Andrew S TO KO L S Urban Planning & Design Portfolio
Plaza Acupuncture Re-Form Thesis Research Spring 2017 4
Urban Design Studio Fall 2016 8
North Quincy
Ecological Urbanism
Planning Studio Spring 2016 14
Mapping + Urban Analysis Fall 2015 18
Research Summer 2016
Dudley Square Planning Studio Fall 2015 20
22
Sketching 26
Photo: Treasure Hill Arts District, Taipei. Andrew Stokols
Andrew S TO KO L S Masters of Urban Planning Candidate, 2017 Harvard Graduate School of Design Education
Professional Experience
Awards/Grants
Selected Publications
Harvard University Graduate School of Design
World Resources Institute Washington, D.C.
Harvard Asia Center Fung Foundation Grant, 2016 Summer research grant for thesis research on land policies in Chinese cities (visiting researcherHong Kong University)
JoongAng Daily Seoul, South Korea
Harvard Asia Center Winter Research Grant, 2015 Winter research grant for investigating planning responses to aging population in Chinese cities
Rick Peiser and Andrew Stokols. “Why is it so difficult to develop financially successful new towns?” In Toward Twenty-First Century New Towns. Rick Peiser & Ann Forsyth, Eds. (Forthcoming)
Masters of Urban Planning, 2017 Concentration in Urban Design, International Planning
University of California, Berkeley
B.A. History + B.A. Urban Studies 2010 Minor in Global Poverty and Practice
March-August 2015 Assistant to Director of Ross Center for Sustainable Cities
March 2014- September 2014 Journalist and editor at Korea’s largest English-language daily,
Yonsei University Seoul, South Korea
Fulbright Fellowship Xi’an, China
Capital Normal Univeristy Beijing, China
March 2012- March 2013 Researching China’s rural urbanization policies as a visiting researcher at Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology
Korean Language Program Jan-April 2014 Intensive Chinese Language, Spring 2009 With CET Academic Programs
Beijing Cultural Heritage Protection Center Beijing, China
Fulbright Research Fellowship, 2012-2013 Researching China’s rural urbanization. Affiliated with Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology. Davis Prize for Peace, 2011 Grant to help implement sustainable community recycling and environmental management policies in Sri Lanka
Aug 2011- April 2012 Project Manager on heritage conservation project in Beijing, and micro finance programs in rural Yunnan province
Software: Adobe InDesign, Illustrator, Photoshop, AfterEffects, Rhinoceros3D, AutoCad, ArcGIS, MS Office, Rhino Urban Network Analysis (Rhino plug-in) Languages English (native) Chinese -Mandarin 中文 (professional fluency) Korean 한국어 (elementary)
“Village Acupuncture” In ChinaFile. March 2, 2015 “Why Chinese Cities are Smaller Than They Appear” The Atlantic. November 22, 2013 “How maps unlock the mystery of Chinese surnames” The Atlantic. October 29, 2013 “The Environmental Downsides of Urbanizing Western China.” ChinaDialogue. October 30, 2011
Conference Appearances Skills
“Bringing China’s Dying Villages to Life” in Foreign Policy. March 6, 2015
The New York Times Cities for Tomorrow Conference 2014 New York, New York. Panelist on panel moderated by NYT’s Andrew Revkin discussing China’s urbanization “Cultural Industry Development & Urban Space in Xi’an” International Association for China Planning 6th Annual Conference, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. June 2012 “Evaluating Heritage Tourism Models in China” International Association for China Planning 4h Annual Conference, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. June 2010. Presentation. University IUAV Venice, “City Portraits: Beijing” Conference Presentation. December 16, 2010.
“Residents struggle in China’s ‘model community’ as millions set to be resettled.” ChinaDialogue. December 17 “Songdo Style: How wise is Korea’s ‘Smart City’?” Korea JoongAng Daily August 26, 2014 “From Harvard to Seoul” Korea JoongAng Daily July 15, 2014 “Film explores coming out in China” Korea JoongAng Daily June 19, 2014 “The First ‘urban’ pope?” TheCityFix. June 18, 2015 “Suburbs go global: what does it mean for urban sustainability?” TheCityFix. June 18, 2015 “China’s Dancing grannies vow to dance on.” TheCityFix. June 18, 2015
Re-Form
Towards Human-Scale Urbanism in China
Thesis Research for Masters of Urban Planning, Spring 2017 Advisor: Andres Sevtsuk China’s urbanization has enabled millions to move from poverty to middle class lifestyles over the last forty years. However, in 2014, the country’s leaders unveiled a plan for a “new type of urbanization” that would prioritize people over GDP growth alone.There is growing concern that the urban landscape, based largely on the repetitive superblock of identical high-rise apartment slabs, is locking China’s cities into entrenched patterns of social isolation, reduced walkability, and a lack of diversity within the built environment.
