Technology Report by Andrew Morrison

TECHNICAL REPORT

LONDON CROP EXCHANGE PERNIO DE ACERO PARA PINTAR

PICAPORTE OCARIZ (MOD.1.976/654T) RILSANIZADO EN BLANCO

PERFIL TUBULAR DE ACERO CONFORMADO R-5479 (PERFRISA)

HOJA DE DOBLE TABLERO DM DE 5 MM SOBRE ENRASTRELADO INTERIOR ACABADA EN MELAMINA BLANCA

HOJA DE 72,5 77 CM

andrew morrison

contents 04

introduction

strategies

structure

construction

environmental and services

ventilation

services

lighting

tectonics

access and fire

T.REPORT 09/10

INTRODuCTION sITE_ bLACkfRIARs bRIDGE CENTRAL LONDON

london crop exchange is located in the heart of London, inbetween two existing bridges; to the west, blackfrairs road bridge and to the east blackfriars railway bridge. The redundant piers in between the two indicate where the original 1864 rail bridge stood and are what I intend to inhabit in my proposal.

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PRImER The primer was a chance to explore the notion of self sufficiency, and provided an opportunity to promote the need to be less reliant on our current food system. This followed the research undertaken in my dissertation which was entitled ‘an ediBle UrBan landScaPe, a MeanS to an acceSSiBle Food SYSteM in london’ The Primer was my first chance to react to the crisis with preliminary efforts contributing to home growing. ‘Life Box’ was initiated, a box designed to provide the ideal growing environment within

from top day 1, day 5 and day 11 stills taken form the time lapse recording

september

conceptual images were used to portray the notion of an automated agricultural system

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scheme

A day in the life of: each activity has been identified and plotted along the time line in an effort to understanding the frequency and overlap each activity brings. The X axis indicates the hours in a day with the Y highlighting the fluctuations within each use.

Programme_The MetroAg Innoversity is a new action learning

institution dedicated to initiating the processes necessary to create meaningful change in the agricultural and food sectors. In six cities worldwide, the Innoversity will convene multistakeholder teams from across the food system, to begin taking concrete steps towards more sustainable agriculture in cities.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Innoversity combines the traditional purpose of a university- education and researchwith learning from on-the-ground innovation, testing and piloting practical innovations in the field. The Innoversity is a shared platform for innovation and change between participating cities; it is a network for sharing and co-creating knowledge and experience gathered from projects all around the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Peter Senge, MIT based author, researcher & educator

The site will act as a service station for the many allotments which are envisaged as inhabiting the Thames. They exist in response to the growing need to produce within our urban environment. The allotments are all independently owned and are similar to barges in both appearance and structure. In order to maintain access along the Thames for the various modes which pass, the docking station will inhabit the northern bank and first arch way, keeping the three other arches free for ferries etc. This archway is only accessible during high tide, hence the symbiotic relationship between the allotment activity and the tidal range shown opposite. The majority of the other activities listed are to occur predominately during office hours, with peak flows occurring during the hours of lunch.

Promoting independent commerce within our urban environment

Germination will be one of the largest spatial volumes, nurturing seedlings which can either be exported, sold in the market hall or planted in one of the floating allotments. Germination will be closely linked to natural lighting levels which should also be plotted. Artificial light is seen as a potential means to enhance growth.

october 09

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sCHEmE

market offices garden centre fire escapes restaurant service station

SPatial arrangeMentS

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scheme

Area Schedule highlighting the distribution of programme across the different levels

Lower Ground

NIA/sqm Storage Office Toilets Balcony

Ground

Market Kitchen Cafe Toilets Retail Garden Centre Plant Hard Landscape Office

upper Ground

Restaurant Toilets

Roof

Soft Landscape Toilets

TOTAL

COsT/sqm

Total

300 400 23 97 610 80 130 18 48 322 100 3136 20 373 50

1279 20 7006 SQM 2591 SQM

T.REPORT 09/10

CONCEPT ‘GREENING THE CITY’

1_the site at Blackfriars Bridge 2_Waterloo 3_London Bridge

a productive edible landscape, shown in pink, which is worked by the local community. All produce will be encouraged to be sold at public level below

lines of infrastructure which will be utilised to transport the produce

left: green spaces in London are shown in black and include backgardens, parks and waterways. All of which, if utilized, could help to increase the amount of food we produce in the capital. It is clear that as one moves towards the site the amount â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;green spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; diminishes. T.REPORT 09/10

