutions

During the period 2014-2020 regions will publish specific calls targeted to energy efficiency and low carbon economy in order to follow these funding opportunities for nZEB, please refer to the following links: Costs

Funding

-

Languedoc-Roussillon: www.laregion.fr Catalonia: www.gencat.cat Regione Veneto: www.regione.veneto.it Regione Marche: www.regione.marche.it Regione Toscana: www.regione.toscana.it Attica: www.attikis.gr/en/Pages/Proclamations.aspx

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Current Available Funds

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization Regional Operational Programmes

Regional Operational Programmes Goal & Benefits

Overview

Veneto Region

Technical Strategies

Current Available Funds

Operating Strategies

Languedoc Roussillon

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization

Tuscany Region

Regional Operational Programmes

Solutions

Costs

Funding

Marche Region

Catalunya Attica

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

ROP Catalunya Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Overview Investment Priority 4.2 IP

Promoting energy efficiency and use of renewable energy by companies

Investment Priority 4.3 IP

Support for energy efficiency and use of renewable energy in public infrastructure, including public buildings and housing

Specific Actions

Savings Plan and energy efficiency in the buildings of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Measures to improve efficiency and energy savings in the buildings of the Generalitat de Catalunya and the replacement of equipment and facilities and the addition of control equipment and energy management for energy and cost savings at a time that will be conducted the state of the equipment and facilities is improved. The performances will be conducted primarily with energy service companies that assume implementation of improvements and renovations of facilities and ensure energy savings. Savings Plan and energy efficiency in public infrastructure and buildings of local authorities. Measures to improve the efficiency and energy savings in buildings of local authorities such as the renewal of equipment and facilities and the addition of control equipment and energy management for energy and cost savings at a time will be conducted that improves the condition of equipment and facilities. Systems implementation activities and renewable energy generation systems, high efficiency air conditioning as neighbourhood networks will also be made ; and the implementation of Management Systems Energy Efficiency ( SGE ) in buildings and public facilities , monitoring data collection, centralization and processing of information through ICT technologies.

Read More

http://fonseuropeus.gencat.cat/web/.content/80_fons_europeus/arxius/PO_FEDER_C ATALUNA1420_v5_versio-juliol.pdf

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Current Available Funds

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization Regional Operational Programmes

ROP Marche Goal & Benefits

Overview

To support energy efficiency, efficient use of energy and use renewable energy in the Public infrastructure, including public buildings, and in housing

Technical Strategies

The choice of P.4.c) is due to the presence of high energy consumption by the domestic sector, linked in case of the public to the age of the assets. The high cost of investment efficiency energy would not be in most cases sustainable absence of mechanisms incentiv .

Operating Strategies

Current Available Funds

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization

Foreseen investment in Objective 4 for the Regione Marche â‚Ź32.7M Solutions

Read More

http://www.europa.marche.it/Portals/0/Documenti/programmazione_20142020/POR-FESR_approvato_Assemblea_regionale.pdf

Costs

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Regional Operational Programmes

ROP Tuscany Goal & Benefits

Overview To support energy efficiency, efficient use of energy and use renewable energy in the Public infrastructure , including public buildings, and in housing PUBLIC: The Region intends to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy use in industrial companies , also supporting measures to reduce CO2 emissions according to the criteria and guidelines of the Plan Environmental and Regional Energy (PAER) and depending on the achievement of the objectives burden sharing set by national policies (D.M 15/03/2012). The reasons are represented by the difficulties encountered in Regional which show: (i) the 30% of the final energy consumption due to industry; (ii) the industrial sector is responsible for the emission into the atmosphere of 13 million tons of CO2; (iii) the energy expenditure of companies is well above an average European, a factor that reduces level international competitiveness.

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

PRIVATE: The heating of buildings is responsible for atmospheric emissions at a rate of approximately 43.07 % of the total CO2 emissions. For these reasons, the region in line with the PAER - under Axis Urban – must implement measures designed to eco- efficiency and reduction of primary energy consumption buildings and public facilities or to use public in order to help reduce the energy consumption in macro land areas identified and the objectives of reducing atmospheric emissions and cost.

