Gramadeg
Cymraeg Grammar
ga i ar 么l
treigladau cyn ail ar bymtheg beth
mewn Mynediad / Sylfaen / Canolradd
I
Cynnwys Contents Abbreviations used byrfaddua / abbreviations........................................................III References.............................................................................................................IV Mutation Tables - Tablau Treiglad...........................................................................1 Numbers Decimal - Rhifau.......................................................................................3 Numbers Ordinals - Rhif..........................................................................................4 Dates - Dyddiadau How many - Faint / Sawl ..........................................................6 Years, weeks and days - Blwyddyn, wythnos a diwrnodau.....................................7 Holiday Dates / Years Gwyliau a Digwyddiadau / Blynyddoedd.............................8 Age, Years, Money - Oedran, Blwydd, Arian ..........................................................9 Prepositions Which / What / Who etc - Arddodiad ................................................10 Prepositions - Arddodiaid .....................................................................................11 Adjectives - yn ac a................................................................................................14 Emphasising - Fi sy / Pwy sy / sy(dd) / dim ond....................................................15 Places after ‘from’ ‘to’ - Ar ôl ‘o’ / ôl ‘I’..................................................................16 Ownership my, your/ must - fy, dy / Rhaid.............................................................17 Pronouns personal me, you, his, hers - fi, ti, e, hi.................................................18 Ownership Possessions / after ‘the’ - fy gyda / Ar ôl y, yr, ‘r.................................19 Commands - Gorchmynion....................................................................................20 Yes / No - Ie / Na...................................................................................................21 Mutations with, and, too, may I, night - Treigladau gyda, a, rhy, Ga i, nos...........22 Using yn and wedi and the past tense - Defnyddio yn a Wedi a'r gorffennol........23 How / which / what - Sut / Pa mor ........................................................................24 want / never / ever - eisiau, / byth / erioed.............................................................25 Who is? / What is? - Pwy sy? / Pwy yw? / Beth sy? / Beth yw?............................27 Passive - Cael........................................................................................................28 Health / Body Iechyd / Corff...................................................................................30 Family and people - Y teulu a phobl......................................................................32 Countries / Languages - Gwledydd / ieithoedd......................................................33 Handy phrases, idioms - Ymadroddion defnyddiol, idiomau.................................35 Qualifying words - geiriau goleddfu.......................................................................37 Seasons / points of the compass / Colours - Tymhorau / Pwynt y cwmpawd / Lliwiau....................................................................................................................38 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Cynnwys Contents
II
Comparing Adjectives - Cymharu Ansoddeiriau....................................................39 This / That / Those / These / Here / There - Hwn / Hon / Hwnna / Honna / Hwnnw / Honno…….............................................................................................................41 Past tense of mynd, dod and cael.........................................................................44 Verbs to go, to come, to do/make, to have - Berfau mynd, dod, gwneud, cael.....45 Useful Verbs / stems - Berfau defnyddiol ............................................................46 Bod; mod i, fod ti, fod e..........................................................................................49 Hwb -Tips y tiwtor..................................................................................................50 Verb Present - I am / I do - Berf Bod....................................................................51 Verb Perfect - has / have - Berf Bod......................................................................52 Verb Past - was - Berf Bod...................................................................................53 Verb Past - was - Berf Bod....................................................................................54 Verb - will - Berf Bod..............................................................................................55 Verb conditional - would - Berf bod.......................................................................56 Verb could - Berf....................................................................................................57 Verb - would like - Berf..........................................................................................58 Verb should - Berf..................................................................................................59 Verb if I were / will - Berf........................................................................................60 Verb did / said - Berf Gwneud / Meddaf................................................................61 Keywords from Mynediad a Sylfaen......................................................................62
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
III
Abbreviations used byrfaddua / abbreviations
Borrowed from Geiriadur gomer i'r ifanc byrfoddau
abbreviations
ansoddair
adj
adjective
adferf
adv
adverb
arddodiad
pre
preposition
berfenw
vbn
verb-noun
berf
vb
verb
enw benywaidd
nf
noun feminine
enw benywaidd a lluosog
nfpl
noun feminine plural
er enghraifft
e.g.
for example
enw gwrywaidd
nm
noun masculine
enw gwrywaidd neu fenywaidd
nm/f
noun masculine or feminine
enw gwrywaidd a lluosog
nmpl
noun masculine plural
enw lluosog
npl
noun plural
gweler
see
see
.s
singular
.pl
plural
conj
Conjunction
cmb
Combination
fb
Feminine
pron
Pronoun
prfx
Prefix
benywaidd
pos-adj Possesive adjective NfVbn
Noun Function as Verbnoun
Treigladau meddal
TMsm
Soft mutation
Treigladau trwynol
TTnm
Nasal mutation
Treigladau llaes
TLlam
Aspirate mutation
+h
Aspirate h mutation
°
Mutation marker
SDu
South
NGg
North
Comparing
RAD
Radical
Comparing
EQU
Equative .. as … as, …so
Comparing
COM
Comparative ..more, ..er
Comparing
SUP
Superlative ..most, ..est
ysgrifenedig
Wr
Written
Gwrs SSiW
SSiW
Say something in Welsh course
abs
abstract
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
References
IV
Ref
Publication
Can
Canolradd CBAC/WJEC - 2006
GCC
Gramadeg Cymraeg Cyfoes Contemporary Welsh Grammar - CBAC Gomer
GGI
Geiriadur gomer i'r ifanc - D. Geraint Lewis - 1994
KL
Kara Lewis - Athrawes
MWD
Modern Welsh Dictionary - Gareth King OUP - 2007
Myn
Mynediad CBAC/WJEC - 2005
Syl
Sylfaen CBAC/WJEC - 2005
TYWG
Teach yourself welsh grammar - Christine Jones - 2007
WLD
Welsh Learners Dictionary - Heini Gruffudd - Y Lolfa - 2007
WR
Welsh Rules - Heini Gruffudd - 2006
WAD
The Welsh Academy English-Welsh Dictionary - Bruce Griffiths, Dafydd Glyn Jones - 2006
BBCwg
BBC Learn Welsh Grammar - y Lolfa 2004
MWG
Modern Welsh - A comprehensive Grammar - Gareth King Routledge - 2007
EWD
Essential Welsh Dictionary - Edwin C Lewis - 2010
+page ref number (optional)
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
1
Mutation Tables - Tablau Treiglad Words that cause a mutation to the word(s) following.
Treigladau Meddal Soft
Trwynol Nasal
Llaes Aspirate
T → D → Nh → Th C → G → Ngh → Ch P → B → Mh → Ph B → F → M G → ... → Ng D → Dd → N M → F Ll → L Rh → R Trwynol Nasal ar ôl yn T C P
→ → →
Nh yn Nh Ngh yng Ngh Mh ym Mh
B G D
→ → →
M Ng N
M Ll Rh
→ → →
Key
ym M yng Ng yn N
n vbn adj
= noun = verb = adjective
t.m. t.t. t.ll.
= treiglad meddal = treiglad trwynol = treiglad llaes
h
a+ (ll + rh) rd o.n.3 fb
= aspirate h = NOT ll or rh = ordinal numbers = feminine
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
e.g. nouns and verb-nouns following a (and) are subject to treiglad lleas aspirate mutation.
a (and) â (with) a (whether) a (whom, which, what) ail am ambell aml amryw ar at beth blwydd blynedd can chwech cyfryn cyn (as) dacw dan dau dau deg deuddeg deunaw diwrnod dros drwy dwy dwy dy (your) dyma dyna ei / ‘i (his) ei / 'i (hers) ein / 'n (our/us)
n + vbn t.ll. n + vb t.ll. vb t.m. vb t.m. t.m. t.m. t.m. t.m. n t.m. t.m. t.m. vb t.m. t.t. t.t. t.t. t.ll. n t.m. adj t.m. (ll + rh) n t.m. t.m. t.m. ar ôl y t.m. t.t. t.t. t.t. t.t. t.m. t.m. t.m. ar ôl y t.m. t.m. n t.m. n t.m. t.m. h n + vbn t.ll. a+ h n + vbn a+
Mutation Tables - Tablau Treiglad eu / 'u (their/them) fe'th fy gan go gweddol gyda heb holl hyd i 'i i'w (to his) i'w (to her/to their/to them) lled mor (so) na (not) na (that / who.. ..not) na (nor) naw newydd neu ni (not) ni (not) o oni (if not) oni (if not) pa pa fath pum pur pwy pymtheg rhy rhyw saith sut 'th tra
h n + vbn a+ n + vb t.m. n + vbn t.t. t.m. adj t.m. adj t.m. n + vbn t.ll. t.m. t.m. t.m. t.m. t.m. t.m. n + vbn t.ll. adj t.m. adj t.m. (ll + rh) vb t.m. vb TCP t.ll. n + vb t.ll. t.t. adj t.m. n + vbn+adj t.m. vb TCP t.ll. vb t.m. t.m. vb TCP t.ll. vb TCP t.m. n t.m. n t.m. t.t. adj t.m. vb t.m. t.t. adj t.m. n t.m. t.t. n t.m. n + vb t.m. adj t.ll.
tri tua ugain un un +fb unrhyw wrth wyth y
t.ll. n + vbn t.ll. t.t. fb n (ll + rh) fb adj t.m. (ll + rh) n t.m. t.m. t.t. fb t.m. (ll + rh)
y y fath y nail ychydig yn (in) yn (predicative)
o.n.3rd t.m. t.m. t.m. t.m. n t.t. (yng,ym...) n + adj t.m. (ll + rh)
adjectives nouns noun noun noun vb
adj
ar ôl snf ar ôl adj used as adj ar ôl snf denoting time / measure used as adv when addressing begining negative sentence where “ni” ommited (spoken only) repeated adj
the direct object of a short form vb Question forms of short form vb
t.m. t.m. t.m. t.m. t.m. t.m.
t.m. t.m. t.m.
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
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3
Numbers Decimal - Rhifau Numbers - Rhifau
1
un
2
dau
dwy
treiglad meddal nfb
3
tri
tair
4
pedwar
pedair
5
pump
pum in front of vowels
6
chwech
chwe in front of vowels
7
saith
8
wyth
9
naw
treiglad meddal nm dau a nfb dwy
10 deg 11 un deg un
un ar °ddeg
12 un deg dau
un deg dwy
deu°ddeg
13 un deg tri
un deg tair
tri ar °ddeg
tair ar °ddeg
14 un deg pedwar
un deg pedair
pedwar ar °ddeg
pedair ar °ddeg
15 un deg pump
pymtheg
16 un deg chwech
un ar °bymtheg
17 un deg saith
dau ar °bymtheg
18 un deg wyth
deunaw
19 un deg naw
pedwar ar °bymtheg pedair ar °bymtheg
20 dau °ddeg
ugain
21 dau °ddeg un
un ar °hugain
22 dau °ddeg dau
dau °ddeg dwy
dau ar °hugain
dwy ar °bymtheg
dwy ar °hugain
23 dau °ddeg tri 24 dau °ddeg pedwar 25 dau °ddeg pump 30 tri deg
deg ar °hugain
31 tri deg un 32 tri deg dau
un ar °ddeg ar °hugain tri °ddeg dwy
40 pedwar deg
deu°ddeg ar °hugain deugain
41 pedwar deg un 50 pum deg/hanner cant
hanner cant
51 pum deg un 60 chwe deg
trigain
100 cant
cant
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Numbers Ordinals - Rhif Cant... One Hundred... 100 200 300 400 500
600 1000 2000 1,000,000 1,000,000,000
can(t) dau gant tri chant pedwar cant pum cant
Un, dau, tri, pedwar - Un, dwy, tair, pedair2
Amser - Rhifau - ar ôl i ac am Time, Numbers and Soft Mutations!1 Traditional numbers are used when talking about age. Time is another area where traditional numbers are still used: un ar ddeg >
eleven
deuddeg
twelve
>
ugain munud i
>
ugain munud wedi >
2, 3 and 4 have feminine forms in Welsh, used with feminine nouns: dwy ferch tair cath pedair swyddfa Treigladau!
twenty to twenty past
pum munud ar hugain i >
twenty five to
Un is followed by a soft mutation (treiglad meddal) when the noun is feminine: un °ferch Dau and dwy are followed by a soft mutation (treiglad meddal): dau °fab dwy °ferch
pum munud ar hugain wedi >
twenty five past
Mae Treiglad Meddal ar ôl i ac am. ugain munud i °bump >
dau °gar dwy °gath
Cynta: s.m. o “cynta” ar ôl nf.s e.e. y ferch °gynta. Ail: s.m. of both nf/m ar ôl ail
twenty to five
am °dri o'r gloch >
chwe chant mil dwy fil miliwn biliwn
e.e. yr ail °ferchgen. yr ail °ferch.
at three o'clock
am °ddeg munud i °bedwar > 1
Mny 77
at ten to four 2
Myn52 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
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5
Numbers Ordinals - Rhif Trefnolion Ordinals
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st
cynta(f) ail trydydd pedwerydd pumed chweched seithfed wythfed nawfed degfed unfed ar ddeg deuddegfed trydydd ar ddeg, pedwerydd ar ddeg pymthegfed unfed ar bymtheg ail ar bymtheg deunawfed pedwerydd ar bymtheg ugeinfed unfed ar hugain ail ar hugain trydydd ar hugain pedwerydd ar hugain pumed ar hugain chweched ar hugain seithfed ar hugain wythfed ar hugain nawfed ar hugain degfed ar hugain unfed ar ddeg ar hugain
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
1af 2il 3ydd 4ydd 5ed 6ed 7fed 8fed 9fed 10fed 11eg 12fed 13eg 14eg 15fed 16eg 17eg 18fed 19eg 20fed 21ain 22ain 23ain 24ain 25ain 26ain 27ain 28ain 29ain 30ain 31ain
All ordinals except “cynta” are placed before the noun: Y dyn cynta - the first man Yr ail °dŷ the second house Y trydydd bachgen - the third boy
Decades 1 60’s
-
y Chwe Degau
70’s
-
y Saith Degau
80’s
-
yr Wrth Degau
1
WAD
Dates - Dyddiadau How many - Faint / Sawl Dyddiadau - Dates y deunawfed o Fedi the 18th of September yr unfed ar ddeg ar hugain o Ionawr the 31st of January y pumed o Fawrth the 5th of March Medi’r deunawfed September the 18th Tachwedd yr unfed ar ddeg ar hugain November the 31st Mawrth y pumed March the 5th Faint / Sawl How many?1 Yn Uned 9, roedd: Faint o blant sy gyda ti? How many children have you got? Yma, mae ffordd arall (another way): Sawl ystafell wely sy gyda chi? How many bedrooms have you got? Felly, mae dau ddewis (two options): Faint + o + plural nounFaint o ystafelloedd sy gyda chi? Sawl + singular noun - Sawl ystafell sy gyda chi? Ystafell Mae ystafell yn fenywaidd (feminine), felly cofiwch y treiglad meddal: ystafell _wely bedroom ystafell fwyta dining room ystafell fyw living room
How many Times?2 unwaith
-
once
dwywaith
-
twice
tair gwaith
-
three times
pedair gwaith
-
four times
sawl gwaith
-
several times
weithiau
-
sometimes
bob tro
-
every time
pob amser
-
always
ar unwaith
-
immediately
weithiau
-
sometimes
Defnyddio 'ers' Using 'ers'3 When you're describing a state that hasn't changed over a period of time, use the present tense with 'ers', e.g.