Strategies

The older 1864 bridge was dismantled in 1985, leaving only four sets of quadruple-clustered cylindrical piers with foliated capitals standing clear of the water on granite plinths that stand on cast iron cylinders filled with concrete. Joseph Cubitt and F T Turner designed the bridge, which was a lattice girder structure

Structure The structural design strategy is to design 3 trusses which span and sit on the existing piers. To create the depth in the truss needed to span between the piers, the trusses will be the height of the building and will be inhabited. The truss design is based on that of a Warren Truss

site axo highlighting the structural strategy. The existing piers will form the only point of contact with the river bed, therefore, no additional foundations will be needed. This strategy is a kin to the thesis and primer, which was all about maximising opportunities for production within urban environments. This approach was paramount when choosing the site. T.REPORT 09/10

sTRATEGIEs sTRuCTuRE

Parasitic forms caused by engineering works dominate the site at present, providing a finer grain of tectonic expression against the two existing industrial bridges. The prominent industrial site characteristics have had a heavy influence in the design. Early conceptions were that the structure should be honest and expressive much like the neighbouring bridges.. These thoughts have been carried through throughout the design.

T.REPORT 09/10

strategies structure

The distance between the piers varies and meant that the structural grid must adapt to fit within the existing framework. The structural strategy was formed early on and focussed on developing three principle trusses spanning from north to south between the piers. An inhabited truss was to form an efficient solution to spanning between the line of piers.

line of truss

The presence of the truss can be seen in plan creating both internal and external environments.

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structure strategies

1:50 detail showing the structural approach to the existing piers. The neighbouring Blackfriars Rail bridge has recently reinforced its piers with a similar method of construction.

december 09

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structure strategies

detailed axonometric of the 3 truss structural approach. The position of each truss is coordinated with the location of the existing piers. Stiffening of the truss will be able to be achieved once the allotment modules are in place. The outer trusses must remain transparent to maximise the programmes visibility, whilst the central truss be more traditionally clad to provide additional rigidity.

december 09

the load paths are highlighted and show the loads being transferred to the existing piers via the boom.

T.REPORT 09/10

structure strategies

The proposal is a steel frame construction due to the large spans which need to be achieved as efficiently as possible. Steel also allows for the structural members to be prefabricated reducing on site construction time. The complex nature of the site means that the structural system needs to be as modular as possible, with on site work involving assembling the relevant components. The boom is designed to carry the loads back to the existing piers and down to through to the rock bed. The profile of the boom will be manipulated through the addition of a prefabricated concrete capping. The boom wil

axonometric highlighting the structural approach to the piers

january 10

reinforced concrete cap

reinforced concrete infill

steel boom with a prefabricated concrete capping

cast iron pillars

granite plinth

T.REPORT 09/10

CONSTRUCTION strategies

It is important that the structural grid encompasses all aspects of the design. It should provide structural rigour and efficiency whilst providing the optimum framework for the programme. The grid must integrate; The limitations of the substructure; - standard composite decking is limited to 3m in length before additional structural members are required. -The design of the allotment module; - The sizing of the allotments has been in accordance with how much land can be cultivated per hour per week. This makes the prospect of growing your own a far more manageable prospect for Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inhabitants. -The inherent structure of the allotment module should be utilised as part of the substructure and therefore must be able to fit within the module set out by the structural grid, whilst maintaining the area needed to be cultivated.

the structural grid must encompass the size of the allotment module plus the limitations of standard substructure components.

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structure

wALLS CLADDING; fibre C

Sustainability [fibre C] is an authentic facade cladding material in line with the current trend towards natural, environmentally friendly, sustainable and cost effective materials. The use of high-grade raw materials consisting of purely mineral substances and glass fibre means optimum product quality. [fibre C] is based on purely organic substances and can be completely recycled. This creates a flexible cladding system which can be adapted if the building changes its requirements. The cladding is completely independent of the principle truss structure.

Eurofox or other similar manufacturers provide concealed fixing solutions, integrating insulation.

