PERSONAL FULFILMENT IN THE AGE OF SHARING
DESIGNING FOR COLLECTIVE FULFILMENT Andrew MacMillan
PERSONAL FULFILMENT IN THE AGE OF SHARING DESIGNING FOR COLLECTIVE FULFILMENT
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R. Utopias All utopias are depressing because they leave no room for chance, for difference, for the ‘miscellaneous’. Everything has been set in order and order reigns. Behind every utopia is some great taxonomic design: A place for each thing in its place. Georges Perec (From Think/ Classify in “Species as Species”)
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Rise Of The Techno-Corp, A Dying City The largest revenue streams globally are now produced by technology companies. At the heart of this growth are Apple, Amazon, Google and Facebook which, by using complex jurisdictional strategies have transcended market regulation and corporate taxation, producing selfsufficient tax-free financial ecosystems. In their wake, the city has slowly bled out of funding, and its citizens squabble over what remains.
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Two Worlds Collide These corporations, impossibly large in scale, have produced an entire digital world, through which we concurrently exist; We are are simultaneously enmeshed in the digital urbanism of the online 24/7-society and yet, half-within an increasingly porous world of the real. In the online, we are profiled and then sold to, algorithmically-curated objects and experiences in the utopic virtual. Increasingly, the offline no longer may act as refuge.
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Google’s Sidewalk Labs project to transform a brownfield site in Toronto into a sensor-embedded city, rendered from an entirely new perspective, “city-eye view”.
Google Sidewalk Labs - RFD
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Tesla
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Tesla’s Autopilot in action showing what the car sees when determining navigation and avoidance; dimensions, relative velocity, and confidence in whether or not the object actually exists.
Tesla Autopilot, Object AVoidance
The Nascent Corpocracy The techno-corp has begun the process of dematerializing the border between the two worlds in which we live. A poor city, eagerly awaits a new headquarters, another gives up its city council, and yet another gives up the chance to build its own neighbourhood. We are entertained by dream-like representations of speculative emancipatory futures, where autonomous transportation, robo-logistical assembly, and venues for instantaneous consumption are shown to a public unsatisfied with the existing structure of democratic order and social welfare which rely on financially and ideologically bankrupt models of governance. Amongst all of this is the medium of the present, the new property, the new capital.... data.And as we stand at this precipice, we the people have become we the consumerlabourers. Can we reclaim the datascape?
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Loblaws Canada poposal for commuer rail grocery pickup locations
Given our current position, it seems only reasonable to desire change. Thus a list of possible demands follows for those who seek to find an alternative: a) to recognize that the labour of the data world, and to compensate us, the consumer-labourers. b) to assist us, the consumer-labourers, in taking back the means of production. c) to help us, the consumer-labourers, move away from being labourers altogether, leaving us to a pre-internet mode of analog consumption. d) to encourage and enable, rather than coopt the emergent imaginaries and alternative modes of labour-consumption.
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The product of television, commercial television, is the audience. Television delivers people to an advertiser. There is no such thing as mass media in the United States except for television. Mass media means that a medium can deliver masses of people. Commercial television delivers twenty million people a minute. In commercial broadcasting the viewer pays for the privilege of having himself sold. It is the consumer who is consumed. You are the product of TV. You are delivered to the advertiser, who is the customer. He consumes you. The viewer is not responsible for programming ----You are the end product. You are the end product delivered en masse to the advertiser. You are the product of TV.�
Richard Serra, Television Delivers People, 1973 14
Richard Serra Television Delivers People Broadcast Film (1973)
“There had been a meeting in New York of people from NYU, Columbia, National Broadcasting, and they all presented papers. The papers were printed in various journals and I cut them up and put them together to form a script. Then I went with Carlota Schoolman to Channel 13 where we got a character generator. I figured how much space I would want between each sentence. I asked the people at and blue. We sat down in the morning with four cans of beer and made it. Channel 13 what color would be most effective for a readout, and they said yellow. When it first went on the air-it was put on briefly as a sign-off in Amarillo, Texas - the reaction to it prompted me to send it to the government for censorship verification. It was passed for television under an anti-advertisement provision. That means that if there are advertisements, there can be anti-advertisements: equal time. And this year it was shown in Chicago�.