Dw i'n byw 'ma ers pum mlynedd I've been living here / have lived here for five years (lit. I am living here since five years) If you're talking about an action that has been completed since a certain time, use 'wedi', e.g.
Dw i wedi symud ers pum mlynedd I moved five years ago (lit. I have moved since five years) 2
1
Myn 164
3
TYWG.82 Syl 20 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
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7
Years, weeks and days - Blwyddyn, wythnos a diwrnodau Diwrnod
wythnos nf
week
bob wythnos trwy’r wythnos penwythnos /-au mewn tair wythnos
every week all week weekend(s) in three weeks' time week(s) this week next week last week in a weeks time a week Friday a week today the week after weekly every other week fortnight
wythnos /-au wythnos ma wythnos nesa(f) wythnos diwetha(f) ymhen wythnos wythnos i ddydd Gwener wythnos i heddi(w) yr wythnos wedyn wythnosol bob yn ail wythnos pythefnos blwyddyn Llynedd eleini y °flwyddyn nesa(f) °flwyddyn yn ôl °flynyddoedd yn ôl ddiwedd y °flwyddyn ymhen blwyddyn ers blynyddoedd blwyddyn naid blwyddyn newydd °dda Nos °Galan Dydd Calan
years last year this year next year a year ago years ago at the end of the year in a years time for years (since) leap year Happy new year New Years Eve New Years Day
Llun Mawrth Mercher Iau Gwener Sadwrn Sul
day every day all day during the day two days three days every other day
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Dydd Sul, Dydd Sadwrn Ar ôl “nos” Treiglad Meddal ar ôl nos soft mutation after nos (night). Nos Fawrth, Nos Fercher Nos Wener Mis
Months of the year
Ionawr Chwefror Mawrth Ebrill Mai Mehefin Gorffenaf Awst Medi Hydref Tachwedd Rhagfyr
diwrnodau diwrnod bob dydd drwy’r dydd yn ystod y dydd deuddydd tridian bob yn eilddydd
Days of the week
Jan Feb Mar April May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
days y tro diwetha(f) ddoe echdoe y diwrnod cynt hynny y diwrnod cyn hynny
the last time yesterday the day before yesterday the day before the day before that
Holiday Dates / Years Gwyliau a Digwyddiadau / Blynyddoedd Gwyliau a Digwyddiadau Holiday Dates Nos Galan Dydd Calan Gŵyl Santes Dwynwen Dydd Sant Folant Dydd Gŵyl Ddewi Y Pasg Dydd Gwener y Groglith Sul y Pasg Dydd Mawrth Ynyd Dydd Mercher y Lludw Calan Mai Dydd Owain Glyndwr Y Sulgwyn Calan Gaeaf Noson Guto Ffowc Noson Tân Gwyllt Noswyl Nadolig Dydd Nadolig Y Nadolig Gŵyl San Steffan Gŵyl y Banc
New Year's Eve New Year's Day Welsh St Valentine's (Ionawr 25 Jan) St Valentine's Day St David's Day (Mawrth 1 Mar) Easter Good Friday Easter Sunday Shrove Tuesday Ash Wednesday May Day Owain Glyndwr Day (Medi 16 Sept) Whitsun Halloween Guy Fawkes' Night Bonfire Night Christmas Eve Christmas Day Christmas Boxing Day Bank holiday / Public holiday
Years / Blynyddoedd Blwyddyn is used where no numbers Except one are mentioned. Blynedd is used for years after numbers. un °flwyddyn dwy °flynedd tair blynedd pedair blynedd pum °flynedd chwe blynedd saith °mlynedd wyth °mlynedd naw °mlynedd deng °mlynedd
un °mlynedd ar ddeg deuddeg °mlynedd tair blynedd ar ddeg pedair blynedd ar ddeg pymtheg °mlynedd un °mlynedd ar ddeg dwy °flynedd ar bymtheg deunaw °mlynedd pedair blynedd ar bymtheg ugain °mlynedd
TMsm ar ôl 2 - Dim treiglad gyda 3, 4, 6. TLLam ar ôl pob rhif arall after all other numbers Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
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9
Age, Years, Money - Oedran, Blwydd, Arian
Oedran Age1 When we talk about age, regardless of whether a person is feminine or masculine, we use the feminine form of numbers because we are referring to the word for year = blwydd, which is feminine. The 'older' forms of numbers are used from 11 30 and for 40, 50, 60 and 80. See the examples below. Mae Garmon yn ddwy oed Mae Lisa yn bedair oed Mae Marc yn dair oed
11 - un ar ddeg 12 - deuddeg 22 - dwy ar hugain
blwydd blwydd means 'years old', and is often followed by oed 'age'; blwydd without a number means 'one year old'. mae gynnon ni °ferch tair (blwydd) oed faint ydy oed eich merch iau?— blwydd
we've got a three-year-old daughter what age is your younger daughter?— a year
blwydd oed dwy °flwydd oed tair blwydd oed
a year old two years old three years old (and so on, with mutations as for blynedd above) mae e'n °dair blwydd oed he is three years old plentyn pum °mlwydd oed hanner blwydd oed blwydd a hanner oed
a five-year-old child six months old eighteen months old Arian! Arian! Arian!
Ceiniog (penny) and Punt (pound) are both feminine nouns. So: dwy °geiniog dwy °bunt tair ceiniog tair punt pedair ceiniog pedair punt Notice that you use the singular after a number in Welsh (dwy bunt - two pound, not as in English: two pounds)
1
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Prepositions Which / What / Who etc - Arddodiad Which / What / Who?
Arddodiad Prepositions 1 am ar at
dan dros drwy gan heb hyd i o wrth
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
for, at on to, towards under over through by without until, along to of, from by, near
all the above prepositions cause TMsm they also conjugate see page 11 1
WR 4.1
Refer to TYWG 108 prepositions and their usage
pa beth ble
→ → → pwy? → pryd → pan → i → y / yr / ‘r → yn → a / ac → sut → byw → sy(dd) → pwy sy? → dyma → yma → ‘ma →
which what where who? when when to the in and how live is / are who is? here here here
ar °gyfer →
for 1 after 2
2
= = =
→
ar ôl 1
to go home to go to town to go for a walk
10
mynd adre mynd i’r dre mynd am dro
WLD WLD see notes with entry for “after”
[ cartre(f) /cartrefi ] [ tre(f) ]
Mewn or yn?1
Use mewn when it means in a:
in a hospital = mewn ysbyty in a factory = mewn ffatri
Use yn when it means in the or when you refer to somewhere specific: in Glangwili hospital = yn Ysbyty Glangwili in the Sony factory = yn y ffatri Sony
1
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Prepositions - Arddodiaid Arddodiaid Prepositions1
ar - on arna i arnat ti arno fe arni hi
arnon ni arnoch chi arnyn nhw
at - to / towards ata i atat ti ato fe ati hi
aton ni atoch chi atyn nhw
o - of / from ohono i ohonot ti ohono fe ohoni hi
ohonon ni ohonoch chi ohonyn nhw
am - for / at amdana i amdanat ti amdano fe amdani hi
amdanon ni amdanoch chi amdanyn nhw
dan - under dana i danat ti dano fe dani hi
danon ni danoch chi danyn nhw
heb - without hebddo i hebddot ti hebddo fe hebddi hi
hebddon ni hebddoch chi hebddyn nhw
yn - in yno i ynot ti ynddo fe ynddi hi
ynon ni ynoch chi ynddyn nhw
drwy - through drwyddo i drwyddot ti drwyddo fe drwyddi hi
drwyddon ni drwyddoch chi drwyddyn nhw
rhag - from rhagddo i rhagddot ti rhagddo fe rhagddi hi
rhagddon ni rhagddoch chi rhagddyn nhw
rhwng - between rhyngo i rhyngon ni rhyngot ti rhyngoch chi rhyngddo fe rhyngddyn nhw rhyngddi hi
dros - over drosto i drostot ti drosto fe drosti hi
droston ni drostoch chi drostyn nhw
gan - by gen i gen ti ganddo fe ganddi hi
wrth - by / near wrtho i wrthot ti wrtho fe wrthi hi
wrthon ni wrthoch chi wrthyn nhw
1 2
TYWG 101 irregular Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
i - to2 i fi i ti iddo fe iddi hi
gennyn / gynnon ni gennych / gynnoch chi ganddyn nhw i ni i chi iddyn nhw
Prepositions - Arddodiaid
12
ystyr rhai arddodiaid cyffredin meaning of some prepositions for
about on
at am
want around towards
what
because going to
am un o’r gloch - at one o’clock am ddwy awr - for two hours siarad am - talk about roedd asgid am ei droed - there was a shoe on his foot am hwyl! - what fun! am hynny - because of that mae hi am law - its going to rain mae hi’n mynd am y disgo - she’s going towards the disco rhoi sgarff am eich pen - to put a scarf around your head mae hi am fynd - she wants to go
on about to to
-fold ar of
at owe have
ar y llawr - on the floor ar ei ganfed - a hundred fold ar doriad gwawr - at break of day mae arna i bunt - I owe a pound mae fflw ar ….. - ….. has flu blino ar - to be tired of grwando ar - to listen to galw ar - to call on blino ar - to grow tired of
under dan while/whilst
towards to
up to, towards
o dan fwrdd y gegin - under the kitchen table dan ganu - whilst singing
at for
over
on behalf of dros
in favour of
by
at
cofio at - to be remembered to taflu at - to throw towards cerdded at Alun - walk up to / towards Alun pwyntio at - to point at rhywbeth at annwyd - something for a cold anfon (at) - to send to (a person)
for
dros y llawer - over the floor dros John - on behalf of John rhswm dros - reason for dros y cynnig - in favour of the motion
while, as
possess/have gan
from
because am, is, are
mae Senedd gan yr Alban - Scotland has a parliament ysgrifennwyd y llyfr gan June- the book was written by June gan aros - while waiting derbyn arian gan wlad arall - to accept money from another country mae’n flin gen i - I’m sorry gan fod Cymru’n wlad - as Wales is a country (because)
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
13
Prepositions - Arddodiaid ystyr rhai arddodiaid cyffredin meaning of some prepositions for
to
made of
from of
i
in order to
o
on behalf of
as
by of (mine)
to have
i Gymru - for Wales i’r banc - to the bank i Huw - on behalf of Huw mae ail ystyr i hyn - this has a second meaning ffrind i fi - friend of mine i gael arian - to have money anfon i - to send to (a place)
of by
to wrth
while
at
wrth y drwa - by the door wrth gwrs - of course bod yn gas wrth - to be nasty to wrth siarad - while talking wrth ei waith - at his work dweud wrth - to say / to tell adrodd wrth - to relate to glynu wrth - to stick to aros wrth - to stay / stop at
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
o’clock
out of
cwpan o de - cup of tea mae’n dod o Gymru - he comes from Wales tŷ o frics - house of bricks o ganlyniad - as a result o barch - out of respect saith o’r gloch - seven o’clock ennill o bum pwynt - to win by five points
Adjectives - yn ac a
14
Ar 么l yn, Ar 么l a1 Remember that there is a soft mutation after yn if you're describing someone or something. Mae Meinir yn dal. We saw the same thing when discussing the weather: Mae hi'n gymylog. Note that ll and rh do not mutate: Mae'r car yn llwyd. There is no mutation after yn if it's followed by a verb-noun/infinitive (action word): Mae Meinir yn darllen. If you repeat an adjective (or describing word) after yn, you mutate each time you use it. Mae e'n goch, goch, (goch!)
It's really red.
If you have a number of different adjectives after yn, you only need to mutate the first one: Mae e'n dal, tew a salw.
He's tall, fat and ugly.
But you might chose to repeat the yn as well: Mae e'n dal, yn dew ac yn salw. He's tall, fat and ugly. Of course, you might need to mutate the adjective after a = and (Treiglad Llaes) if you have a list of adjectives: Mae e'n _las a phorffor.
It's blue and purple.
If you want to describe something in the past, use Roedd (just as we did with the weather): Roedd e'n ddiddorol.
It was interesting.
The question form is Oedd ? Oedd y rhaglen yn ddiflas?
1
Was the programme boring?
Myn 41, 135 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
15
Emphasising - Fi sy / Pwy sy / sy(dd) / dim ond Fi sy / Pwy sy / sy(dd) / dim ond / Emphasising1
Fi sy 'ma (literally Me who is here - i.e. It's me) =>’yw’ Fi sy biau hwnna (literally, Me who owns that, i.e. That's mine). Pwy? = who, as a question - Pwy sy'n siarad? (literally - Who [is it] who is speaking? sy(dd) = who is/are; which is/are (not a question) e.g. Dw i'n nabod rhywun sy'n byw yn y dre. - I know somone who lives in town. This isn't used for particular emphasis. Remember `pwy' is not used here. this - if the object is named = y ...'ma, that - if the object is named = y ...'na, If the object is not named then:
e.g. y car 'ma (lit. the car here). e.g. y car 'na (lit. the car there).
hwn / hon - this (one) (m) / (fb) hwnna / honna - that (one) (m) / (fb) If in doubt as to whether an object is masculine or feminine, use hwn / hwnna.
dim ond = only - is usually followed by an emphatic sentence, i.e. the word order is changed to put the subject first, e.g.
Mae punt gyda fi - There is a pound with me / I have a pound – normal word order.
Dim ond punt sy gyda fi -Only a pound which is with me / I only have a pound — emphasis. The word order is changed and sy is used instead of mae.
Mae Bryn yn siarad - Bryn is speaking - normal word order. Bryn sy'n siarad - (It's) Bryn who is speaking — emphasis. Ie and Nage answers are used for emphatic sentences like the following Ti sy biau hwnna? Bryn sy'n siarad?
Ie / Nage Ie / Nage
Negative: Dyw Bryn ddim yn siarad - Bryn isn't speaking - no emphasis. Dim Bryn sy'n siarad - (It's) not Bryn who is speaking – emphasis.
1
Syl 69 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Places after ‘from’ ‘to’ - Ar ôl ‘o’ / ôl ‘I’ Ar ôl “i”
16
Ar ôl “o”1
Treiglad meddal ar ôl i Soft mutation after “i”
Treiglad meddal ar ol o Soft mutation after “o” for Place Names
Dw i
Dw i’n dod o .......
