PREPOSITIONS AND CLAUSES VERBAL Andrea Duque 2017
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C.I 25.495.159
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PREPOSITIONS AND CLAUSES VERBAL -Valor Creativo-
PREPOSITION.
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you’ll find prepositions in front of gerund verbs.
Types of Prepositions There are three types of prepositions, including time prepositions, place prepositions, and direction prepositions. Time prepositions are those such as before, after, during, and until; place prepositions are those indicating position, such as around, between, and against; and direction prepositions are those indicative of direction, such as across, up, and down. Each type of preposition is important .
What is a Prepositional Phrase? Prepositional phrases are groups of words containing prepositions. Remember that prepositions are words that indicate the relationships between various elements within a sentence, and you’ll never have difficulty identifying prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that lacks either a verb or a subject, and that functions as a unified part of speech. It normally consists of a preposition and a noun or a preposition and a pronoun.
Remember the following rules for prepositional phrases and you will find that using them becomes much easier. Prepositional phrases always consist of two basic parts at minimum: the object and the preposition. In formal English, prepositions are almost always followed by objects. Adjectives can be placed between the prepositions and objects in prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases can act as adverbs or adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they modify nouns and pronouns in the same way single-word adjectives do. When prepositional phrases are used as adverbs, they at the same way single-word adverbs and adverb clauses do, modifying adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs.
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-Andrea DuqueJust like bread and cheese are the minimum ingredients for making a cheese sandwich, a preposition and the object of a preposition are the minimum requirements for forming a prepositional phrase. The object of a preposition is the name for the noun or pronoun following the preposition.
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Prepositional phrases don’t have to be plain. Just as adding more ingredients to a sandwich dresses it up, adding more words such as adverbs or adjectives is a good method for spicing up prepositional phrases. As you read the following examples of prepositional phrases, you’ll notice that the first sentence in each set contains a basic prepositional phrase, while the second one contains a more interesting one.
Examples of Prepositional Phrases The following sentences contain examples of prepositional phrases; the prepositional phrase in each sentence is italicized for easy identification.
The cupcake with sprinkles is yours.
The cupcake with colorful sprinkles is yours.
We climbed up the hill.
We climbed up the very steep hill.
The rabbits hopped through the garden.
The rabbits hopped through the perfectly manicured garden
What is a preposition of time? A preposition of time is a preposition that allows you to discuss a specific time period such as a date on the calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual time something takes place. Prepositions of time are the same words as prepositions of place, however they are used in a different way. You can easily distinguish these prepositions, as they always discuss times rather than places. At – This preposition of time is used to discuss clock times, holidays and festivals, and other very specific time frames including exceptions, such as “at night.” In – This preposition of time is used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.” On – This preposition of time is used to discuss certain days of the week or portions of days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as “on New Year’s Day.”
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-Andrea DuqueExamples of Prepositions of Time There may only be three prepositions of time, but the ways in which you can use them are almost endless. In the following examples, the prepositions of time have been italicized for ease of identification.
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My birthday falls in January.
Birds often migrate in spring and autumn.
My great-grandmother was born in 1906.
Breakfast is a meal which is generally eaten in the morning.
My parents grew up in the 1960s.
My vacation ends on Monday.
We’re going bowling on Friday night.
My brother John was born on September 3rd.
We always have a huge celebration on New Year’s Eve.
Meet me at 7:30.
The town is always well-decorated at Christmastime.
Now that my grandfather is older, he no longer drives at night.
What is a preposition of place? A preposition of place is a preposition which is used to refer to a place where something or someone is located. There are only three prepositions of place, however they can be used to discuss an almost endless number of places. At – A preposition of place which is used to discuss a certain point In – A preposition of place which is used to discuss an enclosed space On – A preposition of time which is used to discuss a surface Prepositions of place allow you to be very specific when talking about where action takes place in stories or when discussing important details for communication purposes.
Examples of Prepositions of Place Prepositions of place give you the ability to tell others where something is located. In the following examples, the prepositions of place have been italicized for ease of identification.
