The GrowNorth Initiative, Addressing Food Security in Circumpolar Canada by Andrew Hovey

THE GROWNORTH INITIATIVE ADDRESSING FOOD SECURITY IN CIRCUMPOLAR CANADA

ANDREW HOVEY FALL 2014

“”

The value of the GrowNorth Initiative is that a program of food production and community engagement, through employment and science and technology opportunities for grade school students and adults, is coupled with an established research project creating access to the research community for those that would not otherwise have the opportunity to be exposed to that work. (p.22)

The GrowNorth Initiative is a proposal for creating the infrastructure for new sources of food. (p.8)

“”

1kg Carrots @ Igloolik: $8.12

#’s

Nunavut Average: $4.90 Canada Average: $1.78 Difference: 175%

Food will travel nearly 4,000 miles before it reaches Cambridge Bay

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Andrew Hovey is in the 2014 graduating class at the Boston Architectural College as a candidate for the Design Studies degree with a concentration in Sustainable Design. His academic and professional interests include urban design and landscape architecture, specifically wetland reclamation and permaculture water management principles, using GIS tools for regional analysis and regional and urban transportation networks.

a revitalization plan to the Ashland Redevelopment Authority that would expand the town center with open space and improved circulation. While working with the Urban Landscape Lab at the BAC he created presentation graphics and conducted a site selection process for an urban tree nursery. He has been active in the BAC community, organizing and teaching computer workshops, focusing on Adobe design applications and GIS tools.

During his studies at the BAC, he has collaborated on Outside the BAC, Andrew participates in his church design projects such as the Haiti Ideas Challenge, with community as well as enjoys cooking, gardening, biking. a proposal for improved transportation networks and water management strategies. In 2012 he presented 4\

PROJECT BACKGROUND

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROCESS

Abstract Rising Food Prices Food Prices & Employment Material Flows By Air Freight Arctic Shipping

Introduction Terms of Criticism Workflows + Scales Project Urban Area: Cambridge Bay, NU, CA Environmental Data Overview Partnering with CHARS Guiding Principles

Energy Modeling Building Form Process Zone Descriptions Program Planting Schemes & Selected Plants Program Transitions Process Timelines Performance & Viability Community Engagement: Sealift Day

CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

Reflection Further Work

BOOK DETAILS COLLEGE: PROGRAM: FINAL REVIEW: GRADUATION: BOOK UPDATED:

The Boston Architectural College Bachelors of Design Studies, Sustainable Design Concentration May 12, 2014 May 23, 2014 November 06, 2014

STUDENT NAME: ADVISOR: OTHER ADVISORS: INSTRUCTORS:

Andrew Hovey Aidan Ackerman Shaun O’rourke Claudette L’Huillier, Josh White

01 PROJECT BACKGROUND GROWNORTH INITIATIVE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Introduction Abstract Path to High Food Prices Material Flows by Air Freight Arctic Shipping Leading Precedents

01 INTRODUCTION Examining food systems has always been a personal interest. For the Bachelors of Design Studies Degree Project, I was interested in examining the food cycle and the cultural and economic approaches to food production. Of the different statges of the food cycleproduction, transportation, consumption and waste collection, I decided to focus on the initial step in the cycle, production, as it pertains to regional agriculture. Initially, the assessment of our food production capacity on a regional scale was mostly a mapping and cataloging exercise, but quickly brought to light a simple fact about the lack of ability of the Northeast region to produce more food: the climate. The Northeastâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate keeps the growing season to roughly half of the year. This was the impetus to look into methods for extending the growing season.

As I considered the options, it appeared to be a relatively simple solution- expand the square footage of hydroponic greenhouses. But what added a layer of conviction and interest to pursue looking into the arctic north, was that this was a region that not only did not have a growing season, but food prices were significantly higher than southern Canada, let alone the USA. Parallel to discovering the causes of high food prices, was the increasing health challenges that came with a change in diet. Together this lead to the development of an idea for food production centers as a way to offset the need to transport food as well as improve accessibility to a greater deversity of fresh foods.

02 ABSTRACT Among the many challenges that are arising in the communities of Canadaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s arctic region is the high cost of food. The high cost of food comes as the result of social changes in employment, the high cost of air fright, and the infrequency of those means. Additionally, signals are being alarmed as traditional food from land and marine sources become less stable as well as the number of individuals employed in the fishing and hunting local industries. Further it is recognized that Canadaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s arctic has natural resource reserves that have yet to be extracted, occurring congruently with the increased rate of arctic shipping in the circumpolar region of the earth.

This research project speculates on a new potential for arctic food production that also serves as a community and social asset. The potential of food production is only possible within the context of an engineered and protected environment. Under the protection of the envelope, agricultural and civic program can be implemented. The proposal positions the food production facility as a new means for procuring food. It does not subsume traditional means as well as removing the need for food to be imported, but rather as a supplement that is inserted into the current methods of food procurement, altogether decreasing the need for imported food.

03 PATH TO HIGH FOOD PRICES BACKGROUND OF NUNAVUT

Origionally, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories were one territory, until 1993 when Canadaian Parliament passed the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act that officially separated the land from NT.1 It was later established as a territory in 1999. It is the most remote, largest and the least populated territory in Canada. Decades earlier, communities in this region were used to establish Canadian presence in the arctic north during the Cold War. Inuit were relocated from their native Hudson Bay region to Resolute Bay and Ellesmere Island where they faced the extreme arctic climate, even compared to northern Quebec. These remote communities was Canada’s method of expressing its sovereignty over the arctic north. Today, as part of Canada’s Northern Strategy, the same language is used: “Exercising Our Arctic Sovereignty”2. However, today, these measures are accompanied by respect of Inuit cultures as well as the development of research and technology efforts.

CHANGE IN EMPLOYMENT

Early on in the research, one alarming statistic made the case for the change of how food was being provided: today, only 4% of 31,000 citizens in Nunavut work in the fishing and hunting industries. Prior to the present-day shipping methods by air and sea, traditional diets were mostly subsistance based and revolved around hunting and fishing. As urban centers started to grow, more residents took jobs in institutional settings rather than in the fishing and hunting industries. I recognize that this change is giving citizens the opportunity for new skills and employment, but may be creating a need for food to be imported, leading to the high prices. This suggests that food procurement is occuring less and less using traditional methods and more is being imported. Certainly, the economic growth of the region is very important and beneficial. Additionally, it was when I noticed the flux in employment over the course of the year that I realized the project would have to aim to provide employment opportunities throughout the year to have a greater effect in the region. NU Employment by Industry 2008-2012

4% 3% 5%

Government & Education Other Industries Retail & Wholesale Transit & Storage Construction Fishing, Hunting, Trapping, Mining, Quarrying Hotel & Food Serv.

7% 49%

15%

17% Arctic schoolroom, 1953

Number of Employees in NU 2001-2013 (monthly)

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN NUNAVUT 2001-2013 (MONTHLY) 13,000

# of Employees

12,500 12,000 11,500 11,000 10,500 10,000 9,500 9,000

2013

Hudson Bay Company store, 1967

Sources: 1 Nunavut Act (S.C. 1993, c. 28) 2 http://www.northernstrategy.gc.ca/sov/index-eng.asp Image Sources: Canada Handbook. Unipub; Ed. #51, August 1986. Images found at http://members.kos.net/sdgagnon/ph2.html

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

Year

PILOT NUNAVUT FOOD PRICE SURVEY - APRIL 2013

Item

Unit Celery 1kg Onions 1kg Canned Tomatoes 796ml Baked Beans 398ml Sugar (White) 2kg Carrots 1kg Macaroni (Dried) 500g French Fries 1kg Bananas 1kg Mushroom s 1kg Soup, Canned 284ml Ketchup 1L Soda Crackers 450g Orange 1kg Potatoes 4.54kg Bacon (Sliced) 500g Cheese- Sliced 250g Apples 1kg Coffee, Instant 200g Bread (Whole Wheat) 675g Hot Dogs 450g Baby Food (In Jars) 128ml Peanut Butter 500g Butter 454g Canned Salmon 213g Pork Chop 1 Kg Fresh Milk (2%) 1L Homogenized Milk 1L Stewing Beef 1kg Ground Beef 1kg Eggs (Large) 12 Eggs

Arctic Bay $14.58 $5.86 $4.69 $3.69 $9.89 $3.05 $4.57 $7.89 $5.95 $19.5 $2.77 $9.24 $6.49 $4.59 $8.94 $11.77 $5.19 $7.23 $11.87 $4.00 $6.84 $1.69 $6.66 .. $5.35 $13.62 $3.35 $3.45 $15.42 $15.87 $3.74

Igloolik $6.33 $7.02 $5.65 $4.26 $8.85 $8.12 $4.05 $7.11 $2.04 $17.79 $2.09 $8.97 $6.61 $3.94 $4.54 $10.93 $6.25 $9.54 $12.77 $4.19 $6.54 $1.49 $5.75 $7.86 $7.07 $14.60 $2.19 $2.25 $14.58 $11.01 $2.49

Iqaluit $10.55 $6.01 $5.64 $2.88 $8.89 $4.99 $3.59 $4.99 $2.49 $11.94 $2.50 $7.47 $6.46 $6.16 $5.24 $10.26 $4.66 $5.53 $12.74 $4.86 $5.90 $1.49 $6.23 $7.74 $6.37 $12.58 $3.42 $3.44 $16.99 $10.49 $4.13

NU avg $10.45 $6.19 $4.74 $3.65 $9.20 $4.90 $3.80 $6.35 $4.31 $18.80 $2.35 $7.85 $6.34 $5.93 $10.29 $10.59 $5.55 $7.31 $12.14 $4.90 $5.99 $1.39 $5.97 $6.90 $5.89 $14.46 $3.19 $3.22 $14.79 $11.62 $3.96

CA avg $2.70 $1.86 $1.49 $1.20 $3.14 $1.78 $1.43 $2.42 $1.69 $7.66 $0.99 $3.31 $2.70 $2.62 $4.90 $5.26 $2.81 $3.77 $6.60 $2.87 $3.59 $0.84 $3.68 $4.31 $3.75 $10.42 $2.31 $2.44 $11.21 $9.39 $3.29

NU/CA % Diff 287% 233% 218% 204% 193% 175% 165% 162% 155% 145% 137% 137% 135% 126% 110% 101% 97% 94% 84% 71% 67% 66% 62% 60% 57% 39% 38% 32% 32% 24% 20%

The chart above was from a 2013 survey of food prices in Nunavut. Highlighted on the left are the percentage differences between NU and CA. Highlighted rows are vegetables and fruit- which sit mostly on the top of the chart with higher than average CA prices. The food with less than 100% difference is generally given a higher subsidy.

NORTHERN COMMUNITIES DIETS ARE CHANGING

Food prices & urban center Populations are growing

High cost of food = shipping costs

GROWNORTH INITIATIVE

The Initiative provides a new source of food- produced in an engineered space utilizing the new Canadian research programs, that also is cost effective for the residents as well as creates a space that is not just for food production, but for community engagement. There is also a need to create a community node that is safe, engaging and educates visitors about the operations, creating a natural tie to the research efforts in promoting science and technology to all ages and backgrounds.

Why shipping? poor Accessibility. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, 2013 Source: Statistics Canada, Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours, CANSIM Table 281-0023 Source:Â Statistics Canada, CANSIM, TableÂ 384-0038

A r ct ic Ocean

cti

cC ircle

Ulukhaktok

Inuvik, NT

YUKON TERRITORY

CAMBRIDGE BAY Kugluktuk

Taloyoak Gjoa Haven Kugaaruk

Norman Wells, NT Deline, NT

NUNAVUT

Whitehorse, YT Fort Simpson, NT

YELLOWKNIFE, NT Rankin Inlet Hay River, NT

BRITISH COLOMBIA

Fort Smith, NT

Hudson Bay

ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN Edmonton, AB

Calgary, AB

W100ยบ

ยบ

Vancouver, BC

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MANITOBA

Baffin Bay

MATERIAL FLOWS BY AIR FREIGHT 04

0ยบ N7

THE HUB: CAMBRIDGE BAY, NU, CANADA

Cambridge Bay is a hub for nearly all northern Nunavut cities in terms of air travel. Few northern Nunavut cities have destinations outside the territory making food imports increasingly difficult for these cities, making it necessary for goods to be routed through Cambridge Bay, increasing the transportation needs. Additionally, Cambridge Bay is chosen as the city for investigation because of the soon to be completed arctic research Labradore Sea station, explored in further detail in subsequent sections. This city is home to 1,300 residents in the summer, and will have an influx of about 100 individuals for the 0ยบ research station, N 6 further putting a strain on the food supplies and need for transporting goods.

Iqaluit

FOOD TRANSPORT BY AIR FREIGHT

The major destination of Cambridge Bay is Yellowknife, NT. There are many more cities throughout Canada that have Yellowknife as a destination, making it a logical Fort Chimo, hubQC for the transport of goods, including food. This map displays the destinations of Yellowknife and Cambridge Bay creating a transportation network. Additionally, four cargo and cargo/passenger jets and the repsective codes are shown to give a view of exactly what is transporting goods around the arctic north. Only the First Air airline is shown but there are only a few others. The diagram on the opposite page shows the cost of transporting goods with First Air by kilogram. When food is delivered to these remote cities, it arrives [ C - GUSI ] C130 Hercules on pallets or in containers to make the delivery efficient, likely making the deliveries around a ton for each ยบpallet.

QUEBEC

N Sources: http://www.world-airport-codes.com/canada/cambridge-bay-1190.html Image Sources:www.Flightaware/photos

0ยบ

[ C - GKLY ] Boeing 767-200

ONTARIO W80ยบ [ C - GUSI ] C130 Hercules

[ C - GNDC ] Boeing 737-200

[ C - GKLY ] Boeing 767-200 Ottawa, ON [ C - FNVT ] Boeing 737-400 Hope Bay, ON

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05 ARCTIC SHIPPING CANADIAN ARCTIC SHIPPING

Given the climatic constraints of the region, shipping by sea routes is only available between late June and into October. This period is refered to as the annual sealift. Nearly all of the 25 communities in the territory of Nunavut are located on the water’s edge. Shipping by sea actually has a positive environmental impact because no land infrastructure is needed, only a port. The relationship to food is that the quality of food is kept to mostly non-perishable goods given the infrequency of deliveries. The map here shows the path that food takes to arrive in northern communities and the ports for the three shipping companies. Today, there are three major groups that service northern communities: NTCL (Northern Transportation Company Limited), NSSI (Northern Sea & Supply Inc) and NEAS (Nunavut Eastern Arctic Shipping).1 NEAS, in paticular has 4 ships in the fleet, each making 3 trips a season. Out of 12 total trips, only one stops at Cambidge Bay. Additionally, if goods are sent from the main ports

of the NSSI and NEAS companies, goods will travel about 5,000 miles before it arrives in Cambridge Bay. The diagram to the right is of the current 2014 shipping season, giving an accurate view of the shippments in this region.

INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING

This region is also part of global ocean shipping network. The Canadian arctic north has the Northwest Passage which connects destinations in Asia and western North America with Europe and eastern North America. The other major routes are located north of Russia and Europe connecting the Pacific with asian, european and Atlantic destinations. Sources: Government of Nunavut, Community and Government Services. 2010 NTCL, 2014. “NTCL - Shipping Schedule-2014-05-23.pdf” NSSI, 2014. “NSSI 2014 CALENDAR - Ste-Catherine and Churchill B” NEAS, 2014. “Preliminary Sailing Schedule for the 2014 Season” Image Sources: Cargo Ship: NEAS Tug Boat & Bardge: Ron Wissink Bardge & Lift: http://mnmcapedorsetnewbies.blogspot.com/

Arctic Ocean

NTCL PORT TUKTOYAKTUK SHIPPING PROCESS / SHIPPING ROUTE TUKTOYAKTUK CARGO SHIP

PORT OF ORIGIN

CAMBRIDGE BAY

TUG BOAT & BARDGE BARDGE & LAND EQUIPMENT

DELIVERED

MONTREAL

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TIMELINE OF SHIPMENTS TO CAMBRIDGE BAY, SUMMER 2014

NTCL

TRIP TRIP TRIP TRIP

770 nautical mi TU KT O TU YAK KT TU OY K AK TU K Ku glu ktu k CA MB RI DG EB AY

DG EB Ta loy AY oa Gj k oa Ha ve n

TU KT OY AK TU K Ku glu ktu k

K TU KT OY AK TU

DG E

BA Y

780 nautical mi CA MB RI

TU KT OY AK TU Pa K ula tuk

770 nautical mi

CA MB RI

LEGEND Ship at Sea Ship at Port Ship at Port, CB Ship at Sea/Port 1 2 3 4

EA L

DG E

MO NT R

AUGUST

ER BĂŠ ca ST nco E-C ur AT H

pe Dy er Ca

CA MB RI

TRIP #8 OF 8 CAMBRIDGE BAY, NU

Gj oa Ha ve n Ta loy oa k

ER ST E-C AT H

NSSI

IN E

DG EB Ku AY glu ktu k

4,000 nautical mi IN E

TRIP #6 OF 12

CA MB RI

NEAS

MO NT R

EA L

BA Y

4,000 nautical mi

SEPTEMBER

Description: The diagram is to show the few times deliveries are actually made to Cambridge Bay during the sealift period. The three shipping companies are on the left, with the trips relevant to Cambridge Bay. The

OCT.

other destinations of each trip are in gray, a blue shade is used when the ship is between destinations and green signifies the ship is at port in Cambridge Bay and is grouped together on the bottom timeline.

Baffin Bay

Arctic Bay

Clyde River Grise Fiord

Cape Dyer

Igloolik

Ulukhaktok

CAMBRIDGE BAY

Hall Beach

Taloyoak

Iqualit, NU

Kugaaruk Gjoa Haven

Paulatuk, NT

Kugluktuk Bathurst Inlet

Baker Lake

NSSI PORT MONTREAL NEAS PORT MONTREAL / 13 Churchill

06 LEADING PRECEDENTS These are a selection of precedents that have been influencial for this project as well as leading projects displaying research and design projections about the actic north.