→ Dw i °ddim yn mynd i
Dw i’n mynd i ...... B > i C > i D > G > Ll > M > P > Rh > T >
i i i i i i i
°Frechfa (Brechfa) °Gaerfyrddin (Caerfyrddin) °Ddyfnant (Dyfnant) ° Lanaman (Glanaman) °Lanelli (Llanelli) °Fwmblws (Mwmblws) °Ben-bre (Pen-bre) °Rydaman (Rhydaman) °Dŷcroes (Tŷcroes)
Brechfa Caerfyrddin Dyfnant Glyn-nedd Llandeilo Mwmblws Penygroes Rhydaman Tŷcroes
1
> > > > > > > > >
o °Frechfa o °Gaerfyrddin o °Ddynant o ° lyn-nedd o °Landeilo o °Fwmblws o °Benygroes o °Rydaman o °Dŷcroes
Myn 13
“yn” neu “ym” T C P
> > >
Nh Ngh Mh
yn Nhŷcroes yn Nghapel Hendre ym Mhen-bre
Tŷcroes Capel Hendre Pen-bre
B G D
> > >
M Ng N
ym Mrynaman yn Ngorslas yn Nyfnant
Brynaman Gorslas Dyfnant
... ... ...
yn Morfa yn Llanelli yn Rhydaman
Morfa Llanelli Rhydaman
M Ll Rh
Adverbs of places 1 yma yna yn ôl ymlaen i mewn drosodd 1
here there back ahead in over
adref gartref uchod isod i fyny gyferbyn
homewards at home above below upwards opposite
TYWG.42 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
17
Ownership my, your/ must - fy, dy / Rhaid
Treiglad Trwynol / Nasal Mutation ar ôl fy (my)1 partner brawd tad-cu doctor car gŵr gwraig
1
> > > > > > >
Treiglad Meddal / Soft Mutation ar ôl dy (your -ti)2 partner brawd tad-cu doctor car gŵr gwraig mam llaw rhieni
fy °mhartner i fy °mrawd i fy °nhad-cu i fy °noctor i fy °nghar i fy °ngŵr i fy °ngwraig i
2
Myn 68
> > > > > > > > > >
dy °bartner di dy °frawd di dy °dad-cu di dy °ddoctor di dy °gar di dy °_ŵr di dy °_wraig di dy °fam di dy °law di dy °rieni di
Myn 68
Treiglad Meddal ar ol 'ei' (gwrywaidd) Soft Mutation after 'ei' (masculine)1 Treiglad Llaes ar ol 'ei' (benywaidd) Aspirate Mutation after 'ei' (feminine) (dim ond 'p', t ac 'c') + 'h' cyn llafariad (only 'p' 't' and 'c') + 'h' before a vowel plant tad cefnder brawd doctor gwaith mam llaw rhieni enw 1
ei °blant e ei °dad e ei °gefnder e ei °frawd e ei °ddoctor e ei °-waith e ei °fam e ei °law e ei °rieni e ei enw e
ei °phlant hi ei °thad hi ei °chefnder hi ei brawd hi ei doctor hi ei gwaith hi ei mam hi ei llaw hi ei °rhieni hi ei °henw hi
Myn 73
Ar ôl i fi / i ti / iddo fe / Rhaid must1 The next word after i fi / i ti / iddo fe ... has a soft mutation (Treiglad Meddal): Rhaid iddo fe °ddweud He has to say Rhaid iddyn nhw °gofio They have to remember 1
Myn 113 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Remember that: Does dim rhaid i fi - I don't have to Rhaid i fi °beidio - I mustn't Look out for: 'Mae/Mae'n rhaid i fi..' When we speak, we tend to drop 'Mae'.
Pronouns personal me, you, his, hers - fi, ti, e, hi Pronouns personal Dependent
Pronouns personal Independent fi ti e hi ni chi nhw
I, me you he her we, us you , you all they,them. Ar ôl / Cyn1 After saying - Ar ôl dweud Before saying - Cyn dweud
When you want to show who is doing the action, you must use - i fi... i ti... Etc. Ar ôl i fi ddweud Ar ôl i ti ddweud Ar ôl iddo fe ddweud Ar ôl iddi hi ddweud Cyn i ni ddweud Cyn i chi ddweud Cyn iddyn nhw ddweud
1
Myn 108, 113
Example from SSiW1
fy dy ei ei ein eich eu
my your his hers ours yours theirs
+TTnm +TMsm +TMsm +TLlam. +h +h +h
You can use these in the past, present and future, depending on the context. Cyn i fi fynd i’r gwely, dw i’n mynd i edrych ar y teledu. Before I go to bed, I'm going to watch television. Cyn i fi fynd i’r gwely, edrychais i ar y teledu. Before I went to bed, I watched television. The next word after i fi / i ti iddo fe ... has a soft mutation / Treiglad Meddal: Ar ôl iddo fe °adael... After he left / leaves Cyn i ti ddweud... Before you said / say i’w
I need to do it =
ei (his / hers) ac eu (theirs)
Mae eisiau i fi ei °wneud e
preceeded by i (to) changes to i’w
1
18
SSiW gwers5
i + ei/eu…. = i’w….
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
19
Ownership Possessions / after ‘the’ - fy gyda / Ar ôl y, yr, ‘r People usually say 'y' rather than 'fy'. So:1
`fy mrawd i' will be pronounced 'y mrawd i' and 'fy ngŵr i' will be pronounced 'y ngŵr i.' If there isn't a mutation, people usually say 'yn' rather than fy: and
`fy enw i' `fy chwaer i'
becomes becomes
'yn enw i' 'yn chwaer i'
Possesion - to have To say “I have a car” - use: Mae car gyda fi Question: Oes car gyda ti? Oes Yes or Nac oes No Does dim car gyda fi I haven’t got a car Ar ôl “y yr ‘r” There are three forms of the definite article (the) in Welsh ‘y’ is used in front of a consonant. Singular, feminine nouns will undergo a Soft Mutation after ‘y’ (except those beginning with ‘ll’ and ‘rh’). Ci Cath bachgen merch
y ci y gath y bachgen y ferch
the dog the cat the boy the girl
‘yr’ is used in front of a vowel and in front of h. Remember that ‘w’ and ‘y’ are vowels in Welsh. Ysgol Enw Afal Het
yr ysgol yr enw yr afal yr het
the school the name the apple the hat
‘’r’ is used after a word ending in a vowel - no matter whether the word which follows begins with a vowel or with a consonant. Mae’r plant Mae’r ysgol Dyma‘r llyfr Dacw‘r afon
1
The children are The school is Here’s the book There’s the river
Myn 68 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Commands - Gorchmynion
20
Commands - Gorchmynion1 Regular verbs Most verbs fall into this group. Endings are added to the verb stem. The polite/formal singular and plural command ending is —wch: The familiar singular command ending is -a: Verb
Chi
Ti
meaning
cerdded bwyta pryna dysgu canu eistedd siarad edrych darllen dweud
cerddwch! bwytwch! prynwch! dysgwch! canwch! eisteddwch! siaradwch! edrychwch! darllenwch! dwedwch!
cerdda! bwyta! pryna! dysga! cana! eistedda! siarada! edrycha! darllena! dweda!
to walk to eat to buy to learn to sing to sit to talk/speak to look to read to say
The noun which directly follows a command (the direct object) undergoes a Soft Mutation: Dysgwch Gymraeg! Darllenwch bapur! Pryna gar newydd! Siarada Gymraeg! Cofia fi ati hi!
Learn Welsh! Read the paper! Buy a new car! Speak Welsh! Remember me to her!
There is sometimes a change of spelling in the command form:2
1 2
Verb
Chi
Ti
meaning
gwrando ar gadael gadael i dweud cyrraedd aros cymryd meddwl
gwrandewch! gadewch! gad! dwedwch! cyrhaeddwch! arhoswch! cymerwch! meddyliwch!
gwranda!
to listen to to leave to let to say to arrive to stop/wait to take to think
dweda! cyrhaedda! arhosa! cymera! meddylia!
BBCwg 76 BBCwg 76 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
21
Yes / No - Ie / Na Answering Yes/No
Wyt ti ...? Dych chi ...?
Wyt ti eisiau paned o goffi? Dych chi'n mynd i'r dre?
YDW / NAC YDW YDW / NAC YDW
(referring to two or more people)
YDYN / NAC YDYN
Ydy e / hi ... ? Ydy e'n byw yng Nghaerdydd? Ydy hi'n wyntog?
YDY / NAC YDY YDY / NAC YDY
Oes...?
Oes car gyda ti? Oes annwyd arno fe?
OES / NAC OES OES / NAC OES
Oedd ...?
Oedd hi'n braf? Oedd y bwyd yn flasus?
OEDD / NAC OEDD OEDD / NAC OEDD
Ga' i ...?
Ga' i ddefnyddio'r ff么n?
CEI / NA CHEI CEWCH / NA CHEWCH
Questions in the past tense: Est ti i'r dre? Gaethoch chi hwyl? Ddaeth e i'r dosbarth? Weithiest ti yn yr ardd?
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
DO / NADDO DO / NADDO DO / NADDO DO / NADDO
Mutations with, and, too, may I, night Treigladau gyda, a, rhy, Ga i, nos
22
Treiglad Llaes ar ôl 'a' ‘and’1 Aspirate Mutation after 'a' ‘and’ e.e. Gaeth e dost a choffi i frecwast He had toast and coffee for breakfast Gaeth hi gyw iâr a phwdin reis i ginio She had chicken and rice pudding for lunch/for dinner Treiglad Meddal ar ôl 'nos' night Beth wnaeth e nos Wener? You will notice that there is a soft mutation (Treiglad Meddal) after nos (night). The translation of 'on Tuesday night' is nos Fawrth - you don't need to translate 1
Myn 102
Conjuction 'a' (and) a is used before constantans and ‘h’ and causes aspirate mutation of any ‘t c p’ following words. a also causes gan and gyda (by / with) to aspirate mutate. te a choffi coffi a the a chyda llaw
tea and coffee coffee and tea and incidentally
ac is used before vowels and always before mae and roedd. 1 Mae e’n artist talentog iawn ac mae e’n dysgu Cymraeg mewn dosbarth nos. 1
He’s a very talented artist and he’s learning Welsh in a night class
TYWG 70
Ar ôl “rhy” Treiglad meddal ar ol rhy
twym (hot)>
rhy dwym
Ar ôl Ga' i
1
Remember there is a soft mutation after Ga' i ...? Ga' i baned o de? To answer Ga' i ? ,
1
Ga' i fynd? use Cei / Na chei or Cewch / Na chewch.
Myn 140 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
23
Using yn and wedi and the past tense - Defnyddio yn a Wedi a'r gorffennol yn ('n) and wedi1 y / yr / 'r y is used before consonants-
y dre, y siop
yr is used before vowels and h - yr ysbyty, yr ysgol, yr adran. (department), yr haf (summer) 'r is used after vowels -
Beth yw enw'r dyn? (What's the man's name?) Mae e'n gyrru'r lori. (He drives the lorry) Wedi2
Cofiwch fod y gair wedi yn cael ei ddefnyddio yn Ile yn neu 'n i gysylltu rhannau'r frawddeg â'i gilydd. Remember that the word wedi is used instead of yn or 'n to connect the parts of the sentence. Mae John wedi bod yma o'r blaen. John has been here before Dw i wedi blino.
I’m tired
Wedi a'r gorffennol3 / Wedi and the past tense Cofiwch y gwahaniaeth rhwng brawddegau wedi a'r gorffennol: Remember the difference between wedi sentences and the past: Mae'r plant wedi dod i'r ysgol
The children have come to school
Daeth y plant i'r ysgol
The children came to school
Wedi sentences usually mean that someone has done something or has been somewhere or that people have been somewhere or have done something. Just4 To say something has just happened we use newydd. Perfect tense. Mae’r ferch newydd ddarllen y llyfr newydd causes TMsm 1
Myn 18 Myn 172 3 Myn 30 4 TYWG 122 2
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
The girl has just read the book
How / which / what - Sut / Pa mor
24
Treiglad meddal in negative of some verbs >>ddes i ddim. The strict rule is that verbs beginning in b, d, g, m, ll and rh have a soft mutation (treiglad meddal) - ddes i ddim; and that verbs starting in p, t or c have an aspirate mutation (treiglad llaes). The aspirate mutation, however - ches i ddim is rarely heard in spoken Welsh; you will normally hear ges i ddim. Treiglad meddal in question forms - ddest ti? gest ti? Treiglad meddal in the object - Ges i goffi. Ges i frechdan jam. Sut / Pa mor How 1 Ystyr ‘Sut’ fel arfer yw 'How?' O flaen enw, mae'n gallu golygu What sort of..?' Os felly, mae Treiglad Meddal yn dilyn: Sut usually means 'How?' In front of a noun, it can mean 'What sort of...?' If so, a Treiglad Meddal follows: Sut °le yw Caergybi?
What sort of place is Holyhead?
Sut °berson yw John?
What sort of person is John?
“How” - use ‘Pa mor’ to mean how before an adjective Pa mor °dal…?
How tall….?
Use ‘sut’ to mean how in other places Sut dych chi?
How are you? How / which / what ? Sut / Pa
Sut means How? As in how are you and also means what sort of / what kind of? Sut + n = Tmsm Sut wyt ti?
How are you?
Sut °dŷ ydy e?
What kind of house is it?
Sut °ddyn ydy e?
What sort of man is he?
Pa can mean what/which/how. Use pa mor before adj. Pa + n = Tmsm Pa mor + adj = Tmsm
1
Myn 172, 183 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
25
want / never / ever - eisiau, / byth / erioed
Mae hi'n braf /niwlog etc. - 'hi' can be, and is often, left out, so listen out for Mae'n braf, Mae'n niwlog as well. Mae hi'n ddiflas Describing words (adjectives) mutate (Treiglad Meddal) after yn. Mae e'n ddi-waith so cymylog > Mae hi'n gymylog gwell > Mae hi'n _well Mae hi'n bwrw glaw Verbs (doing words) stay as they are after yn as we've seen before: Mae e'n gweithio. Braf never mutates - think of the Costa Brava, which is always sunny! eisiau need / want1 Wyt ti eisiau ? Dw i eisiau You don't need yn before eisiau, as you do with other verb-nouns: Dw i eisiau mynd. Dw i ddim eisiau help. But. Dw i'n mynd. Dw i ddim yn gwybod.
