Hunslet Masterplan Team
Client
Urban Studio Semester One MArch Architecture Andrew Clapham C3013536
Project A: Urban Design Theory
Project Bi: Data Trawl
Project Bii: Data Mapping
Project Biii: Urban Streetscape Design
Project C: Garden Gate Pub
Project D: Personal Reflection
A Bi Bii Biii C D Contents Page Semester one was split up into four parts: urban design theory, collection and interpretation of data to inform an urban streetscape design, an extension to a grade two star listed pub, and a personal reflection.
A Bi Bii Biii C D
Project A: Urban Design Theory A reading and precedent study into Urban Design and Urbanism.
3rd Chapter Aspects of Design for Sustainable Urban forms
Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities Mike Jenkins and Nicola Dempsey 2nd Chapter Designing for Sustainable Urban Form at High and Lower Densities
1st Chapter
The Big Picture: Cities and Regions
Section 1 of the book discusses the city regions. It looks at the collected research and assesses how the conceptual ideas can be put into practice while still achieving sustainability. There are 6 chapters. Giddings outlines the importance of the cities character and content. He shows us that establishing the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability will make the boundaries of the urban to the rural which they see as blurred, more definite. Briggs considers the cities intelligence and urban sustainability to be closely connected. He says that adaptability is key to the intelligent, sustainable city and the ‘social equality’ at the ‘centre of the urban agenda’. Okabe writes about the monocentric and polycentric regions of Tokyo in Japan and the Randstad in the Netherlands. He looks at the distinction of the urban and rural and the phenomena of counter-urbanisation and re-urbanisation. He states the polycentric urban system is more sustainable than the monocentric. Bertolini also looks at the Randstad region, looking at the transport policy and design. He considers the future policy plan for the Randstad region, which has been proposed by the Dutch Government. Bertolini suggests a plan which improves the performance of public transport and provides an increase in employment, whilst reducing carbon emissions. Green looks at the city regions in the UK. He states the unsustainable city regions now are in need of urban regeneration. The urban sprawl and growing environmental footprint of Sheffield and Bristol needs to be improved and he presents a 5 stage guide on how to achieve this. The Final chapter addresses the methods of predicting alternative plans for sustainability. Echenique shows us it is possible to measure the environmental, social and economic using the Cambridge Futures Project model.
In this section examines the issues with density and how it is central to the design of the sustainable urban form. The first five chapters give examples of design in high density areas. Karakiewicz discusses the characteristics of Hong Kong and its megastructures. He defines a megastructure as anything that can exist as a self contained community. He says the megastructures in Hong Kong have been developed out of necessity. Lau also writes about Hong Kong and examines multiple intensive land use (MILU). MILU maximises land resources in a compact urban form. He discusses the ‘high city’ and the multi- layering of vehicular and pedestrian movement. The next chapter looks at the concept of a 24hr city. Yang looks at Singapore’s central business district and how it shuts down after working hours. This is deemed unsustainable and he explores design ideas for downtown urban forms and produces 3 proposals which have mixed uses; new homes, urban parks and university campuses Willis looks at lower Manhatten and the damage done by 9/11. He looks at the rebuilding of the surrounding areas making emphasis on how Lower Manhatten needs to function physically, economically and socially in the 21st century. Hulshof explores the idea of using existing roof space to stop urban sprawl. It was inspired by a functional sculpture in Rotterdam - The Bamboo Summit City. The final three chapters look at low-density concepts, and how they can be sustainable. Bartuska and Kasimee discuss how the small town of Pullman USA has applied sustainable planning to its design. It models the ecological variables including water, air, food, energy and human ecology. They state that this principle could be used in larger cities. The following chapter concentrates on a town called Bozeman USA. Johns designs are for a town with fragile environmental surroundings and make it sustainable. He keeps the future development to the existing developments. Finally, Webster and Williams reports on a project by Cambridge University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, called Cambridge Futures Project. The aim was to see if change in public policy and spatial design would create sustainable environments. They highlight how important physical infrastructure is to long-term sustainability.
This section looks at the things that have an impact on design, like changing work patterns, renewable energy use and assesses high rise buildings. In the first of 6 chapters Jenks and Dempsey look at the meaning of density. They highlight the difficulties in measuring it because there is no methodology or definition. Kaido is looking at density too, researching the high-density living and how this affects accessibility. Using Japan as a study he claims that high density buildings make things more accessible. In chapter 3 Gillan also examines accessibility in cities. He claims the workforce of today needs increased levels of communication connections to each other. The virtual and physical spaces have to compliment each other. Roaf suggests renewable energy strategies should be in place in a community wide framework throughout the UK. He used two pilot studies From Oxford: equipping a small area of housing with photovoltaics connected to the grid. The next chapter by Maradaljevic also looks at solar energy, in terms of solar access. He suggests that daylight can contribute to quality of life. The access to daylight can influence peoples perceptions of the city they are in. The final chapter discusses the sustainability of buildings. It looks into the high-density areas of Hong Kong. Comparing 3 blocks: 1 private, 1 social and 1 at concept design stage. Operational energy, construction waste and cost are modelled to give an analysis of the building’s full life cycle. Amato suggests this should help the construction industry and designers make their sustainable choices when building in urban areas.
Book Review This book provides a collection of the latest theories and research for urban design and forms. Each of the examples in the book present the sustainable urban design schemes and look at how they match up to the latest research. The collection of examples are divided into 3 sections: The first is called ‘The Big Picture: Cities and Regions’, the second ‘Designing for Sustainable Urban Form at Lower Densities’, and the third ‘Aspects of Design for sustainable Urban Forms’.
A Bi Bii Biii C D
Project Bi: Data Trawl A collective ‘data trawl’ of Waterloo Road and Hunslet between the entire studio of topics such as mapping, demographics, environmental, social and economic history, cultural assets and urban design precedents.
Flood Risk Analysis
Litter mapping diagram Yorkshire is one of the most littered areas in the Uk. 42% of people have admitted to dropping confectionary wrappers. 83% of those who admit to dropping litter are also irritated by other who do the same.
Green & Open Spaces in Hunslet
Graffiti mapping diagram Walking around the site there were 50 pieces of recorded graffiti. Of the marks of graffiti only 2 could be classed as ‘street art’.
Environmental Analysis 1 Pollution in Hunslet
Historic Land-fill Sites Significant Pollution Affecting Environment (last 10 years) Minor Risk of Air Pollution Direction of Wind
Each group was given specific topics in order to research Waterloo Road and the Hunslet Area. These topics included such things as mapping, demographics, environmental, social and economic history, cultural aspects and urban design precedents. Our group collected information about the local environment. The above maps flood risk, green and open spaces and types of pollution, as well as litter and graffiti on Waterloo Road.
Ground Shadows
Summer Morning
Sun Path Diagram Summer Noon
Summer Evening
Winter Morning
Winter Afternoon
Environmental Analysis 2 Winter Afternoon
A sun path analysis of Waterloo Road. Images show the shadows at different times of the day.
ETHNICITY
4%
83%
Leeds
3%
WHITE BRITISH WHITE OTHER BLACK ASIAN MIXED RACE CHINESE
7%
2%
RELIGION CHRISTIAN OTHER RELIGION NO RELIGION NOT STATED
Hunslet
1%
6%
Leeds
3%
2%
95% 83% 1%
England
0.3%
0.5%
0.7%
1.5%
Hunslet
AGE
2%
1.5%
80+
CITY AND HUNSLET GREEN 2%
70 - 79
3.5%
60 - 69
5%
52%
7%
30 - 39
20 - 29
8%
10 - 19
4%
0-9
80+
WEST HUNSLET AND HUNSLET GREEN
6%
8%
9%
50 - 59
40 - 49
17%
AGE
3%
12%
21%
70 - 79
60 - 69
50 - 59
40 - 49
16%
30 - 39
20 - 29
11%
14%
10 - 19
0-9
Demographics 1 (by others) The demographics of Hunslet showing such things as ethnicity, religion and age comparing them with the rest of Leeds.
DEPRIVATION Hunslet
No. PEOPLE LIVING IN TOP 10% MOST DEPRIVED AREAS
These results compare almost favorably with other working class northern cities. In Liverpool, across the whole of the city, 50% of people live in the top 10% most deprived areas, in Manchester it is 45% and Newcastle, 39%.
QUALIFICATIONS/ SOCIAL GRADE
Leeds
England
LIFE EXPECTANCY
73.9 80.3 80.1
UNEMPLOYMENT The comparison of City and Hunslet ward with West Hunslet and Hunslet Hall is to show a more accurate portrayal of the unemployment rate in Hunslet.
72.4
75.9
78.4
82.1
78.1
82.1
% aged 16 - 24
% aged 25 - 49
% aged 50+
Demographics 2 (by others) The demographics of Hunslet showing such things as deprevation, qualifications, life expectancy, and unemployment comparing them with the rest of Leeds.
Precedent 1 (by others) Precedent of Urban Renewal and planning schemes, showing what can be done and how.
Precedent 2 (by others) Precedent of Urban Renewal and planning schemes, showing what can be done and how.
A Bi Bii Biii C D
Project Bii: Data Mapping The Data Trawl is interpreted and critiqued in order to analyse the area, finding out what the main concerns and issues are.