Re-FORM explores how Chinese cities can plan for more flexibility and diversity, given the country’s unique system of state land ownership. Using Rhino’s urban network analysis tool, I test infill strategies to improve accessibility within different neighborhoods of an area of Shenzhen developed by a single developer in the 1980s. New infill and pedestrian path networks are proposed to create a more human-scale urban neighborhood.
Above: infill and new pedestrian path network Left: Betweenness analysis performed in Rhinoceros 3D with Urban Network Analysis toolbox, shown with corresponding infill plazas and retail alonside highly trafficked pedestrian corridors. Using data on the Shekou neighborhood in Shenzhen’s Nanshan District.
Right: View of proposed retail plaza at the entrance to two facing communities. The plazas create interconnecting spaces between formerly separate gated enclaves.
Shekou: Before Infill
Shekou: Infill Strategy Gravity: A Measure of Accessibility To understand how “accessible” China’s superblock neighborhoods are, I first wanted to compare several neighborhoods of the city of Shenzhen. Then, we could begin to see how these neighborhoods changed after infill development. The above diagrams illustrate Gravity (which measures accessibility to adjacent destinations from each building) for one of these neighborhoods, Shekou, which is a residential neighborhood developed by the China Merchants Group in the early 1980s and 1990s. It has mostly residential blocks, which could be better integrated into a connected neighborhood. The diagrams below indicate some of the differing residential typologies in the area. Generally, there has been a tendency towards higher FAR, more retail and less publicly accessible open space within these neighborhoods. Sihai Xiaoqu 四海小区
Yuyuan 榆园
Baoneng Taigu City 宝能太古城
1989
1994
2012
Shekou: After Infill
Betweenness: Using retail location theory to determine optimal locations for retail and public space
Map of existing retail in Shekou.
After finding Shekou to be the neighborhood most amenable to infill development, I tested a new strategy to determine how retail and public space could be co-located to increase community interaction between neighborhoods, as well as facilitate easier access to services for residents. Research has shown a high correlation between retail location and areas of high betweenness, or areas of high pedestrian passersby (Porta Strano, 2009; Sevtsuk, 2016). However, the inflexible nature and physical separation of some Chinese blocks can make it difficult for retail to pop up in areas of need over time. Thus, I conceived a strategy to maximize the convenience of retail for neighborhood use, and also create more opportunities for cross-community interaction. The below diagram shows results of a betweenness analysis using Rhino 3D Urban Network Analysis toolbox, in which pink dots indicate amount of predicted pedestrian flow at certain spots.
Major destinations (large malls and the Haiyue subway station
Plaza at Sihai Xiaoqu
Plaza at Zhaoyin Shequ
Origins: Destinations weights for residential buildings based on the number of units and estimated residents per buildings.
Plaza Acupuncture
GSD Urban Design Studio Fall 2016 Instructors: Daniel Becker , Flavio Janches With Chen Lu and Yuxiang Luo
Integrating the Retiro with Public Space Strategies
Working with the City of Buenos Aires, this urban planning and design studio at Harvard GSD was tasked with formulating strategies for resolving the infrastructural complexity of relocating part of the city’s port, integrating an informal settlement (Villa Miserias) with the formal city, and reconnecting the city to its waterfront, given that residents of Buenos Aires call themselves portenos (people of the port) but no longer interact with the waterfront in their daily lives. Learning from the vocabulary of the formal city, this plan uses the concept of “plaza acupuncture” to re-invigorate the site with 5 discrete projects chosen to weave existing buildings into coherent urban spaces and create new neighborhoods around those plazas.
Infill Development
Plaza Development
Open Space
Infrastructure
Figure 3: Exploded Axon of Site Elements
Infrastructure Plaza Civic Plaza Soccer Plaza
Commercial Plaza
Waterfront Plaza
1:25,000 Model of Retiro Area Materials: Chip board, acrylic plexi, paper, wood base
Analysis of Buenos Aires Plaza System Citywide: Plazas as Infrastructure Network
Core Plazas of the historic Buenos Aires City Center
Conceptual Diagram of Plaza Acupuncture Plan Plaza Gral Lavalle Made up of three city blocks, this plaza is anchored by the Teatro Colon, a major cultural landmark in Buenos Aires. It serves as a cultural promenade for the city.