I need / want to go I don’t need / want help I’m going I don’t know Plîs Please
The easiest way of saying 'Please' in Welsh is Plîs. It is widely used in all contexts. If you are talking to a person you'd call 'chi, you can use os gwelwch chi'n dda or if you are talking to a person you'd call 'ti', you can use os gweli di'n dda. Byth ac erioed / never and ever2 Both byth and erioed mean never and ever, but are used differently and are not interchangable. Byth is used for actions ongoing: Paid byth â gwneund hynny eto! Fyddai fe byth yn deall
Don’t ever do that again! He would never understand
Erioed is for completed actions, is used with all wedi tenses and past tense. Ydy’r ferch honno erioed wedi bod i’r dosbarth? Atebion nhw erioed? Fues i erioed yn yr Alban 1 2
Myn 140 TYWG 42 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Has the girl ever been to the class? Did they ever answer? I have never been to Scotland.
want / never / ever - eisiau, / byth / erioed
26
Byth1 Dych chi'n defnyddio'r negyddol (negative forms) gyda byth: Dyw e byth* yn golchi'r llestri He never washes the dishes Dwyt ti byth* yn gyrru'r car You never drive the car *You don’t need ddim with byth Gallu Mae gallu yn golygu (means) - can / to be able to. Canu Yn Gymraeg, dyn ni'n canu (sing) a dyn ni'n canu offeryn (lit. sing an instrument) e.e. canu'r piano; canu'r gitâr, canu'r trwmped Ond, mae pobl yn aml yn dweud chwarae'r piano, chwarae'r gitâr. Gyda â is sometime used in place of gyda â llawer with many
1
Myn 167 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
27
Who is? / What is? - Pwy sy? / Pwy yw? / Beth sy? / Beth yw? Beth sy? / Beth yw?1
Pwy sy? / Pwy yw?
In the present tense pwy can be followed by either sy or or yw
yw Edrychwch ar y cwestiynau hyn: Pwy yw hi? Pwy yw'r tiwtor? Pwy yw'r perchennog? Beth yw e? Beth yw'r swn yna? Beth yw hwn?
Who's she? Who's the tutor? Who's the owner? What is it? What's that noise? What's this?
=
yw
=
Notice that the forms that follow yw are either nouns (things) or pronouns (I, you, he...) Answers to these questions in day to day conversation are usually one word. Pwy yw e? Beth yw hwn?
Rhodri Gwaith Cartre
If however the answer needs to be emphasised the object replaces the pwy. Pwy yw hi? Beca yw hi, wrth gwrs
She's Beca of course
Siberia yw’r mwya cymylog
Siberia is the cloudiest
No mae is used with yw - Mea Siberia yw’r… is wrong Other persons follow the usual patterns: Pwy wyt ti? Beth ydyn nhw?
sy When and Pwy and Beth are NOT followed by nouns or pronouns to convey who is or what is then sy is the form that is used. Pwy sy'n canu? Beth sy'n bod? Beth sy'n las? Beth sy ar y teledu? Pwy sy yn y ty bach? Pwy sy yna?
Who's singing? What's the matter? What's blue? What's on television? Who's in the toilet? Who's there?
sy
Answers to these questions in everyday conversation are usually one word unless one needs to emphasise something. Pwy sy yna? 1
KL Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Fi or Fi sy yma
Passive - Cael
28
Cael – passive Basic principles Iwan buit the house =
active
The house was built by Iwan
=
passive
the object of the 1st sentence becomes the subject of the 2nd 2 basic ways of forming the passive: (a) using cael (b) using special impersonal forms The sentence ‘A dog bit my brother’ can be made passive in 2 ways: (i) ‘My brother was bitten by the dog’ (ii) ‘My brother got bitten by the dog’ Welsh has no distinction between ‘was’ and ‘got’. Cael got/get is the only option. The English and Welsh construction are broadly the same: Terry
got / was
hit
by
subject
verb
particle
prep
Gofodd / Gaeth verb
Terry
ei
subject
Got
Terry
lit.
I was hit
=
a
snowball
°dara
gan
agent (object) °bel eira
poss
vn
prep
his
hitting
by
agent (object) a snowball
I got my hitting Ges I fy nharo i
Ges i °nharo
=
I was hit
(fy)
Gest ti dy °daro
=
you were hit
Gaeth e ei °daro
=
he was hit
Gaeth hi ei °tharo
=
she was hit
Gaethon ni’n taro
=
we were hit
(ein)
Gaethoch chi’ch taro
=
you were hit
(eich)
Gaethon nhw eu taro
=
they were hit Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
29
Passive - Cael
Cael – passive – tenses Mae’r tŷ yn cael ei °godi
=
The house is being built
Oedd y tŷ yn cael ei °godi
=
The house was being built
Bydd y tŷ yn cael ei °godi
=
The house will be built
Basai’r tŷ yn cael ei °godi
=
The house would be built
Gafodd* y tŷ yn cael ei °godi
=
The house was built *(gaeth)
Mae’r tŷ wedi cael ei °godi
=
The house has been built
Oedd y tŷ wedi cael ei °godi
=
The house had been built
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Health / Body Iechyd / Corff pen
30
gwallt clust
ael
barf
gwasg
braich
penelin
talcen
llygad
cesail
brest
amrant
boch
trwyn
danned
bol / bola
gên
gwefus
ysgwydd
gwddf llwnc clun pen-lin coes
llaw
crimog troed
bys
Trafod lechyd / Discussing Health If an illness names a part of the body, we use: Mae bola tost gyda fi which is the same pattern as in Mynendiad Uned 9: Mae car gyda fi. If a part of the body is not named, but rather the condition or illness, e.g. annwyd, peswch, ffliw, gwres, y ddannodd, we use: Mae annwyd arna i tost or °dost?1 Tost is an adjective or describing word. If it follows a feminine noun, shown with (b) in the vocabulary list, there is a soft mutation: tost > dost tost > dost pen tost gwddw tost bola tost dant tost 1
ond
clust °dost braich °dost coes °dost troed °dost
Myn149 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
31
Health / Body - Iechyd / Corff
English ankle arm armpit back beard belly bottom buttock calf cheek chest chin ear elbow eye eyebrow eyelash eyelid face finger foot forehead hair - on head hair - single hand head heart heel knee leg lip mouth neck nose nostril shin shoulder shoulder-blade skin sole spine stomach stomach thigh throat toe tongue tooth waist
Singular migwrn braich cesail cefn barf bola pen 么l ffolen croth coes boch brest g锚n clust penelin llygad ael blewyn amrant amrant wyneb bys troed talcen gwallt blewyn llaw pen calon sawdl pen-lin coes gwefus ceg gwddf trwyn ffroen crimog ysgwydd palfais croen gwadn asgwrn cefn stumog bol clun llwnc bys troed tafod dant gwasg
Body Parts Plural migyrnau breichiau ceseiliau cefnau barfau boliau penau 么l ffolennau crothau coes bochau brestiau genau clustiau penelinoedd llygaid aeliau blew amrant amrantau wynebau bysedd traed talceni
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
blew dwylo pennau calonnau sodlau penliniau coesau gwefusau cegau gwddfau trwynau ffroenau crimogau ysgwyddau palfeisiau crwyn gwadnau esgyrn cefn stumogau boliau cluniau bysedd traed tafodau danned gweisg
Gender m f f m m m m f f f f f f m, f f f m m m m f m m m f m f m, f f f f f m m f f f f m m m f m f m m m m f
Family and people - Y teulu a phobl mam
-
tad merch
-
mab gwraig gŵr brawd chwaer mam-gu tad-cu ŵyr /ion wyres /-au grandchild plant plentyn partner cariad
-
mum / mother dad / father girl / daughter / woman fb son wife husband brother sister grandmother grandfather grandchild / son granddaughter /
-
children child partner boy/girl friend / lover /special friend
bachgen / bechgyn dyn / dynion (gents)
-
boy / boys man / men
dynes1 / menyw merched gwraig tŷ gŵr tŷ rheini
-
woman ladies house wife house husband parents
ei dad-cu a’i fam-gu ei dad-cuoda’i fam-guod yng nghyfraith perthnasau
-
grandparents 2
-
ffrind (gorau)
-
grandparents 3 in-law relatives / relations friend (best)
ffrindiau teulu athrawes athro wedi ymddeol di-waith cymdogion cymydog neb nabod rhywun anifail /-iaid personol gwerthwr gwerthwraig nnnnnnnnnn
-
peirianydd dylunio
-
32
friends family teacher tutor fb teacher tutor m retired unemployed neighbours neighbour no-one to know person someone animal personal salesman saleswoman outdoor activities instructor design engineer
1
North SDu .s 3 SDu .pl
2
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
33
Countries / Languages - Gwledydd / ieithoedd
Country Albania America North America South America Central America Africa South Africa North Africa East Africa West Africa Argentina Australia Austria the Balkans the Basque Country Belarus Belgium Bosnia Brazil Britain Great Britain Brittany Bulgaria Canada Catalonia China Cornwall Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Egypt England Estonia Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe the Far East Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Korea Latvia Lebanon
Glwad Albania America Gogledd America De America Canolbarth America Affrica De Affrica Gogledd Affrica Dwyrain Affrica Gorllewin Affrica yr Ariannin Awstralia Awstria y Balcanau Gwlad y Basg(iaid), Euskadi Belarws Gwlad BeIg Bosnia Brasil Prydain Prydain °Fawr Llydaw Bwlgaria Canada Catalwnia Tsieina Cernyw Croatia Gweriniaeth y Tsieciaid Denmarc yr Aifft Lloegr Estonia Ewrop Gorllewin Ewrop Dwyrain Ewrop y Dwyrain Pell y Ffindir Ffrainc yr Almaen Groeg Hwngari Gwlad yr la, Ynys yr la (yr) India Iwerddon Israel yr Eidal Japan lorddonen Corea Latfia Libanus
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
f/m feminine feminine
Language/ Iaith Albaneg
masculine feminine
feminine feminine feminine plural feminine; feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine
masculine masculine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine
Basgeg Belarwsieg
Llydaweg Bwlgareg Catalaneg Tsieineg Cernyweg Croateg Tsieceg Daneg Arabeg Saesneg Estoneg
Ffinneg Ffrangeg Almaeneg Groeg Hwngareg Islandeg Hindi Gwyddeleg Hebraeg Eidaleg Japaneg Corðëeg Latfieg
Countries / Languages - Gwledydd / ieithoedd Country Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico the Middle East the Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Poland Portugal Rumania Russia Saudi Arabia Scandinavia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sudan Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine United States United Kingdom Soviet Union Vietnam Wales West Indies former Yugoslavia
Glwad Llethaw, Lithwania Lwcsembwrg Mecsico y Dwyrain Canol yr lseldiroedd Seland Newydd Norwy Perw, Periw (Gwlad) Pwyl Portiwgal Rwmania Rwsia Sawdi-Arabia Llychlyn yr Alban Serbia Slofacia Slofenia De Africa Sbaen y Swdan Sweden y Swistir Gwlad y Thai Twrci (yr) Wcráin yr Unol °Daleithiau y °Deyrnas Unedig yr Undeb Sofietaidd Fietnam Cymru Ynysoedd y Caribî India 'r Gorllewin cyn-lwgoslafia
f/m feminine feminine feminine masculine plural feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine m or f feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine masculine feminine feminine feminine plural feminine masculine feminine feminine plural feminine feminine
34
Language/ Iaith Llethaweg
Arabeg Iseldireg Norwyeg Pwyleg Portiwgaleg Rwmaneg Rwsieg
Gaeleg yr Alban Serbeg Slofaceg Siofeneg Afrikaans Zwlw; Zwlŵeg Sbaeneg Swedeg (iaith) Thai Twrceg Wcreineg
Fietnameg Cymraeg
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
35
Handy phrases, idioms - Ymadroddion defnyddiol, idiomau
Wrth gwrs Pam Lai lawn Man a Man Efallai Siŵr o fod Mae'n dibynnu Wn i ddim Sai'n gwybod Sai'n siŵr S'dim ots Dim o gwbl Dim problem Dim byd Ar hyn o bryd Does neb A fi hefyd Na fi chwaith Yn gymwys Dwi’n cytuno Siŵr o fod Ydy e? Wir Do fe? Beth amdanat ti Beth amdanoch chi Byth Yn bendant ‘Na fe ‘Na ti / chi Wel, jiw, jiw yn gwir
Of Course Why Not Right Might as well Perhaps Probably It depends I don't know Don't know Not sure Doesn't matter Not at all No problem Nothing At the moment Nobody and me too and me too exactly I agree surely is it / he? really Did you / he / she / they? What about you What about you Never definitely that’s it there you are well,well yours ‘truly’ yours sincerely
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
cofion gorau dymuniadau gorau llawer o gariad er mwyn
kind regards best wishes lots of love for the sake of, in order to, so that yn cael to be allowed to am y tro cynta for the first time i’r dim just the job ar fymhen fyhun on my own wrth fy hunan on my own yr un pryd at the same time Wela i di! / wela i chi! (I’ll) see you! Welwn ni di! / welwn ni chi! (we’ll) see you! Tan yfory! till tomorrow! Tan wythnos nesa! till next week! Tan °Ddydd Sadwrn, te! till Saturday then! Tan y tro nesa! till next time! °Ga i eiliad? can I have a second / momemt? Dal eiliad / Hold on a Daliwch eiliad second Gwella'n °fuan get well soon (also used on cards) Gobeithio y byddwch I hope you'll be chi'n teimlo'n °well feeling better cyn hir /°well yn (very) soon °fuan iawn Mwynhewch / enjoy your self / Mwynheuwch your selves Cysga'n °dawel / Cysgwch yn °dawel sleep tight / well
Handy phrases, idioms - Ymadroddion defnyddiol, idiomau Marc, wyt ti wedi cwrdd â °ngwraig? Dwi'n llwgu! / #Dwi bron â llwgu! Beth am °gael rhywbeth i °fwyta?