Let it Grow: Manifesto Let it Grow’s aims are to engage with communities, discover their common grounds and in response create harmony, cohesion and a new found community spirit. Hunslet’s appeal was it’s northern industrial past which has been lost over time. We want to combine a passion for environmental urbanism and breaking down the barriers of economic inequality within towns and cities to create a more sustainable and more appealing place to live. Our particular focus in Hunslet is to tackle its issues such as high unemployment, unused spaces, disconnections, and a lack of community involvement. To achieve this we want to create spaces of engagement, bring production and trade back to Hunslet, which will create a connection between generations and develop a new culture of community conversation. While we are concentrating on the local community of Hunslet we understand that there are world issues which can be addressed locally within a small community to give it an identity within a global context. We feel strongly that these wider issues can be solved through a series of small interventions which would filter out into politics and benefit the wider world.
Neil Graham Founder
Andrew Clapham Founder
Leeds
Leeds City Centre Hunslet
Waterloo Road
Waterloo Road
Location Hunslet used to be a small town in the north of England, which is now a district in the City of Leeds. Located to the south east of the city centre next to the River Aire. Our site, Waterloo Road, is in the centre of Hunslet and used to be the main street for the local traders. The name “Waterloo Road” or “The Street”, as it used to be known by some locals and no longer has a name. On it stands the magnificant grade two star listed Garden Gate pub.
1890
1850
Hunslet’s largest industries were Wool, Pottery and Glass
50m
Hunslet population 20,000 Over 50 mills and factories Large wool industry centre
Waterloo Road 2 Fishmongers, 12 Greengrocers 1 Bakery, 4 Butchers and several Confectioners
1950
1900
Clearance of whole streets of back to backs and demolition of Waterloo Road shops
Deconstruction of Waterloo RTad The peak of industrial Hunslet
An analysis showing how Waterloo Road has changed over time. It used to be Hunslet’s main street with butchers, bakers, fishmongers etc. The surrounding area also had a lot of industrial buildings and back-to-back houses. The industrial buildings were demolished due to the decline of industry, and the back-to-backs made way for more modern housing.
1970
1900
Houses and shops removed
Tram route demolished
2012
Waterloo Road
Deconstruction of Waterloo RTad Dwellings thjat dont front the street and Morrisons superstore
The shops along the street were also eventually demolished and the area was redeveloped into a housng estate. The arrival of a Morrison’s supermarket only led to the street declining further, boundering a service yard with a large threatening wall. Waterloo Road is noe a shadow of what it used to be.
Map of Waterloo Road in 2013
Map of Waterloo Road pre 1970
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2 3
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
Then and Now Waterloo Road was Hunslet’s main street up until the 1970s, with shops either side, including a butchers, green grocers, hairdressers and boot-makers. As well as these there was also a cinema, Methodist church and a hotel. The only buildings which remain since that era are the Garden Gate pub and Public Library. In the 1970s all the shops were demolished to make way for a housing development and a large Morrison’s supermarket. Today it has changed beyond all recognition there are no longer frontages to the street. High fences create a secluded community with no interaction and the intruder defenses gives a person the sense of high crime rates.
“Everybody used to do things for each other around here. When a body was found in the Aire during the war, me and my sister would help clean the bodies, many people would“
“Older people are proud of Hunslet, younger people aren’t interested“
The community spirit before the war
“Most people came in to use the internet for job search”
“I’m sick of phones on the buses and disgusted with youth of today. They think the world owes them too much. My Hunslet was a much better place“
The community spirit after the war
Disconnection in Hunslet Just like the physical decline of Waterloo Road, the closeknit community of Hunslet has declined over the years. The older generations who knew and experienced a past Hunslet were tight-knit, respected the place, and had a good community spirit. Now however, people tend to look out only for themselves, and not care about the environment in which they live. There is a distinct disconnection between person and place.
Unemployment City Centre and Hunslet Green
2.5%
7.9 % Average unemployment in the UK
Life Expectancy
West Hunslet and Hunslet Hall
100%
12%
Job seekers Allowance Claimants Age 16-24
3%
73.9 Hunslet
100% Job seekers Allowance Claimants Age 16-24
9%
100% Job seekers Allowance Claimants Age 25-49
80.3
2%
Leeds
100% Job seekers Allowance Claimants Age 25-49
100%
2.5%
Job seekers Allowance Claimants Age 50+
80.1
100% Job seekers Allowance Claimants Age 50+
United Kingdom
Disconnection with Leeds and UK Life expectancy in Hunslet is greatly below the Leeds regional and UK national average, and unemployment rates are high. This shows that aswell as there being physical disconnections in Hunslet, there are also demographic disconnections in Hunslet, and with the rest of Leeds. This is to be the catalyst for our proposal, in which we will hope to reverse the physical, social, cultural and demographic disconnections within Hunslet.
Industry Post 1970
Industry Pre 1970
Engineering
Steel
Geo-textiles
Copper
Lighting
Pottery
Container storage
Industry Change in Hunslet
Locomotives
Hunslet used to be at the forefront of the industrial revolution, manufacturing such things as steel, locomotives, and copper to name but a few. Today however, few manufacturing industries remain. These include engineering, geo-textiles, lighting manufacturing, and container storage. Hunslet it seems has lost its identity. Our proposal hopes to give Hunslet a new identity and provide something that will bring people to the area.
4
1
5
2
6
3
7
21
3 7
Site Photos 6 5 4
Locomotives
The images show what Waterloo Road is like today. They demonstrate a lack of use, poor design, forebording areas, wasteland and general dis-repair. The small amount of landscaping there used to be on the street has now gone and green spaces in the surrounding area are overgrown.
Litter Broken Poor quality housing Garbage scent
Potential
Music from the Garden Gate
Peaceful
Beautiful pub in wrong seting Isolated Man picking cans Forgotten
Lack of community
Busy Job Centre
Dirty No interaction Lack of pedestrians
Graffiti No smiles Empty Quiet Take-away scent
Lots of cars Unattactive Unhappy faces
Traffic noise Drunk locals
Litter mapping diagram
Graffiti mapping diagram
The red cans represent the litter found the area. The bigger the can, the more litter.
The green spray cans represent the grafitti found around the area. Out of all of them, only two could be described as street art, the rest is just ‘tagging’.
Psycho-geography of Waterloo Rd and Surroundings Pshycogeography is an approach to geography and urban analysis which involves randomly “drifting” around an environment and listing your thoughts and feelings about the area. Our “psycogeographical” analysis of Waterloo Road portrayed a negative and hostile environment.
Homes Spaces of engagement Destination
Spaces of Engagement The above map analyses the movement of people to and from destinations during an October afternoon when parents were collecting their children from school. It shows that people tend to take the shortest route from A to B and tended to keep to themselves. We want to reverse this trend and create a place where people will go out of their way to pass through and converse with others. Spaces of engagement are key for the social aspects of a community.
Map of Waterloo Rd
Tea Shed Event Opposite the Garden Gate
Tea Shed Event The purpose of the Tea Shed was to get the thoughts and opinions of the people of Hunslet, and for them to hopefully have an influence on our initial design ideas. It was in the form of a questionnaire, which was filled in while providing tea/coffee and cake (as a bribe). The questionnaire asked how people felt about Hunslet and Waterloo Road, and asked their comments on ideas to regenerate the area. The entire design studio took part in the event which involved building structures (made from pallets) at the front of the Garden Gate Pub on Waterloo Road in which to provide the tea/coffee and cake from, and to intrigue people in the general area and passers-by.
How connected do you feel to your neigbours? Not at all
A little
Fairly
Very
Fairly
Very
How connected do you feel to your community/area? Not at all
A little
What impact does Morrisons have on the community of Hunslet? Very bad
Bad
Not noticed
Good
Very good
How do you rate the idea of having smaller shops selling mostly regional food rather than Morrisons? Very bad
Bad
Not bothered
Good
Very good
If you knew scrap metals were being used to enhance the built form of your homes/community would you take your scrap to recycling areas? Definitely not Maybe Probably Definitely
Woud you take the oppertunity of free education in DIY to reduce your energy bills? Definitely not
Maybe
Probably
Definitely
If a temporary market which included entertainment was opened on Waterloo road would you attend? Yes
No
The Questionnaire used for the Tea Shed event.
What is your favorite memory of Hunslet?
‘Visiting relative as a child’ ‘The people’
‘Visiting as a child’
‘The old community spirit’
‘NOTHING’
Shopping down The Lane as a kid you didn’t need to go to town you’
‘My niece’s birthday party’ ‘Football on the field’ ‘Could buy everything’
‘The old Hunslet feast’ ‘Getting high with the boys’ ‘Meeting my wife’
‘Childhood memories’ ‘School’ ‘Not got one’
Friday night’
‘Socialising when young’
‘Walking down The Lane and shopping’
Tea Shed Results The results show that most people would prefer their food to be locally produced, that most care about the environment, and that most are willing to learn new skills / trades.
What we Learnt
Some of the questions were leading, and not enough people were involved in order to get a view of the ‘general’ community, so less leading questions would be needed. If the event had taken place closer to the main road we might have got to talk to more people. It was however apparant that there was a divide between generations.