Solutions

Costs Read More

http://www.sviluppo.toscana.it/fesrtest/index.php?section=03_Documenti%20della%20Reg ione%20Toscana

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Current Available Funds

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization Regional Operational Programmes

ROP Veneto Goal & Benefits

Overview

Priority 4

Supporting the shift towards a low carbon economy sectors

Key actions to be funded

- Promoting Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in Enterprises - Supporting Energy Efficiency, Smart Energy Management and Renewable Energy Use in Public Infrastructures, including in public buildings and housing sector - Developing and implementing smart distribution systems that operate at low and medium voltage levels - Promoting the use of high-efficiency co-generation of heat and power based on useful heat demand - Overall European Union support 46.3â‚Ź million (these actions will be further financed by Italian funds

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Read More

http://www.regione.veneto.it/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=67d343b3dc71-4d9b-aa29-d3d3bb704fb5&groupId=121704

Costs

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Current Available Funds

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization Regional Operational Programmes

ROP Languedoc Goal & Benefits

Overview

The final version of the Operational Programme for the Languedoc Roussillon region has not been officially published at December 2014. Technical Strategies

The draft for the Languedoc Roussillon Operational Plan does not include any specific topic directly addressing the renovation of schools. However, other priorities might offer the possibility to integrate initiatives indirectly related to this field, such as:

Operating Strategies

AXIS II: Reduction of the territorial vulnerability, guaranteeing their environmental activity and limit their CO2 emissions. Measure III: Promote energy efficiency and development of renewable energies, and contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions.

Solutions

For more information subsequent updates, please visit the link provided here

Costs

Read More Funding

European Funding Scheme

http://www.europe-en-france.gouv.fr/Des-programmes-pour-qui-pourquoi/Trouver-une-aide/Programmes-regionaux-pluri-regionaux-etnationaux/Le-FEDER-en-Languedoc-Roussillon-PO

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Current Available Funds

RIS 3 – Smart Specialization Regional Operational Programmes

nZEB Renovation Vouchers Systems ERDF Based Vouchers

Goal & Benefits Public Agency // Central Office managing ERDF funds

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

E“CO’s Based Programmes

1 School Voucher Application

2

Service Report 6

Solutions

Costs

Voucher Delivery

Voucher reimbursement

5

SCHOOL 4

Renovation Service

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Payment (Voucher) ESCO

3

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Example

nZEB Renovation Vouchers Systems ERDF Based Vouchers

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

- Esco’s willing to participate in the process will be certified by the managing public authority Schools - Following the publication of the of the nZEB Renovation Vouchers call by the Governing Authority the potential school candidates will fulfill an individual application, indicating the service they wish to implement and the provider they want to collaborate with - Once the application has been received by the Governing Authority, a specific team is set up to assess the quality of applications and the optimality of the process will be analysed - If the action is accepted, the school will be awarded with a voucher and will submit a formal petition to the already certified ESCO - Firm to receive the service - Once the service is completed, the school handles the voucher to the company that has offered the service - The service provider sends a report on the service provided to the programme managing authority that will evaluate the work done in relation to the school initial application - If the service is positively evaluated, the managing authority of the programme makes the payment to the service provider for the amount stipulated in the voucher.

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

E“CO’s Based Programmes

Example

ESCO’s Based Programmes ERDF Based Vouchers

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

PUBLIC AGENCY RESPONSIBILITY

AGENCY COMMITMENT TO CONDUCT RENOVATION ACTIONS

INFORMATION AND RESOURCES IDENTIFICATION

PROJECT BRIEF

Operating Strategies

Example CALL FOR PORPOSALS

Solutions

Costs

E“CO’s Based Programmes

ESCO’S RESPONSIBILITY

INVESTMENT AND MEASURES PROPOSAL

INSTALLATION OF NZEB ENERGY MEASURES

SERVICE PROVIDER / MONITOR PERFORMANCE

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

RE:FIT Programme ERDF Based Vouchers

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Location City of London Beneficiaries The city of London