DESIGNERS: LATERAL OFFICE

KEY PROJECT: Arctic Food Networks “LATERAL OFFICE, founded in 2003 by Mason White and Lola Sheppard, is an experimental design practice that operates at the intersection of architecture, landscape, and urbanism. The studio describes its practice process as a commitment to “design as a research vehicle to pose and respond to complex, urgent questions in the built environment,” engaging in the “wider context and climate of a project– social, ecological, or political.”” Images Clockwise: Mapping material transport methods, Modular shelter construction diagram, Rendering shelter types Text/images Source: http://www.latteraloffice.com

EVENT: architecture, an urbanizing present, and a projective 14TH VENICE BIENNALE EXHIBITION: near future of adaptive architecture in Nunavut. Each ADAPTING MODERNITY, 1914-2029 of these components documents architectural history “The Canada Pavilion at the 14th International Architecture Exhibition – la Biennale di Venezia, entitled Arctic Adaptations: Nunavut at 15, is a teambased submission initiated and led by the designresearch studio Lateral Office. The exhibition marks the 15th anniversary of the founding of Canada’s newest territory, Nunavut, in 1999, and its rapid rise. Arctic Adaptations: Nunavut at 15 surveys a century of arctic

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in this remarkable but relatively little known region of Canada, describes the contemporary realities of life in its communities, and examines an adapting role for architecture moving forward.” Text: http://www.arcticadaptations.ca Images: http://www.archdaily.com/514644/inside-arctic-adaptionsspecial-mention-winner-at-the-venice-biennale-2014/

FEATURED PROJECT: HALLEY RESEARCH STATION, ANTARCTICA

ARUP, RIBA, and others “Halley VI Research Station is the first fully re-locatable research station in the world. It was commissioned in 2006 and its unique and innovative structure was the result of an international design competition in collaboration with the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). The state-of-the-art research facility is segmented into eight modules, each sitting atop ski-fitted, hydraulic legs. These can be individually raised to overcome snow accumulation and each module towed independently to a new location.”

Text/images Source: http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/

FEATURED PROJECT: ‘POLYDOME - HI GH PERFORMANCE POLYCULTURE SYSTEMS’

EXCEPT - Integrated sustainability Consulting and Design The Polydome project is a prospective plan for an integrated food production model including diverse food items, hydroponics, aquaponics all modeled with synergistic relationships, pH, lighting, water and nutrient needs. The “mapping” methods were most influential. Images Clockwise: Cover of report; Greenhouse plan at 6 years; Nutrient, water, energy and other material flows

BOOK: ‘COUPLING: STRATEGIES FOR INFRASTRUCTURAL OPPORTUNISM’

Lateral Office/infrnet lab, 2011 This book is apart of the Pamphlet Architecture book series. The book features essays from the firm and images and details about many of their projects, many of which are relevant to the degree project. / 15

02 INTRODUCTION GROWNORTH INITIATIVE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Proposal Terms of Criticism Workflows + Scales Project Urban Area: Cambridge Bay, NU, CA Environmental Data Overview Partnering with CHARS

01 PROPOSAL

02 TERMS OF CRITICISM

Based on the previous information provided, I am proposing the GrowNorth Initiative as a method for ameliorating the challenges cities face as well as partnering with the opportunities in the Canadian arctic north. It is helpful to describe how this project is presented. It is presented as a proposal or as a prototype, that can be modified by individuals with more expertise and is positioned as one possibility for overcoming the food security issues. As for a degree project, I have found that there are two workflows each based on a different bias: the performance bias and systems bias. This was a helpful method to distinguish research activities apart from each other. The location of the proposal is in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut. There are a number of factors that make Cambridge Bay an ideal location for the project. Most notably is the research facility that is being designed presently but may likely exasperate the demands on the food supply as well as needing to allocate research funds towards food goods.

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Food production both operates within the regional transportation network and independently, but should aim to mitigate the reliance on transporting food from the Canadian south.

2. Food production should improve the food security in arctic cities and the GrowNorth Initiative should act as a method for doing so. Additionally, the Cambridge Bay food production location is presented as a prototype for other cities. 3. As a prototype in Cambridge Bay, it should improve food availability for the Canadian High Arctic Research Station and the resident researchers. Later, projections can be made for scaling of the facility and operations. 4. The food production location must also provide opportunities for community engagement.

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04 PROJECT APPROACH WORKFLOW

A workflow is the path that a designer takes to complete a project, a process of analysis, design and production. A workflow also gives a scope to a project. Another word synominous with workflow is “pipeline” which considers the sequencing of computer applications within the design process. It was when i was considering exactly what I was hoping to accomplish through the design process that I realized there were two workflows that I was seeking. I had interests in the larger networked system of transporting goods along with the changing environment, then only to identify solutions that are site specific. The other area of interest was in determining if my project was realizable and would produce the quantities of food I was considering. Descriptions of each workflow follow.

SYSTEMS WORKFLOW

A systems approach has to do with the idea of “metabolism”, championed by InfraNet Studio/Latteral Office as well as James Corner, Chris Reed, et al. It is similar to human metablolism where materials are gathered, transformed and a new product, such as ETP from mitochondria which aids in the operations of the

human body. Metabolism within the landscape urbanist field considers material flows and its transformations; the built environment and infrastructure is sometimes what guides those processes. For GrowNorth, it is of interest to consider how food is produced, transported, consumed and the social frameworks for that to happen within. However, I want to situate this project between those processes and a proposal to ameliorate the high costs of food within this region. In light of this, the delivery of the project is of a proposal or a prototype. A proposition situated between efforts to further engineer a final solution and looking to the broader landscape and networks for answers.

PERFORMANCE WORKFLOW

Origionally, the intended workflow prioritized performance, with the goals of percise calculations and an engineered approach towards the structure and processes. For resons of time and the learning curve for new programs and becasue the energy modeling was not adcancing quickly enough, I decided to augement this workflow situate the project between performance and a systems approach. More detail would be put on the changing program and involvement with community.

NETWORKS WORKFLOW

PERFORMANCE WORKFLOW

CATEGORIES

STRUCTURE

GROUND :: ECOLOGY CONTAINER :: HABITATION CONDUIT :: MATERIAL FLOWS

ENERGY ANALYSIS PRODUCTION METHODS

LANDSCAPE URBANISM CIVIC

GROWNORTH INITIATIVE

SCHEMATIC PROPOSALS

Sources: InfraNet Lab/Lateral Office, Neeraj Bhatia ... [et al.]. Coupling : strategies for infrastructural opportunism. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011.

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SPACE PROGRAMING

DETAILED PLAN

SCALE 03 As i developed the project, these scales emerged as a way of framing the project background and design process. Each scale coresponds to the terms of ciriticism and goals for the project. At each scale, there are different elements that are relevant to give background and focus to the project.

REGIONAL

The first scale of the GrowNorth project is of a networks, or systems scale. Information on this scale was presented in the first chapter, covering material flows from air and water transport, mineral deposits of the arctic region, as well as touching on the cultural changes in this region relating to food procurment and employment. This scale informs the project on the significant changes and flows happening beyond the boarders of the site- essentially extending the reach of that city.

URBAN

This scale is the intermediate between the large and site, serving the primary purpose of situating the project site having the background of the grander scale that supports the individual site. Environmental data for the project area, a figure ground for the streets and buildings and images of the built environment, will be used to understand this scale. Additionally, the urban scale emphasises the relationship between the GrowNorth location and the citizens and built environment. As for the programing of the GNI, the urban scale suggests that there is a clear GNI involvement within the urban environment.

SITE

Third, the site scale considers the designed building form, program, and orrientation to the surrounding context. What I stopped short of was considering the detailed design of the built form down to the level of fittings, structure and mechanical systems. I am interested in bredth and not initially, depth.

PROCESSES

Finally, the processes scale is more of a temporal scale within the building. This considers the change in two primary activities: food production and community engagement. As for food production, rates and quantities change based on time of year. Community engagement will respond to the needs of the community and how the GNI can offer value to the community. Participating with the sealift activities and providing learning opportunities about science and research through CHARS are two ways the GNI can participate with the community. Image Sources: 2) Flickr user: cambridgebayweather 3) Google Street Maps 4) Photographer Ron Wassink

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04 URBAN AREA Cambridge Bay, NU Info: Population: 1300 (summer) Area: 0.85 sq miles (urban center) 78 sq miles (hamlet) Coordinates: 69°07’02” N 105°03’11”W Elevation: 103 ft Source: www.nunavut.ca.gov

Cambridge Bay view north

Water edge development, summer

November, 3pm Image Sources: (top) Jason Pineou Photography (middle) Panoramio user ‘R. Halim’ (bottom) Henry Huntington

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Victoria Island Nunavut, Canada

Urban center of Cambridge Bay

Airport

05 ENVIRONMENTAL DATA The environmental data presented gives an overview of the climatic aspects of the tundra region. The data is specific for Cambridge Bay. The daylight study made clear the lack of light during the winter and the abundance of light during the summer. Possible building design solutions would allow for maximum light penetration in the winter, spring and fall seasons, while shading could be necessary in the summer.

The study of the precipitation shows that in fact, this area is a desert with less than a half meter of precipitation a year, as shown in the chart to the right. As for the building, rainwater collection may impead on other design criteria if not be necessary. The effort should be put towards creating a hospitable environment, shielding the -20*F temperatures during the winter.

DAYLIGHT CHART FOR CAMBRIDGE BAY, NU DAY L I G H T C H A R T FO R CA M B R I D G E BAY, N U

24:00 21:00

TIME OF DAY

18:00 15:00 12:00 09:00 06:00 03:00 00:00 JAN

FEB

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUG

SEPT

OCT

NOV

DEC

MONTH Sunset Sunrise

JAN

FEB

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

Source: http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/astronomy.html?n=1158& month=1&year=2013&obj=sun&afl=-11&day=1

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JULY

AUG

SEPT

OCT

NOV

DEC

SNOW & RAIN PRECIPITATION, 2013 S N OW & R A I N P R EC I P I TAT I O N , 2013 30

PRECIPITATION, mm

1.0 0.9

0.8 0.7

0.6 0.5

0.4 0.3

0.2 0.1

0.0 mm JAN

FEB

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUG

SEPT

OCT

NOV

DEC

OCT

NOV

DEC

MONTH Total Daily Snow (mm) Total Daily Rain (mm) Total Annual Snow (mm): 348 Total Annual Rain (mm): 104

HIGH & &LOW 2013 HIGH LOWTEMPERATURE, T E M P E R AT U R E , 2013 80

TEMPERATURE (*F)

-20

-40

-60

JAN

FEB

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUG

SEPT

MONTH Daily High Temperature, F Daily Low Temperature, F

Source: www.weatherspark.com Station: # 28214 Cambridge Bay Airport Date Range: 2013-01-01 to 2013-12-30

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FURTHER Polar Environmental Atmospheric Research Laboratory NORTH:

Old Crow Research Facility

cti

YUKON Kluane Lake TERRITORY Research Station

Quttinirpaaq National Park

Polar Continental Shelf Project

Aurora Research Institute

CANADIAN HIGH ARCTIC RESEARCH STATION

cC ircle

M’Clintock Channel Polar Bear Research Cabins

NORTHWEST TERRITORY

NUNAVUT

Yukon College H.S. Bostock Geological Core Library

Arctic Health Research Network

BRITISH COLOMBIA

Churchill Northern Studies Centre

ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA

The Arctic Research Infrastructure Fund is provided through the Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada department. The projects displayed here represent the projects since 2009 that have been complete, initiated or soon to be started. Research topics include climatic, atmospherical, geological including biological and wildlife studies as well as cultural research. Many of the northern research projects provide vital data for researchers to understand our changing atmosphere as well as beyond the earth’s atmosphere and the changes here on the land. However, none of the projects in the descriptions considered food security. Even though this would be considered more cultural research, these and other future research projects presents an opportunity for collaboration with multiple institutions regarding human 24 \

health, specifically food security. The value of the GrowNorth Initiative is that a program of food production and community engagement through employment and science and technology opportunities, for grade school students and adults, is coupled with an established research project creating access to the research community for those that would not otherwise have the opportunity to be exposed to that work. In addition, food proudction technology is aligned with many research projects in that it directly involves the health and wellbeing of the individuals a research project might be working with.

W100º

06 OPPORTUNITIES FOR ARCTIC RESEARCH

Sources Canda, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development. Arctic Research Infrastructure Fund: Project Status. 09 15, 2010. Arctic Research Infrastructure Fund: Project Status (accessed 05 02, 2014).

0ยบ

Nunavut Research Vessel

Nunavut Research Institute

0ยบ

Nunavik Research Centre kANGIDLUASUk Base Camp

Labrador Sea

QUEBEC

0ยบ

Labrador Institute

0ยบ

W80ยบ

ONTARIO

/ 25

06 CLIENT

07 USER GROUP

CLIENT: 35-50 SEASONAL EMPLOYEES CANADIAN HIGH ARCTIC RESEARCH STATION Seasonal employees undertake a wide The Government of Canada committed to “build a world-class Arctic research station that will be on the cutting edge of Arctic issues, including environmental science and resource development” as a mandate from the 2009 Canada’s Economic Action Plan. This station will be “built by Canadians, in Canada’s Arctic, and it will be there to serve the world.” The $2 million funding for a feasibility study for the proposed station wasprovided the Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC). A background document on CHARS is attached in the Appendix for further information.

As of June 2014, the current status of the project is that the construction management company has been chosen, Chief Scientist has been named, architectural drawings have been completed and construction will begin in fall of 2014.

CLIENT PRIORITIES • • • •

Resource Development Exercising Sovereignty Environmental Stewardship & Climate Change Strong & Healthy Communities

GROWNORTH + CHARS COLLABORATION • •

Changing climates can introduce opportunities to the arctic north, increasing the need for food availability. Food production facility minimizes the foodshed of healthy food as well as creating a viable setting for providing a strong social setting for youth during winter months.

Source: Aborigional Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Backgrounder: Canadian High Arctic Research Station. 2010. http://www. aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1291726858438/1291726903188. Image Credit (3): FGMDA/NFOE Architects

26 \

variety of tasks including researching, managing programs, supporting visiting researchers and facilitating the translation of results into reports.

75-100 REGULAR VISITORS

The regular visitors will research or participate in CHARS programming, use accommodations and logistical support.

TOTAL: 110 TO 150 INDIVIDUALS

... or 12% of the Cambridge Bay population. With an increase of at least 10% more people than are currently residing in the city, food goods will continue to be strained. The GrowNorth Initiative seeks to take advantage of the scientific research focus of the station and plly that towards food provision.

Image 1) Northeast view proposed rendering of CHARS. Image 2) Western elevation view. Image 3) Aerial view of Cambridge Bay with rendering of CHARS in lower right corner, showing proximity to urban area.

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03 DESIGN PROCESS GROWNORTH INITIATIVE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Energy Modeling Guiding Principles Building Form Process Zone Descriptions Program Transitions Planting Schematic Plan Selected Plants Process Timelines Performance & Viability Community Engagement: Sealift Day

01 THE DESIGN PROCESS This section focuses on the design process for the food production operations. The process began with considering energy performance as just one criteria for the structure. However, this ended up becoming more of an excercise and represents the work that would continue alongside the design work on the building form. The building form is achieved at a schematic level with the intention that further studies could be done on the structure, mechanical systems, building facade, etc. Out of the building form process, the concept of the zones and programing of the space emerged- the diagrams describe the purposes of the different building zones and the changes taking place in the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s programming. A brief consideration of the planting plan is given along with a selection

28 \

of plants for the operations. Given the area of the building, an estimate for the performance in terms of food produced is presented. Finally, a response to the other criteria of community engagement is elaborated upon with a focus towards the summer months where the facility is in high production mode. At this time of the year, activities and the scope of the GrowNorth Initiative involve the broader community and urban fabric given that the program and space of the production operations is optimized for food production. This opens up the opportunity to connect with the urban environment and expand the influence out into the community.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES 02 Guiding Principles is for directing decision in the design process and focus specifically on the Building scale, referenced earlier. There are two categories: Building and the Program.

GrowNorth location

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

Proximity to CHARS

• • • • •

Solar exposure

Optimize solar exposure with a lower heights on the southern edge and higher builing height on the northern side. Interior space on the south side to have the greatest density of food production. Structure uses the footprint from the boundary marked for “Future Expansion” in the CHARS site plan. Building volume appropriate for program usage so that heating load is minimized. Because of the proximity to the CHARS research buildings, the eastern corner will be programed for community engagement and support functions.

100 meters

AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION •

• • •

Production is maximized through plant placement which considers natural feedback loops, stacking principles and tuning the placement based on termal, pH and light sensitivity levels. Initial food products are chosen based on nutrient density value, storageability, high yield rate per unit and by a short germination to harvest period. The goal is to be able to produce ~1000 lbs of produce each week for 100 people. The food production system applies permaculture principles of soil creation, plant-animal groupings to allow for poultry and plant combinations which improve survivability and harvest.

Credit: Vinarex

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT • • • •

Credit: Red Sun Productions

Flexibility of the interior is required to allow for community events. Functions in the winter need to highlight physical activity while summer functions should focus on educating the community on operations. Educational focus in partnership with CHARS focuses on science and technology. The image to the left shows a community involvement meeting with the architecture firm of the research station. This is an one example of community engagement, but the goal is to not just to have experts present solutions, but build knowldge and skills through the collaboration of researchers and scientists with especially the youth.

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03 ENERGY MODELING INITIAL ENERGY MODELING EXPECTATIONS

FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS

Energy modeling was intended to be a much more • significant part of the project workflow. The modeling was to inform the design of the building form, taking into consideration the climate data presented earlier. As a • digital analytical tool, this would be an iterative process, where feedback about the building performance would be provided relatively mmediately based on the changes to the building form. Finally, it would serve as a • verification tool to determine the ability for the strucutre to perform in northern climates. • Additionally, it was also expected that details on the structure and brief consideration of the mechanical systems would be a component of this stage. As • described on page 19, this workflow was the more analytical and based on building performance. As the progress on just the energy modeling was very slow, mostly because of a steep learning curve, the workflow changed.

30 \

Can solar radiation be quantified for each form be found, a way of quantifying the differences between each form. Explore new designs for the two copies: steep angle on southern sides, does a steep front that tapers off in the rear make a difference, what about a low profile in terms of energy efficiency? The tests that were run were for solar access but need a test for internal conditions, but solar access corresponds to that. Still confused why the dome has a low rating, it theoretically has more faces that face the sun at different parts of the day. Different materials will need to be specified for the forms. For these tests, all faces were specified as windows

ENERGY MODELING ITERATIONS

Software: Ecotect - Autodesk Iterations: April 16, 2014 Solar Access Date: June 01 Climate Data Location: Inuvik, NT, Canada The forms represent volumetric forms to get a cursory understanding of how the forms respond to the climate data as well as how the Ecotect software functions. Forms were designed in Rhino4 and exported to Ecotect.

Second copy with a gradual front face had slightly less solar gain, wondering if this is because of the angle.