South Leeds Alternative Trading Enterprise (SLATE)
PSR Pallets
SLATE was set up to run environmentally friendly businesses for the benefit of the local community and it offers work opportunities to people with learning difficulties.
PSR Pallets are a pallet manufacturing, repair and recycling company based in Hunslet.
They are a social enterprise, which means that they want to cover their costs from their trading activities and not rely on grant funding. If they have any money left over after paying transport costs and salaries, it will be re-invested in the business.
Other local businesses with potential to input into the scheme Garden Gate
3 Mile
1.5 Mile
Local Input
0.5 Mile
We wanted to get local people and business involved in the project early on. We bought pallets from PSR Pallets Ltd in order to build the “tea sheds� and when dismantled they were donated to the charitable organisation SLATE to be recycled into garden furniture and dog kennels. Both companies were very interested in what we were doing and were more than happy to get involved. Our aim is to get local businesses and organisations involved in the redevelopment of the area, as they can act as a catalyst for the rest of the community to get involved.
No Common Ground Problem - No common ground over age, income, and culture. There are lots of littered and unused spaces around Hunslet. Why - There is a lack of hobbies / interests which most people have in common. People do not socialise with each other and keep to themselves Solution - A movement of growing local food in public spaces. Everybody can get involved because everyobody needs food and can learn to grow it. Hunslet could become a beautiful and edible landscape.
High Unemployment Rate Problem - There is a high unemployment rate and a lack of community spirit. Why - Mandatory un-related work schemes for people who are long term unemployed leads to a lack of motivation. Solution - A trade school where local people can teach others in the community new skills which could boost chances of employment. This in turn would benefit the local economy and in the future reduces the importance of the job centre within Hunslet.
Lack of Good Social Spaces Problem - People do not socialise and keep to themselves. Why - There is a lack of external public social spaces around Hunslet, with the few that remain are rarely used because of poor design. Solution - Provide public areas where people want to spend time and where they can socialise and converse with each other. This could be achieved through initiatives where the community can grow their own food in these areas similar to the Incredible Edibel scheme in Todmordon.
Lack of Production Problem - Production and manufacturing has gradually decreased in Hunslet. Why - Historically Hunslet was a heavy industrial and manufacturing town. Since the decline of the manufacturing industry in Britain the area has suffered. Solution - To bring back production with the intent to make cider and honey in Hunslet which would be funded by Leeds Brewery as they bacome a bigger part of the community.
Littered, Unused Spaces Problem - There are spaces in Hunslet which are unused and uncared for. This has led to a large amount of littering and grafitti. Why - The unused spaces are overgrown so the litter is settling in these areas, which cannot be accessed by the council cleaners. Solution - Create vibrant spaces that Hunslet can be proud of and to attract visitors to the area. Pride in these areas will mean that the area is kept tidy.
Nothing to Attract Visitors Problem - The only attraction in Hunslet is the Morrisons store. Why - There is nothing else to entice people into the area. Those who do come into the area only do so to shop at Morrisons’s and then leave. Solution - Give people more reasons to visit Hunslet and stay in the area. This could be achieved with visitor centres or other attractions unique to Hunslet.
Local Input We wanted to get local people and businesses involved in the project early on. We bought pallets from PSR Pallets Ltd in order to build the “tea sheds” and when dismantled they were donated to the charitable organisation SLATE to be recycled into garden furniture and dog kennels. Both companies were very interested in what we were doing and were more than happy to get involved. Our aim is to get local businesses and organisations involved in the redevelopment of the area, as they can act as a catalyst for the rest of the community to get involved.
A Bi Bii Biii C D
Project Biii: Urban Streetscape Design An strategic urban design proposal is produced based on the urban design theory and data mapping previously undertaken.
Brief A response to the Analysis Respond to the urban theoretical analysis of Waterloo Road to create a street which is unified and perceived as one entity Create a landmark so that Waterloo Road has a clear reference point which can be visible from all around Hunslet Educate the community so that each individual has equal opportunities of success Enhance the unused spaces of Hunslet into places of interaction and growth Create movement to find common ground between age, income and culture Create social spaces where people can relax and exchange in conversation Intervene to enhance the resilience and self-sufficiency of Hunslet Create a street which has active frontages and sense of enclosure Create an attraction to bring visitors into Hunslet Bring the production industry back to Hunslet
Waterloo Road will be transformed with the addition of raised planting beds, for local people to grow their own vegetables and provide social spaces. Waterloo Road will become the “hub” of Hunslet.
A café / restaurant will open inside the INVOLVE centre which will be extended and will use the vegetables grown in the street. It will provide cooking classes to local residents as well as providing a restaurant serving healthy meals, as there are only fast food restaurants in Hunslet at the moment.
The wall of the Morrisons service yard will be transformed into a useable and interactive wall. It will provide space for street art, a public book exchange, space for social interactions and a community noticeboard. in the syle of the Urban orchard project in London it was intended to make the social areas a place for people to meet once again.
The above shows an early development sketch plan for the proposal and gives an insight into how the scheme has developed.
Scheme Development The scheme has took many forms to get to where it is at now, although the over-arching idea of Hunslet growing its own vegetables has remained the same. The images show earlier versions of the scheme and provides an insight to how it has developed. We considered landscaping all of Waterloo Road with raised planting beds, and provideing a raised event space infront infront of a cafe / restaurant which would have provided fresh local food (similar to the community kitchen) which was based where the current INVOLVE centre is. We also proposed a ‘community’ wall at the boundary between the street and Morrison’s service yard, providing, seating, grafitti wall, a book exchange, and cafes.
Masterplan The image above shows how Waterloo Road will look once the strategy is complete. The proposal is broken down into six phases which are explained in the remaining pages. An overview of the interventions include: creating an orchard for Leeds Brewery to produce cider, with an extension to the Garden Gate pub in order to produce it; encouraging the local community to grow their own fruit and vegetables; create a trade school for the people of Hunslet to teach and learn together; provide centres promoting healthy living and environmental issues, and a community kitchen for people to cook and eat together.
Sowing the Seeds The seeds will be sown with ‘Hunslet Let it Grow’ and Leeds Brewery having a prescence at the Hunslet Festival. This will enable Leeds Brewery to get a foothold within the community, and teach them about the Let it Grow scheme.
Firming the Roots Once engaged with the community the Let it Grow team will be able to start to redevelop upper Waterloo Road. This will include community cohesion by building raised planting beds. Leeds Brewery will plant a community orchard for Hunslet to use as well as a larger one for the production of cider.
Tending the Shoots The next intervention includes retro-fitting the surrounding houses with cold frame boxes to grow fruit and vegetables and to physically enhance the house frontages onto the street. Help from Let it Grow will enable residents to learn the skills needed for this. Leeds Brewery will start the process to construct a tower for the production of cider at the back of the Garden Gate pub.
Opening the Flowers A trade school will open within the current INVOLVE building enhancing their teaching abilities and utilising unused space. It will be a place for the community to teach each other different skiils and trades.
Fertilising To attract visitors to Hunslet horticulture and apiculature centres will be opened teaching the community and others about the importance of bees in urban environments and to the food industry and the importance of living healthier and more sustainable lives.
Bearing the Fruits The fruit and vegetables grown by the community can be exchanged between each other or used within the community kitchen where they can be taught how best to use their produce in delicious healthy meals. It will also be a place where people can come to cook and eat together.
The Re-Seeding Once the Let it Grow team has completed the first cycle of teaching the community about the benefits of growing their own food and healthy eating, the trowel can be handed over for the local people to carry on Hunslets new legacy with the cycle able to be passed down through generations.
Growing Hunslet The above images show the different stages of the scheme and how it develops over time. Each will be explained in the coming pages. The stage names relate to the continuous growing cycle of a plant. Once Waterloo Road has been re-developed and the ‘Let it Grow’ team have left Hunslet the local community keep the process going, through teaching others and re-developing other parts of Hunslet.
Educational links Orchards planted in unused spaces
Unused warehouses turned into cold storage facilities for apple storage
Social links
Locals plant apple trees in back garden
Employment links = 2no jobs
Leeds Brewery show their interest in the production of cider and honey
Benefits Leeds Brewery Benefits community Apiaries planted in unused spaces
Cider tower & Off- licence extension at the Garden Gate
Locals house bee hives in back garden
benefits council/ government Benefits visitors Benefits globally Leeds Brewery intervention
Apiculture Centre opens on Waterloo Road
Hunslets organisations promote local and Healthy food growth
The council supplies retrofitted systems to promote active frontages and social interaction
government/community intervention
Community kitchen opens on Waterloo Road
Waterloo Road is landscaped
Restaurant/ Cafe and Food Exchange opens on Waterloo Road
Morrisons uses hydroponics on its roof to produce fruit and veg
Horticulture Centre opens within the existing library
Community plant fruit and veg on Waterloo Road
Trade school opened in the existing Involve building
Strategy Map
Strategy Guide This page describes the overall strategy for our scheme. Each intervention is shown, describing who initiates it, who it will benefit and shows how it links to education, employment and social issues. The black areas show the interventions started by Leeds Brewery, with the grey showing government and community led interventions. The two over-arching themes then combine through another intervention.