Internal environmental management certificate -ISO 14001 ‘‘Anti-graffitti’’. Available in two standard textures- FE Ferro sandblasted for a rougher texture- and- MA MAtt brushed smooth surface.

material board. including a range of Fibre C colours and finishes

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structure

wALLS CLADDING; fibre C Technical Characteristics. Maximum panel size- 3600mm long x 1200 mm wide- Material is directional Minimum panel size- 600mm long x 300mm wide- Material is directional Thickness= 13mm (thickness tolerance maximum +/- 1 mm) Flat weight= c.32kg per m2 Bending tensile strength min 18 Mpa according to EN 12467 Waterproof in according to EN 12467 Thermal and Rain testing according to EN 12467 Fire resistant - class A1 to DIN- thermal stability up to 350 degrees Celsius .

the technical data must be adhered to, to insure standard component can be used. If standard components are used then this insures that the rainscreen support system will be compatible.

the above information was generated using ecotect and shows the fundamental build up and thermal properties of the walls which have the concrete cladding

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structure

wALLS CLADDING; fibre C

1:200 plan. The pink hatching shows where [fibre C] is intended to be used sitting in between the trussed system

1 1_[fibre C] cladding 2_cavity breather 3_MacFOX or similar bracket 4_vapour control layer 5_insulation

5 1:5 detail showing the wall build up between the truss members.

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structure

wALLS Aluminium rainscreen support system; EUROFOX

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sTRuCTuRE

ROOf The roof is essentially a means to grow as much produce as possible in the space provided. In order for this to happen, the structure must allow for as much productive landscape to sit within the structural frame. The structural grid has therefore been composed with this is mind, allowing for the optimum growing area of 12.5m2 per person to sit within the structural elements. The allotment modules which have been designed are structural inherent in as much as they support there own wait once they are rested on the boom of the truss. They are made of reinforced concrete and prefabricated to minimise on site construction time. Each module is identical insuring economies of scale are adhered to. The allotment units allow for a variety of uses within and can either be filled with a hard or soft medium. The modular allotment unit provides a simple and clean solution both in terms of structure and aesthetics.

1_servicing and drainage channel running within the boom 2_growing area 12.5m2 3_optional ribs can be added to make smaller units 4_prefabricated concreted lip sits ontop of boom.

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structure

roof

1_ harmer AV two way outlet (ref; 3TW detailed) with incorporated clamping grate 2_ timber decking, timber tech or similar spec 3_38mm easyfix shoes 4_derbigum reinforcement strip, 100mm x 100mm, fully bonded by torch application 5_prefab concrete planter, primed with Alumasc bitumen primer or similar spec. 6_Vapour control layer 7_derbifoam BGT polyurethane insulation bedded in hot bitumen 8_moisture mat, loose laid over the derbigum cap sheet with 100mm unsealed laps 10_filter sheet, loose laid over the drainage layer

1:20 detail of the roof build up. Once the trusses are in place then the prefabricated concrete planters can be lowered into place providing further rigidity and structural integrity. Each component is therefore contributing to the structure increasing its efficiency.

T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE/ENvIRONmENT

ROOf

Calculations were made throughout insuring a 0.25 u value was met on the roof aspect of the design. The addition of the soil in the planters meant that a figure of o.258 was met. Again, all components are part of an integrated design approach

each planters outlet will run into the drainage channel provided in the central boom. Water will the run vertically, alongside the I beams at 12m centres. The water can then pass into the main service channel at ground floor level

back to mains

main service channel

Detail of the boom and planter. Each planter will have its own outlet insuring that the vegetation is well drained providing optimum growing conditions. Hydro tech or another similar system will be used. T.REPORT 09/10

structure

floor

The composite deck has been deployed over a 3m grid as this is the maximum span that it can be deployed without the need of additional structural members. With the main truss elements running every 6 metres this means that the composite deck can sit within the grid. The composite deck provides a durable floor finish which needs little if any maintenance; a factor which is key when choosing all materials for the project due to the isolated nature of the site. The deck provides the base for other floor finishes to be applied on internal elements such as the cafe.

1_steel beam at 3M centres 2_steel deck with embedded embossments 3_rigid insulation 4_Vapour control layer 5_concrete slab with an integrated welded wire fabric within.

1 3

1:20 axonometric of the deck.

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sTRuCTuRE

fLOOR

an image of dinesen douglas with a white soap finish.