First copy has a steep front surface yielding the most solar access on the ground plane.

Origional orrientation Dome kept only because for the triangular form to of interest and to compare compare with the copies with the others. which will be rotated.

/ 31

04 BUILING FORM PROCESS After a try at the energy modeling, I then moved to develop a â&#x20AC;&#x153;betaâ&#x20AC;? version of the built form. The six steps below describe the design process.

to a minimized heating load, saving in the energy requirements. At this step, the idea for the zones emerges with its addition to the program and 1. The first form was the initial pass at starting the built building criteria. form and primarily referenced the igloo, which didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t 3. In effort to be critically regional in finding a simple hold up to the building performance criteria. form, the first iteration too closely resembles the 2. The second form benefits from a utilization of obvious choice- the indiginous inuit igloo. It was the more of the available area of the proposed site, various sketches that brought this fact out as the situates the food production and civic functions building form repsonded more to the project critera. near the research and residences for the research However, what is very interesting about the typology station. Also, the lower height and volume leads is the organization- circulation occurs through a

Image source: Charles F. Hall

32 \

Image source: George F. Lyon

set sequence of spaces and the structures are sized for the human scale, not the large scale food production.

The lowest height would be intended for more mechanized food production while the tallest zone would allow for diverse plantings needing more height as well as community recreaional activities. Additionally, the pitch of the roof ideally responds to the minimal availability of light.

4. The series of sketches represent the different positions of the structure when considering the program and position on the site. This process sought to discover the best circulation patterns 6. The final building volumetric form shows the different through the different zones and also in connection zones by the 3 shades of green and the varying to the research buildings to the south. heights, which are contingent on the different purposes of each zone. Additionally, the zone with 5. A further iteration of the building form brought the most community involvement is situated closest about the tiers when considering the different to the research builidings. Further explaination of ceiling heights required for a polyculture design. the dimensioning of the zones will be on page 39.

A’

A-A’ C’ B-B’ B’

A C

C-C’ / 33

05 ZONE DESCRIPTIONS The idea of the different zones came out of the building form process (previous spread) when I was interested in having not an uniform program but one that is flexible and would contain different operations. Zones are programed according to the different operations of food production and community engagement. As an overarching design process, understanding the sun’s position informed the lower structure height on the southern edge and a heigher height on the northern-eastern edge. With the addition of the varrying program, the zones became the method of distinguishing the different spaces.

FOOD PRODUCTION

• • • •

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CIVIC ENGAGEMENT

HIGH DENSITY GROWING

Area: 4,350 sm (45% of building) Height: 3m - 5m Purpose: Primary growing Features: Low height/volume for minimixzed heating and cooling.

MIXED PLANTINGS

Area: 3,800 sm (40%) Height: 5m - 7m Purpose: Primary growing + Flex growing space Features: Higher height for establishing larger fruit/nut shurbs and trees, as in a permaculture design.

FLEX SPACE AND OPERATIONS

Area: 1,750 sm (15%) Height: 7m - 10m Purpose: Community engagement Features: Space established for civic events during the winter and growing support functions duing the summer. At this point, “back of house” opperations are placed in the “front of house” where visitors can experience the functions of the space.

PROGRAM TRANSITIONS 06 Having described the different zones, the program covers how the spaces will be used. Given the varrying degree of flexabilty with each space, the program is about the adaptable space.

A. CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: JAN / FEB / MAR / • • •

Zone 1: Continues with the growing of cool season crops and longer term crops. Zone 2: Has the ability to host civic functions, but may be in the same space as the food production. Zone 3: During the winter has the highest concentration of civic activity.

B. TRANSITION TO PEAK GROWING: APRIL / MAY / • • •

Zone 1: Increased density of growing modules. Zone 2: Prepared for food production and planting of warm season food items. Zone 3: Fewer Civic activities.

C. PEAK PRODUCTION: JUNE / JULY / AUG / • •

Zone 1/2: Programed strictly for food production given the abundant light. Zone 3: Programed for food production but may include select community engagements such as classes or tours.

D. GROWING CONTINUES: SEPT / OCT / • •

Zone 1/2: Harvesting of warm season crops and initiating the cool season crops. Zone 3: Introduce community engagements potentially for classes about weatherization or building rehab.

E. TRANSITION TO CIVIC USE: NOV / DEC / • • •

Zone 1: Growing continues. Zone 2: Mixture of community and growing. Zone 3: Winter community activities begin.

/ 35

07 HYDROPONIC METHODS OVERVIEW AQUAPONICS

NFT is the most common method used for hydroponics. Nutrient rich water flows down the growing container that touch small growing units that contain the growing substrate, such as rockwool or synthetic material, and the plant. This method is best for crops with a shorter Days to Yield time frame or plants that are harvested whole. Importing materials is limited to the growing substrate and seeds. This is important to know because cost of transport by sealift and airfreight is calculated by weight- these materials are very light and can be shipped in bulk, with only one shippment per year necessary.

PUMP & IRRIGATION

AQUACULTURE TANK Nutrient rich water

NUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE

RETURN LINE

Wastewater

Aquaponics is the method of raising fish in dedicated containers that is also connected to the irrigation of hydroponic operations. Effluent water from aquaponic pools is nutrient rich and is a viable way to fertilize plants. Fish is also a by product of the process which can be used in a retail setting or sent directly to the CHARS kitchen and food services.

a) Plant b) Growing substrate c) Nutrient rich water d) Growing container (a) (b)

(c)

(d)

BUCKET SYSTEM WITH DRIP IRRIGATION

Buckets contain a growing substrate such as coir fiber, is irrigated by dedicated drip lines and hosts larger plants with prolonged harvest periods such as tomatoes or cucumbers. The benefit of coir fiber is that it ships in a small, dry, light, compressed block that expands with added water. The light weight is beneficial to shipping as described above. In addition, there is a possibility to create compost with waste products in the opperations as well as from the city. Compost can be put in more contiguous growing containers. Dedicated irrigation can allow for speciallized nutirent solutions, attending to specific needs of the plants. Images: CropKing LLC.

36 \

SELECTED PRODUCE PLANTS 08 PILOT NUNAVUT FOOD PRICE SURVEY - APRIL 2013

Item

Arctic Bay $14.58 $5.86 $4.69 $3.69 $9.89 $3.05 $4.57 $7.89 $5.95 $19.5 $2.77 $9.24 $6.49 $4.59 $8.94 $11.77 $5.19 $7.23 $11.87 $4.00 $6.84 $1.69 $6.66 .. $5.35 $13.62 $3.35 $3.45 $15.42 $15.87 $3.74

CA avg $2.70 $1.86 $1.49 $1.20 $3.14 $1.78 $1.43 $2.42 $1.69 $7.66 $0.99 $3.31 $2.70 $2.62 $4.90 $5.26 $2.81 $3.77 $6.60 $2.87 $3.59 $0.84 $3.68 $4.31 $3.75 $10.42 $2.31 $2.44 $11.21 $9.39 $3.29

NU % Diff 287% 233% 218% 204% 193% 175% 165% 162% 155% 145% 137% 137% 135% 126% 110% 101% 97% 94% 84% 71% 67% 66% 62% 60% 57% 39% 38% 32% 32% 24% 20%

CRITERIA

Selecting food items is dictated by the short ideal growing season. This prioritizes a plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 1) ability to be grown on site with a short Days to Yield time and high productivity per sq ft, 2) health attributes, 3) plants that do not appear on the NU FPS for their high degree of perishability from transit, and 4) higher price compared to CA. All data and image credits are located in the appendix.

EGGS & POULTRY

Description: Items highlighted are produce foods (including eggs) which are possible to be grown within the GrowNorth location. Items described below are the initial produce foods to be grown.

Climate: Cool & Warm Method: Semi free range, Coop Days to Yield: 1-2 Why: Eggs are a great source of protient and aid in building compost. Yield is frequent and reliable.

BEET

SPINACH

Growing Climate: Cool & Warm Growing Method: Coir fiber media, drip irrigation Days to Yield: 55 days Why: Beets boast fiber, vitamins, minerals, and anti-oxidants along with folates, best for pregnant mothers.

CILANTRO

Growing Climate: Cool & Warm Growing Method: NFT Days to Yield: 40 days Why: Cilantro is also not listed on the FPS because of its poor ability to transport, leading to high price. Also boasts high in flavinoids.

Growing Climate: Cool & Warm Growing Method: NFT Days to Yield: 40 days Why: Vitamin and nutrient rich, simple to grow, short yield time.

TOMATO CARROT

Growing Climate: Cool & Warm Growing Method: Coir fiber media, drip irrigation Days to Yield: 50 days Why: Carrots are placed at the top of the list of the Food Price Survey with a 175% higher price from the CA avg.

CUCUMBER

Growing Climate: Cool Growing Method: Coir fiber media, Bato Bucket System & drip irrigation Days to yield: 70 days Why: Plant vines can be trained upwards leading to a higher Lb yield per SF. Cucumbers are not on the Food Price Survey because it might be cost prohibitive through transit. High in silica.

Growing Climate: Warm Growing Method: Coir fiber media, Bato Bucket System & drip irrigation Days to Yield: 85 days Why: Tomatos are prolific plants and can continue to yield for several months. High in Vitamin A and C along with Magnesium. Growing Details: Plants can be extended by root pruning and training of branches. / 37

09 SCHEMATIC PLANTING PLAN ZONE 1

ZONE 2

• •

•

Given that zone 1 is a purely a food growing zone, growing beds are larger and stationary. Each bed is 1x30 meters The emphasis with the growing technology is highest yield and not adaptability for community involvement

•

Growing methods are mobile and able to be adapted to new configurations. Perennial Clusters: Portions of this area can be outfited with perennial crops and fruiting/nut shrubs or small trees.

Arobic Compost Digester Information Community Workshop

DIMENSIONING THE ZONES

As presented, the zones are flexible in area. More detailed quantities for and growing requirements would lead to a more refined dimensions. Though, the general design criteria still apply such as southern exposure, low height or height appropriate for whats growing and program.

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PERFORMANCE & VIABILITY 10

RESULTS

Essentially, this page is the validation of the GrowNorth Initiative and of its leading design criteria: agricultural production, based on the current design. Below are three tables that quantify how the GNI performs and how space is allocated. In terms of bridging the gap of increased demand on food supplies, reasons explained earlier, the prototype GrowNorth center with 101,459 sf of growing space, could achieve an average of 27% of the desired demand per year. This projection clearly defines why this idea of a food production center is a prototype, for there is great room for improvement in the design of the operations. It should also be acknowledged that the goal was to find an initial estimate for the production and outline a program for the Initiative. Table 1: Yield & Demand for GrowNorth Food Items Food Items

Yield: lbs/yr/acre or Qty High Yield Low Yield

After doing the calculations for the Avg Final Yield for each food item, it is clear that the GrowNorth center will not reach at least half of the demand for one year. This clearly puts into question the role of the center- is it necessary in the first place? Is it best to focus on fewer food items that are cost prohibitive to purchase, making it more accessible? Should operations be scaled down to the level of a demonstration exhibit relinquishing the role of providing food? Or can the facility play a vital role in providing the urban center with food items that previously would not be attainable? I believe this can be the case, however when refining the operations, emphasis should be put on allocating more space towards higher yielding food items.

Table 2: Programing Space for Specific Items & Yield Calculations

Demand / Week

Demand / Year

Average

100 ppl

150 ppl

100 ppl

150 ppl

% of GN Space

Growing Growing as Space (sf) %Space of 1 Acre

Avg GN Yield: lbs/yr

100 ppl

150 ppl

Avg of 100 & 150 Person Demand

% Yield / Year

Beet

14,000

10,800

12,400

200

300

10,400

15,600

8,117

19%

2,311

22%

15%

19%

Carrot

30,000

10,800

24,700

300

450

15,600

23,400

10%

10,146

23%

5,753

37%

25%

31%

100

150

5,200

7,800

5,073

12%

1,165

22%

15%

19%

Cucumber

15,000

12,300

13,650

300

450

15,600

23,400

12%

12,175

28%

3,815

24%

16%

20%

Spinach

12,500

11,000

11,750

200

300

10,400

15,600

8,117

19%

2,189

21%

14%

18%

Tomato

30,000

19,400

24,700

300

450

15,600

23,400

18%

18,263

42%

10,356

66%

44%

55%

Eggs (Qty) (100 chickens)

27,375

18,250

22,813

1,200

1,800

62,000

93,600

15%

15,219

35%

22,813

37%

24%

30%

76%

77,109 sf

10% 4% 5% Varies 0.5% 4% 24%

10,146 4,058 5,073 Varies 507 4,058 23,843 sf

Cilantro (Qty)

Table 3: Other Programing for GrowNorth Future space for growing operations and/or plantings that will yield in the near term Composting Operations Aquaculture Operations Community Involvement Administrative Uses Mechanical Equipment

27% GrowNorth Stats: Footprint: 106,538 sf = 2.4 acres Active Growing Space: 101,459 sf = 2.3 acres Conversion Details: 1 acre = 43,560 sf 1 acre = 4,047 sq meters 1,000 sf = 93 sq meters

PROCESS

1. Select the food items that will be grown. 5. Yield rates calculated in step 2 are measured on a 2. Research yield of the selected food items with both per 1 acre basis. To calculate the lbs that will yield hydroponically and conventionally grown methods, from the allocated space, the allocated space will leading to a high and low yield rate. An average need to be converted into a rate, in this case it is of the two will be used to quantify the yield for the as a percentage. Next, an average yield can be growing operations. calculated in lbs/year/sf for the food items. 3. With low and high user group sizes, demand can be 6. Second to last, the yield from the GrowNorth calculated with the previously calculated average operations can be compared with the determined yield. The demand, measured as lbs./year, is the demand for the 100 and 150 user group sizes. estimate of the needs for one year. 7. Finally, an average of the two user group sizes 4. Allocate each food item a percentage of the available makes it easier to understand how the facility can area to be the area dedicated to growing that food perform. This final average gives only a projection item. The percentage can also be translated into but enough to determine which food item yields the square footage. most given the yield rate and allocated space.

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13 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT EXTENDING COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT TO THE URBAN SCALE: ANNUAL SEALIFT DAY

The annual sealift day is the civic counterpoint to the heightened food production program and the lack of community engagement during that time. Additionally, it addresses the stated project criteria of community engagement. The sealift is a period of the early summer where goods are shipped in to northern remote communities and is often the only time when durable goods are delivered. “Sealift Day” transforms a period of time that is marked by tight delivery schedules and a flurry of activity and creates a social and community event. The harbor area is transformed from municipal infrastructure to festival area using modular docks and pavilions to allow for the community to enjoy the unloading process.

40 \

ANNUAL SEALIFT DAY IT IS THE NEW SUMMER SOLSTICE EVENT WHERE FAMILIES CELEBRATE THE ANNUAL ARRIVAL OF GOODS BY SEA. A

Community engagement Community engagement is significant during the programed the least winter in Zone 3. during the summer.

Q: What will provide more opportunities for community involvement?

ACTIVATING THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

One of the ways to reimagine the events surrounding the sealift is to celebrate key imports and brought to the center for viewing. Items would include building components like SIP panels or heavy machinery and would be accompanied by workshops and presentations of those items.

NEW EMPLOYMENT SOURCES

The other benefit of the GrowNorth Initiative is the increase in employment opportunities. Technical skills for running the opperations and the tie to the research programs of CHARS. NU Employment by Industry 2008-2012

1. The harbor is transformed from transaction point to

festival location where goods are unloaded.

2. Packages could be traveled through the city. 3. Summer activities along with construction and

Government & Education

Other Industries

7% 49%

15%

Retail & Wholesale Transit & Storage Construction

Fishing, Hunting, Mining Hotel & Food Service

17%

building rehab seminars take place in the city center. +10%

Future NU Employment by Industry 2012+ Government & Education

Other Industries Retail & Wholesale Transit & Storage Construction

Fishing, Hunting, Mining Hotel & Food Service

0’ 100’ SCALE: 1” = 400’

500’

1000’

+20%

/ 41

04 CONCLUSION 01 REFLECTION Towards the end of the semester there were parts of this project that provided more inspiration than others. The change of program between food production operations and community involvement I thought was interesting given its temporal quality and the flexibility that is required of the three different zones. Relating to the communtiy compent, it was a blind spot in the project till the end that during the summer period, there is minimal programing for civic uses. This lead me to the idea of highlighting the sealift, a brief period of time when durable goods as well as certain food goods are delivered to remote arctic communities. Details about this design exploration are on the following spread. Another aspect about this project pertains to transportation networks and economies. The government of Canada subsizes the transport of food to northern communities through its Nutrition North Canada program. This informs a decision to dedicate the production space to quickly perishable foods that would have an exhorbantly high cost point. These are the foods that have greater health value and are not part of the diets.

44 \

In terms of a design process, I am reminded how critical it is to have clear design goals and criteria for a project. These guide the project forward and sense that this is the reason why this degree project did not achieve what I think is a complete degree project. Additionally, the value of having reviewers and criticism that aims to move the work forward, taking on a studio charrette posture, has been most beneficial. Finally, after completing this whole project, I do believe it is possible for a real world GrowNorth Initiative to become a reality. I personally understood that this is limited in capacity but has the potental of amilorating present human health needs as well as providing nutricioulsly valuable food at a resonable cost. The partnership with research initiatives with the Canadian government is the best channel to pursue this work and can add value to the mission of improving the health of the citizens in the arctic north.

02 FURTHER WORK Having finished this project to the current level of completness, there are a number of parts of this project that would require further investigation, given that expertise these paticular areas were provided. Additionally, the current project was intended as a proposal and the level of detail or resolution is to stay at the schematic level. Acknowledging that the project is not complete given its prototype or schematic condition, further work on the GrowNorth Intiative would include: • • • • • •

•

Detailed structure design. Integrated geothermal energy system. Explore and specify the growing mediums and methods. Energy analysis of the revised interior and a greater approximation of the interior growing conditions. Further iterations on the design of planting schemes. Project criteria defined more clearly in areas of community involvement, collaboration with CHARS, resource availability, changes to list of produce items, etc. Refine the list of plants, include more perennial vegatables, nut and berry bearing shrubs as well as plants that are native to northern Canada.