2013 Leeds brewery show their interest in producing cider in Hunslet Hunslet Festival - Leeds Brewery and Let it Grow introduce themselves to community of Hunslet and state their interestÂ
2014
Orchards are planted
Raised beds planted on Waterloo Road
Leeds Brewery start the process of building a Cider Tower
Houses retro-fitted with coldframe boxes
2015
Trade School opened inside INVOLVE building
2016
Unused pubs in Hunslet are brought back to life and converted into apple and honey storage facilities
Horticulture and Apiculture Centres built
Community Kitchen built
2017
The Production of cider and honey begins
Landscaping the south part of Waterloo Road
2018 +
Timeline The timeline shows how the overall strategy will be implemented over time, and who implenets the different interventions.
Hunslet Festival 29th June
The ‘Let it Grow’ team is made up of likeminded individuals wanting to promote sustainable and healthy living.
Leeds Brewery is the brewery which owns the Garden Gate pub on Waterloo Road. They will utilise unused green spaces and buildings within Hunslet for the production of cider to expand their business and to become actively involved in the community.
The team intend to make Hunslet a more sustainable, sociable and resilient community.
Students from Leeds Metropolitan University will form the ‘Let it Grow’ team, with the goal of making Hunslet and other deprived parts of Leeds a better place to live.
Sowing the Seeds Hunslet Festival is held on the last Saturday in June every year and located on the playing field opposite the Penny Hill Centre. It is a community event for people of all ages and celebrates the positive aspects of Hunslet, with events such as dancing, karate, funfairs and magic shows. The festival is run by a committee made up of local people. “Making a difference in Leeds 10”
Recycled plastic raised beds on Waterloo Road.
Reclaimed York Sandstone.
Raised Bed Planting
Community Orchards
Timeline 2013 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Firming the Roots Following on from the Hunslet Festival, the community begin planting along Waterloo Road. Various types of fruits, vegetables and herbs are planted in raised beds. The Lets Grow Team co-ordinate the layout of the scheme, to ensure a defined pathway is clear down the centre of the street. The raised beds on the boundary of houses are placed so as to create a physical boundary to ensure privacy but it also becomes a place of exchange of conversation between residents and other locals. An orchard is planted by Leeds Brewery along Low Road to satisfy their needs for the cider tower. It becomes an advertisement for Hunslet and shows people driving through that there is a community movement taking place.
0.057 Hectares 10 Hectares
View From Low Road 0m
10m Cider Apples
M106 rootstock Orchard in blossom Pollinator 1
10m
Young orchard Pollinator 2
Mature orchard
Tramletts Bitter. Flowering group 5 Late season Medium bitter sweet taste
Orchard layout
Acklam Russet Flowering group 3 Mid season Sweet taste
Yarlington Mill Flowering group 5 Late season Bitter sweet taste
No. of pollinators needed
Fillingham Pippin Flowering group 3 Mid season Sharp taste
Ellis Bitter Flowering group 3 Mid season Medium bitter sweet taste
Yorkshire Cockpit Flowering group 3 Mid season Sweet taste
Chosen orchard trees These are based on the propsal to make cider
Development Sketch
Orchards The orchard along Low Road acts as an advertisement for the new vision of Hunslet for commuters and passersby. It is a community orchard which can hold festivals and events for the people of Hunslet, with an apple picking day in October every year. We propose that Leeds Brewery take on the task of running both the orchards. Information on rootstock. The M106 rootstock can only fit four trees within ten metre squared. This is to enable the trees to pollinate. The cider apples are from the west country and give it the cider taste while the pollinators are local tree species. The Yorkshire Cockpit is an endangered species.
North Waterloo Rd
View From Waterloo Rd of Proposed Raised Bed Scheme
The precedent for this scheme is Incredible Edible. It started in Todmorden and now spans the length an breadth of the Uk and has started up in Norway too. This is what they say on their website: We are passionate people working together for a world where all share responsibility for the future wellbeing of our planet and ourselves. We aim to provide access to good local food for all, through • working together • learning – from field to classroom to kitchen • supporting local business Most of our growing around town is done in raised beds. That means we can use fresh uncontaminated soil and avoid messing surrounding areas. Many of the beds are adopted by groups of people, who do much of the planting and maintenance themselves and may benefit from the produce too. Some of our town centre beds that are more in the public eye are looked after by the group together. The group meets monthly to discuss where we will be going in the future.
Guide to growing vegetables
Development Sketch
Planting Beds Raised beds are used on Waterloo road for minimal disruption to the street and paving. This is a temporary ‘experiment’ to see if the local community take an active interest in the project. They can easily be made from pallets provided by PSR pallet Co. and a few nails. If the scheme is still successful after six months/one year the pallets will be replaced with more permanent raised beds. The scheme is initiated by the ‘Let it Grow’ team with the aim that the community will take it over. It is intended to get people interested in one common goal and to encourage conversations.
Recycled Plastic frames to the cold boxes.
Re-used glazing panels make the cold boxes.
Cold Frame Plug-In Retrofit
Cider Tower
Timeline 2013 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Tending the Shoots The ‘shoots’ involves the council supplying cold frame plug-in systems to local houses. Community cohesion is a an important factor to the government and funding has been given all over the country to enhance community involvement. The plug-in systems allow locals to grow their own food and they will create active frontages to streets. The bland brick facades will be turned into beautiful facades of vegetables and herbs.
Residential area surrounding Waterloo Rd
Proposal for Retrofitting Cold Frames to The Current Housing
Cold frame boxes and the new facade is transported to the residents on a pallet.
What is a cold frame? A cold frame is essentially a bottomless box with a covering of glass or clear plastic sheeting. These coverings are called “lights” because they collect the warm sunshine to heat up the plants contained inside the frame. This “box” can be placed directly over a portion of your garden bed to protect plants that are growing in the ground. You also can simply use your cold frame to place potted plants inside. The “lights” are constructed on the top of the frame at an angle - usually somewhere between a slight angle to a 45 degree angle, facing south to maximize mid-winter sun. How does the cold frame work? It protects plants from wind and freezing. When the lid is closed, it creates a micro-climate with the temperature being higher than the outside temperature. Granted, the difference may only be 5 or 10 degrees different in the winter, but that is significant when you also cut down the wind and the moisture that leads to freezing. What are the primary uses for a cold frame? • In the spring, you can start cool-season vegetables earlier. • In the fall, you can keep cool season crops growing longer. • In winter, you can keep root vegetables and cold tolerant greens from freezing. This gives you an extended harvest! • In the spring you can use your cold frame to harden off flower and vegetable plants that you started from seed indoors. This is another way to save money. You don’t have to buy your plants from a garden center. • In spring and early summer, your cold frame can be your nursery for growing new seedlings.
The facade is erected and the cold boxes hang off it to the residents’ requirement. If the resident is unable to erect the new facade themselves, a member of the ‘Let it Grow’ team will be able to do it for them. The pallet is not wasted as this can then be made into a raised bed.
Development Sketch
Retrofitting Housing Houses surrounding Waterloo Road will be retro-fitted with cold frame planting boxes in order to physically enhance the housing. The houses will be enhanced by providing them with more of a street frontage. It provides additional space for houses with small gardens to grow vegetables. It will be run by the community with the help of the ‘Let it Grow’ team.
Main Leeds Brewery Orchard
These are the potential cask and bottle designs for the Hunslet Cider range.
Cider Advertisement
Pick apples
Existing
Proposed
Existing
Proposed
Wash apples
Grind apples
South Elevation
Proposal for the Cider Tower at the back of the Garden Gate pub On Waterloo Road
Press apples
Collect cheese
Development Sketch
Ferment juice
Bottle cider
Cider Tower The cider making process
A tower is built to the back of the Garden Gate pub in order for Leeds Brewery to produce cider from apples in the orchards. The vertical tower maximises the small site and allows for a gravitational cider making process. The design is influenced by a brewery tower which used to be at the back of the site. There will also be a shop from which the cider will be sold, as well as a new toilet scheme for the pub.
3,472
Number of trees in the orchards
40-100
Amount of apples that can come from one tree depending on its age
346,600
Estimated harvest per year from both orchards. Based on 5 years into the orchard’s life
£59,500 Turnover - £101,717 Duty - £8,712 Orchard manager wage - £20,000 Gross profit - £59,500
40,687
Pints of cider made in a year Cider Production Over 40,000 pints of cider can be made annually from the number of apples which grow in the orchards. The annual turnover of the industry Is over £100,000 with Leeds Brewery making a gross annual profit of nearly £60,000. Leeds Brewey will employ a person to manage the day to day operations of the orchard.
The Mulberry
Sun Inn
Garden Gate
The Wellington
Carriage
Closed pub Open pub
Catholic Club
Penny Hill
The Prospect
Station Hotel
George IV
The Punch Clock
Railway Inn
Bay Horse
The Goodman Hunslet Carr Sports & Social
The Crooked Billet
N
The George lV and Goodman pubs will be used to store the apples picked until they are ready to be made into cider. The best way to store apples for long periods of time is by freezing them. This means that the pubs will need to be retro-fitted with large freezers. The internal layout of the buildings will not be altered so that they can potentially be turned back into pubs or used for something different. The apples will be transported by van from the orchard to the retrofitted pubs and then from the pubs to the cider tower. The Railway Inn is to be used for the production and storage of honey. Again the pub will be carefully retro-fitted so it can be turned back into a pub.