1_timbers at 400mm centres 2_38mm easyfix shoes 3_rigid insulation with under floor heating 4_alternative floor finish such as denisen flooring 5_concrete slab with an integrated welded wire fabric within. Underfloor heating is also contained within 6_steel deck with embedded embossments

1:20 detail through the restaurant. The composite flooring provides the base for other materials to be laid on top or left as a basic floor finish. This approach allows money to be spent where deemed necessary. T.REPORT 09/10

structure floor Heat loss

Types of floor heating

If the house is not insulated sufficiently, there may be days where you will be unable to reach the desired room temperature using only floor heating. The heat loss is significant through floors, walls, ceilings and windows. The Danish Building Code lays down requirements with regard to the insulating ability, the so-

Floor heating is normally water-based, and a distinction is made between heavy floor heating with heating coils in concrete and light floor heating with heating coils in heat emission plates. Electrical floor heating is not as commonly used.

called U value; these requirements must be adhered to. The U value for terrain decks with floor heating cannot exceed 0.12. This requires insulation with no less than 250 mm polystyrene. The U value for heat loss through the foundation cannot exceed 0.15, when floor heating is installed. Heat loss through the foundation is particularly significant with regard to heat consumption. Remember to also consider thermal bridges and leakages. The Danish Building Code also lays down U values for exterior walls, ceilings, windows, exterior doors etc. Heat loss through windows is, regardless of type of glass, far higher than the loss through walls, and the size of the window will therefore greatly influence the overall heat loss.

Heavy floor heating

may result in even higher heat loss, and cold air accumulation from windows can also have a great impact. This should, however, be countered by convectors along tall windows reaching down to floor level.

Heavy floor heating is heating coils cast into concrete, where the concrete distributes the heat to the entire surface of the floor. The concrete has a good thermal conductivity, but the problem is that the concrete accumulates a lot of heat and therefore responds very slowly. When a change occurs in the heat supply, on account of for example sunlight or several guests in the room, the concrete will still be warm a long time after the thermostat has turned off the heat supply. When the need for heat occurs again, the heating period will also be quite long, as the large concrete body needs to warm up before the heat can reach the wooden floor. The room temperature is therefore a bit more difficult to control with heavy

Convectors can also be used for heating the room quickly, and as the convector grids can be made in the same wood as the floor, they will even add a beautiful architectural feature to the room. The number

floor heating than with light floor heating. The advantage, however, is that the set-up is simple and that the floor heating can be used to dry the concrete floor. Heavy floor heating is installed by a mason and a

of exterior walls in a room influences the heat loss significantly. The more exterior walls the room has, the higher the heat loss is. Be particularly observant with regard to small buildings with 3 exterior walls and large windows, as the size of the heat emitting floor is also significant for heating up the room. Kitchen elements and cupboards etc. reduce the area. Carpets, mats etc. will also reduce heat emission, and the temperature underneath carpets may very well exceed the 27°C mentioned earlier. Small rooms may therefore be more difficult to heat up than larger rooms. Rooms with high ceilings or which are open to the ridge may also have a high heat loss.

plumber.

Please note that the position of the windows with regard to corners of the world, open fields or the ocean

Supply temperature and surface temperature The supply temperature depends on the required output and the chosen floor type. Normally, the supply temperature will be in the range of 30 to 45°C and should not exceed 50°C. The supply temperature only has a modest influence on the heat consumption. Raising the temperature from 30 to 45°C will only increase heat consumption by 6% as it is the difference between supply and return temperature that has an impact on the heat consumption. It is only slightly more expensive to heat up a thick plank floor than a thin engineered floor, but it requires a higher supply temperature to ensure the desired surface temperature. The surface temperature of a wooden floor must not exceed 27°C, as a higher temperature may damage the floor. The room temperature is controlled by thermostats in all rooms. Thermostats will open or close for the supply of heat to regulate excess heat from people, sun, lights etc. The thermostats are installed on interior walls 1.5 m above floor level and must be installed away from sunlight. Room thermostats are available with or without a wire.

Page 8 I Preconditions

Light floor heating Light floor heating is built up with aluminium heat emission plates, where the heating coils are laid into bent rails. The heat emission plates are placed right beneath the wooden floor, and as aluminium is a perfect thermal conductor, the heat is distributed fast to the entire surface of the floor. Aluminium responds quickly to changes in the heat demand, and therefore, the room temperature will be experienced as more even and pleasant than with heavy floor heating. The set-up is a bit more complicated but provides a more pleasant floor to walk on as the sub-floor is most often a joist construction. Light floor heating is installed by a carpenter and a plumber.

Electrical floor heating Electrical floor heating is typically built up with heat cables distributed in a joist construction. As with the other types of floor heating, the surface temperature cannot exceed 27°C. The use of electrical heating is not as common as the other types of floor heating, which is mostly due to the price of electricity. For a summer cottage, electrical floor heating is hardly recommendable unless you let the floor heating add a basic level of warmth to the house and then let the radiators take over for the last few degrees. Floor heating should preferably run constantly during the heating season, and therefore, electrical heating is not suitable for a start via a phone call on the way to the summer cottage. Electrical floor heating is installed by a carpenter and an electrician.