Beth am °fynd allan i °gael rhywbeth I °fwyta? Mi oedd hi'n °berfformiad gwych / ardderchog! Mi °ddylet ti °fod yn °falch Ti'n / dych chi'n °garedig iawn Mae'n °wir ddrwg gen I /ddrwg 'da fi glywed am eich .... Dw i'n cydymleimlo O'n i'n °drist iawn o °glywed eich newyddion °Druan ohonot ti / ohonoch chi
Marc, have you met my wife? I'm staving How about having something to eat? How about going out to have something to eat? It was a great / excellent performance. you should be proud / pleased You're very kind
I'm really sorry to hear about your .... I sympathize I was very sad to hear your news. poor you (expresses commiseration, but perhaps Better suited to less serious circumstances) "Dw i wedi colli Tedi" "I've lost my "°Druan ohonot ti" Teddy", "Poor you" Llawer o °ddiolch many thanks Dw i'n °ddiolchgar iawn I'm very greatful
Diolch o °galon
36
thank you from (the bottom of my) heart. (To express what the thanks are for use ‘am’ with a v or vn)
Diolch am y ..... thanks for the .... Diolch am dy thanks for your °gymorth / eich cymorth help Diolch am bopeth thanks for everything Diolch am yr anrheg thanks for the present Diolch am °ddod 'da ni thanks for coming with us bron almost hen °bryd (Its) high time edych ymlaen at (to) look forward to lan lofft up stairs pob math o all kinds of things i gyd all (pron) bron byth almost never diolch byth thank goodness hyd yn hyn so far, up till now, yet, as yet, until now dipyn go lew a fair amount gwneud dolur to hurt
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
37
Qualifying words - geiriau goleddfu
I raddoli'r gair - i wneud y gair yn gryfach neu'n llai cryf - defnyddiwch:1 To qualify a word - to make the word is stronger or less strong - use: ….................... dros ben ….................... iawn eitha …………………. (dim T) gweddol .……………. (TMsm) braidd yn ……………… (TMsm) …................... dros dro
1
Can 93 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
extremely, exceedingly very quite, fairly fairly rather temporarily, for the time being
Seasons / points of the compass / Colours Tymhorau / Pwynt y cwmpawd / Lliwiau
38
Points of the compass Pwynt y cwmpawd Gogledd Gogledd-°orllewin
Gogledd-°ddwyrain
Gorllewin
Dwyrain
De-°orllewin
De-°ddwyrain
De All points of the compass are masculine therefore i’r De is to the south, as opposed to i’r °dde which is to the right 1 1
TYWG-97
Tymhorau Seasons y gwanwyn /-au nm yr haf /-au nm yr hydref /- nm y gaeaf /-au nm
- Spring(s) - Summer(s) - Autumn(s) - Winter(s)
Colours Lliwiau
Brown Coch Du Glas Gwyn Gwyrdd Llwyd Melyn Oren Pinc Piws Porffor
brown red black blue white green grey yellow orange pink purple purple
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
39
Comparing Adjectives - Cymharu Ansoddeiriau
Adjectives - Comparing Radical
Cryf
-
strong
Equative
Mor gryf (â / ag)
-
as strong (as)
Comparative
Cryfach (na / nag) -
stronger (than)
Superlative
Cryfa(f)
strongest
-
Short – especially with one or two syllable adjectives; add the following endings:
strong
cryf + ed
cryf + ach
cryf + a(f)
cryfed â - as strong as
cryfach - stronger
cryfa - strongest
so strong = mor °gryf / cryfed When the Radical form ends in these letters they change to:-
b d g
> > >
p t c
dl dn dr gr
> > > >
tl tn tr cr
Sometimes, internal vowels change sometimes -n and -r are doubled
w > y aw > o n > nn r > rr
before the suffix is added.
Long –with long adjectives Radical
telented
talentog
Equative
Comparative
Superlative
...so / (as......as)
...er
...est
mor .....(â)
mwy
mwya
mor °dalentog (â)
mwy talentog
mwya talentog
TMsm ar ôl mor
fwy ar ôl .sfn
fwya ar ôl .sfn
Every adjective can be compared using mor (as) mwy (more) mwya(f) (most) before it and is often the case orally. All adjectives with more than two syllables are generally compared in this way both in speak and writing. Ref. TYWG-37
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Note “How” with adjectives is “Pa mor…”
Comparing Adjectives - Cymharu Ansoddeiriau
good
bad
Radical
Equative
da
cystal (â) mor dda (â)
drwg gwael
cynddrwg (â) mor ddrwg (â)
mawr
cymaint (â) mor fawr (â)
small
bach
cyn lleied (â) mor fach (â)
old
hen
mor hen (â)
young
ifanc
mor ifanc (â)
easy
hawdd
mor hawdd (â)
low
Isel
mor isel (â)
high
Uchel
mor uchel (â)
near
agos
mor agos (â)
expensive
drud
mor ddrud (â)
cheap
rhad
mor rhad (â)
big
Comparative
Superlative
gwell yn well na
gorau y / yw’r gorau
gwaeth yn waeth na
gwaetha y / yw’r gwaetha
mwy yn fwy na
mwya y / yw’r mwya
llai yn llai na henach yn henach na ifancach (Iau)¹ yn ifancach na hawddach mwy hawdd yn fwy hawdd na is yn is na uwch yn uwch na nes agosach yn agosach na drutach yn ddrutach na rhatach yn rhatach na
lleia y / yw’r leia henaf y / yw’r henaf ifancaf y / yw’r ifanca hawddaf mwya hawdd y / yw’r hawdda isaf y / yw’r isaf uchaf y / yw’r uchaf agosaf y / yw’r agods drutaf y / yw’r drutaf rhataf y / yw’r rhataf
40
_________ ¹Wr Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
41
This / That / Those / These / Here / There Hwn / Hon / Hwnna / Honna / Hwnnw / Honno……
This / That / These / Those / Here / There This
adj
– y….’ma , y….hwn m, y….hon fb
this boy this girl this shirt is dearer This
pronoun
–.hwn m, hon fb hyn abs
what is this? who is this? how much is this? like this all this This
– y bachgen ‘ma – y °ferch ‘ma – mae’r crys ‘ma ‘n °ddrutach
– in pointing out
– beth ydy hwn / hon? – pwy ydy hwn / hon? – faint ydy hwn / hon? – fel hyn – hyn all – dyma, ‘ma
this is the town centre – dyma °ganol y °dre this is my wife – dyma °ngwraig That
adj
– y....’na
that boy that girl that shirt is dearer That
pronoun
– most senses – hwnna or hwnnw m, honna or honno fb, hynny abs
what is that? who is that? that is disgraceful like that after that that is (i.e.) That
– in pointing out
that’s the manager that’s kind! That
– y bachgen ‘na – y °ferch ‘na – mae’r crys ‘na ‘n °ddrutach – beth ydy hwnna? – pwy ydy hwnna / honna? – mae hynny’n °warthus – fel hynny’n / fel ‘ny / fel ‘na – wedi hynny / wedi ‘ny – hynny yw (h.y.) – dyna°, ‘na° – dyna’r rheolwr – na °garedig!
– used as a relative pronoun: which, who – (a)°, sy(dd), y
the letter that came yesterday – y llythyr (a) °ddaeth ddoe the man that lives next door – y dyn sy’n byw drws nesa the books that I brought – y llyfrau (y) des i â nhw the house that we will live in – y tŷ y byddwn ni’n byw ynddo
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
This / That / Those / These / Here / There Hwn / Hon / Hwnna / Honna / Hwnnw / Honno…… That
conjunction
42
– with present tense verb to be – bod, °fod, °mod etc
I’m sorry that I’m late – mae’n °ddrwg da fy °mod i’n hwyr I think that he’s ill – dw i’n meddwl °fod e’n sâl That
– with other verb forms – y
I think that we’ll be late I think that we should go That
– dw i’n meddwl y byddwn ni’n hwyr – dw i’n meddwl y dylwn ni’n °fynd
– past tense – i°
I’m sure they went this morning
– dw i’n siwr iddyn nhw °fynd bore ‘ma – dw i’n siwr bod nhw wedi mynd bore
‘ma That
– focused clauses – mai, taw, na
I think that you are right
– dw i’n meddwl mai / taw / na ti sy’n iawn
That ..... not – nah/°, nad (before vowels) I hope that he’s not here
– gobeithio °fod e °ddim yma – gobeithio nad ydy e yma I hope that we wont be late – gobeithio na °fyddwn ni’n hwyr I’m sure that we shouldn’t go – dw i’n siwr na °ddylen ni °fynd That ..... not– focused – nad, mai nid I sure that he’s not responsible These
adj
– y....’ma
These books These desks These
– y llyfrau ‘ma – y desgiau ‘ma
pronoun
– general use – (y) rhain
What about these How much are these These are expensive (but) These things are expensive These – in pointing out adj
– beth am y rhain? – faint ydy ’r rhain? – mae’r rhain yn °ddrud – mae’r pethau ‘ma ‘n °ddrud
– dyma °
These are the children Those
– dw i’n siwr nad / mai nid fe sy’n °gyfrifol
– dyma’r plant
- y….’na , y….hynny
Those books – y llyfrau ‘na Those desks – y desgiau ‘na Those things are expensive – mae’r pethau ‘na ‘n °ddrud
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
43
This / That / Those / These / Here / There Hwn / Hon / Hwnna / Honna / Hwnnw / Honno……
Those
pronoun
– (y) rheina, (y) rheiny
What about those – beth am y rheina How much are those – faint ydy ’r rheina Those are expensive – mae’r rheina ‘n °ddrud Those
– in pointing out
– dyna °
Those are the children Here
adv
– dyna’r plant
– location or motion – yma (°ma), fan hyn, fan ‘ma, fam ‘ma
who lives here? – pwy sy’n byw yma / fan hyn etc. is there anyone here? – oes unrhywun yma / fan hyn etc. Here
– in pointing out
– dyma°
here comes the bus – dyma’r bws here’s Dafydd – dyma Dafydd here is the city centre – dyma °ganol y °ddinas There
adv
–
general location
– yna, fan ‘na, ‘na
who lives there? who’s there
– pwy sy’n bwy yna – pwy sy’na
There – in the distance
– acw, fan acw, fan ‘cw
they live there
– maen nhw’n bwy acw / fan acw / fan ‘cw
There – out of sight – yno I’ve got family there There – in pointing out
– mae teulu ‘da fi yno – dyna °, dacw °, ‘co °
there’s the bus – dyna’r bws there’s Snowden – dacw’r Wyddfa there are the children – dyna’r plant There – general – not translated or ‘na° there is cheese in the fridge there are too many people here
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
– mae caws yn yr oergell – mae ‘na °gaws yn yr oergell – mae gormod o °bobl fan hyn – mae ‘na °ormod o °bobl fan hyn
Past tense of mynd, dod and cael.
44
Gorffennol mynd, dod a cael1 The Past Tense of mynd, dod and cael These are irregular verbs – the most useful verbs usually are!
Mynd Es i Est ti Aeth e/hi Aethon ni Aethoch chi Aethon nhw
Dod Des i Dest ti Daeth e/hi Daethon ni Daethoch chi Daethon nhw
Cael Ges i Gest ti Gaeth e/hi Gaethon ni Gaethoch chi Gaethon nhw
Cael Ces i Cest ti Cafodd e/hi Cawson ni Cawsoch chi Cawson nhw
Es I ddim Aeth e ?
Ddaeth hi ddim Ddaeth e?
Ges I ddim Gest ti?
Ges I ddim Gest ti?
Questions in the past You will notice that there is a soft mutation (Treiglad Meddal) to the verb if you are asking a question: Ddest ti yma mewn tacsi?
-Did you come here in a taxi?
Answering Yes/No to a verb in the past tense When answering Yes/No to a verb in the past tense, the answer is DO / NADDO: Gest ti hwyl? Do / Naddo
Did you have fun? Yes / No
Negative statements There is often a soft mutation (Treiglad Meddal) in the negative form: dod
>
Ddes i ddim
-
I didn't come
When the action of the verb affects something or someone else, e.g. I had - what did you have? - coffee that something else, coffee in this case, is called an object, and it mutates softly. Ges i goffi Ges i de Ges i gyri If it's a negative statement, then it's the dim which mutates to ddim: Ges i ddim coffi Ges i ddim te Ges i ddim cyri
1
Myn 84 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
45
Verbs to go, to come, to do/make, to have Berfau mynd, dod, gwneud, cael Berfau Defnyddiol Verb endings Mynd to go Cael to have Gwneud to do, to make Dod to come Bod to be Nabod to know place, person Gwybod to know fact Mynd Es i Est ti Aeth e/hi Aethon ni Aethoch chi Aethon nhw
Dod Des i Dest ti Daeth e/hi Daethon ni Daethoch chi Daethon nhw
Gwneud Gwnes i Gwnest ti Gwnaeth e/hi Gwnaethon ni Gwnaethoch chi Gwnaethon nhw
Cael Ges I / Ces i Gest ti / Cest ti Gaeth e/hi / Cafodd e/hi Gaethon ni / Cawson ni Gaethoch chi / Cawsoch chi Gaethon nhw / Cawson nhw
Es I ddim Aeth e ?
Ddaeth hi ddim Ddaeth e?
Wnaethon ni ddim Wnest ti?
Ges I ddim Gest ti?
Mynd Ai Ei di Aiff e Aiff hi Awn ni Ewch chi
Dod Do i Doi di Daw e Daw hi Down ni Dewch chi
Gwneud Gwna i Gwnei di Gwnaiff ei Gwnaiff hi Gwnawn ni Gwnewch chi
Cael Ca I Cei di Caiff e Caiff hi Cawn ni Cewch chi
Ân nhw
Don nhw
Gwnan nhw
Cân nhw
Ei i ddim A i?
Ddaw hi ddim Ddaw e?
Wnawn ni ddim Wnei di?
Ga i ddim Ga i?