Background

Solutions

Main Activities Costs

Funding

Process

RE:FIT Schools energy efficiency programme is a London-wide schools energy reduction initiative using the competitive, performance based RE:FIT building retrofit programme. Developed and supported by the Mayor of London, Department for Education (DfE) and the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC), the RE:FIT Schools energy efficiency programme supports London’s schools to retrofit their existing buildings with energy conservation measures, thereby reducing carbon emissions and achieving substantial annual cost savings. The level of energy savings are guaranteed, thus offering a secure financial return on investment. The RE:FIT Schools energy efficiency programme is a streamlined version of the RE:FIT scheme, which enables schools to enhance with the scheme and realise significant energy and cost savings. The works are delivered by an Energy Service Company (ESCo), Mitie, who was is pre-procured from the RE:FIT Framework. The ESCo identifies the potential energy conservation measures that can be installed and the outline savings that can be achieved. The ESCo guarantees these savings. - Opt-in agreement and data gathering - Survey Summary - Investment Grade Proposal - Installation of energy conservation measures - Benefits delivery and monitoring

Case studies http://refit.org.uk/refit-schools/case-studies/ European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

E“CO’s Based Programmes

Example

RE:FIT Programme ERDF Based Vouchers

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Agency commitment to conduct renovation actions Information and resources identification

Solutions

Costs

Project Brief

Funding

European Funding Scheme

The interested public sector organisation will sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). This is a non-legally binding document which indicates the organisation's interest and commitment in the programme at a senior level and allows the PDU to become fully involved in developing the initial interest into a full retrofit project. The organisation identifies internal resources and begins to consider the list of buildings to be considered for renovation. Energy data is collected to carry out a desktop energy assessment. This gives an indicative energy saving and payback period for each building. The project brief forms the basis for the mini-competition and can contain a number of areas including: - The tendering approach being used - Specific buying organisation’s financial, technical and operational requirements - Data on buildings included within the project - Contract model options and any buying organisation specific terms and conditions - Financial requirements including payback periods - Guidance on expectations for performance measurement and verification

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

E“CO’s Based Programmes

Example

Using Self-Produced Energy Goal & Benefits

Self-produced energy means energy which a user or a group of users has saved or produced locally using renewable energy sources. Technical Strategies

2

Operating Strategies

School

Energy Supplier

Solutions

1 Costs

Funding

1. The application of nZEB concept benefits the school by reducing the electricity invoice, this save would be reutilize in the improvement of energetic status of the center. Budget allocation: Electricity fees.

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

2. Any over-produced energy derived from the application of nZEB would be a self-fund resource.

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

National State Budget Schemes Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Regional Complexity Technical Strategies

Allocation Methods Major Categories

Operating Strategies

Greece

France General Budget

Solutions

Spain General Budget

Costs

Spain

Italy General Budget

France Italy

Greece General Budget

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Regional Complexity Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Solutions

Costs

Funding

As it has been stated by Eurydice’s report “Financing Schools in Europe: Mechanisms, Methods and criteria in public Funding” there exists an a great variety across Europe with respect funding systems. According to the report, “these systems have developed over many decades to meet the needs of individuals, wider society and the economy. The changing priorities of education systems have also shaped the way in which funding mechanisms have evolved”. It is, thus, important to recognise the particular national context when considering policy reforms, as certain types of reform may work differently in several countries. Providing a comprehensive overview of the funding process and the specific roles of the various public authorities involved is a complex task resulting from the idiosyncrasies of the political and administrative landscape of every country and the way funding responsibilities are shared among authorities. Another element that raises complexity into the equation is the autonomy enjoyed by some intermediate institutions such as the Autonomous Communities in Spain. Source: Eurydice Report, Education and Training, EC, (2014), “Financing Schools in Europe: Mechanisms, Methods and Criteria in Public Funding” European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Regional Complexity Allocation Methods Major Categories Greece Spain France Italy

Resource Allocation Methods Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Regional Complexity

Two main models for resources allocation can be identified: Technical Strategies

Operating Strategies

Model A: Agreed procedure based on pre-defined criteria for determining the amount of resources should receive. Model B: Based on an estimate of the schools’ needs which may, or not, take into account pre-defined criteria. Under this model the responsible education authorities have more autonomy in deciding the level of resources. Model A

Solutions

Costs

Model B

•Formula funding. Uses defined criteria and applies a universally agreed rule to these criteria to set the amount of resources allocated to the school.

• Budgetary Approval. It involves awarding resources to authorities / schools in line with a budget they have drawn up themselves for approval by the responsible public authority.