Types of floor heating I Page 9

Constructions

Floor heating with heat emission plates

Floor heating in concrete

Floor heating on heat emission plates is clearly the best possible solution. Partly because this construction responds very fast, but also because the floor is more pleasant to walk on. It is a little more expen-

The heating coils are tied to an armouring grid and cast into 10 cm of concrete on top of the insulation. The set-up is simple and only requires that the coils are tied to the grid, and that the surface of the concrete floor is levelled off and deviates no more than 2 mm measured across 2 meters of straightedge. Concrete

sive, but the convenience factor weighs heavier.

humidity must not exceed 85% RH and remember to insulate in accordance with local Building Codes.

Heat emission plates on laths on top of joists The planks must be laid in the same direction as the joists. The planks should always be installed in the

Directly on concrete with heating pipes Place a vapour barrier of minimum 0.20 mm PE foil with minimum 20 cm taped overlap on top of the concrete. The vapour barrier must be strong enough to withstand irregularities in the concrete. In addition, put out a layer of flooring cardboard (500 gr/m2) or a similar sound-absorbing layer. The floor planks are fastened directly onto the concrete using a screw and a dowel. It is important to push the planks well into the substructure. The disadvantage of this method is that the floor is relatively hard to walk on and that it increases the risk of the planks curving. In addition, the direct fastening on the substructure

longitudinal direction of the house. Therefore, this solution also requires that the joists are installed in the longitudinal direction of the house in order to be able to install the laths crosswise. Joists are installed at an interval of approx. 60 cm with insulation in between. On top of these, install a layer of planed 28 x 120 mm laths at an interval of approx. 30 mm, making room for the grooves on the heat emission plates. Install the heat emission plates, which are fastened with nails on one side. After the mounting of the heating coils, lay out the flooring cardboard and fix the floor planks to the laths with screws. Remember to observe the coils. Floor plank

requires that you know exactly where the coils are to avoid screwing into them. Screwing in concrete is more time consuming than other types of fastening.

Cardboard Heat emission plate

Floor plank

Lath

Cardboard

Heating coil

Vapour barrier

Joist

Concrete

Vapour barrier

Heating coil

Concrete

Figure 1 Figure 3

Chipboard on concrete with heating coils Place a vapour barrier of minimum 0.20 mm PE foil with minimum 20 cm taped overlap on top of the concrete. The vapour barrier must be strong enough to withstand irregularities in the concrete. Place a 22 mm chipboard on the entire floor area. The chipboards are placed transverse to the room, allowing the floor planks to be installed lengthwise. In addition, put out a layer of flooring cardboard (500 gr/m2) or

Floor heating has been used underneath Dinesen floors since 1995 and poses no problems under the right preconditions which can be found in their technical material.

a similar sound-absorbing layer. Screw the planks with secretly or plug them from above. The advantage here is that the fixing is very easy. Due to the thick layer of wood, the supply temperature must be raised a little, but this will only slightly influence the heat consumption. This solution effectively separates the concrete from the wood construction. Floor plank Cardboard Chipboard Vapour barrier Concrete Heating coil

extract from dinesen-floors technical material http://dinesen-floors.com/en/douglas/technical_material.html

Figure 2

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Page 10 I Constructions

Constructions I Page 11

environment and services strategies

Due to the nature of the programme and users, the proposal has been designed in a passive way in order to maximise the energy available in nature. This means designing a building which works with nature to reduce the amount of servicing required to maintain an optimum internal environment. The programme is making a stance to the local community to reduce our over reliance on imported goods and coupled with the passive design should ensure a low energy and low carbon building. Admittedly, the initial build costs will be quiet high, but, it is what the building stands for and its knock on effect to the local community that will help to reduce the carbon footprint of the capital. The building aims to encourage others to follow suit by growing their own produce and finding other inventive areas where produce food is possible within our urban environment. This is intended to help to reduce the amount of food the capital currently imports.

research during the primer focussed on closed loop systems which minimise energy consumption

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environment and services

Cross ventilation uses the pressure difference between the side of the building facing the

strategies

wind and the side away from the wind. Therefore the positive pressure on the west facade and the vacuum affect created on the east cause the air to move eastwards through the building .