The Films of Richard Serra: An Interview Annette Michelson, Richard Serra and Clara Weyergraf October Vol. 10 (Autumn, 1979) 15
A Manifesto In reality, the rhetoric of disruption of “Think Different� meant use shell-company capitalism to hack the taxi-cab, the store, the town, and the city. The liberties proposed obscure the construction of an urban apparatus that from its very core is designed to increase profits and return them to shareholders. The techno-corp built itself as a mirror of the store, today, the techno-corp becomes the store itself, fully embedding the utopic virtual into the world of the real, bringing infinite efficiency to consumer-capitalism and market growth. Designers are at the forefront, pawns in an increasingly dangerous game; architects of the digital and physical representations of corporate rhetoric, builders of the new embedded singularity. We are at the moment of slippage as one institution begins to subduct underneath a subtly different other. In the shift, opportunism reigns supreme, a chance emerges to reconsider the old institutions, to mediate change, to respond to a dying democracy. We are running out of time.
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Quoted from In solidarity with Library Genesis and Sci-Hub, @custodians online
In Antoine de Saint Exupéry’s tale the Little Prince meets a businessman who accumulates stars with the sole purpose of being able to buy more stars. The Little Prince is perplexed. He owns only a flower, which he waters every day. Three volcanoes, which he cleans every week. “It is of some use to my volcanoes, and it is of some use to my flower, that I own them,” he says, “but you are of no use to the stars that you own”.
Paul Baran, On Distributed Communications Networks
HOW DOES AN COMPA
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INTERNET ANY OPERATE?
Sociogram shown in Sunsan Buck Morss, Envisioning Capital: Political Economy on Display
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The Material Medium of Everyday Life The total amount of data produced per day now exceeds 2.5 quintillion bytes a day. Ninety percent of the material which constitutes the datascape has been produced in the last two years alone; a hyper-parabolic condition. The archiving of data thus present a new material reality, it is the process by which data becomes constituted, catalogued, sorted, stored, retrieved, tested, learned. It is the site where the capital that we have produced through digital consumption is warehoused in order to be turned back into consumables. The archive is the point which data, and its subsequent metadata may be interpreted and coded, and most importantly, referenced with other archives. These archives are now myriad, extending to not just the physical spaces of servers and data centres, but even more ethereally so, throughout the datascape; galaxies in an expanding universe. It becomes integral to ask if we can even consider the contemporary archive to be a specific place at all, but instead site-less apparata, at once assemblage and field condition from which there are an expanding number of entry points. We have entered a post-foucault, post-deleuze post-internet, post-government, post-corporate surveillant condition.
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A Landscape of Data Collection The image on the following two page are what is known as a sociogram; a type of diagram which graphically represents the structure of interpersonal relationships in a group dynamic, a kind of friend network. Here the sociogram is instead turned toward a different kind of network, that of the data collection economy. Here, what is shown is the ways in which data has been, and is currently collected, colliding multiple models into one diagram, showing current digital networks, and antiquated data collection models within the same scope. Lines and arrows represent data flows. What quickly becomes clear from this sociogram is not just the currency of the data which is integral to the archive, but more so its non-specificity. Indeed, this year marks the mainstreaming of a new technology, and way of thinking in data collection known as the data lake, a vast, real-time data storage technology which takes raw un-mediated, un-converted data from myriad sources and stores it for future use, allowing data to be modelled in ways we do not yet know, the ultimate tool for the speculative nature of consumer capital.