The van that collects and attends to the bees and orchards should be one that creates a talking point between the local and the visitors. This helps the word about the new venture in Hunslet spread.
Closed Public Houses in Hunslet Hunslet’s cider industry will breathe life back into abandoned pub buildings between the orchard and cider tower by using them to store the picked apples until they are ready to be made into cider. The pubs will need to be retro-fitted to accommodate the apples, while having the option to be turned back into a traditional pub some other use. The aim of the intervention is to bring back local industry and production to Hunslet. The three pubs which are to be used for storage and production are along the route from the orchard to cider tower.
Trade School
Timeline 2013 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Opening the Flowers A trade school opens in the existing involve building. The building is only used for an average of 4 hours per day. The school is based on the sharing of knowledge and skills throughout the community, with barter as payment. People can offer things such as snacks, knowledge, artwork, gifts etc. it is all based on exchange and can be used for educational or recreational purposes. The production of cider begins at the landmark tower at the Garden Gate, the social hub of the community.
Concept Image of the Trade School
First aid
Existing INVOLVE building used which is currently funded by the council as a charity organisation
Woodwork
Trade school is started by Hunslets community organisations such as The Hunslet Festival, The Hunslet Club, The Church and Slate
IT skills
The trade school grows by word of mouth and advertisement. More and more locals get involved to teach and learn skills ranging from knitting to bike repairs. People on the mandatory work schemes from the job entre have the option to utilise the courses here to help them find their feet and choice of career
Hunslet becomes closer as a community and new skills are aquired which can aid in job opportunities but also create social engagement and enjoyment of new hobbies
Music
Growing of the Trade School
Trade School
Development Sketch
Trade School A trade school is to be created in the existing INVOLVE building. It is to be a centre where locals teach each other a range of skills. This will help create a better sense of community. The building is big enough for both the new trade school and INVOLVE. The trade school will teach things such as knitting, bike repairs, IT skills, home maintenance, plumbing, music and first aid skills.
Apiculture Centre
Timeline 2013 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Horticulture Centre
Garden Trees & Hives
Fertilising An Apiculture Centre is built on Waterloo Road as part of the ÂŁ10m research fund to bee research currently ongoing in the UK. The centre will teach about the global issue of bees, their importance and what we can do to help. Urban beekeeping is the solution to increasing the bee population and the centre will become the hub of regenerating unused spaces into bee friendly environments. The idea of the centre is to attract people to Hunslet (schools, organisations and anyone who is interested) but also to enhance the biodiversity of Hunslet which relates to the food growth in the area. A horticulture centre is opened within the unused space in the library which has the same approach as the apiculture centre but with it being the hub of local food growth. As Leeds Brewery expand their empire, they approach locals to plant apple trees to aid in the cider production and hives to aid in the honey production.
Images of the Activities Within the Centres
Part of the £10m funding to bee research
The government seeks the initiative to fund an apiculture and horticulture centre to teach about the decline and importance of bees and the importance and benefits of local and healthy food. The centre is built on top of the library and shares its resources.
Bee keeping
Honey production
Leeds Brewery collaborates with the government to teach people about bees and honey. This is government funded as part of their existing grants on addressing the decline of bees. The centre becomes the hub of beekeeping projects within Hunslet to promote urban beekeeping.
Home Growing
Regeneration projects
The horticulture section is run by the community. Organisations such as the Lets Grow Team and Incredible Edible come together to teach people how to grow their own food and how it can benefit them. Group projects are undertaken around Hunslet to regenerate unused spaces into community allotments.
Development of Apiculture and Horculture centres
Wax products
Leeds Brewery approach locals to set up a hive in their back garden. This is advertised and promosted in the apiculture and horticulture centre
Leeds Brewery employees help set up the hives in gardens and teach the locals how to look after them at the apiculture centre
Bee information
The hive frames are collected by Leeds Brewery and taken to the apiculture centre to produce jarred honey
Benefits of growing and local food
Social interaction
The jarred honey is split between Leeds Brewery and the hive owners
Development of garden bee keeping
Leeds Brewery approach locals to plant one of their apple trees in their back garden. This is advertised and promoted in the apiculture and horticulture centre
Leeds Brewery Employees help plant the trees in gardens. Most back gardens are empty and unused. The trees create a pleasant aesthetic to the gardens aswell as apples for the owner
The hive frames are collected by Leeds Brewery and taken to the apiculture centre to produce jarred honey
The jarred honey is split between Leeds Brewery and the hive owners
Development of garden apple tree planting Development Sketch
Apiculture and Horticulture Centres A trade school is to be created in the existing INVOLVE building. It is to be a centre where locals teach each other a range of skills. This will help create a better sense of community. The horticulture centre is to be run by ‘Let it Grow’ while the apiculture centre is run by Leeds Brewery and the Leeds Bee-keeping Society. These two ‘education’ centres will not only teach the local community but will also attract visitors to the area.
Cause In-breeding
Effect
Reduced Gentic Diversity
Insecticides
Disorientation
Varroa Mites
Impaired Immune System
Fungus
Memory Problems
Communication Problems
Apiculture Centre Death
Outcome
Colony Collapse Disorder
The Decline of The Bee
1 in 3 bites of food have been pollinated by bees
Concept drawing of the learning in the apiculture centre
No bees means no pollination creating no production
No bees mean farms suffer creating higher food costs
What bees pollinate Fruits
Vegetables
Seeds
Almonds Apples Apricots Blueberries Cherries Grapes Kiwi Macadamia nuts Nectarines Olives Peaches Pears
Asparagus Broccoli Carrots Cauliflower Celery Cucumber Onions Pumkins Squash Watermelons
Alfalfa hey Alfalfa seed Cotton lint Cotton seed Legume seed Peanuts Rapeseed Soy beans Sugar beets Sunflower
ÂŁ510 million Apiculture Centre The amount of money dependant on bees to the UK Economy
The Apiculture Centre opens on Waterloo Road. This is the element to attract visitors to Hunslet. It is aimed at anyone who wants to learn, but especially schools, organisations and businesses. The centre aids in a global issue, educates the community and brings people into hunslet. The centre becomes the hub of beekeeping projects within Hunslet and the production of honey takes place here.
Why Teach People About Bees? Bees are used to pollinate flowers and trees, as well as a number of fruit and vegetables. Without bees food costs would rise because of the need for expensive artificial polination.
Comminity Orchard along Low Road with 7 hives Main Orchard with 50 hives
This are the potential jar of honey for the Hunslet Honey range.
Pollination Image
Bees collect honey
Pyramid of the hive with Queen bee at the top
Queen - Produces the whole colony
Bees build the honey combs
Drones - Fertilizes the Queen
Workers - Collects pollen - Make cells - Feed Larvae
Scrape the honey off The hive
Melt the honey & wax
Seperate the liquid honey
Cover Board
- Used to keepthe bees in during winter when there are no supers it sits on the brood board
Entrance Insulation
- Hive neds to be at a constant temperature for the young to grow.
Mesh Floor
- Some have solid floors, but it is best to have a mesh. Good ventilation also allows debris to fall out of the bottom so the bees dont use energy disposing
Super Frames - Shallower than the brood board and is where to collect the honey Queen Excluder - The Queen might lay eggs in the supers and needs to be blocked from this
Flash heat and cool
Brood Board
- Colony’s home, where they live and where the Queen lays her eggs
- Large enough for the bees to pass pollen through but also defend
Inspection Tray - Collects all the mites and debris so you see the health of the colony
Put honey into jar
Bee hives and their honey The honey making process
The new orchards in Hunslet will accommodate over 50 bee hives, and be able to produce over 15000 jars of honey per year. This page shows how honey is made and the inner workings of a hive. The orchards will bring colonies of bees to the area and will then thrive in their new natural environment.
100,000+
Number of bees in a single hive
57
Amount of hives in the orchards. (7 in along Low Road and 50 in the large orchard)
1680kg
Estimated honey harvest in one year
£36,000
Turnover - £62,400 Beekeeper wage - £17,000 Gross profit - £36,000
15,600
Jars of honey made in a year Honey Production With over 100,000 bees in 57 hives, it means that 1680 kg of honey can be produced (15,600 jars). When sold a profit of £36,000 pounds could be made per year. A beekeper will need to be employed to manage the hives and to produce the honey.
Horticulture Centre
Raised Beds by the Horticulture centre Step by step booklet for making raised beds from a pallet
Screen shots of the raised bed video
CD with a video of how to make the raised beds
Horticulture Centre The Horticulture Centre opens within the existing Library. 50% of the floor space is currently unused in the Library. It will take the same approach as the Apiculture Centreas being a place of learning and the hub of regeneration projects in Hunslet. Locals and visitors can learn how to make raised beds, grow their own food and get involved in the community projects. (To see how a raised bed can be made from a pallet see the attached DVD). The centre is run by the ‘Let it Grow’ team initaially but is then ownership is transfered to community groups.