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Jessie waited for Jim at the corner.
The mall is located at the intersection of Main Street and Third Avenue.
We spent a quiet evening at home.
I’m growing tomatoes in my garden.
Marie was born in Paris, France.
I was so tired that I took a nap in the car.
Please place the bouquet on the table.
I really wish you would stop throwing your dirty clothes on the floor.
What’s on the menu this evening?
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List of Prepositions While there are only about 150 prepositions in the English language, these words are among the most important. Without them, the sentences we speak, read, and write would be difficult to understand. The following list of prepositions is not a complete one, however it is among the most comprehensive lists of prepositions available anywhere. Aboard
About
Above
Absent
Across
After
Against
Along
Alongside
Amid
Among
Amongst
Anti
Around
As
At
Before
Behind
Below
Beneath
Beside
Besides
Between
Beyond
But
By
Circa
Concerning
Considering
Despite
Down
During
Except
Excepting
Excluding
Failing
Following
For
From
Given
In
Inside
Into
Like
Minus
Near
Of
Off
On
Onto
Opposite
Outside
Over
Past
Per
Plus
Regarding
Round
Save
Since
Than
Through
To
Toward
Towards
Under
Underneath
Unlike
Until
Up
Upon
Versus
Via
With
Within
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-Andrea DuqueADVERB CLAUSES Adverb clauses are groups of words that function as an adverb. To understand this, you need to know about clauses and the functions of adverbs.
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Types of Clauses
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb (predicate). This differs from a phrase, which does not have a subject and a verb, like “to the park.” Clauses can be independent or dependent.
Independent clauses are called sentences as they can stand alone and express a complete thought.
Dependent clauses, or subordinate clauses, are subordinate to something else, usually an independent clause, and depend on it for meaning. Here are some examples with the dependent clause underlined: Because he has a college degree, he was given a great job. When the storm started, she was at the store. Bob wore the coat that I gave him. You can see that each underlined clause cannot stand on its own, but needs a clause to help it make sense or to help it complete a thought.
What Is an Adverb Clause? Adverb clauses are clauses that function as adverbs. Since they are dependent clauses, they must have a subordinating conjunction to connect them to the other clause. Subordinating conjunctions can be arranged according to the purpose of the clause they begin. Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:
Time: after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon as, whenever, by the time
Condition: if, whether or not, provided, in case, unless, even if, in the event
Cause and effect: because, as, since, so, in order that, now that, inasmuch as
Contrast: though, although, while, whereas, even though
Most of the time, an adverb clause will be separated from the other clause with a comma. Here are a few examples of sentences with and without commas:
Whether you like it or not, you have to go. (The adverb clause “Whether you like it or not” puts a condition on the action.)
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She enjoyed the party more than he did. (The adverb clause 'than he did' modifies the adverb “more”.)
Functions of Adverbs
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Since adverb clauses function as adverbs, let’s look at the functions of adverbs. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
They tell why, when, where, how, how much, and how often an action occurs.
They can begin a sentence that is a question, and give more information.
Here are some examples according to what the adverb is modifying:
Verbs: We eat pizza weekly. She watched the wild animal carefully.
Adjectives: That is a very nice person. The dog is extremely hyperactive.
Adverbs: She sings quite beautifully. My dog is almost always starving.
Examples of Adverb Clauses Adverb clauses can modify by telling the place, time, cause, and purpose of an action. They can also show concession and condition. Basically they answer the questions: Where?, when?, why?, and under what conditions? Here are some examples with the adverb clause underlined:
Place: Wherever there is music, people will often dance. If you know where they live, you can drop in for a visit.
Time: After the chores are done, we will eat ice cream. When the clock strikes midnight, she has to leave.
Cause: She passed the course because she worked hard. Since he has long hair, he wears a ponytail.
Purpose: So that he would not ruin the carpet, he took off his shoes. He ate vegetables in order to stay healthy.
Concession: Even though you are 13, you can’t go to that movie. Although you gave it your best, you did not win the match.
Condition: If you save some money, you can buy a new game. Unless you hurry, you will be late for school.
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