My aim when designing London Crop Exchange was to try and create a building which is as self sufficient as possible. This was partly due to the site restrictions but also its use and the people who are going to be inhabiting it. Allotment owners are traditionally people who appreciate the outdoors, and they therefore, generally, donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to have a negative impact on the landscape they inhabit. Instead the feeling should be that they are contributing to a community of producers which can help to provide for the local community. Heat will be provided through underfloor heating which is contained within the slab. By having open able windows at a high level hot air will be able to be extracted from the space through natural ventilation. The external windows at the higher level will be open able and will cross ventilate both the restaurant and internal market . The method of cross ventilation will allow the deeper part of the plan to remain well ventilated. In the market area the hot air will rise and remain in the ceiling zone. As the space is effectively double height, the warm air will be away from the users and therefore the space will not over heat.

To obtain the optimal airflow with minimal draft, the windows on the windward side are opened less than on the lee side.

morning sun

cross ventilation strategy

evening sun

hot air larger

openable windows

internal restaurant

smaller openings

openable windows internal market heat provided through slab

external public walkway perimeter ventilation

heat provided through underfloor heating system

perimeter ventliation will be needed in the market area so an air flow still remains even when the windows are closed. Castellated beams could be used to allow air through as the ventilation channels will be next to the large booms in the floor

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ENvIRONmENT AND sERvICEs sTRATEGIEs

The spatial organisation of the restaurant has been designed with the spectacular views to the west in mind. Also, as restaurants mainly attract their users in the evening, it has been placed to the west to enjoy the setting sun. This has lead to a large portion of the western facade to be glazed. This will reduce the need for artificial lighting and enable the space to be cross ventilated once the windows are opened.

as well as the cross ventilation system just mentioned, roof lights located in the heart of the plan will allow additional hot air to rise out of the market area.

Any artificial lighting which is required will be provided though LEDs. LEDs use very low amounts of energy, 4.5W, have an extremely long life span, up to 50,000 hours. To reduce the amount of water required to irrigate the planters, they have been left exposed to the elements to harvest the natural rainfall. There is very little hard landscape on the roof which means there is very little surface runoff. The majority of the rain which does fall will therefore be able to be collected directly by the exposed planters. Passive cooling The exposed floor slabs can absorb heat build up during the daytime usage through a combination of solar gain and user occupancy. As the external temperature drops at night, the building can be cooled by partially opening the vents in the roof lights. This process is also to referred to as night purging or night cooling.

1:200 plan locating the roof lights

long section through the central market. The roof lights not only increase the amount of natural light in the area but also provide an opportunity to extract the rising warm stale air.

passive cooling

roof light

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ENvIRONmENT AND sERvICEs the sloping south facing

vENTILATION- A NATuRAL sysTEm

landscape maximisis sun light to the crops

summer- wa

westerly win

natural barrier created by the buildings height

winter- cold northerly wind

summer- warm south westerly wind

arm south

The ventilation strategy for the whole scheme is a natural one. The orientation of the building allows the warm south westerly prevailing winds to be brought in through the west facade and cross ventilate the building. The nature of the site, with south facing terraces and the slope towards the north means the building and the landscape are protected from the prevailing northerly winds in the winter. The roof lights in the market plus the high level open able windows allow the spaces to be ventilated during the summer months through night purging as previously mentioned. The north south orientation of the scheme allows for the allotments to have the maximum level of sunlight, whilst the ramped elevation means there is no over shadowing. The prevailing south westerly winds are ideal for cross ventilating the building during the summer months.

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environment and services thermal mass

1_13mm cladding panel 2_composite flooring 3_thermal insulation

The use of high levels of thermal mass is the basis for controlling the environment in all parts of the proposal. The composite deck will remain exposed wherever possible across the scheme, insuring that the floors and walls will be able to store as much heat as possible keeping the internal environment as stable as possible.

Due to the need to span large distances between the piers it is important to keep the weight of cladding etc down to a minimum to avoid over specification of the structural frame. However, [fibre C] provides a cladding system which will contribute to the high levels of thermal mass created by the exposed composite flooring and concrete planters . 3

1:10 showing the exposed concrete flooring and cladding panels. the insulation is placed below the composite flooring to insure the deck remains exposed for thermal gains

1:20 detailed section highlighting the designs resolution

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ENvIRONmENT AND sERvICEs sERvICEs

The diagram below highlights the location of the plant rooms and the principle path for services. The three cores provide a zone for vertical ducting whilst the principle horizontal path is through the central truss and is incorporated in the boom. The principle strategy is to bring the services back to the north bank where the buildings services can be attached back the mains.

north bank

Blue highlights the location of vertical risers or where toilets for example are stacked to allow services such as the SVP to be connected. Vertical risers are located just off of the main horizontal service duct keeping distances down to a minimum.