/ 45

05 APPENDIX

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ADDITIONAL CITATIONS SELECTED PRODUCE PLANTS P.37 Data Sources: 1. Nelson, Paul V. Greenhouse Operation and Management (7th Edition). Prentice Hall, 2011 2. Chart @ Johnnyseeds.com/assets/information/vegetablecharts.pdf 3. Kern, Ken & Barbara. The Owner-Built Homestead. Charles Scribnerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sons, 1974. Referenced @ http://www.gardensofeden.org/04%20Crop%20Yield%20Verification.htm P.37 Image Sources: Tomato: http://www.cuculinary.com/2011/06/forgotten-foods-heirloom-tomatoes/ Eggs: http://epetani.deptan.go.id/sites/default/files/buah%20bit.jpg?1326768829 Cucumber: http://spiceflair.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/cucumber.png Carrots: http://www.healthandbloom.com/Healthtips/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/217.jpg Cilantro: http://pested.ifas.ufl.edu/newsletters/2011-07/Cilantro.jpg Spinach: http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/images/spinach.jpg

/ 47

CHARS: FURTHER INFORMATION

2/28/2014

Backgrounder: Canadian high Arctic research station

2/28/2014

Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada Home > All Topics > About AANDC > Media Room > News Releases - 2010

3) A strong research presence across Canada’s Arctic CHARS will be at the centre of a strong Canadian network of Arctic research infrastructure capable of meeting science and technology needs that match the size and diversity of Canada's Arctic. This network will include regional laboratories, field camps, monitoring sites, ships, and satellites. The Station will leverage the efforts of polar researchers, the private sector, and communities throughout Canada while engaging the world to address national priorities.

> Backgrounder: Canadian high Arctic research station

Backgrounder: Canadian high Arctic research station BACKGROUND The project was first announced in 2007 with the Government of Canada’s Speech from the Throne. Under the rubric of Strengthening Canada’s Sovereignty and Place in the World, the Government committed to “build a world-class Arctic research station that will be on the cutting edge of Arctic issues, including environmental science and resource development. This station will be built by Canadians, in Canada’s Arctic, and it will be there to serve the world.”

Geographic Area For the purpose of CHARS, Canada's Arctic is defined as the lands and waters that lie north of the permafrost line. This is the same definition as was used for International Polar Year.

In 2009, Canada’s Economic Action Plan provided Indian and Northern Affairs Canada with $2 million to undertake a feasibility study for this proposed station. Since then, work on the Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHARS) has been progressing on several fronts including: the development of a mandate; science and technology priorities; the definition of infrastructure spaces and service needs; and an analysis on potential hosting locations. INAC has engaged numerous stakeholders and partners in order to develop and refine these elements including the Experts and Users Group which was created to provide input and advice throughout the CHARS feasibility study and Public Works and Government Services to facilitate contracting and project management.

Scientific Scope CHARS will take an integrated approach to its science and technology activities. These activities may include: monitoring and surveillance; research, modelling, and predic tion; technology development and transfer; knowledge application; and training, education, and outreach as well as the logistics needed to ensure effective delivery. The science and technology undertaken by CHARS will be interdisciplinary and include natural and physical sciences, economic and social sciences, health and life sciences, the humanities, and engineering and technology development.

PRIORITIES

Based on this work and the desire to move seamlessly into the design phase, Budget 2010 provides INAC with $18 million over five years to undertake the pre-construction design phase for the station.

World-class research excellence is Canada’s standard. This will be met by focusing on priorities and targeting basic and applied research in areas of strength and opportunity. Delivering on science and technology priorities will focus funding, build partnerships, and lever Canada’s research base to address economic and social challenges and maximize competitive advantage. Although CHARS’ priorities may evolve, they will initially be aligned with the following themes.

FEASIBILITY STUDY The department is currently completing the Feasibility Study Report. This will be the first major milestone in the process for the planning, design, tendering, construction and commissioning of the Canadian High Arctic Research Station. The study will identify functional, design and cost control parameters based on the following:

Priority

Statements in the Budget and Speech from the thrones Comparative reviews with national and international Polar research stations Input and advice received from stakeholders Hosting location of Cambridge Bay

Resource Development

Indian and Northern Affairs Canada are leading the project from the initial planning stages, through the design and construction and into the completion of the commissioning phase on behalf of the Government of Canada. In order to ensure that the right expertise and advice is being sought for consideration, consultations with northerners, academics, the private sector as well as the territorial and federal governments will continue throughout the project’s development.

Exercising Sovereignty

In addition, a number of visits to other research facilities operating in polar climates have been undertaken to evaluate the structural, operational and programmatic strategies employed at a variety of national and international research stations and lessons learned throughout their lifecycles. To date, this process has allowed INAC to receive input from potential partners, users and subject matter experts ranging from northerners to researchers to station operation managers.

Environmental Stewardship & Climate Change

The department expects to finalize the Feasibility Study in the Fall 2010 and will then begin the Design Phase. http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1291726858438/1291726903188

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Backgrounder: Canadian high Arctic research station

conducting world-class research and delivering excellent and relevant science and technology. The Station will help to build the next generation of polar scientists, innovators, and managers. The knowledge produced through the Station will be mobilized to support the responsible development of Canada’s Arctic and to inform Canadian and global responses to the changes happening in this unique region.

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Outcomes Resource development that is economically and environmentally sound and promotes social development Renewable resources and unconventional energy sources that contribute to greater energy security and sustainability

Efficient and effective monitoring and surveillance of Canada’s vast Arctic Effective management of Canada’s Arctic waters a under changing conditions Improved response to, and mitigation of, environmental and other disasters

Effective environmental stewardship through greater knowledge of natural and human systems and their interconnections Strengthened mitigation efforts through greater understanding of changes in the Arctic climate and the links

http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1291726858438/1291726903188

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Backgrounder: Canadian high Arctic research station

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FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT:

Backgrounder: Canadian high Arctic research station

to global systems, and increased capacity to adapt

Prime Minister’s Web link to CHARS news release

Strong & Healthy Communities

The Council of Canadian Academies Canada’s Northern Strategy

Improved infrastructure and diversified economic opportunities Improved health outcomes and community wellness and resiliency

CHARS MANDATE Mission Date modified: 2010-12-07

To be a world-class research station in Canada’s Arctic that is on the cutting edge of Arctic issues. The Station will anchor a strong research presence in Canada’s Arctic that serves Canada and the world. It will advance Canada’s knowledge of the Arctic in order to improve economic opportunities, environmental stewardship, and the quality of life of Northerners and all Canadians.

Objectives Mobilize Arctic science and technology To develop and diversify the economy in Canada’s Arctic To support the effective stewardship of Canada’s Arctic lands, waters, and resources To create a hub for scientific activity in Canada’s vast and diverse Arctic To promote self-sufficient, vibrant, and healthy Northern communities To inspire and build capacity through training, education, and outreach To enhance Canada’s visible presence in the Arctic and strengthen Canada’s leadership on Arctic issues

Principles Address pressing issues in Canada’s Arctic by conducting world-class research and delivering excellent and relevant science and technology Complement the network of Arctic expertise and facilities across Canada’s Arctic and the whole of the country Promote partnerships and collaboration among the private, Aboriginal, academic, and public sectors both domestically and internationally Work with Aboriginal peoples of Canada’s Arctic and recognize the importance of traditional knowledge in advancing Arctic research Integrate across disciplines and across activities – from problem identification, through research and development, to solutions Ensure effective use of data, information, and technology through open and timely access and knowledge application Be a world leader in green technologies for the Arctic

COMPONENTS 1) A world-class facility The Canadian High Arctic Research Station will provide a year-round facility for world-class science and technology in Canada’s Arctic. The Station will include research labs, centres for technology development and traditional knowledge, and facilities for teaching, training, and community engagement. It will provide scientific, technical, and logistical services to strengthen Canada’s leadership in Arctic science and technology. It will create a dynamic environment for leading Canadian and international scientists and engineers to come together with Northerners, the private sector, and other stakeholders to address complex challenges facing the Arctic and the globe. 2) Cutting-edge science and technology CHARS will ensure Canadians lead the way in addressing the challenges facing Canada’s Arctic by http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1291726858438/1291726903188

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http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1291726858438/1291726903188

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FIRST AIR DOMESTIC CARGO RATES First Air is a Canadian Airline that offers cargo and passenger services to northern communities. The map showing the destinations is in the background chapter of this book. This chart is provided as a useful reference to estimate shipping costs for food by air freight. Source: https://firstair.ca/wp/wp-content/uploads/tariffs/FirstAir_ DomesticCargoRatesFrom_Ottawa.pdf

FIRST AIR DOMESTIC CARGO RATES

Add 23% fuel surcharge to all rates Add 6.5% Nav Canada surcharge to all rates Canadian Currency -‐ 1:0.92 Exchange rate CAD to USD OTTAWA to/from

ENVELOPE

GENERAL CARGO

PRIORITY CARGO

Maximum Minimum Per kg Rate Per kg Rate Minimum Per kg Rate Per kg Rate 2 kg Charge 1-‐499 500+ Charge2 1-‐4993 500+4 1 Montreal 27 40 1.95 1.85 70 2.63 2.49 2 Kuujjuaq 27 40 4.58 4.36 70 6.19 5.88 3 Iqaluit 28 35 4.84 4.09 60 5.67 5.25 4 Kimmirut 36 41 7.66 6.78 70 9.51 8.94 5 Rankin Inlet 27 47 8.14 6.92 70 10.19 9.55 6 Pangnirtung 36 48 8.88 7.94 70 11.23 10.44 7 Cape Dorset 36 47 9.66 9.18 70 12.56 11.93 8 Winnipeg 36 47 9.66 9.18 70 12.56 11.93 9 Hay River 36 53 9.73 9.25 71 13.14 12.48 10 Yellowknife 33 53 9.73 9.25 71 13.14 12.48 11 Coral Harbour 36 47 9.73 9.25 70 12.66 12.03 12 Edmonton 52 75 9.84 8.68 -‐ -‐ -‐ 13 Cambridge Bay 36 54 9.85 9.35 72 13.3 12.63 14 Inuvik 36 54 9.85 9.35 72 13.3 12.63 15 Arviat 36 47 10.03 9.53 70 13.04 12.39 16 Baker Lake 36 47 10.03 9.53 70 13.04 12.39 17 Chesterfield Inlet 36 47 10.03 9.53 70 13.04 12.39 18 Whale Cove 36 47 10.03 9.53 70 13.04 12.39 19 Hall Beach 36 56 10.23 9.69 74 13.81 13.12 20 Igloolik 36 56 10.23 9.69 74 13.81 13.12 21 Qikiqtarjuaq 36 58 10.67 9.68 74 13.66 12.83 22 Arctic Bay 36 67 11.19 10.55 80 14.87 14.01 23 Resolute Bay 36 67 11.19 10.55 80 14.87 14.01 24 Repulse Bay 36 47 11.26 10.69 70 14.64 13.91 25 Fort Simpson 36 68 12.57 11.94 92 16.96 16.12 26 Gjoa Haven 36 71 13.12 12.46 96 17.72 16.83 27 Kugluktuk 36 71 13.17 12.51 96 17.79 16.9 28 Norman Wells 36 47 13.41 12.74 70 17.44 16.56 29 Taloyoak 36 74 13.68 13 100 18.47 17.54 30 Clyde River 36 75 13.85 13.16 101 18.7 17.77 31 Kugaaruk 36 76 14.16 13.45 103 19.12 18.16 32 Pond Inlet 36 84 15.67 14.41 113 20.8 19.6 33 Ulukhaktok 36 91 16.74 15.9 123 22.6 21.47 Location

50 \

SUBSIDIZED FOODS FROM NUTRITION NORTH CANADA The subsidies from the Nutrition North Canada program could potentially change the role of the GrowNorth Initiative. With further subsidies, it would be more feasible to import more food to utilize the lower rates. This could change the program of the Initiaitive in that it is responsible for recieving, storing and distributing food that has been imported. The current proposal for the Initiative focuses on providing the food items that would easily parish and would be highly cost prohibative because of the transit, regardless of the subsidies. Source: Nutrition North Canada: Subsidized Foods (October 1, 2012)

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DEGREE PROJECT 2 - FINAL REVIEW: MAY 12, 2014

GROWNORTH INITIATIVE

Prior to air travel, goods would be shipped by sea water routes.

As urban centers wee established and more individuals working in other industries, more food was imported.

= =

OLD

NEW

This research project speculates on a new potential for arctic food production that also serves as a community and social asset. The potential of food production is only possible within the context of an engineered and protected environment. Under the protection of the envelope, agricultural and civic program can be implemented. The proposal positions the food production facility as a new means for procuring food. I does not subsumes traditional means as well as removing the need for food to be imported, but rather as a supplement that is inserted into the current methods of food procurement, altogether decreasing the need for imported food.

➋ FOOD PRICES & URBAN CENTER POPULATIONS ARE INCREASING

PRESENT

Today, only 8% of people in Nunavut are woeking in the fishing andd hunting industries.

= $$$

➌ HIGH FOOD PRICES ARE BECAUSE OF AIR FRIEGHT

GROWNORTH IMPLEMENTATION

Projects from firms such as Lateral Office propose solutions for increasing the fishing and hunting functions of the northern communities.

➍ WHY AIR FREIGHT FOOD? THE TUNDRA.

MATERIAL FLOW BY AIR FREIGHT cti

Yukon Territory

Ulukhaktok

Inuvik, NT

cC ircle

Cambridge Bay

Gjoa Haven

Deline, NT

[ C - GUSI ] C130 Hercules

[ C - GKLY ] Boeing 767-200 Iqaluit

Yellowknife, NT Fort Simpson, NT

0º N6

Rankin Inlet

Hay River, NT

[ C - GNDC ] Boeing 737-200

Fort Smith, NT

British Colombia

Fort Chimo, QC

100 meters

[ C - FNVT ] Boeing 737-400

Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba

º 20

Quebec

NORTH POLE

0º

SHIPPING & NATURAL RESOURCES

Ontario

W10 0º

Calgary, AB

ARC TIC CIR CL E

Edmonton, AB

Vancouver, BC

Ottawa, ON

Minerals & Resources Active Mine

Shipping Routes IM R

AR M

N IA ID

Hope Bay, ON Inqualit, NU Cambridge Bay

Mineral Deposit RE

Rare Earth

Z/S/L Zinc, Silver, Lead

52 \

Tungsten

Gold

Territory Capital

Copper

City

Uranium

Yellowknife, NT Whitehorse, YT

Terms of criticism

WORKFLOW PERFORMANCE BIAS •

Structure

SYSTEMS BIAS •

More options, less detail

•

Double facade

•

Formats for new typologies

•

Energy analysis

•

Detailed programing

•

Produce output determined

“Identifying (managedd dynamic systems) role and how they interrelate becomes an act of design coupling” NETWORK RESEARCH:

STRUCTURE

1 MILE

ENERGY ANALYSIS

URBANISM LANDSCAPE CIVIC

DOUBLE FACADE

GROWING POPULATIONS UNSTABLE WILDLIFE POPULATIONS

CONCEPT FILTERS: GROUND :: ECOLOGY

SPACE PROGRAMING

DETAILED OUTPUT

VICTORIA ISLAND

0º

Kugaaruk

Nunavut

Whitehorse, YT

HIGH FOOD PRICES

NORTHERN ARCTIC URBAN CENTERS

Taloyoak

Kugluktuk

Norman Wells, NT

LESS FOOD SOURCED LOCALLY

= $$$

W8 0º

- ANDREW HOVEY - DESIGN STUDIES DEGREE PROJECT FINAL REVIEW - 2013-05-12 -

Among the many challenges that are arising in the communities of Canada’s arctic region is the high cost of food. The high cost of food comes as the result of social changes in employment, the high cost of air fright, and the infrequency of those means. Additionally, signals are being alarmed as traditional food from land and marine sources become less stable as well as the number of individuals employed in the fishing and hunting local industries. Further it is recognized that Canada’s arctic has natural resource reserves that have yet to be extracted, occurring congruently with the increased rate of arctic shipping in the circumpolar region of the earth.

➊ NORTHERN COMMUNITIES DIETS ARE CHANGING

PRE 1950

TERMS OF CRITICISM

PROBLEM STATEMENT

INCREASING FOOD PRICES

CONTAINERS :: HABITATION CONDUITS :: FLOWS

OUTPUT: SCHEMATIC PROPOSALS

NUNAVUT CA

CLIENT / USER-GROUP

THE GROWNORTH INITIATIVE

This was a helpful method to distinguish research activities apart from each other. The location of the proposal is in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut. There are a number of factors that make Cambridge Bay an ideal location for the project. Most notably is the research facility that is being designed presently but may likely exasperate the demands on the food supply as well as needing to allocate research funds towards food goods. On a higher level, the GrowNorth Initiative understands food production as a function of the climate, where climate dictates a biome’s ecology.

•

Resource Development

•

Exercising Sovereignty

•

Environmental Stewardship & Climate Change

•

Strong & Healthy Communities

ZONE DESCRIPTIONS ZONE 1 Area: 4,350 sm Height: 3m - 5m Purpose: Primary growing Features: Low height/volume for minimixzed heating /cooling

ZONE 2 Area: 3,800 sm Height: 5m - 7m Purpose: Primary growing + Flex growing space Features: Higher height for establishing larger fruit/nut shurbs and trees

GROWNORTH + CHARS COLLABORATION: •

Changing climates can introduce opportunities to the arctic north, increasing the need for food availability.

•

Food production facility minimizes the foodshed of healthy food as well as creating a viable setting for providing a strong social setting for youth during winter months.

CLIMATE DATA

BLDG FORM DEVELOPMENT

CLIENT: CANADIAN HIGH ARCTIC RESEARCH STATION CLIENT PRIORITIES:

The Initiative is meant to ameliorate the effects from the previously described challenges that northern circumpolar cities need to address as well as the opportunities of the region. It is helpful to describe how this project is presented. It is presented as a proposal or as a prototype, that can be modified by individuals with more expertise and is positioned as one possibility for overcoming the food security issues. As for a degree project, I have found that there are two workflows each based on a different bias: the performance bias and systems bias.

DAYLIGHT CHARTS FOR CAMBRIDGE BAY, NU

Is it a trope to use the igloo typology?

35-50 SEASONAL PT + FT EMPLOYEES

Undertaking a wide variety of tasks including researching, managing programs, supporting visiting researchers and facilitating the translation of results into reports.

75-100 REGULAR VISITORS

Who will research or participate in CHARS programming, use accommodations and logistical support.

110 TO 150 INDIVIDUALS

OR 12% OF THE CAMBRIDGE BAY POPULATION

ZONE 3 Area: 1,750 sm Height: 7m - 10m Purpose: Community engagement Features: Space established for civic events during the winter + support functions duing winter

PROGRAM TRANSITION The second form benefits from a utilization of more of the available area of the proposed site, situates the food production and civic functions near the research and residences for the research station as well as creating less voluminous forms, reducing the need for heating.