Source: Euriydice Report, Education and Training, EC, (2014), “Financing Schools in Europe: Mechanisms, Methods and Criteria in Public Funding” European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Major Categories Greece Spain

• Discretionary determination of resources. The amount of resources is determined by the authority concerned. It is fixed without having to refer to any other authority and with the estimates taking place on a case-to-case basis.

Funding

Allocation Methods

Private Funding

France Italy

Resource Allocation Methods Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Over the following slides we will see the different financing models applied in France, Greece, Italy and Spain were the exact lines of financing for operational goods and capital will be clearly defined

Operating Strategies

OPERATIONAL GOODS AND SERVICES

CAPITAL

Regional Complexity Allocation Methods Major Categories Greece

Solutions

Costs

Funding

• Under this heading we can integrate the more significant costs in the nZEB retrofitting process, namely, larger scale investments, renovations and the purchase of large scale equipment,; as well as other measures related to actions applicable to schools as an infrastructure.

• Under this budget line school can request some small actions related to energy efficiency activities, The most important of which is probably maintenance*

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

France Italy

* The correct and regular maintenance of different EE measures has a significant impact in their efficiency, for instance, a heavily soiled hot water system will not only have a direct impact on the student population but it may consume as much as 20% more energy than a properly maintained one. European Funding Scheme

Spain

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Greece Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Regional Complexity Technical Strategies

Allocation Methods Major Categories

Operating Strategies

Greece Spain

Solutions

France Costs Italy

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Spain Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Regional Complexity Technical Strategies

Allocation Methods Major Categories

Operating Strategies

Greece Spain

Solutions

France Costs Italy

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Spain Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Regional Complexity Technical Strategies

Allocation Methods Major Categories

Operating Strategies

Greece Spain

Solutions

France Costs Italy

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

France Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Regional Complexity Technical Strategies

Allocation Methods Major Categories

Operating Strategies

Greece Spain

Solutions

France Costs Italy

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

France Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Regional Complexity Technical Strategies

Allocation Methods Major Categories

Operating Strategies

Greece Spain

Solutions

France Costs Italy

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Italy Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Regional Complexity Technical Strategies

Allocation Methods Major Categories

Operating Strategies

Greece Spain

Solutions

France Costs Italy

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Italy Introduction

Goal & Benefits

Regional Complexity Technical Strategies

Allocation Methods Major Categories

Operating Strategies

Greece Spain

Solutions

France Costs Italy

Funding

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Private Funding Goal & Benefits

Technical Strategies

Type

Description

Preferential Loan

Preferential loans refer to the acquisition of funds through borrowing: a lender provides a loan to a borrower for a defined purpose over a fixed period of time. The loan is provided at lower interest rates. Typically the interest rates are fixed over a certain period of time, usually 10‐20 years and allow for long‐term maturity. The loan configuration varies depending on the borrower, lender and the type of measures taken; however it is usually configured in such way as to take into account real payback time. In the context of nZEB funding, preferential loans can be originated by a financial intermediary with support from an Operational Programme based on a risk‐sharing arrangement. Under such a setup, the loan packages funding from the financial intermediary at market interest rate and funding from the Operational Programme at below market interest rate.

Operating Strategies

Funding

Inclusion of specific provision in the regional / national Operational Plan Financial Institution Act as an Intermediary

Guarantee

Guarantees refer to a risk sharing mechanism where “the guarantor” entity (e.g., bank, MA) assumes a debt obligation in case a borrower (e.g., ESCO) defaults. Guarantees can be partial, where the guarantor is only liable for part of the outstanding balance at the time of default, usually defined as a fixed percentage. A loan guarantee allows beneficiaries/final recipients to receive a loan at a preferential rate since the guarantee covers the risk run by the bank in providing the loan.

Banks and Financial Institution guarantee the risk to the final beneficiary (ESCO’s)

Energy performance contracting with owner finance

In the case of EPC with owner finance, the contractual arrangement between the ESCO and the building owner regarding SE measure implementation and guaranteed energy performance levels can be the same as for EPC with ESCO finance. The difference is that the building owner provides the money required for the investment (from their own funds or a loan provided by a bank). In this context, Cohesion Policy funding can provide preferential loans to building owners or guarantees.