Endings Past tense - ais i / -es i - aist ti / -est ti - odd e - odd hi - on ni - och chi - on nhw - ais i ddim
Future T ense - a i / - af i - i di - iff e - iff hi - wn ni - wch chi - an nhw - a i ddim
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Single vowels drop off
a
e
i
o
u w
ed = ed eg = eg dd = dd ü io = io
y
Useful Verbs / stems - Berfau defnyddiol
46
Cymraeg A-Z Addo Anfon Agor Anghofio Aroglu Aros Arwain Ateb Brysio Bwydo Bwyta Cadw Cario Caru Casau Casglu Cau Ceisio Cerdded Chwarae Chwerthin Cloi Clywed Codi Cofio Coginio Credu Cwrdd (창) Cwympo Cwyno Cyfaddef Cyffwrdd Cyfieithu Cymryd Cyrraedd Cysgu Dal Dangos Darllen
[addaw]
[Arhos] [arweini]
[cerdd]
[cyffyrdd] [cymer] [cyrhaedd] [dali]
promise send open, expand forget smell wait lead answer hurry feed eat keep carry love hate collect shut, close try walk play laugh lock hear get up remember cook believe meet fall complain admit touch translate take arrive, reach sleep catch show read
Dawnsio Deall Dechrau Deffro Defnyddio Derbyn
[dechreu]
Dilyn Dringo Dweud
[Wed, Dwed, Dywed] Dychwelyd [dychwel] Dysgu E-bostio Edrych (ar) Egluro Eistedd Ennill [enill] Ffeindio /Darganfod discover Gadael [gadaw] Glanhau Gofyn [gofynn] Golchi
Gorchymyn Gorffen Gorwedd Gwario Gwasgu Gweithio Gweld Gwerthu Gwisgo Gwrando Gwylio Gwynto
[gorchmyn] [gorffenn]
[Gwel]
[granddaw]
dance understand start wake up use accept, receive follow climb
say return teach e-mail look at explain sit win find, to leave clean ask wash (everything but self) command finish lie spend squeeze work see sell dress listen watch smell
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
47
Useful Verbs / stems - Berfau defnyddiol Cymraeg A-Z
Gyrru Hoffi Meddwi Meddwl [Meddyli] Mwynhau [mwynheu] Mynd i mewn Newid [newidi] Paratoi Parcio Penderfynu Plygu Prynu Rhedeg Rhoi Sefyll [sef] Siarad Sychu Symud Taflu Talu Taro [traw] Teimlo Teipio Teithio Trio Troi
Tynnu Ymlacio Ymolchi Ymweld [ymwel] Ysgrifennu
drive like drunk think enjoy to go in change prepare park decide bend buy run put, give stand talk dry move throw pay hit, strike feel type travel try turn, revolve, convert pull relax wash (self) visit write
Saesneg A-Z
Derbyn Cyfaddef Ateb Cyrraedd [cyrhaedd] Gofyn [gofynn] Credu Plygu Prynu Cario Dal [dali] Newid [newidi] Glanhau Dringo Casglu Gorchymyn [gorchmyn] Cwyno Coginio Dawnsio Penderfynu Gwisgo Gyrru Meddwi Sychu Bwyta E-bostio Mwynhau [mwynheu] Egluro Cwympo Bwydo Teimlo Ffeindio /Darganfod Gorffen Dilyn Anghofio Codi Casau Clywed Taro
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
[gorffenn]
[traw]
accept, receive admit answer arrive, reach ask believe bend buy carry catch change clean climb collect command complain cook dance decide dress drive drunk dry eat e-mail enjoy explain fall feed feel find, to discover finish follow forget get up hate hear hit, strike
Useful Verbs / stems - Berfau defnyddiol
48
Saesneg A-Z
Brysio Cadw Chwerthin Arwain Gadael Gorwedd Hoffi Gwrando Cloi Edrych (ar) Caru Cwrdd (창) Symud Agor expand Parcio Talu Chwarae Paratoi Addo Tynnu Rhoi Darllen Ymlacio Cofio Dychwelyd Rhedeg Dweud
Gweld Gwerthu Anfon Dangos Cau Eistedd Cysgu Aroglu Gwynto Gwario
[arweini] [gadaw]
[granddaw]
[addaw]
[dychwel] [Wed, Dwed, Dywed] [Gwel]
hurry keep laugh lead leave lie like listen lock look at love meet move open, park pay play prepare promise pull put, give read relax remember return run say
see sell send show shut, close sit sleep smell smell spend
Gwasgu Sefyll [sef] Dechrau [dechreu] Cymryd [cymer] Siarad Dysgu Meddwl [Meddyli] Taflu Mynd i mewn Cyffwrdd [cyffyrdd] Cyfieithu Teithio Ceisio Trio Troi convert Teipio Deall Defnyddio Ymweld [ymwel] Aros [Arhos] Deffro Cerdded [cerdd] Golchi
Ymolchi Gwylio Ennill [enill] Gweithio Ysgrifennu
squeeze stand start take talk teach think throw to go in touch translate travel try try turn, revolve, type understand use visit wait wake up walk wash (everything but self) wash (self) watch win work write
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
49
Bod; mod i, fod ti, fod e
Wrth siarad, mae pobl yn dweud mod i, fod ti, fod e, ac yn y blaen.1 In speech, people say that I, that you, that he, and so on.
Mae’n bosib byddwch chi’n gweld y ffurfiau llawn - dyma nhw: It's possible you'll see the full forms - here they are: fy mod i dy fod ti ei fod e ei bod hi ein bod ni eich bod chi eu bod nhw 1
e.e. Dwedais i fy mod i'n mynd adre e.e. Dwedaist ti dy fod ti'n mynd adre e.e. Dwedodd e ei fod e'n mynd adre e.e. Dwedodd hi ei bod hi'n mynd adre e.e. Dwedon ni ein bod ni'n mynd adre e.e. Dwedoch chi eich bod chi'n mynd adre e.e. Dwedon nhw eu bod nhw'n mynd adre
I said that I was going home You said that you were... He said that he was... She said that she was... We said that we were... You said that you were... They said that they were...
Can 36
Mae a tawel yn y patrwm yma, yn cyfleu (convey) who, neu which, e.e.2 Dyn a oedd yn canu roc a rôl Y dyn a ysgrifennodd Macbeth Ti a fydd yn golchi'r llestri
A man who wrote rock and roll songs The man who wrote Macbeth You (who) will wash up
Fel arfer, dych chi ddim yn clywed yr a wrth i bobl siarad. Weithiau, byddwch chi'n gweld yr a yn cael ei hysgrifennu. Dyma beth yw achos y treiglad meddal! Usually, you do not hear a when people are talking. Sometimes, you'll see the a being written. This is the cause of soft mutation!
sy = nawr fydd = dyfodol oedd = gorffennol
(who is neu which is) (who will neu which will) (who was neu which was)
Dw i'n nabod rhywun sy'n byw yn Iwerddon - dim pwy sy'n byw.... rr Ymarfer - y gorffennol Mae 2 ffordd o ddweud pethau yn y gorffennol, e.e. 1. Gwnes i weld y ffilm
2.
Gwelais i'r ffilm
Mae'r un peth yn wir os dych chi eisiau dweud who saw, neu who did… The same is true if you want to say who saw, or who did…
Y dyn wnaeth weld y ffilm Y ferch wnaeth brynu'r tŷ Y dyn wnaeth gael y swydd Y ferch wnaeth dalu am y bwyd 2
Can 25
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Y dyn welodd y ffilm Y ferch brynodd y tŷ Y dyn gaeth y swydd Y ferch dalodd am y bwyd
Hwb -Tips y tiwtor
50
Hwb Tips y tiwtor - enwau nouns llawer o gair enwau, diwedd yn neu, dwedd yn
fem (fb) mas (mg)
‘….yn’ - many nouns end in ‘….yn’ ‘….en’ - or end in
benwydd gwrwydd
‘….en’
= ‘….en’ = ‘….yn’
Ond Ond od ac eithio = bachen = mg gwrwydd But odd exception = bachgen = mg masculine
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
51
Verb Present - I am / I do - Berf Bod
Verb tables: I am I do
Dw i’n
I have
Dw i wedi
I was
Ro’n i’n
I was
Bues i’n
I will
Bydda i
I would
Baswn i
I would
Byddwn i
I could
Gallwn i
I would like
Hoffwn i
I should
Dylwn i
If I were to Taswn i / ‘swn i
I will
Gwna i
I did
Gwnes i
Said
Meddaf
Bod Present (I am / I do)
Dw i‘n Rwyt ti’n Mae e’n Mae hi’n Dyn ni’n Dych chi’n Maen nhw’n
I am / do You are / do He is / does She is / does We are / do You are / do They are / do
Mae’r plant yn
The children are / do
Dw i ddim Dwyt ti ddim Dyw e ddim Dyw hi ddim Dyn ni ddim Dych chi ddim Dyn nhw ddim
I am / do not You are / do not He is / does not She is / does not We are / do not You are / do not They are / do not
Dyw’r plant ddim yn
The children are / do not
Dw i’n...? Wyt ti’n...? Ydy e’n...? Ydy hi’n...? Dyn ni’n...? Dych chi’n...? Dyn nhw’n...?
Do / did I…? Do / did you…? Does / did he…? Does / did she…? Do / did we…? Do / did you…? Do / did they…?
Ydy’r plant yn...?
Do / did the children…?
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Ydw i’n…?
Ydyn ni’n…? Ydych chi’n…? Ydyn nhw’n…?
Ydw Wyt Ydy Ydy Ydyn Ydych Ydyn
Nac ydw Nac wyt Nac ydy Nac ydy Nac ydyn Nac ydych Nac ydyn
Ydy
Nac ydy
Verb Perfect - has / have - Berf Bod
52
Bod Perfect (have/has) Dw i wedi Rwyt ti wedi Mae e wedi Mae hi wedi Dyn ni wedi Dych chi wedi Maen nhw wedi
I have You have He has She has We have You havel They have
Mae’r plant wedi
The children have
Dw i ddim wedi Rwyt ti ddim wedi Dyw e ddim wedi Dyw hi ddim wedi Dyn ni ddim wedi Dych chi ddim wedi Dyn nhw ddim wedi
I have not You have not He has not She has not We have not You have not They have not
Dwy’r plant ddim wedi The children have not
Dw i wedi...? Wyt ti wedi...? Ydy e wedi...? Ydy hi wedi...? Dyn ni wedi...? Dych chi wedi...? Dyn nhw wedi...?
I have…? You have…? He has…? She has…? We have…? You have…? They have…?
Ydy’r plant wedi...?
The children have…?
Ydw i’n…?
Ydyn ni’n…? Ydych chi’n…? Ydyn nhw’n…?
Ydw Wyt Ydy Ydy Ydyn Ydyn Ydyn
Nac ydw Nac wyt Nac ydy Nac ydy Nac ydyn Nac ydyn Nac ydyn
Ydy
Nac ydy
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
53
Verb Past - was - Berf Bod
Bod Past (was) Ro’n i‘n Ro’t ti’n Roedd e’n Roedd hi’n Ro’n ni’n Ro’ch chi’n Ro’n nhw’n
I was You were He was She was We were You were They were
Roedd y plant yn
The children were
Do’n i ddim...? Do’t ti ddim...? Doedd e ddim...? Doedd hi ddim...? Do’n ni ddim...? Do’ch chi ddim...? Do’n nhw ddim...?
I was not You were not He was not She was not We were not You were not They were not
Doedd y plant ddim...? The children were not O’n i’n...? O’t ti’n...? Oedd e’n...? Oedd hi’n...? O’n ni’n...? O’ch chi’n...? O’n nhw’n...?
Was I…? Were you…? Was he…? Was she…? Were we…? Were you…? Were they…?
O’n O’t Oedd Oedd O’n O’n O’n
Nac o’n Nac o’t Nac Oedd Nac Oedd Nac o’n Nac o’n Nac o’n
Oedd y plant yn...?
Were the children …?
Oedd
Nac Oedd
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Verb Past - was - Berf Bod
54
Bod Past (was) Bues i Buest ti Buodd e Buodd hi Buon ni Buoch chi Buon nhw
I was You were He was She was We were You were They were
Buodd y plant
The children were
Fues i ddim Fuest ti ddim Fuodd e ddim Fuodd hi ddim Fuon ni ddim Fuoch chi ddim Fuon nhw ddim
I was not You were not He was not She was not We were not You were not They were not
Fuodd y plant ddim
The children were not
Fues i ...? Fuest ti ...? Fuodd e ...? Fuodd hi ...? Fuon ni ...? Fuoch chi ...? Fuon nhw ...?
Was I…? Were you…? Was he…? Was she…? Were we…? Were you…? Were they…?
Do Do Do Do Do Do Do
Naddo Naddo Naddo Naddo Naddo Naddo Naddo
Fuodd y plant ...?
Were the children …?
Do
Naddo
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
55
Verb - will - Berf Bod
Bod Future Bydda i Byddi di Bydd e Bydd hi Byddwn ni Byddwch chi Byddan nhw
I will You will He will She will We will You will They will
Bydd y plant
The children will
Fydda i ddim Fyddi di ddim Fydd e ddim Fydd hi ddim Fyddwn ni ddim Fyddwch chi ddim Fyddan nhw ddim
I will not You will not He will not She will not We will not You will not They will not
Fydd y plant ddim
The children will not
Fydda i ...? Fyddi di ...? Fydd e ...? Fydd hi ...? Fyddwn ni ...? Fyddwch chi ...? Fyddan nhw ...?
Will I…? Will you…? Will he…? Will she…? Will we…? Will you…? Will they…?
Bydda Byddi Bydd Bydd Byddwn Byddwch Byddan
Fydda Fyddi Fydd Fydd Fyddwn Fyddwch Fyddan
Fydd y plant ...?
Will the children …?
Bydd
Fydd
Nodyn gramadeg grammar Note1 I ddweud ble byddwch chi To say where you will be: Bydda i ar y traeth I will be on the beach dych chi ddim yn defnyddio ‘n (yn) you don’t use ‘n (yn) 1
Syl 82 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Verb conditional - would - Berf bod
56
Bod conditional Would Baswn i Baset ti Basai fe Basai hi Basen ni Basech chi Basen nhw
I would You would He would She would We would You would They would
Byddwn i Byddet ti Byddai fe Byddai hi Bydden ni Byddech chi Bydden nhw
Basai'r plant
The children would
Byddai'r plant
Faswn i ddim Faset ti ddim Fasai fe ddim Fasai hi ddim Fasen ni ddim Fasech chi ddim Fasen nhw ddim
I would not You would not He would not She would not We would not You would not They would not
Fyddwn i ddim Fyddet ti ddim Fyddai fe ddim Fyddai hi ddim Fydden ni ddim Fyddech chi ddim Fydden nhw ddim
Fasai'r plant ddim
The children would not Fyddai'r plant dimm
Faswn i ...? Faset ti ...? Fasai fe ...? Fasai hi ...? Fasen ni ...? Fasech chi ...? Fasen nhw ...?
Would I ...? You would ...? He would ...? She would ...? We would ...? You would ...? They would ...?
Fasai'r plant ...?
The children would ...? Fyddai'r plant
Fyddwn i Fyddet ti Fyddai fe Fyddai hi Fydden ni Fyddech chi Fydden nhw
Baswn Baset Basai Basai Basen Basech Basen
Na Faswn Na Faset Na Fasai Na Fasai Na Fasen Na Fasech Na Fasen
Basai
Na Fasai
If I were to Taswn i Taset ti Tasai fe Tasai hi Tasen ni Tasech chi Tasen nhw
If I were to ...? If you were to ...? If he were to ...? If she were to ...? If we were to ...? If you were to ...? If they were to ...?
‘swn i ‘set ti ‘sai fe ‘sai hi ‘sen ni ‘sech chi ‘sen nhw
Tasai'r plant
If the children were to...?
‘sai'r plant Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
57
Verb could - Berf
Could Gallwn i Gallet ti Gallai e Gallai hi Gallen ni Gallech chi Gallen nhw
I could You could He could She could We could You could They could
Gallai'r plant
The children could
Allwn i ddim Allet ti ddim Allai e ddim Allai hi ddim Allen ni ddim Allech chi ddim Allen nhw ddim
I could not You could not He could not She could not We could not You could not They could not
Allai'r plant ddim
The children could not
Allwn i ...? Allet ti ...? Allai e ...? Allai hi ...? Allen ni ...? Allech chi ...? Allen nhw ...?
Could i ...? Could you ...? Could he ...? Could she ...? Could we ...? Could you ...? Could they ...?
gallwn gallet gallai gallai gallen gallech gallen
na allwn na allet na allai na allai na allen na allech na allen
Allai'r plant ...?