Food

WINTER PROGRAM / COMMUNITY: JAN / FEB / MAR

ENERGY ANALYSIS

PLANTING SCHEMATICS

Community

•

During the winter, Zone 3 has the highest concentration of civic activity.

•

Zone 2 has the ability to host civic functions, but may be in the same space as the food production.

•

Zone 1 continues with the growing of cool season crops and longer term crops.

TRANSITION TO GROWING: APRIL / MAY

SNOW & RAIN PRECIPITATION, 2013

•

Zone 1: Increased density of growing modules.

•

Zone 2: Prepared for food production and planting of warm season food items.

•

Zone 3: Fewer Civic activities. ENERGY USE

Lighting: High Produce Yields

PEAK PRODUCTION: JUNE / JULY / AUGUST •

Zones 1 and 2 are programed strictly for food production given the abundant light.

•

Zone 3 is also programed for food production but may include select community engagements such as classes or tours.

Jan

•

Zone 1+2: Harvesting of warm season crops and initiating the cool season crops.

•

Zone 3Introduce community engagements potentially for classes about weatherization or building rehab.

Dome kept only because of interest and to compare with the others. Origional orrientation for the triangular form to compare with the copies which will be rotated.

PROGRAMING

TRANSITION TO WINTER PROGRAM: JAN / NOV

Second copy with a gradual front face had slightly less solar gain, wondering if this is because of the angle.

•

Zone 1: Growing continues.

•

Zone 2: Community and growing.

•

Zone 3: Winter community activities.

Jul

Oct

Jan

FOOD PRODUCTION

Apr

Jul

Oct

Jan

Jul

Oct

Jan

Jul

Oct

Jan

Jul

Oct

Jan

Food Production SF & Civic Space Programing

Jan

First copy has a steep front surface yielding the most solar access on the ground plane.

Apr

Lighting: Low-Med Produce Yields

GROWING CONTINUES: SEPT / OCT/

north

HIGH & LOW TEMPERATURE, 2013

Jan

Apr

Food Production: Warm Climate

Jan

Apr

Food Production: Cool Climate

Lighting: High Produce Yields

ENERGY USE

Jan

Apr

Jul

Oct

Apr

Jan

Lighting: Low-Med Produce Yields

LESSONS LEARNED

ANNUAL SEALIFT DAY Jan

PROGRAMING

FOCUSED FOOD PRODUCTION: The focus of the growing zones produces the quickly perishable goods that would otherwise not be cost effective nor available in stores.

IS IT THE SUPPLY CHAIN SYSTEM THAT IS IMPEADING ON HUMAN HEALTH?

SUBSIDIES OF FOOD AND OTHER GOODS - THE END POINT OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN: Sub terrainian storage area serves a greater purpose when more food is imported during the further subsidizes sealift.

FOCUS ON SUBSIDIZING FOOD TRANSPORT TO LOWER THE END COST OF FOOD

FOOD PRODUCTION

There is a Lack of community focus during the summer because of the peak food production period.

SUMMER: GROWING FOOD AT PEAK

Jul Oct PRODUCTION WITH

MINIMAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

Jan

THE ANNUAL SEALIFT DAY IS THE CIVIC COUNTERPOINT TO THE FOOD SHELTER.

Food Production SF & Civic Space Programing

Jan

COMMUNITY FOCUS DURING SUMMER?:

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT Apr DURING FOCUSED THE WINTER

Apr

Jul

Oct

Jan

Jul

Oct

Jan

Jul

Oct

Jan

IT IS THE NEW SUMMER SOLSTICE EVENT WHERE FAMILIES CELEBRATE THE ARRIVAL OF THE GOODS FOR THE YEAR.

Food Production: Warm Climate

Jan

Apr

Food Production: Cool Climate

TRANSITION COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT TO THE BROADER URBAN AREA (EX. “SEALIFT DAY”)

Jan

Apr

PACKAGES ARE PARADED THROUGH THE CITY TO THE CENTER

GOODS 1UNLOADED AT

THE HARBOR. CELEBRATED AS A FESTIVAL AREA

SUMMER ACTIVITIES AT THE CITY CENTER

0’ 100’ SCALE: 1” = 400’

500’

1000’

DEGREE PROJECT 2 - MID-TERM REVIEW: MARCH 13, 2014

THE SITUATION

START W/ TWO THINGS: NORTHERN COMMUNITIES DIETS HAVE BEEN CHANGING & THE POPULATION WILL BE INCREASING

FOOD PRODUCTION IS A FUNCTION OF CLIMATE • Climate dictates a biomes ecology;

FOOD PRICES ARE INCREASING...

BECAUSE OF AIR FRIEGHT...

• A change of climate implies a change in the biomes capacity to supply food for the system, which can be both quantitative and a qualitative change, positive and negative.

= $$$

THE QUESTION IS NOW: IS IT NATURAL THAT HUMANS...

• Food availability and diversity implies the productive capacity of the ecosystem

• • • •

• Compensating for a lack of productive capacity involves netowrking natual systems and human systems

= $$$

• Challenges arise when either part is removed or extenuatedsuch as the need to import food because of the climate.

Adjust the climate? Compensate for a changing climate? Change a biome’s ecology Facilitate a new use of the biome that does not exist prior to an intervention?

THE PROJECT IMPERATIVE: TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVE CAPACTIY OF THE ENVIORNMENT IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE FOODSHED.

WHY AIR FREIGHT FOOD? THE TUNDRA.

Adverse environments present clear challenges towards food production. Food production needs to be compensated for with the utilization of protected environments.

PROJECT CRITERIA

PROJECT TASKS

STRUCTURE, STRUCTURE, AS A ASSYSTEM, A SYSTEM, DESIGNED DESIGNED FORFOR FOOD FOOD PRODUCTION PRODUCTION .................................................................................. .................................................................................. DESIGN DOUBLE FACADE USING AN ETFE SKIN, LIGHTING SUFFICIENT FOR WINTER MONTHS MULTIPLICITY OF OF USES, PROGRAM INTEGRATES FOOD ANDAND CIVIC................................................................................ MULTIPLICITY USES, PROGRAM INTEGRATES FOOD CIVIC................................................................................ ORGANIZE THE SPACE TO MAXIMIZE THE AREA TO GROW PRODUCE AND INCLUDE SOCIAL USES DEMOCRATIC DESIGN: APPLICATIONS BEYOND ONEONE LOCATION..................................................................................... DEMOCRATIC DESIGN: APPLICATIONS BEYOND LOCATION..................................................................................... HOW CAN THE LARGER SYSTEM BE BROKEN DOWN TO SMALLER MODUALS FOR OTHER PURPOSES? LANDSCAPE IS BECOMES A SOURCE OF OF STUDY, ANDAND NUTRITION.................................................................................. LANDSCAPE IS BECOMES A SOURCE STUDY, NUTRITION.................................................................................. THE LANDSCAPE INFORMS DESIGN DECISIONS, SITING RESPONDS TO THE SENSITIVE ECO AREAS STRUCTURE

PROGRAM

LANDSCAPE

APPLICATION

• ETFE pillows • Outer/Inner double skin facade • “Root cellar” food storage area • Lighting

• • • • •

• Tundra - Reform to allow for growth • Site analysis for placement of facility

Permaculture Organization Food Storage Per-Capita Design CHARS & Cambridge Bay Civic space would involve healing gardens and gathering space

• ETFE building moduals

VACUMED AIR PANELS

ARC TIC CIR CL E ARC TIC CIR CL E

ARCTIC NORTH: SHIPPING & COMMUNITIES

INFLATED AIR PANELS

ARCTIC ARCTIC NORTH: NORTH: DAYLIGHT DAYLIGHT HOURS HOURS

NORTH NORTH POLE POLE

21:00

TIME OF DAY

18:00

Grise FiordGrise Fiord

Pond Inlet Pond Inlet

SUNSET

12:00

SUNRISE

09:00

03:00

Arctic Bay Arctic Bay Clyde RiverClyde River

EM EC

VE O

TO C

MONTH

G AU

E N

RIL

Iqaluit

AR U

Cape Dorset Cape Dorset

Coral Harbour Coral Harbour

Pangnirtung Pangnirtung

Repulse Bay Repulse Bay

NUNAVUT NUNAVUT

00:00

QikiqtarjuaqQikiqtarjuaq

U N

Igloolik

Hall BeachHall Beach Kugaaruk Kugaaruk

Igloolik

Taloyoak Taloyoak

Cambridge Cambridge Bay Bay Kugluktuk Kugluktuk Gjoa HavenGjoa Haven

NORTHWEST NORTHWEST TERRITORIES TERRITORIES

15:00

06:00

Resolute Resolute

YUKON YUKON

DAYLIGHT CHART FOR CAMBRIDGE BAY, NU

24:00

PRI PRI ME ME MA MA RID RID IA IA N N

Iqaluit

Kimmirut Kimmirut

Baker LakeBaker Lake ChesterfieldChesterfield Inlet Inlet Rankin InletRankin Inlet Whale Cove Whale Cove Arviat

Churchill Churchill

Arviat

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

Sanikiluaq Sanikiluaq

Cities Cities

SITE INVESTIGATION: CAMBRIDGE BAY, NU

URBAN

ECOLOGY

54 \

Victoria Island, NU (red) Nunavut, Canada (black)

Cambridge Bay urban area

Arctic Cotton, Eriophorum

Mountain Avens, Dryas integrifolia

Purple Saxifrage, Saxifraga oppositifolia

LANDSCAPE

• Tundra - Reform to allow for growth • Site analysis for placement of facility

APPLICATION

• ETFE building moduals

VACUMED AIR PANELS

ARC TIC CIR CL E ARC TIC CIR CL E

ARCTIC NORTH: SHIPPING & COMMUNITIES

INFLATED AIR PANELS

ARCTIC ARCTIC NORTH: NORTH: DAYLIGHT DAYLIGHT HOURS HOURS

NORTH NORTH POLE POLE

21:00

TIME OF DAY

18:00

Grise FiordGrise Fiord

Pond Inlet Pond Inlet

SUNSET

12:00

SUNRISE

09:00

03:00

Arctic Bay Arctic Bay Clyde RiverClyde River

BE M

BE EM

BE TO

VE O

C O

MONTH

BE EM

U G

Iqaluit

AY M

RIL

AR M

Pangnirtung Pangnirtung

Cape Dorset Cape Dorset

Coral Harbour Coral Harbour

Repulse Bay Repulse Bay

NUNAVUT NUNAVUT

00:00

QikiqtarjuaqQikiqtarjuaq

Kugluktuk Kugluktuk Gjoa HavenGjoa Haven

Igloolik

Hall BeachHall Beach Kugaaruk Kugaaruk

Igloolik

Taloyoak Taloyoak

N JA

Cambridge Cambridge Bay Bay

NORTHWEST NORTHWEST TERRITORIES TERRITORIES

15:00

06:00

Resolute Resolute

YUKON YUKON

DAYLIGHT CHART FOR CAMBRIDGE BAY, NU

24:00

PRI PRI ME ME MA MA RID RID IA IA N N

Iqaluit

Kimmirut Kimmirut

Baker LakeBaker Lake ChesterfieldChesterfield Inlet Inlet Rankin InletRankin Inlet Whale Cove Whale Cove Arviat

Churchill Churchill

Arviat

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

Sanikiluaq Sanikiluaq

Cities Cities

URBAN

SITE INVESTIGATION: CAMBRIDGE BAY, NU

Victoria Island, NU (red) Nunavut, Canada (black)

ECOLOGY

Arctic Cotton, Eriophorum

Cambridge Bay urban area

Mountain Avens, Dryas integrifolia

Purple Saxifrage, Saxifraga oppositifolia

Water edge development, summer

November, 3pm

ARCTIC NORTH: CHARS CANADIAN HIGH ARCTIC RESEARCH STATION

North Elevation

CHARS PRIORITIES

[PART 1]

[PART 2]

1. RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 2. EXERCISING SOVEREIGNTY 3. ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP & CLIMATE CHANGE

PRODUCTION SPACE REQUIRED FOR ~100 RESEARCHERS

PRODUCTION SPACE REQUIRED FOR ~1500 RESIDENTS

CHARS + FOOD

CHARS + CB + FOOD

• Effective environmental stewardship through greater knowledge of natural and human systems and their interconnections • Strengthened mitigation efforts through greater understanding of changes in the Arctic climate and the links 4. STRONG & HEALTHY COMMUNITIES • Improved infrastructure and diversiﬁed economic opportunities • Improved health outcomes and community wellness and resiliency

GROW NORTH CONNECTION

East Elevation

Circular pattern of a Musk ox herd

• Changing climates can introduce opportunities to the arctic north, increasing the need for food availability. • Food production facility minimizes the foodshed of healthy food as well as creating a viable setting for providing a strong social setting for youth during winter months.

100X

1500X

BETA DESIGN > DEPLOYABLE MODEL

STRUCTURE CREATES A LATICE-WORK FOR PANELS

ILLUMINATION DOUBLE SKIN FACADE CAN SEND INDIRECT LIGHT TO GROWING AREA.

/ 55

DEGREE PROJECT 1 - FINAL REVIEW: DECEMBER 12, 2013

P ROBLE P ROBLE MM SESE T T N U NAV N U NAV U T, C UA T, C A

N85°

POP: POP: 3 1 ,9 0361 ,9 0 6 CA GDP CA rGDP a n k : ra 13 n:k1:31 3 :1 3 8 5 % Ab 85o %r ig Abinoarig l in a l 5 0 % -5 6 00 %%- UNEM 6 0 % UNEM PL O YPMLO E NYTM E N T

N79°

N75°

N69°

N85°

P ROBLEM P ROBLEM SET SET DETA DE

N85° N79°

N79°

PILOTPILOT NUNAVUT NUNAVUT FOODFOOD PRICEPRICE SURVEY SURVEY COMPARABLE COMPARABLE TO CANADA TO CANADA - APRIL - APRIL 2013 2013

N79° N75°

N75°

N75° N69°

N69° ARCTIC CIRCLE ARCTIC CIRCLE

N69°

N65°

ARCTIC CIRCLE ARCTIC CIRCLE

ELECTRIFYING ELECTRIFYING PRODUCTIVE PRODUCTIVE RAIL TRANSIT RAIL TRANSITLANDSCAPE LANDSCAPE TYPESTYPES

N65°

N65° N59° W60°

N59° W130°

W70°

N59° W130° W120°

W80°

W120° W110°

W100°

W70°

W80°

W90°

W100°

Carrots Carrots 1kg Macaroni (Dried) Macaroni (Dried) 500g N59° Mushrooms Mushrooms1kg W60° Soup, Canned Soup, Canned 284ml Orange Orange 1kg Potatoes Potatoes 4.54kg Apples Apples 1kg WW BreadWW Bread 675g Peanut Butter Peanut Butter 500g Butter Butter 454g Canned Salmon Canned Salmon 213g Fresh MilkFresh (2%) Milk4L (2%)

1kg$4.99 500g $3.59 1kg$11.94 284ml $2.50 1kg$6.16 4.54kg $5.24 1kg$5.53 675g $4.86 500g $6.23 454g $7.74 213g $6.37 4L$13.68

Iqaluit Nu Avg Canada Nu AvgNU/CA Canada % NU/CA Diff % Diff Province/Territory Province/Territory 2008 $10.55 $10.45 $10.45 $2.70 $2.70 287% 287% Canada Canada 1,645,974 $6.01 $6.19 $6.19 $1.86 $1.86 233% 233% Ontario Ontario 604,282 $5.64 $4.74 $4.74 $1.49 $1.49 218% 218% Quebec Quebec 313,595 295,126 $2.88 $3.65 $3.65 $1.20 $1.20 204 204Alberta Alberta British Columbia British Columbia 203,951 $4.99 $4.90 $4.90 $1.78 $1.78 175% 175% Saskatchewan Saskatchewan 67,695 $3.59 $3.80 $3.80 $1.43 $1.43 165% 165% Manitoba Manitoba 51,920 $11.94 $18.80 $18.80 $7.66 $7.66 145% 145% Nova Scotia Nova Scotia 35,467 $2.50 $2.35 $2.35 $0.99 $0.99 137% 137% NL and Labrador NL and Labrador 31,434 $6.16 $5.93 $5.93 $2.62 $2.62 126% 126% New Brunswick New Brunswick 28,422 $5.24 $10.29 $10.29 $4.90 $4.90 110% 110% Prince Edward Prince Is.Edward 4,767Is. $5.53 $7.31 $7.31 $3.77 $3.77 94% 94%NorthwestNorthwest Terr. 5,015 Terr. $4.86 $4.90 $4.90 $2.87 $2.87 71% 71%Yukon Yukon 1,995 $6.23 $5.97 $5.97 $3.68 $3.68 62% 62%Nunavut Nunavut 1,608 $7.74 $6.90 $6.90 $4.31 $4.31 60% 60%Outside Canada Outside Canada 697 $6.37 $5.89 $5.89 $3.75 $3.75 57% 57%Figure 2: GDP, expenditure-based, Figure 2: GDP, expenditure-based by province an $13.68 $12.76 $12.76 $9.24 $9.24 38% 38%

Stewing Beef Stewing Beef 1kg Eggs (Large) Eggs (Large) 12 Eggs

1kg$16.99 12 $4.13 Eggs

$16.99 $14.79 $4.13 $3.96

NU GDP NU GDP % OF%

13,000

12,500

12,000

11,500 11,000 10,500 10,000

9,500

9,000

9,000 2011 2012 2010 2011 2009 2010 2008 2009 2007 2008 2006 2007 2005 2006 2004 2005 2003 2004 2002 2003 2001 2002 Year

MIDTERM MIDTERM

Year

Total Employment Total Employment by Industry, by2008-2012 Industry, 2008-2012

MUN ICIPAL MUN ICIPAL FOODFOOD S T RATEGY STRATEGY

Wi l der Wi lnes dersnes s

FOOD FOOD S Y S TESMS Y S TE MS A RCTIACRCTI CI TYC CI TY

M AG NETO M AGSPHERE NETO SPHERE

SUN SUN

Tr anTr s itan s it

17%

49%

17%

50%

40%

49% 30% 20%

Gov Oth Ret Tran Con Fish Trap Qua Hot

30% 20%

10%

Year

H A LE HA YLE V IYAV NITA AN RTA C TIRCC TI C R E SR EE ASRECAHRS CTATI H S TATI ON ON - A E C-OAME C &OM H U GH & H-B UG RO H -BRO U G HTO UGNHTO NA R C HAI TE R CC HTS I TE C TS - W I TH - W S TA I TH NS DTA S E NX DTR S EEXMTEREME CO LDCO LD W E ATH WE EATH R ER - PA N-EPA L SNAERLES M AR AD E EMO AF D EA O GFLASS A G LASS C OM PCOOSMI TE P OS I TE - M O D- UMLOD A RUCLOM A R PCOONMEPNONENTS TS - PRIS - IPTN R IES IITN N TE ER I NNTE A LRENAL N VIRO ENVIRO NMENT NMENT - FOO- DFO PR OD O DPURCOD TI O UN C TI I NSIDE ON INSIDE

Year

2012

“THE “THE LOCAL LOCAL TRAP”TRAP”

15%

60%

50%

2011 2012

ALT ERALT NAT ERI V NAT E FO IVOD E FO OD S T R AT ST EG R AT I ESEG I ES

15%

60%

2010 2011

RESEARCH 1 . RESEARCH HUBSHU F OR BS E FO NV RI R EON N V IMREONNTA ME L NATA N DL S APA N DCS EPA RE CS EERAERSCEHA R C H ARCT 2 . ARCT IC = “OUR IC = “OUR WIN DW OW I N DTO OWS PA TOCSEPA ” CE” “SEA” 3 . “SEA” EDUCAT EDUCATI IONA LOA NPAPLRAOPAPCRHO: ASCCHI E :N SC E I E, NECNEG, I N EN EE GR I NI N EG ER , A I NRTS G , A RTS CIRCUM 4 . CIRCUM POL AR POL INF ARR A I NSFR TRAUSCTR TUURCETU : BREER:I N BG E RSI TR N GASI T, TRSAHI T, IPP SIHNIG P PRI N OU G TE R OSU TE S

2009 2010

1. 2. 3. 4.