Municipalities should provide the money required for the investment

Energy performance contracting with ESCO finance

Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is an arrangement in which a contracting partner (e.g. ESCO) enters into an integrated contract with the end‐user and the financing institution to design and implement energy conservation measures with a guaranteed level of energy performance for the duration of the contract. The stream of income from energy savings yielded from the measures is used to repay the upfront investment costs, and payment is based on the achievement of EE improvements and on meeting other agreed performance criteria.

ESCO must provide the money required for the investment

Solutions

Costs

Process

European Funding Scheme

Regional/ National Fund

Specific Funding Programmes

Self Funding

National State Budget Schemes

Private Funding

Appendix Links & References

- Capturing the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency. IEA September 2014 (Book) - The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance, L. Baker & H. Bernstein, February 2012 (Guide) - A guide to developing strategies for building energy renovation, Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE), February 2013 (Guide)

Building Energy Renovation

Tools

Design Methodology

Guidelines

IEQ

Ventilation

Energy Efficent Systems

Energy Audit - Workshop on Energy Audits and Energy Management Systems under Article 8 of the Energy Efficiency Directive: Presentation of Article 8, Eva Hoos, March 2004 IEQ Audit - Course description for students, Green Education Foundation – USA (Table of Contents) - IEQ related to HVAC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HVAC checklists to assist with maintenance and record keeping from USEPA/NIOSH Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers)

Building Energy Renovation

Tools

Design Methodology

Guidelines

IEQ

Ventilation

Energy Efficent Systems

Energy Design Software -

IES-VE (Energy + Ventilation + Comfort + Lighting) EnergyPlus – Open Studio(Free) / Design Builder Trnsys TAS Comfie-Pleiades (French) MIT Design Advisor (5 minutes early design) Energy tools directory US-Energy Dpt Energy tools directory – WBDG Software and resources directory for Environmental buildings (French)

Building Energy Renovation

Tools

Design Methodology

Guidelines

IEQ

Ventilation

Energy Efficent Systems

Daylighting Design Software -

WBDG daylighting Radiance – Open Studio (free) Ecotect DIALux Daysim Lighting software directory – US Energy Dpt

IAQ Models - Indoor Air Quality Modeling, EPA - CFD models: CONTAM, COMIS

Building Energy Renovation

Tools

Design Methodology

Guidelines

IEQ

Ventilation

Energy Efficent Systems

- A Holistic Methodology for Sustainable Renovation towards Residential Net-Zero Energy Buildings (under development in University of Aalborg, Denmark) - Method for Developing and Assessing Holistic Energy Renovation of Multi-storey Buildings (Technical University of Denmark) - MaTrID project guidelines (Integrated Design Process Guide) - The Integrated Design Process (iiSBE 2005) - Engage the Integrated Design Process (WBDG 2012), including “charrettes” (creative multi-day sessions) - The integrated design process – Benefits and phases (Canadian Government Webpage 2014) - Integrated Design Process Guide (Canadian Gouvernment)

Building Energy Renovation

Tools

Design Methodology

Guidelines

IEQ

Ventilation

Energy Efficent Systems

- Deep Renovation of Buildings, Ecofys, May 2014 (Report) - Renovation tracks for Europe up to 2050, EURIMA, 2012 (Report) - “What is a Deep Renovation� report, Global Buildings Performance Network, March 2013 - Multiple Benefits of Investing in Energy Efficient Renovations Impact on Public Finances, a study by Copenhagen Economics, released at Renovate Europe Day, 11 October 2012 - EuroPHit Project (staged deep renovations)

Building Energy Renovation

Tools

Design Methodology

Guidelines

IEQ

Ventilation

Energy Efficent Systems

- SchoolVentCool project (Ventilation, cooling and strategies for high performance school renovations) SchoolVentCool brochure (EU - Advanced Energy Retrofit Guide for K-12 Schools (US) - School of the future (Technology screening report) (EU) - Teenergy guidelines (MED) - EURONET 50/50 max (user behaviour) (EU) - VERYschool tool (energy management) (EU) - Carbon Trust – Schools (UK) - Low carbon refurbishment of buildings (Carbon Trust UK) - Design of low carbon buildings – Learning – Case studies (UK)

Building Energy Renovation

Tools