T.REPORT 09/10

environment and services services

1:20 showing an additional opportunity for services to be carried along the length which integrates service hatches along its length for ease of access

In order to make the most of the high levels of thermal mass present throughout, the services are going to be located in service ducts which run along the length of the central truss. Vertical services will run as part of the lift shaft, to avoid unsightly service s.

1:20 . The principle service channel will run along the length of gridline 4, which is the central spine of the proposal. By locating the services here, external access can be achieved minimising disruption to the buildings users. The channel runs along the length of the ramp meaning that the minimum fall of 1 in 80 for the SVP can easily be achieved. T.REPORT 09/10

ENvIRONmENT AND sERvICEs sERvICEs

detail of how artificial lighting can be

artificial lighting for the restaturant is designed

incorporated

to be concealed between the planter modules

zone for lighting

section taken here

service riser provided next to lift

T.REPORT 09/10

LIGHTING THE mARkET AREA

The lighting strategy is similar to the ventilation, in as much that, through design, natural light can be used/ manipulated as much as possible to provide the optimal internal environment. The market will be used throughout the year and will require an even covering of light. Hot spots will need to be avoided due to the resultant over heating and therefore smaller openings are present on the eastern facade. Direct afternoon/ evening sunlight is reduced by the fact that the location of the market is in the eastern portion of the plan and the roof over the external walkway protects the space from direct sunlight for most of the afternoon. Lighting studies have been carried out throughout the design process using maxwell render, Maxwell Renderâ&#x201E;˘ is a rendering engine based on the mathematical equations governing light transport, meaning that all elements, such as emitters, materials and cameras, are derived from physically accurate models. Maxwell Render is unbiased, so no tricks are used to calculate the lighting solution in every pixel of a scene; the result will always be a correct solution, as it would be in the real world. Maxwell Render can fully capture all light interactions between all elements in a scene, and all lighting calculations are performed using spectral information and high dynamic range data.

maxwell render uses material modelling with incorporated IOR values for accurate reflections which helps to gauge the internal qualities of the space.

early render studies of the market area were used to work out materials

kml weather data can also be imported to provide accurate information on

and the amount of light that was entering the space at a specific date and

the longitude and latitude of the site which will affect the lighting results.

time.

roof lights

Ecotect was used as an additional analysis tool to calculate;

the proposal before the roof lights were added

a) if light wells were needed, and b) where the best location for them would be T.REPORT 09/10

Lighting the market area

Around 700 lux is what I aimed to achieve in the market area. This works out as a daylight factor of around 17.5 % when taken a sky factor of around 4000 lux. Daylight factors were calculated for both conditions. The space is 10m deep in plan and only contains windows on the east facade.

The lux levels of the space without roof lights range from 212lux to 672lux or a daylight factor on average of 10%. The majority of the space is around the 400 lux mark which would be ideal for normal office work but is too dark for what I amiming to achieve which is a bright space.

lux levels without roof lights

The addition of roof lights gave an average reading of around 20 % which is closer to what I aimed for.

with roof lights

T.REPORT 09/10

Lighting the market area

Figures on the previous page show the natural lighting levels using the sky, external and internal reflected components along with the design sky illuminance. A figure of 4000lux was used for the design sky illuminance and 0.9 transmittance was used for glazed which takes into consideration as reduction in transmittance caused by the accumulation of dirt.

without roof lights

The addition of the three roof lights above the market area provides a far more distributed lighting solution. Without the roof lights the daylight factor is below 6% in a large proportion of the space.

overshadowing analysis assessing the zones which will be affected by the introduction of the roof lights

with roof lights

daylight factors for the two different scenarios without roof lights

with roof lights

T.REPORT 09/10

LIGHTING services

A shadow analysis was carried out to assess how much direct sun light would enter the space. This could be done for far more scenarios but it provides a useful method of showing the suns path throughout the day

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T.REPORT 09/10

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T.REPORT 09/10

Lighting the restaurant

The restaurant needs to maximise the views to the west and therefore is highly glazed. The lighting analysis highlights that the lux levels are extremely high around the large areas of fenestration despite the fact that the glazing line has been pushed back quite considerably. By introducing windows which can open on this facade then this can reduce the chances of over heating in the afternoon on summer months. Large sliding windows which open down to balustrade level could be one option which aim to make the space feel more external could be another solution.