4% 3%

2008 2009

E XE TX ET RE NR AN L AOP L OP P ORT P ORT UNIT UNIT IE S IE S

4% 3% 5%

2008

HIGHHIGH COST COST HEALTH HEALTH UNEMPLOYMENT/ UNEMPLOYMENT/ OF FOOD OF FOOD CHALLENGES CHALLENGES SEASONAL SEASONAL EMEGRATION EMEGRATION

Percentage

NONO WORK WORK

H Y DRH OP Y DR ONOP ICS ON ICS

56 \

13,000

2001

FEW WORK FEW WORK FOODFOOD IS AIRIS AIR LESS LESS NUTRICOUS NUTRICOUS OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES / / FREIGHTED FREIGHTED TO TO FOODFOOD LONGLONG WINTERS WINTERS COMMUNITITIES COMMUNITITIES

# of Employees

WEEK WEEK 5 5

N EWM NAR EWM K ET ARK INET DU IN STRIAL DU STRIAL DIS T RDI ICT, S TRICT, BOSTON BOSTON

32% 20%

Number ofNumber Employees of Employees in Nunavutin2001-2013 Nunavut 2001-2013 (monthly) (monthly)

LOW ECONOMIC LOW ECONOMIC MOREMORE MACRONUTRIENTS, MACRONUTRIENTS, LESS LESS PHYSICAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY

FOOD FOOD C YCCYC LE: LE: PR OPR D UOCDTU IO CN T I ON D I STDRI ST IBU RTI B IO UN T I ON C O NCSU O NMP SUTM I OPN T I ON WA STE WA S T E

$11.21 32% $3.29 20%

204% 204% EX. BAKED EX. BAKED BEANS: BEANS:

NUTRITION NUTRITION TRANSITION TRANSITION

1 . P e r1m. P a ceul r mt ur a ceulpr t ur inec p ipr le insc ip le s 2 . A gr2i .cA ulgr t ur i caull tlur a nd a l in la nNE d in NE 3 . H y dr 3 . oponi H y dr oponi c f ood c fporo o dd upcro t io du n c t io n 4 . A FN 4 .: AAFN l t e:r na A l t ei vr e naFto ivoed FNe o otdwo Ne r ktswo r k s 5 . Food 5 . Food G e ogrGaephi ogres a p h ie s

$14.79 $11.21 $3.96 $3.29

Figure: Selections Figure: from “Figure Selections 8: Pilot fromNunavut “Figure Food 8: Pilot Price Nunavut Survey Food - ComPrice Survey - Comparable to Canada parable - Aprilto2013. Canada Sorted - April by highest 2013. Sorted difference by highest %. Thedifference NU %. The NU Avg is calculatedAvg fromisthe calculated food prices frominthe 10 food communities prices inin10NU. communities in NU.

TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL DIETS:DIETS: HUNTING HUNTING AND GATHERING AND GATHERING

FOODFOOD PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

Unit Iqaluit 1kg$10.55 1kg$6.01 796ml $5.64 398ml $2.88

Percentage

BIOFUELS BIOFUELS

W110°

W90°

G DP FO G DP R CA FO RPR C & TERRITO & TERRITO RIES

Item Item Unit Celery Celery 1kg Onions Onions 1kg Canned Tomatoes Canned Tomatoes 796ml Baked Beans Baked Beans 398ml

# of Employees

WEEKS WEEK1S 17 7

P RO P RO B LBELM EM S ET S ET D ETAIL D ETA IL SS

N85°

PILOTPILOT NUNAVUT NUNAVUT FOODFOOD PRICE PRICE SURVEY SURVEY COMPARABLE COMPARABLE TO CANADA TO CANADA - APRIL - APRIL 2013 2013

N79° N75° N69°

N69° ARCTIC CIRCLEARCTIC CIRCLE N65°

N65°

N59° W60° W70°

W80°

W90°

Canada Nu Avg NU/CA Canada%NU/CA Diff % DiffProvince/Territory Province/Territory 2008 2008 2010 2010 2012 2012 $10.45 $2.70 $2.70 287% 287%Canada Canada 1,645,9741,645,974 1,662,7571,662,757 1,819,9671,819,967 $6.19 $1.86 $1.86 233% 233%Ontario Ontario 604,282 604,282 629,500 629,500 674,485 674,485 $4.74 $1.49 $1.49 218% 218%Quebec Quebec 313,595 313,595 329,670 329,670 357,859 357,859 295,126 295,126 270,100 270,100 311,898 311,898 $3.65 $1.20 $1.20 204 204 Alberta Alberta British Columbia British Columbia 203,951 203,951 205,996205,996 219,994 219,994 Carrots Carrots 1kg 1kg $4.99 $4.99 $4.90 $4.90 $1.78 $1.78175% 175%Saskatchewan Saskatchewan 67,695 67,695 63,379 63,379 77,929 77,929 MacaroniMacaroni (Dried) (Dried) 500g 500g $3.59 $3.59 $3.80 $3.80 $1.43 $1.43 165% 165%ManitobaManitoba 51,920 51,920 52,896 52,896 58,245 58,245 N59° Mushrooms Mushrooms 1kg 1kg $11.94 $11.94 $18.80 $18.80 $7.66 $7.66 145% 145% Nova Scotia Nova Scotia 35,467 35,467 37,073 37,073 38,397 38,397 W60° Soup, Canned Soup, Canned 284ml 284ml $2.50 $2.50 $2.35 $2.35 $0.99 $0.99 137% 137%NL and Labrador NL and Labrador 31,434 31,434 29,063 29,063 33,817 33,817 Orange Orange 1kg 1kg $6.16 $6.16 $5.93 $5.93 $2.62 $2.62 126% 126%New Brunswick New Brunswick 28,422 28,422 30,082 30,082 31,543 31,543 PotatoesPotatoes 4.54kg 4.54kg $5.24 $5.24 $10.29 $10.29 $4.90 $4.90 110% 110% Prince Edward PrinceIs. Edward 4,767 Is. 4,767 5,202 5,202 5,547 5,547 Apples Apples 1kg 1kg $5.53 $5.53 $7.31 $7.31$3.77 $3.77 94% 94% Northwest Terr. 5,015 5,015 4,787 4,787 4,675 4,675 Northwest Terr. WW Bread WW Bread 675g 675g $4.86 $4.86 $4.90 $4.90 $2.87 $2.87 71% 71% Yukon Yukon 1,995 1,995 2,313 2,631 2,313 2,631 Peanut Butter Peanut Butter 500g 500g $6.23 $6.23 $5.97 $5.97 $3.68 $3.68 62% 62% NunavutNunavut 1,608 1,608 1,936 1,936 2,198 2,198 Butter Butter 454g 454g $7.74 $7.74 $6.90 $6.90 $4.31 $4.31 60% 60% Outside Canada 697 Outside Canada 697761 761 747 747 Canned Salmon Canned Salmon 213g 213g$6.37 $6.37 $5.89 $5.89 $3.75 $3.75 57% 57% Figure 2: GDP, Figure expenditure-based, 2: GDP, expenditure-based, by province and byterritory province($and millions) territory ($ millions) Fresh Milk Fresh (2%)Milk (2%) 4L 4L $13.68 $13.68 $12.76 $12.76 $9.24 $9.24 38% 38% Item Item Unit Celery Celery 1kg Onions Onions 1kg Canned Tomatoes Canned Tomatoes 796ml Baked Beans Baked Beans 398ml

UnitIqaluit 1kg $10.55 1kg $6.01 796ml $5.64 398ml $2.88

Iqaluit Nu Avg $10.55 $10.45 $6.01 $6.19 $5.64 $4.74 $2.88 $3.65

Stewing Beef Stewing Beef1kg 1kg $16.99 $16.99 $14.79 Eggs (Large) Eggs (Large)12 Eggs 12 Eggs $4.13 $4.13$3.96

$14.79 $11.21 $3.96 $3.29

$11.21 32% $3.29 20%

32% 20%

Figure: Selections Figure: fromSelections “Figure 8:from Pilot“Figure Nunavut 8:Food Pilot Nunavut Price Survey Food- ComPrice Survey - Comparable to Canada parable - April to Canada 2013. Sorted - Aprilby2013. highest Sorted difference by highest %. The difference NU %. The NU Avg is calculated Avgfrom is calculated the food prices from the in 10 food communities prices in 10incommunities NU. in NU.

204% 204% EX. BAKED EX. BAKED BEANS: BEANS: 12,500 12,500 11,500 11,500 11,000 11,000

2 Mo. Avg2 Mo. Avg (Number (Number of of Employees Employees Monthly)Monthly)

10,500 10,500 10,000 10,000 9,500

9,500

9,000

9,000 2013

2012 2013

2011 2012

2010 2011

2009 2010

2008 2009

2007 2008

2006 2007

2005 2006

2004 2005

2003 2004

2002 2003

2001 2002

Year

15%

17%

49%

17%

49%

40%

30% 20%

W H AT WH AR AT E ATH RE E TH D I FFE E D IRFFE ENT RE CN OTMC PO ON ME PN ON TSE?N TS ?

3 . I3M. PIR MOPVREO V TH E ETH PE RO PD RO UC DT UICVTI T I VYI T OY FO TH F ETH LA END LA N D

30% 20%

Year

2012

10%

2012 2011

10%

5. B 5 .L D BG L DTG EC TH EN CO H LO N OG LO YG AY P PALPI C PA L IBCLAEBE LE L SEELW SH EE WRHEE R E

P RPORPOOPSOESDE M DE MTEHOD T HOD S S 1 . G1R . E GE RN EH EO NU HS OE US EE N CELNOCSLUORSEUSR E S GRO GW RO I NW GI NSGTATI S TATI O N SO N S

Govt. & Edu. Govt. & Edu. Other Industries Other Industries Retail & Wholesale Retail & Wholesale Transit & Transit Storage& Storage Construction Construction Fishing, Hunting, Fishing, Hunting, Trapping,Trapping, Mining, Mining, QuarryingQuarrying HotelServ. & Food Serv. Hotel & Food 2010 2011

ING, EERIARTS NG, ART S ,PP SHI I NG PPING ROU RO T E SUT E S

15%

50%

2009 2010

ESEARCH RESEARC H

60%

50%

2008 2009

SE S

60%

2008

MPLOYMENT/ OYMENT/ EASONAL ONAL RATION EGRATION

Percentage

O NO WO O R KRK

C A N CI TA N B EI TRBEEP LRI E CP ATE L I CDATE ? D?

2. N 2 .E T NWO E T WO R K ROK FO AG F RAIG CR UILTU C U LTU R A LRC AA L PA C ABPA I L IBTI I LEI S TI E S

2 . M2O . M B IOLB EI L SE O LU S OT LU I OTNI S O:NSSH: IS PH PI P NP GI N CG ON CTA O NI N TA EIRN E R

Total Employment Total Employment by Industry, by Industry, 2008-2012 2008-2012 4% 3% 4% 3% 5%

1. C 1 .O LO C ON LO I ZNI N I ZGI N AG D VAEDRVSEER S EE N VEIN RV OIN RM OE NN MTS E N TS

H O WHFO O WOD FOI S OD D IIS STR D IISBTR U TE I BD U TE A NDD AWNHDOWI S HO U TI I SL U I ZI TINLG I ZII T N G IT Number of Number of Employees Employees (Monthly)(Monthly)

12,000 12,000

2001

WORK FEW WORK PORTUNITIES UNITIES / / WINTERS NG WINTERS

S OSLOULTI UO TINO S N TSRTAT R AT E GIE E GIE S S

E X I SETIXNI SGTI- NAG P P- LAI P CP ATI LIC OATI N - OAN FTE - ARFTE R

Number of Number Employees of Employees in Nunavut in Nunavut 2001-2013 2001-2013 (monthly)(monthly)

W ONOMIC ECONOMIC IVITY ACTIVITY

RERE SESE A RCH A RCH && ME MTEH TODS H ODS

0.12% 0.12%4 . L4I.N KL I NCKO N NU GDP NU GDP % OF %CANADA: OF CANADA: CS OT NISTTUIE TN UT ES NTS

13,000 13,000

Percentage

W80°

W70°

GDP GDP F OR FCA ORPROVI CA PRNOCVEIS NCES & T ERRITORIES & T ERRITORIES

# of Employees

N75°

# of Employees

N79°

H A LHEY A L EY VI AVI N TA A NRTA C TRI C T I C R ESEA R ESEA R C HR C STAT H S TAT I O NI O N

3 . H3Y . D HRO Y DP RO ON P IOCNSI:CM SO : R MEO R FO E OFO D ,OLDE,SLSE S LA SNLDA N &DE & N EERNGY E R GY 4 . A4LT . AELT R NAT E R NAT I V EI V FE OO FD O ONDE T NWO E T WO RKS RKS 5 . B5U. IB LD UI N LD GI N MGATE M ATE R I AR LS I AAC LS C AC ES CSEISBSLIEB L FO E RFO PR U BPLI UC B LI C # . LO #. C LO AT CIAT O NI O&N S& I TSI N I TGI NMGE TH M EOTH DO OLDOOGLY OGY

G R EGERNEHEO NU HSOEU, SBEO, TA B ONTA I CN AILC A L GAR GDAERNDSE N AT S TH AT ETH UE . OUF. O F A A RAHAURSH,UDSE, NDM EA NR MKA R K

- AEC -O AM E C&O H MU&G H U - BROUGHTONGH- BROUGHTONARCH A IRTE CH CITS TE C TS - W I TH - WSITA THNSDTA S NEDXSTREM EXT REM E COL ED COL D W E ATH W EEATH R ER - PA N- EPA L SN E AL RSE AMRAEDE M ADE OF AOF GLA ASS GL ASS C O MC PO M S IPTE O S I TE - M O-DM UO L ADRU LCAORMC PO M NENT PONENT S S - P R I-SPI TN R I SEI TN I N TE E IR NN TAL ERNAL ENVIRONM ENVIRONM ENT ENT - FO O - D FOPORDO D PR UO C TI D UCT ON INSIDE ION INSIDE

- C F -MCØL F L MEØL R ,LD EA RN , IDSAHNAI SRHC H A IRTE CH CITS TE C TS - E TFE - E TFE P L A SPTI LA CSPTII LCL OW P I L LSOW FOSR FO R I N S UILNLSATI U LO L ATI N AONND ALN I GH D LTI GH E MTI TTA EMN I TTA CE NCE - ENE -R EGY N E RMGY O DM EL OID NE GL I N G - M O-DM UO L ADRU LUANRI TS U N I TS

S UN S U N

Transit Transit

Ha bit Haat bit ion at ion

Vis ion Vis ion

/ 57

DEGREE PROJECT 1 - MID-TERM REVIEW: OCTOBER 17, 2013

INTERNATIONAL FOOD SECURITY (http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats)

842m 45% 1:6 1:4 552m 66m

> 842 million people in the world do not have enough to eat. This number has fallen by 156 million since 1990.

Grower

Municipal Food Strategy

“A municipal food strategy is an official plan or raod map that helps city governments integrate a full spectrum of urban food system issues within a single policy framework that includes food production, food processing, food districution, food access and food waste management.” (Mansfield & Mendes)

“Localization Rasies no it points to an ongoing s interests. It invites inqu agendas brought about localization. It is those a produce outcomes, not agendas were realized.

WHO DOES IT EFFECT?

A SUCCESSFUL

> Asia has the largest share of the world's hungry people (some 552 million) but the trend is downward. > 66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone.

FARMS HUB

INST.

HUB

INST.

Food Trucks

INST.

Distributed? Semi-Centralized? - or Is this a misleading comparison?