Plaza Rodriguez Pena A smaller plaza surrounded by a more residential neighborhood, this plaza is also anchored by one key government building, the Ministry of Education offices. Nevertheless, the small plaza retains a quiet community feel.
Plaza de Mayo The oldest and most important plaza in the city is its political center. Home to the Casa Rosada, the ceremonial residence of the President, the Cathedral Metropolitana, and the historic Cabildo, Plaza de Mayo is a civic space open to all residents.
Existing + New Plazas in Dialogue
Case 1: Waterfront Plaza Existing: Isolated Institutional Buildings
Civil Court Post Office
Ministry of the Navy Church
Naval Buildings
Museum of Immigration
Proposed: Plaza + New Infill Development
The waterfront plaza brings the City of Buenos Aires back to the water. This is accomplished by creating strategic open space insertions and new infill buildings in what is currently an amorphous and empty area. By creatively appropriating a small church that is currently inaccessible and situated behind gates to offices of the Argentinian Navy, the plaza makes use of existing buildings to create a new public space inspired by some of the best public spaces in Buenos Aires. The naval church, currently isolated and closed to the public, becomes transformed into the centerpiece of a new waterfront plaza.
Port of Buenos Aires
Case 2: Civic/Commercial Plaza
Axonometric of Existing Buildings + Infill and Public Space
Library
Government Offices
Civil Court Bus station Church
This area of the Retiro is currently occupied by the Army and National Mint headquarters. These buildings are inaccessible to the public and imposing. The plan keeps the institutional focus, but brings the public back into the area by creating a “commercial plaza� with government offices, ground-floor retail, and a public library.
Post Office
Above: Existing condition (bottom), infill development (middle), plaza and public space (top)
THE NEW NEIGHBORHOOD Infill INFILLING Development Strategies The concept of plaza acupuncture uses a series of key projects to stimulate redevelopment of the site, followed by gradual and organic infilling of neighborhoods around these key nodes. In order to integrate the informal urban fabric of the villa settlement with more formal new buildings, I came up with a strategy of using a gradient of building typologies to seamlessly mesh the two neighborhoods to-
gether, thus avoiding segregating the villa neighborhood from new development. This strategy will allow for new infill development that does not completely overwhelm the existing informal typologies, while also giving more clarity to the urban form so that the villa buildings can eventually, through gradual upgrading, become part of the city’s formal urban fabric. FigureGround Diagram of Plan
New neighborhood “In-between” blocks Existing buildings
Road Green corridor Public space
Infill blocks demonstrate a gradient of transitioning typologies
The “in-between” blocks belong to both the existing buildings and the new neighborhood.
The “in-between” blocks create public spaces on both sides of the new buildings.
Land Use Plan
P
P
Lab/ Research Space
Diamond Building
GSD Urban Planning Studio Spring 2016 Instructor: Kathy Spiegleman
North Quincy: Harmonizing Nature and City North Quincy High
In partnership with the City of Quincy, this studio sought to develop a strategy for transit-oriented development around Quincy’s underutilized T Stations, now mostly occupied by surface parking lots. The studio sought to deal with the threat of sea level rise, and accomodating the existing needs of commuters who still rely on parking at the station.
North Quincy Center
P
My plan “Harmonizing Nature and City” proposes to link the city to the water. First, a commercial corridor links an existing small business cluster to new high-density development near the T Station. An elevated plaza allows for seamless pedestrian access from the station to the wetland park, reinvigorated by daylighting a covered stream to the bay.
Hancock Street Corridor Reconnecting Wetland to Bay
Neponset Wetland Sponge Park
500’
Detail of Wetlands
Site Plan 1:1000
Plan
Transit Plaza Perspective From the Northeast
Plaza, NW Isometric
Detail of Transit Plaza
Render of Proposed “Transit Plaza�
Analysis of Existing Conditions
Large Amount of Commercial Land Dedicated to Parking
The existing surface parking lots cover a large area around the station and up to the waterfront.