Could the children ...?
gallai
na allai
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Verb - would like - Berf
58
Would like Hoffwn i Hoffet ti Hoffai e Hoffai hi Hoffen ni Hoffech chi Hoffen nhw
I would like You would like He would like She would like We would like You would like They would like
Hoffai'r plant
The children would like
Hoffwn i ddim Hoffet ti ddim Hoffai e ddim Hoffai hi ddim Hoffen ni ddim Hoffech chi ddim Hoffen nhw ddim
I would like not You would like not He would like not She would like not We would like not You would like not They would like not
Hoffai'r plant ddim
The children would like not
Hoffwn i ...? Hoffet ti ...? Hoffai e ...? Hoffai hi ...? Hoffen ni ...? Hoffech chi ...? Hoffen nhw ...?
Would i like ...? Would you like ...? Would he like ...? Would she like ...? Would we like ...? Would you like ...? Would they like ...?
hoffwn hoffet hoffai hoffai hoffen hoffech hoffen
na hoffwn na hoffet na hoffai na hoffai na hoffen na hoffech na hoffen
Hoffai'r plant ...?
Would the children like ...?
hoffai
na hoffai
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
59
Verb should - Berf
Should Dylwn i Dylet ti Dylai fe Dylai hi Dylen ni Dylech chi Dylen nhw
I should You should He should She should We should You should They should
Dylai'r plant
The children should
Dylwn i fod wedi Dylet ti fod wedi Dylai fe fod wedi Dylai hi fod wedi Dylen ni fod wedi Dylech chi fod wedi Dylen nhw fod wedi
I should have You should have He should have She should have We should have You should have They should have
Dylai'r plant fod wedi
The children should have
Ddylwn i ddim Ddylet ti ddim Ddylai fe ddim Ddylai hi ddim Ddylen ni ddim Ddylech chi ddim Ddylen nhw ddim
I should not You should not He should not She should not We should not You should not They should not
Ddylai'r plant ddim
The children should not
Ddylwn i Ddylet ti Ddylai fe Ddylai hi Ddylen ni Ddylech chi Ddylen nhw
Should I ...? Should you ...? Should he ...? Should she ...? Should we ...? Should you ...? Should they ...?
dylwn dylet dylai dylai dylen dylech dylen
na ddylwn na ddylet na ddylai na ddylai na ddylen na ddylech na ddylen
Ddylai'r plant
Should the children ...?
dylai
na ddylai
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Verb if I were / will - Berf Gwneud Future
I will….
Gwna i weld Gwnei di weld Gwnaiff e weld Gwnaiff hi weld Gwnawn ni weld Gwnewch chi weld Gwnân nhw weld
I'll see You'll see He'll see She'll see We'll see You'll see They'll see
Gwnaiff y plant weld
The children will see naiff y plant weld
Wna i ddim gweld Wnei di ddim gweld Wnaiff e ddim gweld Wnaiff hi ddim gweld Wnawn ni ddim gweld Wnewch chi ddim gweld Wnân nhw ddim gweld
I won't see You won't see He won't see She won't see We won't see You won't see They won't see
60
na i weld nei di weld naiff e weld naiff hi weld nawn ni weld newch chi weld nân nhw weld
Wnaiff y plant ddim gweld The children won't see Wna i weld? Wnei di weld? Wnaiff e weld? Wnaiff hi weld? Wnawn ni weld? Wnewch chi weld? Wnân nhw weld?
Will I see? Will you see? Will he see? Will she see? Will we see? Will you see? Will they see?
Wnaiff y plant weld?
Will the children see?
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
61
Verb did / said - Berf Gwneud / Meddaf
Gwneud Past
I did‌.
Gwnes i weld Gwnest ti weld Gwnaeth e weld Gwnaeth hi weld Gwnaethon ni weld Gwnaethoch chi weld Gwnaethon nhw weld
I saw You saw He saw She saw We saw You saw They saw
nes i weld nest ti weld naeth e weld naeth hi weld naethon ni weld naethoch chi weld naethon nhw weld
Gwnaeth y plant weld
The children saw
naeth y plant weld
Wnes i ddim gweld Wnest ti ddim gweld Wnaeth e ddim gweld Wnaeth hi ddim gweld Wnaethon ni ddim gweld Wnaethoch chi ddim gweld Wnaethon nhw ddim gweld
I didn't see You didn't see He didn't see She didn't see We didn't see You didn't see They didn't see
Wnaeth y plant ddim gweld
The children didn't see
Wnes i weld? Wnest ti weld? Wnaeth e weld? Wnaeth hi weld? Wnaethon ni weld? Wnaethoch chi weld? Wnaethon nhw weld?
Did I see? Did you see? Did he see? Did she see? Did we see? Did you see? Did they see?
Do Do Do Do Do Do Do
Naddo Naddo Naddo Naddo Naddo Naddo Naddo
Wnaeth y plant weld?
Did the children see?
Do
Naddo
Meddaf Imperfect
said1
Meddwn i Meddet ti Meddai fe Meddai hi Medden ni Meddech chi Medden nhw
I said You said He said She said We said You said They said
Meddai'r plant
The children said
1
Gramadeg TYWG 193 Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Keywords from Mynediad a Sylfaen â chi, â hynny, a i, -a, ac ers pryd, -ach na ti, â'ch, -ach, -ach, achos bod, ag....., aiff hi, allech chi, am wn i, amser sbâr, amser, amser, amser, amser, â'n gilydd, an nhw, â'n, ar ôl, ar ol, arfer, arian, arna i, arna i, arnat ti.., arno fe, aros, awn ni, bai, barf, barn, barod, basai fe, basai, baset ti'n, baswn i, baswn i, baswn i'n, baswn, bell, ble mae, ble, ble, bob dydd, bob, bod 'na, bod, bod, bod, bore, bues i, buon ni, bwletin, bydd, bydd, bydda i, bydda, bydda, byr,
Syl 25 Syl 25 Syl 18 Syl 27 Syl 4 Syl 26 Syl 24 Syl 26 Syl 30 Syl 30 Syl 25 Syl 18 Syl 19 Syl 23 Myn 8 Myn 13 Myn 15 Syl 28 Syl 3 Syl 25 Syl 18 Syl 24 Myn 17 Syl 3 Syl 8 Myn 23 Myn 24 Syl 6 Myn 24 Syl 6 Syl 28 Syl 18 Syl 6 Syl 5 Myn 21 Syl 7 Syl 21 Syl 22 Syl 29 Syl 21 Syl 22 Syl 25 Syl 21 Syl 23 Myn 12 Myn 29 Myn 6 Myn 27 Myn 27 Myn 28 Myn 28 Syl 10 Syl 7 Myn 2 Syl 28 Syl 28 Syl 12 Myn 29 Myn 7 Syl 16 Myn 29 Syl 16 Syl 5
byrra, byth, byth, byw 'ma, byw, ca i, cael mynd, cael, cael, canu, cartre, cas, casau, cei, cei, ceiniog, cerwch, cewch, cewch, chwith, chwyno, chyfarwyddiadau, credu, cyfarfod, cyfnodau, cyfrifol, cymaint, cymharu, cymharu, cymharu, cyn, cynddrwg, cynddwrg, cyngor, cynlluniau, cynlluniau, cystal, da iawn, daw hi, dda am, dda iawn am, dde, ddoe, ddrud, ddylai, defnyddio, defnyddio, des i.., des i.., dest ti.., diddordebau, diddordebau, diddorol, digon teg, digon, digwydd, digwyddodd, dim ond, disgrifio, do i, do naddo, do, do,
Syl 27 Myn 27 Syl 16 Syl 28 Myn 3 Syl 18 Syl 13 Myn 16 Syl 4 Syl 14 Syl 1 Syl 9 Syl 9 Myn 22 Syl 13 Myn 23 Myn 19 Myn 22 Syl 13 Myn 19 Syl 6 Myn 19 Syl 7 Syl 14 Syl 28 Syl 14 Syl 24 Syl 24 Syl 26 Syl 27 Myn 17 Syl 24 Syl 25 Syl 19 Myn 29 Syl 16 Syl 24 Myn 2 Syl 18 Syl 26 Syl 26 Myn 19 Myn 16 Myn 23 Syl 19 Myn 21 Syl 13 Myn 14 Syl 3 Myn 14 Myn 8 Syl 1 Myn 21 Syl 17 Syl 4 Syl 11 Syl 11 Syl 14 Syl 5 Syl 18 Syl 28 Myn 14 Myn 16
do, dod, dod, dod, doedd, does dim, does dim, do'n i ddim, dôn nhw, down ni, drwy'r, dw i mor, dwedais i, dweudwch, dwp â â'i, dwp, dy fod, dy fodd, dy hoff, dy hunan, dy, dy..di, dy..di, dyddiadau, dylai fe, dylai hi, dylen nhw, dylet ti, dylet ti, dylwn i ddim, dylwn i, dyn ni ddim, dyn ni ddim, dyn, dyw e ddim, dyw e ddim, dyw e, dyw hi, dyw, dyw, ei bod, ei bodd, ei eni, ei fagu, ei fod, ei fodd, ei magu, ei nabod, ei..e, ei..e, ei..hi, ei..hi, eich bodd, eich, eich, eich, eiddo, eiddo, eiddo, eiddo, eiddo, ein bodd, eisiau,
Syl 11 Myn 16 Myn 4 Syl 18 Myn 28 Myn 18 Syl 14 Syl 8 Syl 18 Syl 18 Myn 19 Syl 25 Syl 29 Syl 29 Syl 24 Syl 7 Syl 7 Syl 29 Syl 10 Syl 13 Syl 14 Myn 11 Syl 2 Syl 28 Syl 19 Syl 19 Syl 19 Syl 19 Syl 29 Syl 19 Syl 19 Myn 8 Syl 25 Syl 12 Syl 23 Syl 24 Syl 24 Syl 24 Myn 21 Myn 27 Syl 7 Syl 29 Syl 11 Syl 11 Syl 7 Syl 29 Syl 11 Syl 8 Myn 12 Syl 2 Myn 12 Syl 2 Syl 29 Myn 11 Myn 8 Syl 11 Myn 11 Myn 12 Myn 9 Syl 2 Syl 9 Syl 29 Myn 22
eisiau, enfawr, enw, enw, enw, enw, enw, eriod, erioed, ers faint, ers o.., ers tua.., ers, ers, ers, es i.., es i.., est..ti, eu bodd, faint o, faint o, faint yw, faint yw.., faint, fan hyn, fan hyn, fasai fe, fasai, fasech chi'n, faset ti, faset ti, faswn i, felle, felle, ffon, ffon, ffon, ffurflen, fi sy biau, fi sy'n, fi yw'r.., fi, fi, fi, fod ti'n, fuoch chi, fwy, fwy, fwya, fy hoff, fy hoff, fy hunan, fy mod, fy modd, fy ngas, fy ngeni, fy..i, fy..i, fydd, fyddi di, fyddwch chi, fyddwch chi, ga i,
62 Syl 30 Syl 23 Myn 11 Myn 3 Myn 4 Syl 1 Syl 2 Syl 28 Syl 4 Syl 28 Syl 28 Syl 28 Syl 28 Syl 30 Syl 4 Myn 14 Syl 3 Myn 14 Syl 29 Myn 12 Myn 9 Myn 12 Myn 23 Syl 30 Syl 23 Syl 28 Syl 21 Syl 22 Syl 21 Syl 21 Syl 25 Syl 22 Syl 10 Syl 16 Myn 3 Myn 4 Syl 1 Syl 17 Syl 14 Syl 15 Syl 27 Myn 9 Syl 14 Syl 9 Syl 29 Syl 28 Syl 26 Syl 30 Syl 27 Syl 10 Syl 9 Myn 15 Syl 7 Syl 29 Syl 9 Syl 11 Myn 11 Syl 2 Myn 29 Syl 16 Myn 29 Syl 16 Syl 13
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
63 ga i, ga i.., ga i'ch, gadael, gaeth, gaeth, gaeth, gaiff e, gallu, gallu, gallwn i, gallwn, gas, gas, gawn i, gawn ni, geni, geni, geni, ges i, ges i.., ges i.., gest ti.., gilydd, gobeithio, goffenol, gofyn, goleuadau, golwg, golwg, gorchmynion, gorffen, gorffen, goyfyn, gwaith, gwallt, gwanna, gweithio, gweld, gweld, gwell, gwell, gwell, gweud, gwisgo, gwledydd, gwna fe, gwna i, gwnaethochi, gwnaf, gwnes i.., gwneud, gwneud, gwneud, gwneud, gwneud, gwneud, gwneud, gwneud, gwres, gwyliau, gwyliau, gyda fe,
Keywords from Mynediad a Sylfaen Syl 15 Myn 22 Syl 14 Syl 14 Syl 11 Syl 12 Syl 15 Syl 13 Myn 27 Syl 25 Syl 19 Syl 19 Syl 24 Syl 9 Syl 13 Syl 15 Syl 11 Syl 11 Syl 15 Syl 11 Myn 14 Syl 3 Myn 14 Syl 24 Syl 16 Syl 3 Myn 22 Myn 19 Myn 26 Syl 5 Myn 19 Syl 4 Syl 6 Syl 13 Syl 2 Syl 5 Syl 27 Myn 3 Myn 16 Syl 4 Syl 21 Syl 7 Syl 9 Syl 21 Syl 8 Myn 21 Syl 13 Syl 17 Myn 16 Syl 13 Syl 3 Myn 16 Myn 27 Myn 3 Myn 4 Myn 8 Syl 16 Syl 17 Syl 4 Myn 24 Myn 15 Syl 1 Myn 24
gyda fi, gyda fy, gyda ti, gyda, gyda, gyda, gyferbyn, hanner, heibio, hen bryd, hira, hoffech, hoffi, hoffwn i, hon, honna, hwn, hwnna, hwnna, hynny, hynny, i fi , i fi, i it, i ti, i ti, iawn, iechyd, ifanc, is nag, jiw, lan, lawr, leia, lladd, llanc, lle, llefydd, lleia, lliw, llungopi, llynedd, mae'n flin gyda fi, mae'n, magu, magu, magu, manylion, manylion, map, medden nhw, meddwl, meddwl, meddwl, meddwl, merch, misoedd, mod, mor, mwy, mwy, mwya, mynd,