Food Bike Carts

Farm Markets

Institutions

1) Institutions that provide food for meals for the individuals in these organizations. 2) Farmers or food product producers: not widly connected 3) Food Connectors: Those that package/assemble regional food goods and distributes

Connects producers with distr agricultural land purpituity; Ut food production, close to the d

Hydroponics

Food Distribution & The Food Cycle FOOD CYCLE $741,384,000 17 MAJOR BOSTON FOOD DISTRIBUTERS (2012): Distributor

City

Slade Gorton & Co. Inc. Cara Donna Provision Co. Inc. North Coast Seafoods Paul W. Marks Co. Inc. Steve Connolly Seafood Co. Inc Accardi Foods D'Oro Foods Lowell Bros. & Bailey Inc. Bostonian Produce Inc. S.M. Sneider Co. William & Co. Food Inc. Liberty Bell Wholesale Grocery Co. Inc. Ruma Fruit & Co. A. Russo & Sons Inc. Imported Foods Corp. Savenor Supply Company J.W. Lopes LLC

1. PRODUCTION 2. STORAGE 3. DELIVERY 4. SELLING OF FOOD 5. CONSUMPTION 6. WASTE

Total Sales

Boston Braintree Boston Chelsea Boston Medford Malden Chelsea Chelsea Boston Boston Charlestown Chelsea Watertown South Boston Cambridge Chelsea

$360,000,000 $87,750,000 $80,500,000 $67,500,000 $30,000,000 $25,000,000 $18,000,000 $16,000,000 $12,000,000 $12,000,000 $11,000,000 $7,000,000 $5,400,000 $4,000,000 $2,700,000 $2,000,000 $534,000

Outside the location of the POE

Possibilities for FOOD HUB

FOOD HUB

D’Oro Foods Medford Winter Medford Revere Beach

John Accardi & Sons Inc Somerville/Mystic Mobile Winter Everett

Lopes J W Somerville/Mystic Mobile

Ruma’s Fruit & Gift Paul W Marks Co Inc

Somerville/Davis Square

Home Food Delivery

Home Food Waste Pickup

Chelsea Community

Lowell Bros. & Bailey

ile

Cambridge/Harvard University

Cambridge Winter

Charlestown

East Boston

US Foods & Nutrition Center Haymarket

Cambridge/Central Square Cambridge Center Market

Cambridge/Kendall Square

Cambridge/Central Square Wednesday

Cambridgeport

Allston Village

Boston/City Hall Plaza

ile

Boston/South Station/Dewey Square

Boston/Boston University Boston/Prudential Center

Boston/Copley Square

Brookline Winter

Norh Coast Seafoods Boston/SOWA

Brookline

Boston/Northeastern University Boston Medical Center

Conley Container Terminal Imported Foods South Boston

Mission Hill Roxbury/Roxbury Crossing

Roxbury/Dudley Town Common

Jamaica Plain

Egleston Winter

TOP HYDROPONIC CROPS 1. Tomatoes 2. Fancy lettuce and lea 3. Cucumbers 4. Herbs, peppers and f

QUALITY OF HYDROPONIC - Controlled environmen - High grade nutrients a - Vine ripening - Lack of herbicides and

ADVANTAGES OF HYDROP - No soil borne disease - Uses up to 1/10 of the amounts of field produc - Less fertilizer than is o amounts of field produc - Extended growing sea - Intensive production in

Worldwide Hydrop

Liberty Bell Wholesale

Somerville/Union Square

Cambridge/Charles Square

Allston

Hydroponic Greenhouse

Bostonia

Somerville Winter

Savenor’s Supply Co

58 \

LOCAL ≠ Sustainable/ Ecological/ Social Justic Nutrition

> One in four of the world's children are stunted. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one in three.

The Models: Emergence/Permenance

HUB

“THE LOCAL

> One out of six children -- roughly 100 million -- in developing countries is underweight.

A network is not established that connects Food consumers (institutions and residents) with food producers. Lack of quality, healthy food, regional food items along with the HIGH cost of regional agriculture.

HUB

Definition:

“The integrated and territorial agri-food paradigm is built around a highly differentiated definition of food quality, which reflects differences in farming systems, organizational networks, cultural traditions consumer preferences, institutional frameworks and policy support” (Wiskerke, 2009)

> Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in children under five - 3.1 million children each year.

THE PROBLEM IS ITENDIFIED AS:

HUB

ALTERNATIVE FOOD NETWORKS

NewMarket Industrial District S.M. Sneider Co Cara Donna Co The Greater Boston Food Bank S.M. Sneider Co William & Co Foods Steve Connolly Seafood

50,000 acres

NATIVE FOOD NETWORKS

and territorial agri-food paradigm is built y differentiated definition of food quality, which ces in farming systems, organizational ral traditions consumer preferences, meworks and policy support” (Wiskerke, 2009)

CASE STUDIES

“THE LOCAL TRAP” Grower

Institutions

LOCAL ≠ Sustainable/ Ecological/ Social Justice/ Nutrition

LOCAL = STRATEGY

od strategy is an official plan or raod map that rnments integrate a full spectrum of urban food within a single policy framework that includes n, food processing, food districution, food d waste management.” (Mansfield & Mendes)

“Localization Rasies no a priori assumptions; instead, it points to an ongoing strugle among competing interests. It invites inquiry to discover what actors and agendas brought about and were empowered by localization. It is those actors and agendas that produce outcomes, not the scales through which the agendas were realized.” (Born & Purcell, 2006)

S IT EFFECT?

A SUCCESSFUL SOLUTION:

l Food Strategy

rovide food for meals for the individuals in these organizations. product producers: not widly connected : Those that package/assemble regional food goods and distributes

Connects producers with distributers/consumers; Advocates for establishing agricultural land purpituity; Utilizes hydroponic growting methods for dense food production, close to the destination point.

Hydroponics

ribution & The Food Cycle FOOD CYCLE 4,000

OOD DISTRIBUTERS (2012): City

Inc.

1. PRODUCTION 2. STORAGE 3. DELIVERY 4. SELLING OF FOOD 5. CONSUMPTION 6. WASTE

Total Sales

Boston Braintree Boston Chelsea Boston Medford Malden Chelsea Chelsea Boston Boston Charlestown Chelsea Watertown South Boston Cambridge Chelsea

$360,000,000 $87,750,000 $80,500,000 $67,500,000 $30,000,000 $25,000,000 $18,000,000 $16,000,000 $12,000,000 $12,000,000 $11,000,000 $7,000,000 $5,400,000 $4,000,000 $2,700,000 $2,000,000 $534,000

Outside the location of the POE

Possibilities for FOOD HUB

FOOD HUB

D’Oro Foods

dford Winter Medford Revere Beach

John Accardi & Sons Inc Everett

Lopes J W Somerville/Mystic Mobile

Ruma’s Fruit & Gift Paul W Marks Co Inc

uare

Bostonia

Chelsea Community

Lowell Bros. & Bailey

Somerville Winter

Somerville/Union Square

idge/Harvard University

In a 12,000 sf greenhouse, a tomato grower can grow 40,000 - 5,000 pounds of tomatoes every week!

QUALITY OF HYDROPONIC PRODUCE: - Controlled environment - High grade nutrients and precise control of nutrient feed - Vine ripening - Lack of herbicides and pesticides ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPONIC PRODUCE: - No soil borne disease - Uses up to 1/10 of the water that is used to grow equivalent amounts of field produce - Less fertilizer than is often used to grow equivalent amounts of field produce - Extended growing season - Intensive production in a small space

1. Grow Food-friendly Neighbourhoods 2. Make Food a Centerpiece of Toronto’s New Green Economy 3. Eliminate Hunger in Toronto 4. Empower Residents with Food Skills and Information 5. Connect City and Countryside Through Food 6. Embed Food System Thinking in City Government

Boston Organics

Mission Boston Organics provides access to fresh, organic produce to promote and support healthy living in a mindful and sustainable way that respects the environment, supports local arms, local businesses, and fair-trade practices. Values Service, Great Quality, Sustainability, Profit, Interdependence

Dabbawala: Mumbi Lunch Delivery

NewMarket Industrial District, Boston

Worldwide Hydroponic Production:

Liberty Bell Wholesale

or’s Supply Co

TOP HYDROPONIC CROPS IN THE US: 1. Tomatoes 2. Fancy lettuce and leaf crops 3. Cucumbers 4. Herbs, peppers and flowers.

Toronto Food Strategy

Charlestown

East Boston

50,000 acres

s Square

Cambridge Winter

US Foods & Nutrition Center Haymarket

Cambridge/Central Square Cambridge Center Market

Cambridge/Kendall Square

Cambridge/Central Square Wednesday

ambridgeport

Boston/South Station/Dewey Square

Boston/Boston University

amaica Plain

Boston/City Hall Plaza

ile

Boston/Prudential Center

Boston/Copley Square

Norh Coast Seafoods Boston/SOWA

Boston/Northeastern University Boston Medical Center

Conley Container Terminal Imported Foods South Boston

Mission Hill Roxbury/Roxbury Crossing

Roxbury/Dudley Town Common

Egleston Winter

NewMarket Industrial District S.M. Sneider Co Cara Donna Co The Greater Boston Food Bank S.M. Sneider Co William & Co Foods Steve Connolly Seafood

USA 1200 acres

/ 59

DEGREE PROJECT 1 - FINAL REVIEW: MAY 16, 2013

1. landscape principles (DRIVERS) SYSTEM PROCESSES

SUCCESSION HYDROLOGY SOIL CREATION DECOMPOSITION

(SUPPORT) UNIT PROCESSES

PHOTOSYNTHESIS POLLINATION PHYTOREMEDIATION

APPLIED TO:

THESIS: “The concept of productivity in the landscape is developed by applying natural systems to constructed landscapes; seeking the new typologies challenges the design of culturally and ecologically stagnant landscapes.”

urban ag & multifunctional landscapes Romantic Sublime Picturestque Ruins Productivity ABSTRACT:

Current constructed landscapes are designed lacking multifunctionality, imagination and purposes for employing landscapes to solve problems such as waste management, soil enrichment, and building habitat. It is possible to design landscapes as machines, where an input is transfigured into an output of even greater quality. This paper assesses elemental processes in the natural environment to increase our understanding of how these processes can be applied in the revised traditional landscape typologies. These traditional typologies have been colored by cultural symbols that inform the quality of productivity perceived in the landscape. Traditional landscape typologies will be expanded to include new typologies, with natural processes emphasized in the new designs.

60 \

3. proposals

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY CHART

Traditional Typology Productive Typology Residential No-Mow lawns Collective yards Food production spaces Agriculture Multi-cultures Ruminant & Orchard Riparian Buffer Hedgerow Hydroponic Woodland Food forest Woodlot Industrial Site Remediation Mine reclamation Urban Urban tree production Streetscape Park Large scale park Wetland Invasive Species Control Greywater Treatment Waterfront parkland

2007 CONTINENTAL US LANDUSE DIVISIONS

Qualities New gardens that provide interest and enjoyment for residents Multiple homes merge yards, influential in an urban context Food costs offset as well as greater variety Farms can have multiple crops increasing variety, accomplished by strip cropping Underutilized land under orchard trees used for grazing land for animals Former cropland converted to meadow mixed with fruit and nut trees and shrubs, keeping land adjacent to waterways from eroding Buffer zones in agricultural land, setting for habitat, additional sources for food products Specialized, controlled environments for maximum production results with efficient inputs Created by new planting or bringing shade crops into the woodland Land used for timber production, local scale Phyto-remediation, site preparation for future use Habitat restoration, potential parkland Growing trees for multiple applications: street trees, parks, residential, habitat restoration New larger tree pits with suitable growing infrastructure Covers exempt land from past use, involving remediation, public access Combination of landform creation, poldering, shade trees and cover crops for controlling invasive species while aiding native plants Treatment of stormwater or industrial wastewater to infiltrate into the ground Waterfront land becomes a public asset with new parkland

4% 3% 9%

Grassland pasture and range Forest-use land Cropland Special-use area Misc. Urban Development

32%

22% 30%

FRESH KILLS PARK:

CULTIVATING NEW HABITATS OVER TIME (FIELD OPERATIONS)

GRASSLAND:

STRIP CROPPING Strip cropping is an industrial scale technique for increasing the organic content of poor soils, creating metals and toxins (inhabiting their uptake by plants), increasing soil depth, controlling weeds and increasing aeration. A crop rotation system is proposed to improve the existing topsoil cover without importing large quantities of new soil. The cultivated soils will support native prairie and meadow. in the wetter areas of the mounds, shallow-rooted successional woodland will ultimately diversify the grassland biotopes.

WOODLAND:

ON THE MOUNDS Two to three feet of new soil will be required for cultivation of denser, stratified woodland on the mounds in early stages of the parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development. The new soils would be stabilized and planted with native grassland initially to create a weed-resistant matrix for the gradual interplanting of young tree stock. Proposed woodland on the mounds is located in areas adjacent to proposed lowland and swamp forests to widen the habitat corridor while conserving the amount of new soil to be imported.

MANAGED SUCCESSION: TIME BASED LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT

VARIETY & ABUNDANCE & BIODIVERSITY

Biomass: kg/km2

A total of 220 acres of woodland on the mounds is proposed, with 65 acres on the North and South Mounds, and 155 acres on the East and West Mounds.

Late trees Biomass & Diversity Early trees Grasslands 1

EMERGING HABITAT TYPE

DIVISION OF USE OF BIOMASS USES & STRATEGIES

40 Decade

Grassland Shrubland Young forest

% Nature building % Food goods % Other goods

% Nature building % Food goods % ---

- Biodynamic accumulators - Cover crops + minimal tilling - Soil building - Soil stabilization - Light grazing - Chickens, ducks - Begin plant fruit and nut plants

Mature forest

% Nature building % Food goods % ---

- Fruit and nut trees producing - Hardwood for economic - Water accumulation using and construction mini dams - Restored ecological - Fast growth wood used for function hugaculture beds - Habitat is building as well as fauna increasing - Soil structure improving

/ 61

Degree Project Studio (SS101_A) Research Dossier, Final

GROW NORTH: Food Production as a Conduit for better health Andrew Hovey 12/16/2013

62 \

ABSTRACT Above the Arctic Circle, communities such as Iqaluit in the territory of Nunavut, allocate more than 70% of their income towards a weekly food budget 1. The high cost of food is primarily incurred by the cost of airfreight required for the delivery of the food. In addition, there are increasing cases of chronic diseases and obesity, likely derived from the consumption of manufactured food that lacks the high nutrition qualities when compared to the traditional food of the Inuit and the region. Third, the extreme difference in climate throughout the year causes the employment levels in the territory to fluctuate considerably. Low employment levels in the winter draw money out of the economy, effecting other industries and businesses. Categorically, there are two groups of challenges: health related issues including food insecurity and declining health and second, demographic issues 2 such as seasonal employment/emigration. Addressing the health and employment issues is necessary for the productivity and wellbeing of remote communities of the far north. The solution will aim to provide substantial quantities of food for these communities in protected environments, consider all stages of the food cycle and supplement diets with food that is affordable and beneficial towards improving health. The method of implementing the food production network will tie together traditional hunting and gathering methods as well as with constructed environments with tempered climates suitable for produce growing and other agricultural activities.

(Lateral Office n.d.) Note: there is a fourth challenge that I removed from the section because the respective data could not be interpreted. The section would add to the demographic category relating to the declining population of the territory. This section was moved to the Appendix with the possibility to be considered later.

ABSTRACT ď&#x201A;§ 2 / 63

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................................................................2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................................4 Challenge 1: Food Insecurity ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Challenge 2: Declining Health .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Challenge 3: Seasonal Employment/Emigration............................................................................................................................... 6 Demographic Overview Of Nunavut, Canada ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Ecology of The Arctic Tundra ................................................................................................................................................................... 10 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Precedent: Lateral Office, Artic Food Networks ...............................................................................................................................12 Precedent: Arctic Research Stations......................................................................................................................................................13 PROPOSED RESEARCH & METHODS ............................................................................................................................. 16 SOLUTION strategies .................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 PROPOSED methods...................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 INSTITUTIONAL & EXTERNAL RESOURCES................................................................................................................ 17 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 18 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................................. 19 APPENDIX A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 20

TABLE OF CONTENTS  3 64 \

INTRODUCTION This research dossier presents the research conducted in the first of the two-semester Degree Project for the Design Studies program at the BAC. Within a larger context, this project reflects need to address food insecurity in remote communities, specifically to the north, where Arctic Sea is increasingly gaining visibility for potential shipping routes as well as continued scientific research efforts on the region. Not only Less Developed Countries, or LDCs, but also for remote communities in developed countries, there is a serious challenge towards access to external food sources leading to malnutrition. In both LDCs and developed countries, food production may not utilize advanced methods and exists by subsistent methods or is environmentally damaging. Finally, as arctic ice increasingly recedes in the summer months, this circumpolar region of the planet will be utilized for shipping routes as a seasonal version of a northern Panama Canal. Within these remote arctic communities, specifically in the territory of Nunavut in Canada, there are three significant challenges regarding the before mentioned health and food challenges as well as demographic

Figure 1: Map of Nunavut, CA.

challenges 1) food insecurity, 2) declining health and 3) seasonal employmentemigration. These are the three topics that will center the research proposal presented later in the dossier. Challenge 1: Food Insecurity

INTRODUCTION ď&#x201A;§ 4 / 65

Figure 2: Selections from Pilot Nunavut Food Price Survey - Comparable to Canada - April 2013. Sorted by highest difference %. The NU Avg is calculated from the food prices in 10 communities in NU.â&#x20AC;?3

Item

Celery Onions Canned Tomatoes Baked Beans Carrots Macaroni (Dried) Mushrooms Soup, Canned Orange Potatoes Apples Bread (Whole Wheat) Peanut Butter (Smooth) Butter Canned Salmon (Sockeye) Fresh Milk (2%) Stewing Beef Eggs (Large)

Unit

1kg 1kg 796ml 398ml 1kg 500g 1kg 284ml 1kg 4.54kg 1kg 675g 500g 454g 213g 4L 1kg 12 Eggs

Iqaluit $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

10.55 6.01 5.64 2.88 4.99 3.59 11.94 2.50 6.16 5.24 5.53 4.86 6.23 7.74 6.37 13.68 16.99 4.13

Nu Avg $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

10.45 6.19 4.74 3.65 4.90 3.80 18.80 2.35 5.93 10.29 7.31 4.90 5.97 6.90 5.89 12.76 14.79 3.96

Canada $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

NU/CA % Diff

2.70 1.86 1.49 1.20 1.78 1.43 7.66 0.99 2.62 4.90 3.77 2.87 3.68 4.31 3.75 9.24 11.21 3.29

287% 233% 218% 204% 175% 165% 145% 137% 126% 110% 94% 71% 62% 60% 57% 38% 32% 20%

The high cost of food is caused primarily the transportation costs of importing food by airfreight or shipping to remote locations. One reason why there is a need for food imports is because the fishing and hunting sector of the population is a very small percentage of the population of the territory. In figure 4, the other industries are listed and explored further in Challenge 3. Figure 2, the Pilot Nunavut Food Price Survey, demonstrates the high cost of food by listing the cost of food items for 10 of communities in Nunavut. additionally, there is a high percentage of poverty in the area, partly due to the high living standards as well as minimal economic development. Challenge 2: Declining Health Declining health in these communities is well documented with articles from the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics among others. Imported food that is lacking in nutrition and calories has been shown to lead to obesity and chronic disease. This is the case because of the

(Nunavut Bureau of Statistics 2013) INTRODUCTION ď&#x201A;§ 5

66 \

documented nutritional transition throughout the region. Communities have begun to rely on foods with high amounts of macronutrients that are highly processed because of less hunters and gatherers, and skills for those tasks are not being passed down. Environmental changes are also making it difficult to hunt as the number of herds are declining. As Kuhnlein describes it, “dietary patterns researched among Canadian Arctic peoples point to the high quality of foods taken from animal and plant species of hunter-gatherer subsistence patterns still recognized by Dene/Me´tis, Yukon First Nations, and Inuit communities.” 4 Whereas the decline in these foods leads to chronic disease, optimal health for the Inuit is derived from the traditional diets of the region. If in fact, there are less people working in this industry, a solution may need to come from outside the hunter-gathering pattern while still supplying the communities with healthy food choices. CHALLENGE 3: SEASONAL EMPLOYMENT/EMIGRATION Number of Employees in Nunavut 2001-2013 (monthly) 13,000 # Of Employees

12,500

Number of Employees, Monthly

12,000 11,500 11,000

2 per. Mov. Avg. (Number of Employees, Monthly)

10,500 10,000 9,500 2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

9,000

Year

(Kuhnlein, et al. 2004) INTRODUCTION  6 / 67

Total Employment by Industry, 2008-2012 60.0 Government, and and Education

50.0

Other Industries

40.0

7% 49%

15%

Percentage

4% 3%

30.0

Retail and Wholesale Trade

20.0

Transportation and Warehousing

10.0

Construction

17%

0.0 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Year

Figure 3: (top) Number of Employees in Nunavut territory by month, 2001-2013 5. Figure 4: (bottom) Total Employment by Industry, 2008-2012. Data from the 19 communities in Nunavut, age 15 and older 6.