CommerciallyZoned Land
North Quincy Station
Parking
439
425 439
422
824
534
1929
197
Existing Parking Spaces
parking 439
800 800
565
800
800
New Parking
Parking spaces are consolidated into several strategically sited garages, allowing for reduction in surface parking, densification, and restoration of wetland habitats.
197
Proposed Parking
Phasing Diagrams
N
0
,25
.5
1 Mile
Right: Storefronts near Wollaston Station. The area is now home to many small restaurants and cafes run by Asian residents of Quincy.
Right: Heritage Landing commercial buildings are home to several large employers in North Quincy including State Street Bank.
Phase 1: Core Office Space + Mixed Use Residential
Phase 2: Additional Office/Lab Space
Phase 3: Hancock Street Corridor, Wetland Rehabilitation
Hancock Street Corridor Life Sciences Center
Linking the Billings Rd./Hancock
Final Axonometric with Program
An integr ated mixed-use complex of office and lab space for biotech companies and star tups as well as a public plaza, deck connecting the station to the wetlands, and ground-floor retail.
North Quincy Building (1) 1 million sq. feet Class A office space
Street retail cluster to the T
Retail Cluster strengthened by connection to North Quincy Station
Station with streetscaping, infill.
Public Plaza/Deck (5) P u bl i c p a r k / p l a z a w i t h a n elevated deck connecting Hancock Street to the we t l a n d s
3 Mixed-Use Buildings: 130 units of housing, 30,000 sq. feet ground-floor retail (6)
Diamond Building (2) 440,000 sq. feet Class A office space North Hancock Lab Building (3) 300,000 sq. feet lab/research space Wetland Decks Allows visitors to view wetland and local fauna
Incubator Building (4) 190,000 sq. feet incubator/start-up space
Parking Garages consolidate surface parking near new office buildings Filtration Ponds located around the perimeter of the wetland will help filter runoff and serve as sponges for coastal storm surges
Wetlands Restoration
Permeable Pavement used for streets within the wetland protection area
Daylighting an underground waterway to connect the wetlands to the Neponset River will improve the health of the ecosystem. New landscaping will replace impermeable parking lots with greenery, berms and a series of filtration ponds that will both treat runoff before it returns to sea, and absorb potential storm surges.
Mapping/Urban Analysis
Various Projects Churches as Neighborhood Centers
Mapping Social Space in Buenos Aires As part of initial research for an urban design studio on Buenos Aires (see previous pages), I mapped the social space of the city by looking at various indicators of poverty as well as churches After looking at this network at the city scale (right), we examined how this hierarchy of churches as public spaces might play out on our site, the Retiro Area (below).
Basilica
Retiro
Retiro
Church
Chapel
Chapels 400 M Buffer
Churches
500 M Buffer
Basilica
Area most proximate to each church
With its Catholic heritage, Buenos Aires is sprinkled with churches. In initial research for the studio on Buenos Aires, I wanted to see if churches defined social communities in a way that could be mapped spatially. I used a GIS Voronoi polygon analysis to map the city according to which church is nearest to any given point. The result is a theoretical map of church communities, separated by type of church. As we can see by comparing this with socioecoomic data (below), small chapels are most common in areas of poverty, while larger basilicas are most common in central propsperous districts of the city.
700 M Buffer
Population Density and Poverty Chapels Other Churches Retiro
Core Urban Public Realm
Retiro
Connections Between Scales
Legend Subway Lines barrios
Legend Subway Lines barrios
Population Density .000000 - .017529 .017530 - .031247 .031248 - .047946 .047947 - .074114 .074115 - .163217
Households Lacking Basic Services 0 - 14 15 - 40 41 - 81 82 - 148 149 - 403
Mapping density and areas of the city lacking basic services shows that low-density areas are actually some of the most disadvantaged in the city. This analysis was also compared with data on churches (above) to speculate about correlations between civil society and socioeconomic relations.
Mapping Boston’s Dudley Square Neighborhood Visualization and Representation, Fall 2015
As the map below shows, Dudley Square enjoys direct bus connectivity to many parts of the city. However, the square is currently a transit point and not a destination.
The first semester studio sequence began with intensive mapping and investigation of social, economic, transportation, and other conditions across Boston, focusing on the long neglected but rapidly gentrifying area of Dudley Square in Boston’s Roxbury neighborhood. Fleeing the Center?