Myn 24 Syl 10 Myn 24 Myn 10 Myn 9 Syl 9 Myn 19 Myn 23 Myn 19 Syl 6 Syl 27 Syl 21 Myn 8 Syl 19 Syl 14 Syl 14 Syl 14 Myn 23 Syl 14 Myn 24 Syl 29 Syl 6 Myn 18 Syl 6 Myn 18 Syl 3 Syl 7 Myn 24 Syl 5 Syl 26 Syl 11 Myn 19 Myn 19 Syl 28 Syl 12 Syl 12 Syl 5 Myn 28 Syl 27 Myn 21 Syl 17 Myn 15 Syl 29 Myn 6 Syl 11 Syl 11 Syl 15 Syl 1 Syl 2 Myn 19 Syl 23 Myn 21 Syl 10 Syl 27 Syl 7 Syl 12 Myn 15 Syl 7 Syl 24 Syl 26 Syl 30 Syl 27 Myn 16
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
mynd, mynd, na allwn, na cewch, na chei, na chei, na chewch, na faswn, na faswn, na fydda, na fydda, na wnaf, na, nabod, nabod, nac oedd, nac oes, nac oes, nac o'n, nac ydw, nac ydw, nac ydw, nac ydw, nac ydy, nac ydy, nac ydy, nac ydy, nac ydyn, naddo, naddo, naddo, neges, neithiwr, nes ymlaen, neu, ni, nos, noswaith, o'ch chi, o'ch, oed, oed, oedd, oedd, oedd, oedran, oedran, oes, oes, oes, oes, oes, o'n, o'r blaen, o'r gloch, oriau, os, pa fath, pa mor aml, pa mor bell, pa mor, pa mor, paid,
Myn 6 Syl 18 Syl 19 Syl 13 Myn 22 Syl 13 Myn 22 Syl 21 Syl 25 Myn 29 Syl 16 Syl 13 Syl 9 Myn 12 Syl 8 Myn 7 Myn 18 Myn 9 Syl 8 Myn 22 Myn 27 Myn 28 Myn 6 Myn 21 Myn 27 Myn 6 Myn 8 Myn 8 Myn 14 Myn 16 Syl 11 Syl 14 Myn 16 Syl 17 Syl 9 Myn 9 Myn 16 Myn 2 Syl 10 Syl 8 Myn 12 Syl 2 Myn 11 Myn 7 Syl 14 Myn 12 Syl 1 Myn 18 Myn 24 Myn 26 Myn 9 Syl 10 Syl 8 Myn 28 Syl 3 Syl 28 Syl 17 Syl 9 Myn 27 Syl 23 Syl 23 Syl 25 Myn 19
pam, pan, peidiwch, pell, perchennog, person, personol, personol, perthnasau, pethau, pethau, plant, popeth, problemau, pryd, pryd, prynhawn, prynu, punt, pwy sy'n, pwy sy'n, pwy yw'r..am.., pwy, pwy, pwysleisio, rhad, rhaglen, rhaglen, rhaid, rhaid, rhain, rheina, rheina, rhif, rhif, rhifau 10-100, rhiff, rhiff, rhifo, rhiw, rhoi , rhoi, rhoi, rhoi, rhywbeth, rhywbeth, rhywbeth, rhywun, rhywun, rhywun, roedd hi'n, roedd, roedd, roedd, ro'n i.., ro'n i'n, ro'n..i'n, sawl gwaith, sawl, siarad, sillafu, sirad, siŵr o fod,
Syl 30 Syl 8 Myn 19 Syl 23 Syl 14 Syl 5 Syl 1 Syl 2 Myn 9 Syl 26 Syl 4 Myn 9 Syl 17 Syl 6 Myn 17 Myn 29 Myn 2 Myn 16 Myn 23 Syl 14 Syl 14 Syl 27 Myn 10 Myn 2 Syl 14 Myn 23 Syl 12 Syl 9 Myn 18 Syl 3 Syl 14 Myn 23 Syl 14 Syl 1 Syl 2 Myn 10 Myn 3 Myn 4 Myn 2 Myn 19 Myn 17 Syl 1 Syl 19 Syl 2 Syl 10 Syl 13 Syl 6 Myn 26 Syl 12 Syl 4 Syl 26 Myn 28 Syl 3 Syl 8 Syl 8 Myn 28 Syl 10 Myn 28 Myn 26 Syl 11 Myn 24 Syl 3 Syl 23
Keywords from Mynediad a Sylfaen siwr, siwr, stori, sut le, sut un yw e, sut un yw, sut, sy gyda fi, sy gyda, sy ma, sy'n bod, sy'n bod, sy'n gas, sy'n, syth, tal, tasai, taswn i, taswn i'n, taw, teulu, teulu, teulu, teulu, tew, ti, ti, troi, trowch, tua, twpa, tywydd, ucha, ugain, un eiliad, un ferch, un mab, weath na.., wedi bod, wedi, wedi, well na.., well, well, well, wna, wnech, wnei di, wnewch chi, wyt ti wedi, wyt ti, y flwyddyn, ydw, ydw, ydw, ydw, ydy e'n, ydy, ydy, ydy, ydy, ydy, ydyn,
Syl 10 Syl 7 Myn 17 Myn 28 Myn 26 Myn 21 Myn 2 Syl 14 Myn 9 Syl 14 Myn 24 Syl 6 Syl 9 Syl 14 Myn 19 Syl 5 Syl 22 Syl 22 Syl 25 Syl 27 Myn 11 Myn 12 Syl 1 Syl 2 Syl 5 Myn 9 Syl 14 Myn 19 Myn 19 Syl 23 Syl 27 Myn 7 Syl 27 Myn 23 Syl 14 Myn 9 Myn 9 Syl 30 Syl 4 Myn 28 Syl 4 Syl 30 Syl 10 Syl 21 Syl 9 Syl 15 Syl 15 Syl 13 Syl 13 Myn 28 Myn 8 Myn 15 Myn 22 Myn 27 Myn 28 Myn 6 Myn 8 Myn 21 Myn 26 Myn 27 Myn 6 Myn 8 Myn 8
yfory, ym mil, ymlaen, yn bod, yn ddrutach na, yn dy le di, yn fwy na, yn llai nag, yn well na'r, yn wreiddiol, yn wreiddiol, ystafell, yw enw, yw, yw'r,
64
Myn 6 Syl 11 Myn 19 Syl 6 Syl 26 Syl 25 Syl 26 Syl 26 Syl 26 Myn 3 Myn 4 Myn 26 Myn 11 Syl 9 Syl 30
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
65
Index - Mynegai ' 'ma 'r
10 10, 23
-
Eng Arian Ceiniog, Punt aros Aspirate at Eng
10 9 13, 20 1 10 10
-a command -wch command
20
B 20
A a ar ôl a A fi hefyd ac acw adjectives ar ôl yn adref adrodd Ail along Eng always am ar ôl am am y tro cynta amdanat ti amdanoch chi and Eng annwyd ar ar fymhen fyhun Ar hyn o bryd ar unwaith Arddodiad prepositions are
10 14, 22 35 10, 22 43 25 16 13 4 10 6 10 3, 4 35 35 35 10 30 10 35 35 6 10, 11, 12, 13
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
Baswn i beidio benwydd beth Beth sy Beth yw Beus i’n biau biliwn miliwn ble blwydd Blwyddyn blwyddyn years Blynedd Blynyddoedd bob tro bod Bod Braf no mutation Bues i bwyta by Eng Bydda i Byddwn i Byth byw
51, 56 17 50 10 27 27 51 15 4 10 9 7, 8 7 8 8 6 13, 23, 25, 27, 42 45 25 54 20 10 51, 55 51, 56 25, 26, 35 10
Index - Mynegai C Cael cael Cael cael ges i cant hundred canu Canu cartre CEI Ceiniog cerdded CEWCH chant cant chi chwe before vowels Cofia cofion Colours Eng Commands cymryd cyn ar ôl cyn Cynta cynta cyrraedd
28 29 44, 45 44 4 4 20 26 10 21 9 20 21 4 18 3 20 35 38 20 20 18 4 5 20
D dacw dan darllen Darllenwch Dates Eng dau ar ôl dau
43 10 20 20 5 8
Days Eng ddes i ddim Decades Eng Des i Digwyddiadau Dim byd Dim o gwbl dim ond Dim problem diwrnodau days DO Do fe? Dod dod des i dod o Does Does neb dost tost or dost dros drosodd drwg Dw i wedi Dw i’n dweud Dwi’n cytuno dwy ar ôl dwy dwywaith dy ar ôl dy dy fod ti Dylwn i dyma dymuniadau dyna dysgu Dysgwch
66
7 24 5 44 8 35 35 15 35 7 7 21 35 44, 45 44 16 17 35 30 10 16 10 51, 52 51 13, 20 35 9 3, 4 6 18 17 49 51 10, 41, 42, 43 35 41, 43 20 20
3, 4 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
67
Mynegai / Index E e edrych Efallai ei ar ôl ei ei bod hi ei fod e eich eich bod chi ein ein bod ni eisiau Dw i eisiau eistedd enwau er mwyn erioed ers Es i eu eu bod nhw ever Eng every time
18 20 35 18 17 49 49 18 49 18 49 25, 26 20 50 35 25 6 44 18 49 25 6
F Faint fam ‘ma fan acw fan hyn fan ‘cw fan ‘ma fan ‘na fi Fi sy fil mil fod for, Eng
6 43 43 43 43 43 43 18 15 4 12, 36, 42, 59
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
10
four times from Eng fy ar ôl fy fy mod i
6 10 18, 19 17 49
G Ga i... ar ôl ga i.... gadael gadael i Gaeal(f) Gallu Gallwn i gan gant cant gartref Ges i glynu gorau Gorchmynion Gwna i Gwnes i Gwnes i weld Gwneud gwrando gwrwydd Gwybod Gwyliau gyda Gyda gyferbyn
22 20 20 38 26 51, 57 10, 12 4 16 28, 44 13 35 20 51 51 61 45 20 50 45 8 15 26 16
H Haf Handy phrases Eng Health
38 35, 36
Mynegai / Index Eng here Eng Here Eng hi "left out" Hoffwn i Holiday Eng home to go home hon honna honno how Eng How Eng hwn hwnna hwnnw hyd Hydref hyn hynny
30 10 41 18 25 51, 58 8 10 15, 41 15, 41 41 10 24 15, 41 15, 41 41 10 38 41 41
I i ar ôl i I am I do I could I did i fi ar ôl i fi i fyny I have i mewn I said I saw I should
10, 18, 42 4, 16 51 51, 57 51 17 17, 18 16 51, 52 16 61 61 51
68
i ti ar ôl i ti I was I will I would I would like iddo fe ar ôl iddo fe Ie If I were to immediately in Eng is Eng isod i’r dim i’w
17, 18 51, 53, 54 51, 55 51, 56 51, 58 17, 18 15 51 6 10 10 16 35 18
L lawn lechyd health live Eng Llaes llawer o gariad Lliwiau colours
35 30 10 1 35 38
M ma Mae'n dibynnu mai mai nid Man a Man Meddaf Meddal meddwl Meddwn i
43 35 42 42 35 51 1 20 61
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
69
Index - Mynegai Mewn mewn or yn mil miliwn mod Months Eng Mynd mynd es i mynd adre mynd am dro mynd i mynd i’r dre
10 4 4 42
18 answering no
21
nos ar ôl nos nouns
7, 22 50
7 44, 45 44 10 10 16 10
N na NA CHEI NA CHEWCH Na fi chwaith Nabod NAC OEDD NAC OES NAC YDW NAC YDY NAC YDYN nad NADDO Nage Nasal near Eng negative statement Ddes i ddim negative verbs nes i weld never Eng newydd just nhw
ni No
41, 42 21 21 35 45 21 21 21 21 21 42 21 15 1
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
10 44 24 61 25 23 18
O o
10 16 21
ar ôl o OEDD Oedran Age OES of Eng on Eng once over Eng
9 21 10 10 6 10
P pa Pa mor how Pam Lai pan Past tense SM pedair ar ôl pedair pedair gwaith places Please Plîs pob amser prepositions arddodiad Pronouns
10 24 35 10 44 9 4 6 16 25 6 10
Index - Mynegai Eng pryd pryna Pryna pum before vowels Punt punt pwy pwy sy Pwy sy Pwy yw
18 10 20 20 3 9 15 10 10 15, 27 27
R r ar ôl 'r rhaid rhain rheina rheiny rhy ar ôl rhy rhywun Ro'n i'n Ro’n i’n
19 17 42 43 43 22 15 53 51
S S'dim ots Sai'n gwybod Sai'n siŵr Said Sawl sawl gwaith Seasons Eng several times siarad Siarada Siŵr o fod Soft
35 35 35 51 6 6 38 6 20 20 35 1
sometimes sut Sut mor how sy sy(dd)
70 6 10
24 10, 15 15, 41
T tair ar ôl tair tair gwaith Taswn i 'swn i taw that Eng That Eng the Eng There Eng These Eng this Eng This Eng Those Eng three times through Eng ti to Eng tost tost or dost towards Eng town
9 4 6 51 42 15 41 10 41 41 15 41 41 6 10 18 10 30 10
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
71
Index - Mynegai to go to town
10 10
tre tri ar ôl tri Trwynol twice twym hot Tymhorau seasons
4 1 6 22 38
U uchod un ar ôl un under Eng until Eng unwaith
16 3, 4 10 10 6
V Verb Eng verb SM verb action SM verb negative statement SM verbs ar ôl yn
Eng weithiau Wel, jiw, jiw what Eng What Eng when Eng where Eng which Eng who Eng who is Eng Wir without Eng Wn i ddim wrth Wrth gwrs wythnos week
7 6 35 10 24 10 10 10, 24 10 10 35 10 35 10, 13 35 7 7
45, 46
Y 44 44 44 25
W walk to go for a walk Wedi week Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
10 23
y ar ôl y y....’ma y....’na YDW YDY Ydy e? YDYN Years Eng yes answering yes ym ym or yn
10, 23, 41, 42 19 42 41 21 21 35 21 8 21 16
Index - Mynegai yma ymlaen yn ar ol ar ôl yn mewn or yn yn or ym yn / wedi yn ('n) /wedi Yn bendant yn cael yn gwir Yn gymwys yn ôl yna yno yr ar ôl yr yr adran yr haf yr ysbyty yr ysgol ystafell ar ôl ystafell y….hon y….hwn y….hynny y….’ma y….’na
72
10, 16, 43 16 10, 23 1 14, 25 10 16 23 35 35 35 35 16 16, 27, 43 43 10, 23 19 23 23 23 23 6 41 41 42 41 42
â â gyda
26
‘ ‘co ‘ma ‘na ‘Na fe ‘Na ti / chi
43 41 43 35 35 Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
73 Keyboard shortcuts
Win XP Extended CY keyboard
â
ALT+0226
| Alt Gr + ^ â
î
ALT+0238
| Alt Gr + ^ î
ê
ALT+0234
| Alt Gr + ^ ê
ô
ALT+0244
| Alt Gr + ^ ô
û
ALT+0251
| Alt Gr + ^ û
ŵ
0175+ALTx
| Alt Gr + ^ ŵ
ŷ
0177+ALTx
| Alt Gr + ^ ŷ
°
ALT+0176
Page set up 0.8
0.8
0.5
1.3
1
1
0.318
0.318
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13
74
Gramadeg Cymraeg 5.5.1.bkl.ppp 5-Mar-13