When considering Figure 3, it is clear that in recent years, employment levels have periods of spikes and decreases. The change would not be as significant if the eligible working population was close to the employment levels, but in 2001, there were about 18,000 individuals between the ages 20-60. This difference shows the significant underemployment in the area. Employment by industry: the fishing, hunting, trapping sector is only 4% of the whole working population whereas the top four industries, which do not involve food production, account for 88% of the workforce. While individuals in an industry does not preclude a poor diet (elaborated in the Challenge 2 section), they can be in an environment where manufactured food and work environment is causing health issues. An improvement to the high food prices and poor health now needs to be able to offer stable employment throughout the year.

5 6

(Nunavut Bureau of Statistics 2013) (Nunavut Bureau of Statistics 2013) INTRODUCTION ď&#x201A;§ 7

68 \

Demographic Overview Of Nunavut, Canada Nunavut is one of Canada’s three territories, along with Yukon and Northwest Territories. It is set within a larger region of the planet, the circumpolar region, which is descriptive for the Arctic regions of Alaska, Canada, Greenland and northern Russia with 160,000 Inuit inhabiting in the region 7. This is the largest political land area in Canada measuring 1,877,788 square km holding 21% of the nation’s total land area. The land contains the Canadian artic archipelago and hundreds of islands between the Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay and the Arctic Ocean along with 23 communities. Although the territory is large, the population is miniscule- nearly 32,000 in 2011 and 0.10% of the national total. However, the territory is growing nearly faster than the national average at 8.3% from 2006 to 2011 with a median age of 24, compared to the national average of 40. Along with the other territories, the northern territories have a combined population of over 100,000 people 8. In terms of gross domestic product, Nunavut contributes in a small way towards the national GDP: the territory’s GDP is only 0.12% of the national GDP and 0.52% along with Yukon and Northwest Territories. However, on a per capita basis, Nunavut is comparable with the rest of the nation with $68,890 GDP/capita compared to the national average of $54,365 9. Figure 7 in the Appendix tabulates the GDP of each of the provinces and territories from 2006 to 2012. Figure 5: GDP, expenditure-based, by province and territory ($ millions) 10

Province/Territory

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Canada

1,645,974

1,567,007

1,662,757

1,760,011

1,819,967

Ontario

604,282

595,433

629,500

654,715

674,485

(Inuit Circumpolar Council n.d.) (Statistics Canada 2013) 9 (Statistics Canada 2013) 10 (Statistics Canada 2013) 8

INTRODUCTION  8 / 69

Quebec

313,595

315,531

329,670

345,287

357,859

Alberta

295,126

246,717

270,100

298,049

311,898

British Columbia

203,951

195,966

205,996

215,148

219,994

Saskatchewan

67,695

60,326

63,379

73,436

77,929

Manitoba

51,920

50,636

52,896

55,169

58,245

Nova Scotia

35,467

35,254

37,073

38,147

38,397

Newfoundland and Labrador

31,434

24,972

29,063

33,501

33,817

New Brunswick

28,422

28,825

30,082

31,291

31,543

Prince Edward Island

4,767

4,947

5,202

5,384

5,547

Northwest Territories

5,015

4,020

4,787

4,718

4,675

Yukon

1,995

2,107

2,313

2,376

2,631

1,608

1,548

1,936

2,036

2,198

697

724

761

755

747

Nunavut Outside Canada

Figure 6: 2012 GDP comparisons between CA and NU, 2012 GDP per capita for CA and NU. 11

2012 CA & NU GDP COMPARISON NU % of CA GDP

0.12%

3 Territories % of CA GDP

0.52%

2012 GDP PER CAPITA CA POP, 2012

33,476,688

NU POP, 2012

31,906

CA GDP per capita

$54,365

NU GDP per capita

$68,890

GDP and population statistics describe a small aspect Nunavut or more broadly, the circumpolar territory. Cultures exist with different norms, namely the Inuit tradition of hunting and eating, which is something of an anomaly for cultures south of the Artic Circle. But in recent decades, many aspects of the region have changed: dog sleds have transitioned to snowmobiles,

(Statistics Canada 2013) INTRODUCTION ď&#x201A;§ 9

70 \

igloos to permanent homes and the environment as the source of food to modern supermarkets 12. One particular change has come from the influx of food from the south. With good intentions, the health effects of additional food have been less than ideal. These health effects will be discussed in a following section. Ecology of The Arctic Tundra The geographic overview of the tundra biome and the ecology adds to the understanding of the context of the health and economic problems. It is important to understand the extreme limitations towards infrastructure and plants and fauna that exist in transient ways. Encircling the north-pole and extending south between the Arctic Circle at 66°N and 60°N where the permafrost gives way to the coniferous forests of the taiga, is the arctic tundra. The winter averages -30°F (-34°C), whereas summer temperatures are between 37-54°F (312°C) which enables this biome to sustain life but only for the 50-60 days where there can be full sun for 24 hours at the northern most latitudes. Soil is characterized by its slow formation because of the permanent layer of permafrost and minimal plant growth. Rainfall varies in different regions of the artic, but at most, yearly precipitation is 6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm). In combination with the permafrost and surface water, bogs and ponds may form providing moisture for plants 13. The tundra severely limits plant growth to only the hardiest species. There are no deep root systems because of the permafrost layer and plants carry out photosynthesis at low temperatures and with low light. Plants are commonly grown in groups creating symbiotic relationships to resist the cold and are insulated by the snow during the winter. There are

12 13

(Lateral Office n.d.) (University of California Museum of Paleontology n.d.) INTRODUCTION  10 / 71

hundreds of species of plants in the arctic and subarctic, mostly include low shrubs, sedges, mosses, grasses, short wildflowers and lichens that propagate by budding and division rather than sexually with flowering, characteristic with the grasses and small shrubs 14. The fauna in the arctic is also diverse with herbivorous and carnivorous mammals, a number of migratory birds and fish. Specific animal species that are used for food include Arctic Char, Mussels, Shrimp, Scallops, Seal, Walrus, Narwhal, Caribou and Polar Bear. Characteristics of arctic animals are additional insulation from fat, hibernation during the winter and migration south for the winter. Larger land and marine animal populations are in constant migration which makes the herds available for hunters uncertain 15.

BACKGROUND Literature Review There are several articles of note that came from the special issue of the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics in October 2010 that describe the “dietary intake patterns, physical activity levels, dietary behaviors, chronic disease prevalence and psychosocial factors that potentially mediate behavior” 16(5) One of the key statements made in the issue review succinctly summarizes the importance of food sharing: “food sharing systems have defined Inuit identity by creating and reinforcing social bonds and ensuring the survival of extended family and community members” 17(9) The work that I will be building upon will be the production end of the Canadian program

(University of California Museum of Paleontology n.d.) (University of California Museum of Paleontology n.d.) 16 (Sharma 2010) 17 (Sharma 2010) 15

BACKGROUND  11 72 \

Healthy Foods North. This program was a two year effort to study diet and physical activity levels in Inuit communities. It was determined that additional fresh vegetables would be beneficial for their health. My research will provide a way for offering that food to their communities.

Figure 7: Rendering of fishing and food preparation structures.

Precedent: Lateral Office, Artic Food Networks Lateral Office, a landscape and urban design firm located in Toronto won the 2012 Holcim North American Category Award for their work in identifying existing food networks and methods for improving the food procurement over food imports 18. Lateral Office’s proposals are congruous with Inuit traditional hunting and fishing methods rather than proposing a new economy for a new source for food. This is preceded with extensive description of the artic ecology and seasonal patterns of migration and hunting. The benefits of LO’s approach is clear: utilizing local food procurement methods and food sources in addition to structures to fortify

(Holcimfoundation 2011) BACKGROUND  12 / 73

these activities, to establish food security. The proposal however, does not acknowledge the other significant challenges to these communities: employment, population emigration and declining heath. The advantages of hydroponics as a new economy while respecting the traditional Inuit food procurement methods could be a solution to these challenges. The components of the proposal focus on the growing youth population, threatened northern Inuit culture, Inuit food culture, arctic food transportation, the ecologies of the Arctic, modes of arctic mobility with proposed food hub locations and logistics 19. The project is a good framework for the level of analysis, but omits the consideration of health and employment challenges. PRECEDENT: ARCTIC RESEARCH STATIONS There are several existing and proposed designs for habitation, production and research in the arctic. One primary example is the Halley Research Stations in the Antarctic run by the British Antarctic Survey. These stations are connected as a chain of modules that house research, living and common spaces. The research is dedicated towards exploring the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atmosphere and collecting data of the Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica 20. Figure 8 below is an image of this facility.

19 20

(Lateral Office n.d.) (Grozdanic 2013) BACKGROUND ď&#x201A;§ 13

74 \

Figure 8: Halley Research Station in the Antarctic 21

Second, Canada is developing plans for a research base in Cambridge Bay in Nunavut. First announced in 2007, the project adheres to the rubric of “Strengthening Canada’s sovereignty and place in the world”, committing to “build a world-class Arctic research station that will be on the cutting edge of Arctic issues, including environmental science and resource development. This station will be built by Canadians, in Canada’s Arctic, and it will be there to serve the world.” 22 It is important to note that these first two examples are primary research facilities and utilize advanced materials and building systems. Additionally, the context of these developments is arctic research. Using these as precedents could propagate new ideas for civilian and institutional architectural applications to further improve the scientific knowledge of the citizens in the communities. Figure 9 below gives a prospective view of the proposed CHARS building.

21 22

(Grozdanic 2013) (Science.ga.ca 2013) BACKGROUND  14 / 75

Figure 9: CHARS main research building exterior views. 23

When considering specifically greenhouse examples, there are numerous. Initial examples would be the region in the Netherlands where the majority of the land is covered with greenhouses for the floriculture and nursery industries or for hydroponic food production. The Eden Project in Cornwall is a set of geodesic domes connected to form a botanical garden. One lesser known project is from CF Moller Architects from Denmark. The firm designed a greenhouse for the botanical garden at the University of Aarhus. What is notable, and applicable to this research proposal, is the extent that the firm uses energy modeling to engineer the form as well as the use of ETFE foil cushions for insulation. Figure 10 below is an image from CF Mollerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s website that shows the energy modeling process:

(Science.ga.ca 2013) BACKGROUND ď&#x201A;§ 15

76 \

Figure 10: Energy modeling for Aarhus University Botanical Garden hothouse by CF Moller. 24

PROPOSED RESEARCH & METHODS SOLUTION STRATEGIES Strategies are used to direct the research and design process for the next semester. These act as goals for the designed applications to adhere to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Colonize adverse environments: can it be replicated? Network of agricultural capabilities: What are the different components? Improve the productivity of the land: existing - application - after Link constituents: How food is distributed and who is utilizing it? Building technology applicable elsewhere

PROPOSED METHODS Likewise, this is a list of methods are the ways in which I can achieve the above strategies: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Greenhouse enclosures use ETFE plastic pillows for ultra-insulation. Mobile solutions: the possible use of shipping containers as growing stations. Hydroponics: resource efficient with more food using less land & energy. Alternative Food Networks: food producers and gatherers are linked with those that are providing it to the individuals.

(CF Moller 2013) PROPOSED RESEARCH & METHODS ď&#x201A;§ 16 / 77

5. Building materials accessible for public: technical advances for building construction are also made available to the communities. 6. Location & siting methodology: with minimal light, solar orientation and greenhouse design will need to be as precise as possible.

INSTITUTIONAL & EXTERNAL RESOURCES Resources to utilize would be energy modeling software available to BAC students will aid in the design and engineering of the greenhouses. Figure 10 shows the Danish architecture firm CF Moller modeling the hothouse for the Botanical Garden at Aarhus University; this provides an example for this component of the design process next semester.

INSTITUTIONAL & EXTERNAL RESOURCES ď&#x201A;§ 17 78 \

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY CF Moller. GREENHOUSE IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN, UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS. 2013. http://www.cfmoller.com/p/Vaeksthus-i-Botanisk-Have-Aarhus-Universitet-i2458.html (accessed 12 10, 2013). Grozdanic, Lidija. Halley VI: The World's First Modular Research Station in Antarctica Can Climb Through Snow. February 04, 2013. http://inhabitat.com/halley-vi-the-worlds-first-modular-research-station-in-antarctica-can-climb-throughsnow/halley-vi-antarctic-reasearch-station-hugh-broughton-architects-1/ (accessed December 10, 2013). Holcimfoundation. Regional food-gathering nodes and logistics network. October 11, 2011. http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Projects/regional-food-gathering-nodes-and-logistics-network-iqaluit-nu (accessed November 29, 2013). Inuit Circumpolar Council. About the ICC. n.d. http://inuit.org/en/about-icc.html (accessed November 25, 2013). Kuhnlein, H. V., O. Receveur, R. Soueida, and G. M. Egeland. "Arctic Indigenous Peoples Experience the Nutrition Transition with Changing Dietary Patterns and Obesity." The Journal of Nutrition, 2004: 1447-1454. Lateral Office. ARCTIC FOOD NETWORK. n.d. http://lateraloffice.com/filter/Arctic/ARCTIC-FOOD-NETWORK-2011-12 (accessed November 25, 2005). Nunavut Bureau of Statistics. "Food Price Survey- Report- August 2013.xls." Nunavut Bureau of Statistics: Prices: Tables. August 12, 2013. http://www.stats.gov.nu.ca/en/Economic%20trade.aspx (accessed November 29, 2013). —. "Nunavut Employment and Earnings, 2001 to 2012.xls." Nunavut Bureau of Statistics: Labour Force and Employment: Tables. February 23, 2013. http://www.stats.gov.nu.ca/en/Labour%20and%20employment.aspx (accessed November 25, 2013). —. "Total Employment by Industry, Nunavut's 19 Largest Communities, 2008 to 2012.xls." Nunavut Bureau of Statistics: Labour Force Survey (LFS): Tables. February 13, 2013. http://www.stats.gov.nu.ca/en/Labour%20survey.aspx (accessed November 30, 2013). "Nunavut in Canada.svg." Wikipedia Commons. July 30, 2011. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nunavut_in_Canada.svg (accessed November 25, 2013). Pena, Jose G. Texas Cooperative Extension: Greenhouse Vegetable Production Economic Considerations, Marketing, and Financing. May 2005. http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/greenhouse../hydroponics/economics.html (accessed November 2013). Science.ga.ca. Science.ga.ca; About CHARS. 08 06, 2013. http://www.science.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=6B43B3E0-1 (accessed 12 10, 2013). Sharma, S. "Assessing diet and lifestyle in the Canadian Arctic Inuit and Inuvialuit to inform a nutrition and physical activity intervention programme." Journal of Human Health and Dietetics, 2010: 5-17. Statistics Canada. Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory, table 384-0038. 11 08, 2013. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ15-eng.htm (accessed 11 25, 2013). —. "Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 384-0038." Statistics Canada: Census Profiles. November 08, 2013. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed 11 25, 2013). University of California Museum of Paleontology. The tundra biome. n.d. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php (accessed 11 25, 2013).

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY  18 / 79

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of Nunavut, CA. ...................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2: Selections from Pilot Nunavut Food Price Survey - Comparable to Canada - April 2013. Sorted by highest difference %. The NU Avg is calculated from the food prices in 10 communities in NU.â&#x20AC;? ...................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 3: (top) Number of Employees in Nunavut territory by month, 2001-2013. ...................... 7 Figure 4: (bottom) Total Employment by Industry, 2008-2012. Data from the 19 communities in Nunavut, age 15 and older. ............................................................................................................. 7 Figure 5: GDP, expenditure-based, by province and territory ($ millions) .................................... 8 Figure 6: 2012 GDP comparisons between CA and NU, 2012 GDP per capita for CA and NU... 9 Figure 7: Rendering of fishing and food preparation structures. .................................................. 12 Figure 8: Halley Research Station in the Antarctic ..................................................................... 14 Figure 9: CHARS main research building exterior views. ........................................................... 15 Figure 10: Energy modeling for Aarhus University Botanical Garden hothouse by CF Moller.. 16 Figure 13: Nunavut & Canada Age Groups Percentage of Total Population. The vertical lines represent the median ages for Nunavut and Canada..................................................................... 20

LIST OF FIGURES ď&#x201A;§ 19 80 \

APPENDIX A Under consideration: Challenge 4: Declining Population Trends

Figure 11: Nunavut & Canada Age Groups Percentage of Total Population. The vertical lines represent the median ages for Nunavut and Canada 25.

Nunavut & Canada Age Groups % of Total Population % OF TOTAL POPULATION

14% 12% 10% Nunavut % of Tot. Pop. (2011)

8% 6%

Canada % of Tot. Pop. (2011)

4% 2% 85 +

80 to 84

75 to 79

70 to 74

65 to 69

60 to 64

55 to 59

50 to 54

45 to 49

40 to 44

35 to 39

30 to 34

25 to 29

20 to 24

15 to 19

10 to 14

5 to 9

0 to 4

AGE RANGE

(Statistics Canada 2013) APPENDIX A ď&#x201A;§ 20 / 81

THE GROWNORTH INITIATIVE ADDRESSING FOOD SECURITY IN CIRCUMPOLAR CANADA