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voter registration lists
Belief System
political values
financial instruments
religion
bank
p Content Production websites internet archives
ma
colour
credit reviewing agencies napster NSA
credit cards held music
art
employment record
credit sco
loans
PRISM wiki
financial status
communications income emails phone calls
state records
NEXUS/Global Entry Programs Google Apple
Iris Image
eye colour
social behaviour
e
oral conversations
crimes committed documents criminal record
police archive
A sociogram of data archiving which identifies and qualifies types of personal information collected digitally noting their trajectories via their origins, and and final destinations. THE QUEST 22
fingerprints criminal database
STASI
FOR TOTAL
A SOCIOGRAM OF
waze
credit scores
property
sidewalk labs
arxism political partyart affiliation google
s
google maps
automobile
uber movement speed
ore
Content Consumption shopping visa records
self
products lookedtogether at products wished for products purchased
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address
music archive art archive labour
arab spring vacation house location of gaze picked up products house spotify interface discussions
products purchased
followers following
gps coordinates likelihood purchase after seeingitem a deal osto likelihood to purchase a similar device type browser opinions home address city archive oral archive gender marriage status sex comments on social media comments amazon go people you think are attractive corporate archives name
gene bank
past addresses photographs of self
social media comments age appletwitter healtharab spring
eyes
friendships
race
last tested date sexual
dna
employment
amazon face image
Caste System breath rate
biometric data airbnb heart rate sleeping hours weight apple
safe sexkinks practices
smell sweat
height
sexual orientation sperm people who think you are attractive
data lake grindr tinder
corporate records
sperm bank
China Social Credit Rating System
The Quest for Total L COMMODIFICATION Commodification F DATA ARCHIVING 23
“Based on a number of factors..."
“...changes in the interests of customers like you.”
From the digital... 24
Amazon Go Store Patent Filed with the United States Patent Office
... to the real 25
Collaborative filtering The invitation of the internet of things into the domestic sphere by consumers predicates a much greater phenomenon, the emergence of the sensorial city. The data collection apparatus understood as a network, and then as a mesh, becomes in the physical contemporary the medium through which everyday life is conducted, an ocean on which we are registered, traced, analyzed, algorithmically processed, and birthed a digital simulacra. It is through these simulacra that we increasingly see the world, in our shopping feeds, on our facebook lists, in our text message auto-completes. We are given a lens so nuanced, and so self-similar that we lose our ability to realize that we are seeing through anything at all.
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Sidewalk Labs Project Rendering 28
Google does Toronto
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Circulation As we enter the post-internet phase of total embedded-ness, whereby corporations such as amazon, facebook, and google fully produce the store, the neighbourhood, and the city in their own image, it is imperative to ascertain the nature and danger of the contemporary archive. Now that data has replaced conventional objects of property, then what does it mean to regain the means of production today, or to think about collective property rights, or to consider the possibility of open source, to rethink the sites and processes of not simply data, but also property, labour, and consumption in general. The mistake would be to consider the archive to be battleground in regaining agency in the mediated world of the data-factory. Instead, it should be understood as the primary objective. It is the archive which is both the architecture and the process which constitute the means of production, and from which data is coded with capital value. To seize the means of production would thus require a seizing of the archive itself, and along with it a substantiating of the rhetoric of sharing and collectivity, producing a real model of Hito Steyerl’s, collective ;
“If circulationism is to mean anything, it has to move into the world of offline distribution, of 3D dissemination of resources, of music, land, and inspiration. Why not slowly withdraw from an undead internet to build a few others next to it?�
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are we posteverything ? 31
In the Ruins of Capitalism In a world where we increasingly have everything we need come to us, it becomes ever more important to provide spaces for us to enjoy things together, to increase adjacency, to ensure that the society we make isn’t a lonely desert, but an exciting urbanism. A place where discovery can happen, where we can see what other people are doing, not because we should be policing them, or surveilling them, but so we can learn from each other how to live life within what the New Materialist author, Anna Tsing, refers to as the capitalist ruins. This also means that capitalism and non-capitalism operate together, we must invite the systems which transform the world into the most public spaces, not because we are technocrats, but so that we don’t lose sight of them and the ways in which they transform us. As we think of the circular economy, of re-use and re-cycling, we need to think of new use and new cycles. If the concern, like the parable of Theseus ship in which we slowly change until we are no longer recognizable is true, how do we allow forms of continual reflection and recognition to occur, how do we give ourselves an opportunity to cause critical glimpses into ourselves, to confront our identity, rather than becoming passive vessels for consumer capitalism’s relentless homogeneity.