Community Kitchen
Timeline 2013 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Bearing the Fruits A food complex opens on Waterloo Road. it comprises on an open kitchen, a cafe/restaurant and a food exchange. The Hunslet Bank is also opened within this complex. The open kitchen allows for locals to come together, use the food they have grown locally and cook for groups of people. The cafe/restaurant will grow food on its roof, again promoting local food and the food exchange will allow for surplus food grown locally to be traded with others. The Hunslet Pound is introduced. A ÂŁ10,000 investment in it is donated by chairty organisations. 1 Hunslet pound is the equivalent of 1 pound Sterling. The way it works is that it can only be used in local stores that get involved and the benefits are that these local stores give discounts when the Hunslet Pound is spent. It works exactly like sterling currency but it encourages local trading. Businesses such as the Garden Gate, Morrisons, The Food Complex can all get involved
Concept image for the Community Kitchen
Community Kitchen
A commercial business with a social purpose, the idea of Community Kitchen is based on the old idea of having a central kitchen space where everyone from the village comes to cook, chat and share recipes and resources. We see food as a real way of bringing people together. We invest in training and supporting other budding foodies to develop their own micro-food businesses through working with us. We have a particular focus on foodmarket based businesses that work to build community and support local economies.
Development Sketch
Community Kitchen / Food Exchange The open kitchen will encourage locals to come together and cool for groups of people. The food exchange will allow for surplus food grown locally to be traded with others to minimise the amount of waste. The community kitchen will benefit locals by bringing people together to socialise. It will be run by local organisations (ie, local churches, Hunslet Club etc). It will also provide cooking classes and cooking based qualifications.
Reclaimed York Sandstone.
Landscaping
Timeline 2013 2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
The Re-seeding To finalise the regeneration of Waterloo Raod, landscaping has been incorporated in order to create and organise paths and circulation routes which cross at a central node infront of the food complex. Trees are also planted to create edges to the street and to give a more intimate proximity to buildings so the street is read as one entity. The activity on the rooftops give the street a sense of scale it deserves and the aspect of enclosure is evident. Morrisons begins to get involved by using hydroponic systems on its roof. The produce made from the hydroponics is sold in the store with a discount to those using the Hunslet Pound.
Image of the proposed Waterloo Rd
The future Hunslet will be full of interesting places and people will go out of their normal routes to walk through them and socialise with others.
Homes Spaces of engagement Destination
Development Sketch
Left to Flourish The final part of the redevelopment of Waterloo Road will be to landscape the lower part of the street and to create a vibrant area for people to congregate, exchange conversations and a place to hold community events. Now, as Hunslet’s most forgotten street has been reinvigorated, it will hopefully act as a catalyst for the local community to continue the good work and make the rest of Hunslet grow and flourish.
A Bi Bii Biii C D
Project C: Garden Gate Pub A comprehensive architectural proposal for the Garden Gate, providing new toilet facilities as a minimum. Additional proposals are to bebased on the Urban Streescape proposal.
Leeds City Centre Hunslet
Waterloo Road
Location Hunslet used to be a small town in the north of England, which is now a district in the City of Leeds. Located to the south east of the city centre next to the River Aire. Our site, Waterloo Road, is in the centre of Hunslet and used to be the main street for the local traders. The name “Waterloo Road” or “The Street” as it used to be known by some locals no longer has a name. On it stands the magnificant grade two star listed Garden Gate pub.
Garden Gate Pub
Garden Gate Pub The Garden Gate pub in Hunslet is one of Leeds’ most beautiful pubs, which is fortunately surrounded by housing. Built in 1903, the layout is typical of a late Victorian / early Edwardian pub with separate rooms and a central corridor. Architecturally it has been beautifully crafted with lavish tiling, etched glass, art-nouveau motifs, mosaic floors, moulded plaster work and ornate mahogany fittings. It was granted a grade II* listing in 2010
1910
1970
2012
The Garden Gate is a treasure house of early 20th Century decorative design. Virtually unaltered since it was built in 1903. (The tower brewery at the back has since been demolished though)
In the late 1960s the pub was earmarked for demolition as part of plans to redevelop the area but was saved following a campaign by locals. It was given a grade II listing by English Heritage in 1972.
In 2010 the pub was purchased by Leeds Brewery, saving it from closure. It was at this time that is was granted a grade II* listing, this was mainly because of the curved ceramic bar counter, only one of fourteen surviving nationally.
Changes in Appearance The pub has changed in appearance over the years. At the start of the twentieth century it was a lot grander than it is today, having more of a street presence and being in scale with the surrounding buildings.
Garden Gate Photo
Detailed Photos Here are a few photographs and sketches showing the ornate art-nouveau detailing of the pub.
Existing Drawings The images show how the building looks at present. The current toilets were added in the mid-late twentieth century and detract from the beauty of the building
Bar Room 2
Smoke Room
Bar Room
Information Gathering
Detailing Bar Room 2 Each studio group was to measure and draw up a room within the pub to truly appreciate the high level of detailing. The room we drew up was Bar Room 2
Seasonal Beers
Their Beers
Leeds Brewery Founded in 2007 by university friends Michael Brothwell and Sam Moss. Leeds Brewery has a 20 barrel brewing plant capable of producing up to 60,000 pints per week The company produce five permanent beers as well as numerous seasonal beers.
1800
Homes made their own brew
1885
then the pubs bought the brew from the homes
1885
Small breweries were formed which bought the pubs
1910-2000
Large brewries took over the industry and owned a large number of pubs
1910-2000
Progressive tax introduced. This has helped companies like Leeds Brewery
History of the Brewing Industry From the 1800 to the 1840s people brewed in their homes. This changed between 1840 to 1885 where the people started to sell their beers to the local public house for them to sell. From 1885 to the early 20th century brewing started to take off and larger brewries emerged and there were aproximately 3 pubs to every brewery. After the war the breweries started to buy all the public houses. this meant that for every brewery there were now 50 pubs. Since Gordon Brown introduced the Progressive Beer duty in 2002 there has been a sharp rise in small breweries. The policy meant there was a clear incentive to start up new breweries. There are now more small breweries open that there has been for 70 years.
The Mulberry
Sun Inn The Garden Gate
The Wellington
Carriage
Near industrial area
Catholic Club
Beer gardem on site Penny Hill Near residential area The Prospect
Near busy main road Closed pub
Station Hotel Open pub George IV
The Punch Clock
Railway Inn
Bay Horse
The Goodman Hunslet Carr Sports & Social
N
The Crooked Billet
Decline of pubs in Hunslet Pubs in Hunslet which are close to housing, local amenities and ones which have large beer gardens tend to be doing well. Whereas others in isolated areas are loosing business and closing. These trends are not confined to the Hunslet area, the same can be said for the whole of the U.K as 18 pubs close a week.
Hunslet’s masterplan
Cider Tower
Cider tower
Bottles for the new cider brand
Potentialadvrt
Cider Tower A tower is to be built to the back of the Garden Gate pub in order for Leeds Brewery to produce cider from apples in the orchards. The vertical tower maximises the small site and allows for a gravitational cider making process. The design is influenced by a brewery tower which used to be at the back of the site. There will also be a shop from which the cider will be sold, as well as a new toilet scheme for the pub.
Development Sketches The above images are early conceptual sketches and diagrams showing our initial design ideas for the pub extension. We looked at different configourations and layouts before coming to the current solution, which was then refined to what is the current design. It was obvious that the central circulation space of the existing pub neede to be extended to the proposed toilets. The shop and cider tower was to be seperate from the pub, with only access for staff between the two. A seperate stair core was needed to serve the main tower to comply with fire regulations and to create a better emphasis of the vertical tower concept.
Cider Sales
2005
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
The Magners Effect
The most dramatic influence on the U.K’s cider market was the launch of Magners Original Vintage Cider, which became the must have drink of summer 2005. The rise in sales came about because of heavey marcketing campaigns that year.
While a challenging economic climate has resulted in rather flat sales for many alcohol sectors in the U.K. New research suggests there is one sector that has put the fizz into the consumer market-place and is ripe for further development - CIDER
Jonny Forsyth Mintel Group Limited September 2011
Mintel have forcast a further
33% increase in value sales by
2016
Value of sales (£)
3.2b 2.4b 1.7b
2001
2011
2016
U.K. drinking population 88%
2006
82%
2011
U.K. cider drinkers
42%
2001
Leeds Brewery Cider logos
47%
2011
Why Cider? Mintel’s research shows that in terms of penetration, Cider has now become the equal of lager, while its steep sales growth in the past five years is the direct opposite of Lager’s equally dramatic sales decline. Indeed, consumer demand has skyrocketed and Mintel’s research reveals that, while 10 years ago, 42% of Brits were Cider drinkers - this has now grown to 47% - despite a decline in the UK adult drinking population from 88% to 82% in the past five years alone. Cider is the undisputed success story of the alcohol category over the past six years. It has grown its volume sales by just under a quarter (24%) between 2006 and 2011 and over this period its value sales increased from £1.7 billion to £2.4 billion. With pubs seeing record closures since 2008, cider has performed well above the market by recording a quarter (25%) growth in revenue within this channel Furthermore, the sector has potential for much more growth with Mintel forecasting volume sales to increase by 12% between 2011 and 2016 and value sales by a third (33%) as annual above-inflation duty continues to push up retail sales prices (RSP).