The design of the soft landscaping looked to minimise the chance of over shadowing wherever possible in order to maximise the amount of sun light the planters get. This over shadowing diagram highlights the success of this, where even the integrated sheds/ planters are low to minimise over shadowing

Overshadowing analysis of the planted region

T.REPORT 09/10

TECTONICs sTRATEGy

My tectonic strategy relates to the industrial nature of the surrounding context. Both the neighbouring bridges are gritty in their appearance and the combination of steel and iron gives them a real prominence. My proposal seeks to do the same by using materials which have a sense of permanence and longevity. The use of steel as the main structural frame plays on the industrial nature just mentioned and creates a strong framework together with the composite flooring. Internal areas which require additional finishes are conceptually â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;linedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; with the likes of timber and this is highlighted through the detailing of these areas. There is also a real honesty to the structure, with the exposed under belly to the project, which creates a natural rhythm and is of a visual interest to the water traffic which passes underneath and the pedestrians on the north and south banks of the River Thames. The size and location of the concrete planters can be clearly seen on the underside of the roof level, acting as a further advertisement for the notion of home production, hopefully inspiring the passers by to also follow suit in some form or another.

1:10_the tectonic expression has also been explored in detail

[fibre C] cladding [fibre C] cladding studwork with insulation and incorporated VPC insulation cavity breather [fibre C] cladding

a progress render exploring the materiality of the internal environment. Cladding is conceived as an in fill of a

further details of the tectonic strategy can be found under the structure section

liner to the hard steel structure.

T.REPORT 09/10

Access and Fire strategy

The site is remote, in as much as it is in the middle of a river. A fire strategy is paramount to insure the safety of its users. There are several traditional fire stations in close proximity to the site, the closest being one in Southwark which is only 500m away. However, access to all of the site is not possible from the neighbouring roads and alternative solutions are needed. The London Fire Brigade owns two fire boats which could be used to gain access to the more remote parts of the site as they are often used for river side properties which are on fire. Both boats are based a couple of miles of the river at the Lambeth River station. .

The site is in close proximity to a number of fire stations but not all of the site can be accessed via these means.

T.REPORT 09/10

ACCEss AND fIRE sTRATEGy

the restaurant only provides one means of escape. The means of escape is less than 18m and the restaurant will house less than 60 people.The core will provide 1 hour of fire resistance

As is mentioned in point o.16 in Volume 2 of the Approved Fire Safety Document, sprinklers systems can reduce the risk to life and significantly reduce the damage caused by fire. As you will see later on, all escape distances are adhered to, however, in order to protect as muck of the structure as possible, sprinkler systems should be installed within areas such as the kitchen and restaurant. as scope B1 states; The requirement is to provide a building that; â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;shall be designed and constructed so that there are appropriate provisions for the early warning of fire, and appropriate means of escape in case of fire from the building to a place of safety.....â&#x20AC;&#x2122; The proposal contains a large amount of external space which provides adequate means of escape for the users who are in internal environments.

means of escape off site

the blue highlights all areas which are external and provide a place of safety. There are 3 means of escape off of the bridge, one at either end and one which attaches to the existing Blackfriars Station Platform

means of escape off site

18m

means of escape off site

T.REPORT 09/10

Access and Fire strategy

the plan of the restaurant has had to be designed around the fact that it provides a dead end extract from Approved Document B

condition.

The occupancy of the restaurant is below 60

T.REPORT 09/10

Access and Fire strategy

typical core design

an additional door was needed 18 m

due to the distances 18 m

protected stair to ground level protected stair acts as a means of escape for people on the first floor

first floor plan of garden centre

ground floor plan of the garden centre

T.REPORT 09/10

ACCEss AND fIRE sTRATEGy

access to and means of escape from the roof.

means of escape

change of use_ as table 2 on page

18 m

85 shows, the 18m escape distance still applies despite its change of use

means of escape

T.REPORT 09/10

Access and Fire PART m

Part M, reasonable access shall be made for people to a)gain access to; and b) use the building and its facilities

extract from Approved Document M

continuous handrail

1400 mm landing

Part M was referenced throughout to ensure stairs throughout the proposal were compliant T.REPORT 09/10

Access and Fire PART m

Wherever toilets have been provided, there has also been the provision of a disabled toilet designed in accordance to diagram 21

2 metre clearance has been provided for the lift as it also doubles as a goods lift

clearance

disabled toilets

T.REPORT 09/10