“Imagine a factory made of light – and darkness. It is nowhere and anywhere, making its way through global sewers and seas, logical to the degree of utter incomprehensibility. This is where circulation takes place. Imagine an image as light moving through fibre glass cables. As it is shared, boosted and circulated, tiny sparks of light start hustling between continents. Imagine sparks of light, moving like swarms of deep sea creatures or suburban patterns of illumination. Imagine the darkness of secrecy too, as being intensely productive. An image in circulation is less about its content then about its charge, its drive, its directions. It is about being intensely quantifiable and trackable, too. It is about love encoded as numbers, and production doubling as dispersion. One could measure image energy in joule and watt, passion or eyeballs, in spin as entrancement, in withdrawal by deep encryption. But circulation is not only about surface access. It is about deep inequality too. It is an imbalance about who has the keys and who privatises the commons contributions. Circulation is about conformism, affirmation and voluntary servitude. It is the petting zoo of rising plutotechnocracies. Enthusiastic contribution to one´s own surveillance and exploitation is by now hardwired into corporate infrastructure. Light doesn’t only flow: it is tightly channelled and contained, too.”
Hito Steyerl on Circulationism 34
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Estimates place Amazon as the recipient of approximately one third of all dollars spent online. 36
Amazon Flex Termination E-mail, Gizmodo
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Amazon GO Pilot Store, Seattle
To be watched implies that there is an observer; one who is surveilling. To be sensed is an entirely different modality. The watcher attempts to understand you, but the sensor attempts to recreate you.
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Catching an Uber POOL now means walking to meet it at a convenient location. Not unsuprising given the logistical difficulty in picking up multiple passengers on a time-sensitive route.
Uberpool marketing
When Uber goes fully self-driving, they will have already primed consumers to meet their cars in the same way their meet buses. Virtual nodes re-orient logistical networks.
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Uberpool marketing
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Keller Easterling on Infrastructure and Architects “We might not think of space as an information technology unless it is embedded with sensors and digital media, and there is digital software to generate and analyze urban arrangments. Yet infrastructure space, even without media enhancements, behaves like spatial software. And while we also do not typically think of static objects and volumes in urban space as having agency, infrastructure space is doing something. Like an operating system, the medium of infrastructure space makes certain thing possible and other things impossible. It is not the delcared content but rather the content manager dictating the ruls of the game in an urban milieu�.
Keller Easterling, Extrastatecraft
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Archigram, Instant City
Archigram, Instant City
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From Egg City to Meat City Amidst the numerous ad-hoc logistical assemblages emerging in the countless startups from New York to Shanghai, it is easy to forget that all of this market disruption, all of this shopping efficiency, there is a distinct corporate homogenization of the city, a nascent banality creeping in, and all the while recreating the subjects of the city, people like you and me, into versions of itself; our demands shaped in those more convenient for it than for us. As the city become less like a terrine and more like a macaroni loaf, less spontaneous paradise and more tragic junkspace, the opportunity emerges to think about alternative courses and the new consumer realities they may engender.
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Cedric Price
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Precarious Logistics Logistics and supply chain management desires hyper-flexibility, that can only be fulfilled through elastic pools of labour. A 2016 study published at Princeton by Alan Kreuger and Lawrence Katz found that “alternative work arrangements� made 15.8% of all working relationships, up from 10.7% in 2005, but more shockingly that 94% of job growth was happening through these new emloyment arrangements. Supply chain management has always favoured the , because the goal isn’t to make a certain number of orders, its to fulfill every possible order, and to know, how many there will be tomorrow. For those employees working at the frontier of these new supply chain economies, precarity has become the standard labour condition facilitating the reduced friction which the new logistics has demanded, but it too has not been enough. Employees get sick, they miss the train, they need wages to eat, they move too slowly. In a system where humans workers have become performance metrics, replacement through automation has begun to increase as the speeds of fulfillment accelerate toward unparalleled levels. Increasingly, every step of supply chain management is becoming automated. Tesla and other companies
have begun the process of automating transportation, aero farms has demonstrated new potentials for increasingly autonomous integrated vertical farming, and Amazon has developed the entire sortation and shipping chain into increasingly articulated robotic assemblies contained within vast warehouses now commonly exceeding areas of one-million sq. ft, with products travelling almost 10 miles along conveyance within the same building.