Andrew Stokols
Changes in population density in Central Boston
Traffic Analysis: Dudley as Boston’s Bus Hub
Pedestrian Counts
Fleeing the Center: Changing Population Density in Boston South End
AM Peak Pedestrian Volume Counts in Dudley Square
1950
1960
North End
West End Demolition 1958
1970
Beacon Hill
Population Density 19 <5000/sq
mile
45 24
5 97
26
SL 66
Silver Line 13,783 Weekday Boardings
67
32
111
175
4 68
69
The42City of Boston lost nearly 200,000 people from the 1950s18 to the 1970s, the high point of central 12 22 city decline and white flight across America. If we take population density as an indicator of this phe42 11 nomenon, we can clearly see some emptying out 64 in certain neighborhoods, especially in the South 14 End and West End, where an early urban renewal process destroyed a vibrant community to build government buildings. However, certain neighborhoods like Beacon Hill and the North End more or less retained their density levels during this period, suggesting that these communities were resilient against white flight that occured in other central city neighborhoods. The North End retained its Italian identity, and Beacon Hill retained its identity as an exclusive enclave for Boston’s Brahmins.
39
17
11-15,000/sq mile
57
128 33
7,000/sq mile
5
121
111
Traffic Flow (PM)
Beacon Hill
Boston 1955
West End Demolition
Boston 1969
PM Peak Bus Volume In Dudley Square
Immediate Bus Catchement Area 200,000 people
Roxbury: The Making of a Community
62
41 2 98
6
36
47
42
67
56 21
4
35
32
40 63 44 31
15 6 32
19
26
26 18
Dudley Square
Roxbury has been the center of Boston’s black neighborhoods like Mattapan and Dorchester. Roxbury has been of Boston’s black community for decades. Previously, the commu- A tightly concentrated andthe center centrally located community for decades. Previously, the commuRoxbury: The Making ofEnd. a By Community nity had been concentrated in the South End. The nity had been concentrated in the South community in the 1950’s expands and by community expanded to the southeast, so that by 1980 Andrew Stokols 1960 the old nucleus of the community had moved nitively to Roxbury and then in later decades the 1960 the old nucleus of the community had has become moredefi peripheral within the city had pushed much further outwards into neighborhoods like Mattapan and Dorchester. A tightly moved definitively SE to Roxbury and then in later even as the total number of African Americans concentrated and centrally located community in the 1950’s expands and by 1980 has become more decades had pushed much further outwards into increases in Boston. peripheral within the city even as the total number of African Americans increases in Boston.
Whites 750,000
Bus Routes
Blacks 40,000
625,000
60,000
525,000
101,000
397,000
125,000
Central Boston
8
South End
12,527 Weekday Boardings
100
42
28
23
14,057 Weekday Boardings
Roxbury
41 45 15
42 14 28
Black Population by Census Tract
Mattapan N
5000 +
1950
2 Miles
1960
1970
1980 Sources: United States Census 1950,60,70,80, Social Explorer.com
GSD Urban Planning Studio Fall 2016 Instructors: Sai Balakrishnan, David Gamble
Dudley Square Transit Hub to Neighborhood Hub
After mapping, economic and social analysis, and on-site field work, the first semester urban planning studio developed proposals for Dudley Square, an area of Boston that has been historically disadvantaged but is now seeing re-investment. 19
Dudley
8
My proposal sought to relocate the unsafe bus terminal to free up the bus station area for public space. The historic bus terminal shed is converted into a farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market at the heart of a new public plaza.
.....and it can be again!
1610 ft
Plan
Transit: Re-configured Routes Relocation of Buses to NewBus Station
Transit: Existing Existing Bus StationsBus Stops
How to relocate the bus stops to create more pedestrian space while retaining the vibrancy and volume of pdestrians sufficient for a great public space and successful retail?
T
Market
Hall
T
Improving Safety, Maintaining Improving Vehicle & Pedestrian FlowVibrancy
T
T
Cultural Center
47
8
47 172
19 23 41 15
8 9 171
14 28
45
47
1 SL 44
8
47 8
19 15 42 44
North Bus Station maintained in Phase 1, Routes 41, 15, 45 stops moved to Dudley Street
14
Dudley Street
Wa shin gto nS t.
Transit
Wa shin gto nS t.
Wa shin gto nS t.
Community Garden Path
172
9 171
North-South Bus Routes To: Downtown, Cambridge
1
47
8
47
19 15 42 44
SL
8 9 172
171
New Southbound Bus Detour on Dudley Street
1 SL
Dudley Street
Wa rre nS t.