0.057 Hectares 10 Hectares
View From Low Road
3,472
100,000+
Number of bees in a single hive
Number of trees in the orchards
40-100
57
Amount of hives in the orchards. (7 in along Low Road and 50 in the large orchard)
Amount of apples that can come from one tree depending on its age
346,600
1680kg
Estimated honey harvest in one year
Estimated harvest per year from both orchards. Based on 5 years into the orchard’s life
40,687
15,600
Jars of honey made in a year
Pints of cider made in a year
£59,500 Turnover - £101,717 Duty - £8,712 Orchard manager wage - £20,000 Gross profit - £59,500
£36,000
Turnover - £62,400 Beekeeper wage - £17,000 Gross profit - £36,000
Leeds Cider and Honey A tower is to be built to the back of the Garden Gate pub in order for Leeds Brewery to produce cider from apples in the orchards. The vertical tower maximises the small site and allows for a gravitational cider making process. The design is influenced by a brewery tower which used to be at the back of the site. There will also be a shop from which the cider will be sold, as well as a new toilet scheme for the pub.
Existing
Proposed
Leeds Brewery Shop
Existing
Proposed South Elevation
Leeds Brewery Shop There is to be a shop at the back of the Garden Gate pub in order to sell both cider and honey made in Hunslet. This can be a way of bringing visitors to the area. The shop will also sell items that the local community have made by renting shelf space. Items like cutney, pies, jams and hand crafted products.
1 x wash 2000x2000x600mm
1 x mill 1800x1800x2600mm
1 x pulp hold 1800x1800x2800mm
4 x bespoke press 1000x1900mm
6 x fermenters 500x500x2500mm
Walkway
1000mm
Tower Height 14500mm
The Machine The main influence on the volumetrics of the tower is the equipement necessary. The sizes of equipment are derived from the harvest of the masterplan along with the strategy of production. The equipment is stacked to re-instate the architecture which once represented ravitational processes and to also minimise labour. The equipment sits as one, fixed to a steel frame allowing for views up and down through “the machine�.
Basement Level
Ground Level
10m
5m
Existing
Existing
Proposed
Proposed
1m
om
1
5
2
6
7
8
1 5
6
2 7
3 9
4
10
3
4
8
9
11
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
Bar room Smokeroom Male WC New Stairs Tap room Stairs
1, Beer keg store 2, Cider keg store 3, Store 4, New Stairs 5, Store 2 6, Store 3
7, Kitchen 8, Bar Room 2 9, Disabled WC 10, Female WC 11, Leeds Brewery Shop
7, 8, 9,
Stairs Cider bottle store Blend area
Floor Plans The central circulation route is in keeping with the existing, with the toilets either side. The shop is separate from the pub, with only access allowed by staff through the towers stair core. The extension makes the most of the tight site by hugging the boundary. The stair-core is separate from the main tower in order to express the verticality of the building and to provide adequate means of escape in case of a fire.
First Level
Second Level
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New stairs Pressing floor Male WC
1, New stairs 2, Fermenting floor 3, Residents roof terrace
Floor Plans The first floor is where the fermenting process happens. There is also a roof garden for the occupants of apartments on the first and second floors of the existing pub. The second floor of the tower is where the pressing of the apples happens.
Third Level
Fourth Level
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Existing
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New stairs Washing floor
New stairs Milling floor
Floor Plans The third and fourth floors are where the apples are washed and milled. They are transported to the top floor by a vertical hopper.
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Garden Gate entrance
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Garden Gate kitchen entrance
Delivery entrance
Roof garden
Shop entrance
Cider tower
Leeds Brewery Shop
Precedent 3 Herzog & de Meuron, de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco
South east elevation
Precedent 2 Emmanuelle Weiss, Maison D Lille
Precedent 1 Fake Design/Ai Weiwei at Cao Chang Di, Grey Brick Galleries Beijing
When looking into how the elevations of the cider tower would create a sense of the industrial past in Hunslet we came across the fine arts museum in San Francisco.
Looking into the connection dark brick would have against an existing red brick building we used the Maison D in Lille to visualize how they would contrast in order to differentiate old and new.
Elevations To understand the relationship a grey brick building, which is over 2 storeys high, has on a small space we looked at the Grey Brick galleries in Beijing.
The tower is to the back of the site so to respect the existing building. The curtain walling to the shop provides a welcoming feel and also to display what is on sale. The height of the building is based on the size and type of the equipment needed (see section).
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Cider tower
Roof garden
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Garden Gate entrance
North West Elevation
To intergrate the community into the process of making cider we have designed the tower to be able to be viewed from the outside.
North East Elevation
Elevations
Leeds Brewery Shop
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The industrial cider making process is reflected on the faรงade of the tower, with copper panels which are perforated to expose the internal process. Brick is used between the tower and existing pub to respect the existing building.
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Section 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
Washing Milling Collection tank Pressing Fermentation tanks Shop Toilets Store Beer keg store Beer keg store Cider keg store
The section clearly portrays the main concept for the building: the vertical cider making process, and being able to look up and see everything from the shop below.
Framing the Equipment The facade shows off the cider-making equipment inside
Environmental Considerations The facade shades the fermenting tanks from direct sunlight
Framing the Process The facade frames the gravitational process for making the cider
Expressing the Process Perforations in the facade depict the process of making cider from solid to liquid.
Facade Exploration A number of considerations were looked at for the faรงade of the cider tower. We looked at using perforations to depict different scenarios such as: framing the equipment; shading the equipment from direct sunlight; framing the gravitational cider making process; and expressing the cider making process from solid to liquid.
Connecting the Stair Core (SW) Connecting the staircore to the south west elevation also gives the vertical aspect to two facades. However this has the same problem as connecting the stair to the south east elevation, as two facades will not give the tower effect.
Wrapping the Stair Core Wrapping the stair core allows visitors to circulate around the cider making process. This enables them to see the process from different angles. By wrapping the stair core the tower becomes thicker and detracts from the concept of verticality to express the vertical cider-making process.
Seperating the Stair Core By seperating the stair fire regullations can be easily met. The tower will also be portrayed with a vertical aspect from all sides. This is enhanced by the tower being higher than the stair core.
Connecting the Stair Core (SE) Joining the stair core on the South East keeps the verticl aspect on two of the facades. However when viewed from the main road the massing does not give the impression of a tower. Due to the curved nature of the site the tower cannot be pushed further back to respect the rear gable of the pub.
Massing Studies We contemplated a number of ways to connect the main tower with the stair-core serving it, and the impact each had on how the overall form of the building. We also wanted to give the tower a vertical aspect in keeping with the main concept and function of the building.
1-50 Physical Model We made a physical model of the Garden Gate Pub with our proposal. The exsting pub was cut and made by hand representing the old construction methods, while the proposed extension was laser cut to provide more detail, which represents the new building and modern construction methods.
Size 35m2 Usage Bee habitat Content 1x bee hive/raised planting beds (apple tree and flowers) Capacity 5No. peopl Interior finishes None Exterior finishes Lead roof Heating None Ventilation None Lighting Natural Textures Various crops of flowers Sound Buzzing bees Smell Flowers Colour Wide range/bold Materials Wood
Roof Garden A montage to get a feel for how the roof garden will look. The space above the toilets will provide the potential occupants of the accommodation on first floor level with a roof garden
Size 123m2 Usage Cider production Content 1x wash, 1x mill, 1X pulp hold, 4x bespoke presses 6x fermenters Capacity 1x workman Interior finishes Glass louvers/perforated copper/steel columns and machinery Exterior finishes Perforated copper Heating Natural Ventilation Natural (louvred system) Lighting Natural and artifitial (beacon and spotlighting on machinery) Touch Smooth/industrial/hygenic Sound Machinery and processes Smell Apples/cider Colour Industrial grey/warm brown copper Materials Glass/steel/copper/steel mesh
Cider Tower A montage to get a feel for how the cider tower will look. Exposed steel work, and the mesh like floor gives a very industrial look to the space.
Size 123m2 Usage Cider production Content 1x wash, 1x mill, 1X pulp hold, 4x bespoke presses 6x fermenters Capacity 1x workman Interior finishes Glass louvers/perforated copper/steel columns and machinery Exterior finishes Perforated copper Heating Natural Ventilation Natural (louvred system) Lighting Natural and artifitial (beacon and spotlighting on machinery) Touch Smooth/industrial/hygenic Sound Machinery and processes Smell Apples/cider Colour Industrial grey/warm brown copper Materials Glass/steel/copper/steel mesh
Toilet A montage to get a feeling for how the toilets will look. The dark perforated wooden wall panels reflect the rich material of the existing pub. Exposed pipework reflects the industrial nature of the cider tower.
Zheijang public toilets
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Toilet The toilet scheme was influenced by the precedent of Zheijang public toilets. A light shaft allows for the occupant to view the sky. It also allows natural ventilation and lighting. The proportions of the toilet elevation carries on from the existing pub. The brick wall is pushed and pulled out to emphasize these proportions and to also accomodate for the units relevant to the space.