S`ystem and method for transporting personnel within an active workspace Patent no: US 2015/0066283 A1
Kiva Space This new space is an exercise in zoning informed by automation. Enabled by circulationism, zoning accelerates, becomes hyper-fluid. It is a product of accumulation and assemblage rather than the production of order. The kiva is a lesson for the future, of new labours not the replacement of old ones. As it picks up shelves and brings them to the picker, it quietly queues, waiting its turn, an order appears in the madness as a line of kivas awaits their task. Once the picker has retrieved the object of the search, the kivas task is fulfilled, it is satisfied, and returns to put the shelf back down, to move on to its next task. It finds however that the old spot has been filled, what was a void is now a solid, just as all old voids in the warehouse become solids. But the warehouse itself is now liquid, shifting and reforming. The kiva finds a new void, and leaves the shelf there, scuttling off to find the next. The zone has been dematerialized, and so as new units are built and unbuilt, there are no rules, for placement, but rather new adjacencies occur. It is Koolhaas pushed to new heights, it is the placement of the new next to the old, of one program next to or even inside of another. A continual building in a continuous building. The Kiva indicates new possibilities for a community which cycles and rearranges itself, providing new opportunities for human organization to occur.
The Last-Mile Problem When you mail a package via USPS, it will move frictionlessly through the delivery network until the last node, at which numerous inefficiencies become manifest, where everything from bad weather, to bad logistics and an ever more nomadic receiver threaten an otherwise seamless path. This is the last mile problem, the stage in a logistics network that is the most difficult and most expensive to accomplish.
This is no different for companies in the fulfillment or sharing economies, like Amazon, For Amazon, this is more similar to the USPS analogy, but the problem is the same for Uber’s Pool service when picking up passengers, or for Airbnb rentals in picking
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up and dropping off keys. The focus of contemporary data collection is on this last-mile. The best way to solve it is to know both much as possible about the consumer, but to also shape the consumer through what is known as demand shaping; Know not only the maximum possible about the consumer, but also shape their needs and behaviours. Closing this fulfillment loop is an endless process where maximizing efficiency requires maximizing control. In exchange for goods and services we provide data, the more data they have the more efficient their logistics systems are. Thus as we consume, we labour, their means of control are our means of production. A design opportunity emerges, what if we rephrase the problem from that of the last-mile to a different site? What if the last point of delivery was at the beginning of the last mile? On the one hand the frictionless final destination of the fulfillment and sharing economies can be produced, but more importantly it offers an opportunity to limit the nature of data collection; to burn the bridge as it were. To produce a new kind of public space that operates at the in-between scale, a new urban typology which repositions the site of consumption to deny the closing of the fulfillment loop and the total control of the consumer.
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Logistics of Control The collection of data from the labourer is a mirror of the processes by which products are delivered to the consumer. The last mile of delivery is alternatively the first mile of the data which needs to be collected by the system. Amazon owns both the largest cloud server in the world for data storage, and likewise the largest distribution centres. At the other end, in the last mile, things are less clear. The last mile is Amazon’s greatest threat, a no mans land across which fulfillment strives to conquer, but so far those attempts have been fledgling at best. The last mile problem is largely an urban one. Complicated apartment complexes, difficult concierges, individuals who aren’t at home, the complexity of city streets, and increasingly, the lack of a fixed address all contribute to the period of delivery logistics which contributes most heavily to the cost of the service. Many tech companies get around this by using goods which remain with the user or worker and are circulated amongst them; as in Uber or Airbnb. However even these services suffer from friction.
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HUMAN INTERACTION WITH UNMANNED AERIAL DRONES Patent No. US 9,921,579 Bl Filed with: United States Patent Office, March 20, 2018 Awarded to: Amazon Technologies, Inc.