Plaza Walkway Dudley Street
23 14
28 66 45
Wa rre nS t.
East West Bus Routes To: Ruggles, Longwood
Section of New Infill Development In and Around Plaza The first part of my project involved a detailed analysis of traffic flow of buses and pedestrians around Dudley Square (see pg. 3). Dudley Square is currently overwhelmed by the stops for 30 routes that pass through--Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s busiest bus station. I came up with a plan to relocate certain routes to a new station south of the existing station. This freed up space to convert one of the bus terminals, a historic former train station, into a market hall that would be the center of the new Dudley Square. At right, this section shows the new Dudley Market as the centerpiece of a new densified Dudley Square with public space at its core.The plan preserves the existing small-scale commercial building with mom and pop stores fronting the plaza, and builds up concentric rings of gradual density nearby to realize a more vibrant urban environment.
New Bus Stop
23 28 14 41 Dudley Street
23 28 14 41 Dudley Street
41
Warren St.
Marke
Warren St.
t Hall
Existing South Bus shed currently houses the stops for buses that run East-West along Dudley St and therefore make an unnecessary loop through Dudley Square
66
Marke
To Rugg les
Warren St.
41 42
28
t Hall
Avoids unnecesary loop through Dudley Square
23
Plaza Walkway
23
41 14
28 66 45
Dudley Street Wa rre nS t.
Ecological Urbanism
Managing China’s Urbanization at a Regional Scale
Regional Infrastructural Networks of Xi’an This work was done for a summer research fellowship with the Ecological Urbanism Collaboration between Peking University and the Harvard GSD. We set out to analyze the ecological conditions of various Chinese cities, and explore ways for accomodating urban growth without further loss of arable land at the periphery of growing urban agglomerations such as Xi’an.
Harvard-Peking Univ. 2016 Summer Research Felloswhip Instructors: Kongjian Yu, Gareth Doherty
Xi’an 100Km Regional Landsat Landcover Analysis Built
Farmland
Forest
Working with the Xi’an Institute of Planning, we participated in a weeklong design charette for the village of Wangchuan, a historic site where the city is trying to develop tourism without damaging the ecology of the area or reducing arable land. We began with an analysis of the site’s relationship to the region and surrounding village network.
Land Cover (Landsat) Analysis of Lantian County with inset (see following page).
Village Network and Resources
Hydrology and Terrain
Land Use Baijiaping Village sits on a sharp bend of the Wangchuan River. There is a small sliver of irrigated paddy land along the river, but the rest of the village farmland is stepped terrace farming. The tourism plan aims to create several interest points in different parts of the site, while minimizing the disruption to agriculture for the townspeople.
辋川新 田园
Wangchuan: New Rural Landscape
Cultural Tourism Planning for Baijiaping Village
Integrating landscape, rural traditions, cultural memory
Wang Wei was a poet in the Han Dynasty whose 辋 writing memorialized a garden located in the current area of Wangchuan Township. Unlike lat川 er formal Chinese literati gardens, “Wangchuan
老工厂
Villa” was actually a large productive landscape incorporating villages, farms, mountains, and streams. The garden was a model of the harmony between nature and man.
辋川的门户
Old Factory Town
Gateway to Wangchuan
田园 乡村景观
Rural Garden
Landscape to harmonize farms and river edge
山田道 梯田景观
Mountain Field Path
Stepped Field Landscape
王维墓 文化景观
山 水 田 园
Inspired by Wangchuan, as well as the traditions of formal Chinese gardens that typically feature a path connecting “scenic views” for viewer contemplation, the plan for the village creates a series of paths to connect scenic points around the village, surrounding fields, river, and mountains.
4. North Gateway/Factory
Wang Wei Site
Cultural Landscape
5. Terrace Field Overlook
Wang Wei Tree
6. Wang Wei Site
森林 自然景观
Forest Garden Wild Landscape
3. Forest Garden 2. River Landscape
Above: Wangchuan Villa, painted by Wang Yuanqi 1711. Source: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1. Town Center
Sketches
Clockwise from Top Left: 1. City block in the European concession area of Xiamen, Fujian, China. 2. “Three ponds reflecting the moon” at the West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. 2012 3. Suzhou Museum, Suzhou, China. 2013 4. Suzhou Canal View, China. 2013.
Left: Elevation of Doe Library, U.C. Berkeley, CA. 2008 Above: Tokfuji Temple. Kyoto, Japan. 2012.