In some examples, an unmanned aerial vehicle is provided. The unmanned aerial vehicle may include a propulsion device, a sensor device, and a management system. In some examples, the management system may be configured to receive human gestures via the sensor device and, in response, instruct the propulsion device to affect an adjustÂment to the behavior of the unmanned aerial vehicle. Human gestures may include visible gestures, audible gestures, and other gestures capable of recognition by the unmanned vehicle. 55
The Drone Paradigm
Various Drone Patents awarded to Amazon Technologies, Inc and filed with the United States Patent Office, 2017-2018 56
Predator Drone Camera, Air Shepherd 57
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Nodes & Networks If consumers can access it, is it no longer a delivery facility? If you don’t buy anything there because you subscribe, is it still a store? The last node is a new kind of urban typology, one which challenges the need for contemporary data collection, while also changing our relationship with both the fulfillment and sharing economies. The last node must confront questions of scale and program carefully as it positions itself both as an urban typology, but also as a viable alternative to the myriad solutions of last mile delivery being proposed by hundred of startups. How frequently do they appear in the city? What companies and services can use it? Who is it designed for? And ultimately who owns it? The proposed project tackles these issues by working not by utilizing the top-down corporate model of efficiency and monetization, but rather by considering the role that collectivization may play in repositioning the site of fulfillment. Collective ownership of the node, not unlike the way that similar urban typologies of rail networks, branch libraries and post-offices operate allows for new
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democratic agency to emerge about how fulfillment technologies become embedded within the city. By denying the opportunity for a single company to run a last-mile project, as in the current “click and collect� trend or Amazon home-delivery, fulfillment may emerge from a closed-loop ecosystem as consumers interact with others in the real, encountering new possibilities. Similarly the jumble of programs in a collectively operated node, point toward the possibility of new emergent programs, products of the reframing of fulfillment. Further, the node allows for greater adaptation and fluidity to coming fulfillment technologies. However, the greatest possibilities for the node come from seeing it as a kind of threshold for utilizing the fulfillment and sharing framework. Although the nodes will be used by companies for such banal things as delivering packages, they are able to use this network to allow for the production of a new institution operating between the scale of an increasingly atomized domestic but also the larger networks of distribution. As we offload skills, talent, property and more to the cloud, can we instead begin to offload them more locally to the node? In the most basic sense, tool shares and CSA collection points are already equipped to utilize the same infrastructure. However, more promisingly the node allows for formation of a new circulatory possibility for the contemporary.
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There are more than 13,000 bodegas in NYC. They are the most convenient network of buying everyday items. Many are open 24/7, and most New Yorkers live within walking distance of at least one. 62
SODA SANDWICHES CHIPS TOOTHPASTE BATTERIES TOMATOS BEER ICE CREAM COFFEE PANTYHOSE SODA CONDOMS LIP BALM CANDLES GUM CELLPHONE CHARGERS CIGARETTES LOTTERY TICKETS STATIONARY
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Bodega Infrastructure It is both extremely efficient for tech corporations to end their delivery at the node-place which begins the last mile, but it is also where the consumer-labourer can begin to protect their own labour, and embark upon of a new paradigm of consumerism, one produced on their own terms. The Uber Pool pick-up point, can also be Amazon locker. The Airbnb key pickup, can just as easily be the Doordash meal drop-off. In a system where all logistics companies terminate their delivery at the beginning of the last mile, they are also denied the most valuable data that remains to be collected, that of our next step. If we think of these spaces as a public good, as a public space in which companies are leased slots like airlines in an airport, as a place which protects our very humanness from being commodified, we may even be able to use them as spaces of celebrating human experience itself. That all of the node can just as easily handle Zipcar and Seamless as it could makerspaces, communal libraries, farmers markets, and tool shares. The infrastructure of technocorps at this scale need not be understood to be different that the infrastructure which can enable new modes of community interaction. Not unlike our old neighbourhood friend, the Bodega. 64
UMBERELLAS PAIN MEDICATION CANDY MOUTHWASH TOILET PAPER MILK RICE HEDPHONES SMOOTHIES TAPE ANTACID CANDY BARS CAMERA FILM PRODUCE SHAMPOO KALE WATER DONUTS THUMBDRIVES TUNA SOAP BABY FOOD CONTACT SOLUTION BREAKFAST CEREAL 65
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Amazon UK Fulfillment Centre
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An Exhaustive Yet Incomplete Bibliography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Hito Steyrel - Duty Free Art Jordan Carver MVRDV. Pig City and Metacity/Datatown, Archizoom - No Stop City Cedric Price - Fun Palace, Potteries Thinkbelt Against Interpretation Susan Sontag Hannah Arendt The internet does not exist - e-flux “The Crying of Lot 49”, Thomas Pynchon “Supercrit #1: Cedric Price, Potteries Thinkbelt” Samantha Hardingham and Kester Rattenbury “An Aesthesia of Networks”, Anna Munster “The Meta Interface: The Art of Platforms, Cities, and Clouds”, Christian Ulrik Andersen and Søren Bro Pold “Fear of Content” - Rob horning in “The Present in Drag” Boris Groys - In the Flow Hito Steyerl - https://www.e-flux.com/journal/76/69732/if-you-don-thave-bread-eat-art-contemporary-art-and-derivative-fascisms/ Keller Easterling - extrastatecraft State of Architecture at the Beginning of the 21st Century Building in the Future: Recasting Labor in Architecture - Peggy Deamer The future of Public Space Jaron Lanier Michelle Nijhuis Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977 (Ed. C. Gordon). New York: Pantheon Books. Foucault, M. (1991a). Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. London: Penguin. Haggerty, K. (2006). Tear down the walls: on demolishing the panopticon. In D. Lyon (Ed.), Theorising surveillance: The panopticon and beyond (pp. 23–45). Portland: Willan Publishing.
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Haggerty, K. D., & Ericson, R. V. (2000). The surveillant assemblage. British Journal of Sociology, 51(4), 605–22. Deleuze, G. (1992). Postscript on the societies of control. October, 59, 3–7. Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Allmer, T. (2012). Towards a critical theory of surveillance in informational capitalism. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Brunton, F., & Nissenbaum, H. (2013). Political and ethical perspectives on data obfuscation. In M. Hildebrandt & K. De Vries (Eds.), Privacy, due process and the computational turn (pp. 164–188). New York: Routledge. Cohen, J.E. (2016). The Surveillance-Innovation Complex: The Irony of the Participatory Turn. In D. Barney et al. (Eds.), The Participatory Condition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2466708 (accessed 01 April 2016). Dodie Bellamy: when the sick rule the world Tiqquan - theory of a young girl Architecture of Red Vienna - Eve Blau New Media, Cultural Studies, and Critical Theory after Postmodernism: Automodernity from Zizek to Laclau (Education, Psychoanalysis, Social Transformation) - Robert Samuels New Media Theory Reader - Hassan & Thomas Formlessfinder - Beyond Form in Manifesto Series 01 Formless “Catfish Homes: Airbnb and the Domestic Interior Photograph.” Rhizome. Accessed September 27, 2018. http://rhizome.org/editorial/2014/nov/12/ airbnb-and-domestic-interior-photography/?ref=search_title. “Chapter 5: Resistance in Control Societies.” Resistance and the Politics of Truth, 2018, 119-34. doi:10.14361/9783839439074-007. Johnathan Crary - 24/7 Kraus, Chris. Hatred of Capitalism: A Reader. Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e), 2001. Florida, Richard, and Charlotta Mellander. “Rise of the Startup City.” California Management Review59, no. 1 (2016): 14-38. doi:10.1177/0008125616683952. Galič, Maša, Tjerk Timan, and Bert-Jaap Koops. “Bentham, Deleuze and Beyond: An Overview of Surveillance Theories from the Panopticon to Participation.” Philosophy & Technology30, no. 1 (2016): 9-37. doi:10.1007/ s13347-016-0219-1. Levin, Thomas Y., Ursula Frohne, and Peter Weibel. CTRL : Rhetorics of Surveillance from Bentham to Big Brother:. Karlsruhe: ZKM, Center for Art and Media, 2002. Macekura, Stephen. Of Limits and Growth: The Rise of Global Sustainable Development in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
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