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Design Without the Tower If Leeds Brewery decided not to buid the cider tower and shop, the toilets could still be built because of the way the scheme is phased.
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1, Copper Cladding Copper is a pure natural material which is extremely durable and resistant to corrosion. It is fully recyclable, available in many finishes, requires very no maintenance and is aesthetically pleasing. It is also lightweight and has low thermal movement (40% less than zinc). Copper exposed to the outside protects itself by developing a patina over time, ensuring extreme durability and resistance to corrosion in virtually any atmosphere. This process is known as patination. A patina develops on copper when the copper-sulphate on the surface interacts with oxygen in the environment. This patina protects and preserves the copper underneath. A characteristic of the patina is that it changes colour over time from gold, to chocolate brown, and finally to light green. There are transparent coatings available to preserve the distinctive colours of the copper.
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Polymers are used for clear protective coatings. (a polymer is a chemical compund or a mixture of compounds). ‘Soluble fluoro-polymer’ is ideal for external copper cladding. It has excellent protection with over twenty years life expectancy. It is suitable for on-site application and can be applied as a solvent based coating which is sprayed onto the copper surface and then hardens to form the protective film. The quality and performance of the coating can be improved with the addition of other compounds. Ultra-voilet absorbers are added to the coatings for external applications. This is an organic compound which absorbs U-V radiation from the sun to prevent the coating from degrading.
2, Aluminium Cladding
Natural clay is quarried from the earth
Copper ore is mined from the earth
Aluminium has a natural metalic sheen combining texture with colour. Different colours, textures and patterns can be combined with the aluminium. It is a lightweight material and has a good strength-weight ratio resulting in a low load on the supporting structure of the building. Aluminium naturally generates a protective oxide coating making it resitant to corrosion and u-v light. The material is 100% recyclable and the remelting of aluminium requires little energy (only 5% of the energy required to produce the metal).
3, Zinc Cladding Raw materials are crushed and grinded
Unwanted materails mixed with the copper ore are removed by the process known as concentratioin The bricks are moulded using the method of extrusion The copper then undergoes chemical rea tions to remove iron and sulfur. This is known as smelting Bricks are dried to remove excess moisture
Zinc is resistant to corrosion, and is similar to copper in that it forms a zinc-carbonate patina. The material is 100% recyclable, and can last for up to 60 years. Zinc is a soft and malleable metal that can be formed into desirable shapes with ease. It can expand as much as up to one inch for thirty feet of panel 4, Cor-Ten Cladding Cor-ten is as high strength, low alloy weldable structural steel possessing excellent weathering resistance. It is very durable and requires virtually no maintenance. A protective oxide coating with a rustic finish forms on the surface of the steel protecting it against further corrosion. The weathering of the material can result in rust staining of surrounding surfaces. There has also been cases where the protective patina has not stabilized and continued to corrode resulting in large holes appearing (Omni Colluseum in Atlanta).
The copper is refined to remove further impurities Bricks are fired in a tunnel kiln to improve their strength The metal is cooled below room temperature which increases its strength, and is then rolled into sheets Bricks are then ready for packaging The copper sheets are perforated by a computer numerically controlled (CNC) Press
External Materials We wanted the building to have an industrial look to reflect the industrial machinery inside and the industrial process of making cider. Cladding materials we considered were copper, aluminium, zinc, and cor-ten. These materials all have similar properties (see next page) so we chose copper because it relates to the industrial history of Hunslet and the surrounding area with Yorkshire Copper-works being located in bordering Stourton. Another reason was its aesthetic quality as it reflects the warm colour of the pubs existing facade, as opposed to a ‘greyish’ metal.
York Handmade (19 miles)
Copper sheets manufactured
Copper sheets CNC Punched
Hunsingbore Hand Made Brick
York
Leeds
dml (4.5 mile) Ploverhill (2.5 mile)
Copper Facade - Drawn Metal Group Brick is used in order to be sympathetic to the exterior of the existing building, especially the connection between old and new. The minmalist nature of the brick facade keeps the focus on the beauty of the exiting pub and the the copper tower, while the black colour provides a contrast between the warm colours of the pub and tower. Brick is also made the same way as the hand crafted ceramic tiling which is displayed on both the exterior and interior, and in todays technological era it uses the same craftman-ship to build as it did when the pub was first built.
Hunsingore Hand made Brick - York Hand Made The extension is quite an industrial building so the metalic facade reflects this. We compared different types of metal cladding including copper, aluminium, zinc and cor-ten steel. These materials all have similar properties (see next page) so we chose copper because it relates to the industrial history of Hunslet and the surrounding area with Yorkshire Copper-works being located in bordering Stourton. Another reason was its aesthetic quality as it reflects the warm colour of the pubs existing facade, as opposed to a ‘greyish’ metal.
Materials Sourced Locally The external materials for the building are to be sourced locally. The copper façade is to be manufactured by DML Group Leeds (4.5 miles), with the perforations made by Ploverhill Ltd also in Leeds (25 miles). The brick is to be manufactured by York Handmade (19 miles).
Water is then used to flush the toilets
Rainwater stored in a 6m3 tank in the basement
Water is then used to flush the toilets
Average rainfall for Leeds area (Met Office 1981-2010)
Roof area of existing pub
Anual amount of rainfall colleted on pub roof
1 toilet uses 6 litres of water per flush
187.7 flushes annually per toilet
Rain Water Collected An average of 5630 litres of rainwater per year can be collected from the roof of the Garden Gate Pub. The collected rainwater will be stored in a tank in the basement and used to flush the toilets. The amount of rainwater collected from the roof will provide enough water for 187 flushes per year.
Cider Making Machinery
Mill motor:
Re-circling pump motor:
Whirlpool motor:
Total:
E(kWh) = P(kW) t(hr)
Lighting Based on energy efficient lighting at 100 lumens per watt Male WC:
Female WC:
Disabled WC:
Corridor:
Staircore:
Shop:
Tower:
Basement:
Store
Total Watts
Electricity Usage Shop (fridges/tills)
Given the number of lights needed for the extension, as well as the electricity needed to power the machinery, extension will consume approx. 6336.5 kWh annually.
Annual breakdown for a 10.56kWp system of 44 x 240Wp panels facing SW at 35 degrees
Photo-voltaics on the roofs By covering both the roof of the cider tower and stair core with photovoltaic panels, they could generate more electricity than the extension needs. The panels will cost ÂŁ17,287 to install but will pay for themselves in under seven years.
Closed louvres - stack ventilation
Open louvres - cross ventilation
Ventilation Strategy The tower will be naturally ventilated with the use of glass louvers behind the perforated copper faรงade. When closed air will enter the building through trickle vents at the bottom, rise as it heats up and leave the building through trickle vents beneath the roof (stack effect). The louvers can be opened to provide cross ventilation.
1 - Basement excavation & external masonry wall construction
7 - Masonry stair core completed
2 - Internal masonry walls of basement constructed
8 - Steel frame of cider tower erected
3 - construction of ground floor reinforced concrete floor slab
9 - mesh floors installed & ground floor shop constructed
4 - Masonry walls of ground floor constructed
10 - Cider making equipment installed
5 - Reinforced concrete roof slab constructed
11 - Glass louvers & curtain wall of shop installed
Construction Sequence
6 - Part of stair core of cider tower constructed to provide means of escape from first and second floor apartments
12 - Perforated copper facade fixed to steel frame
The diagrams show the sequence of how the building is to be constructed. It can be split into two phases. Phase one is the construction of the basement, toilets and part of the stair core. This provides an adequate escape route from the upper floors of the pub in case of fire. Phase two is the completion of the stair core, the construction of the shop and the cider tower.
Basic Cost Analysis Construction Type Area Material Cost Labour Cost Total Cost Cost per m2/3 Total Cost per m2/3 Total Demolition 90 m3 £34 £3,060 £32.50 £2,925 £5,985 Excavation 108 m3 £185 £1,944 - - £1,944 Underpinning 9 m2 £105 £945 £32.90 £296.37 £1,241 Conc. Raft Foundation 110 m2 £140 £15,000 £16.46 £1,810.60 £16,811 Concrete Piles 25.6 m2 £405 £6,480 - - £11,480 (plus £5000 for piling rig) Brickwork 460 m2 £35 £15,870 £27.98 £12,870 £28,740 Blockwork 700 m2 £7 £4,550 £4.76 £4,032 £8,582 Concrete Floor / Roof Slab 209 m2 £78 £16,302 £15.48 £3,235 £19,537 Glass Curtain Walling 42 m2 £450 £8,900 - - £8,900 Steel Frame 193.6 m £980 £18,914 - - £28,914 (per 10m length) (plus £10,000 for crane) Perforated Copper Cladding 222 m2 £121 £26,862 - - £26,862
£133,827
Total cost of materials
Total cost of build
£173,997
Costings The total cost to construct the extension is £308,000 including materials, processes, equipment and labour costs. Each construction process is listed above showing material cost and labour cost.
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Detailed Section 1:50 Details showing how parts of the building are constructed. There are details showing how the steel frame is fixed together, its foundations and how the copper faรงade is fixed to the frame. There are also details of the masonry walls, how they connect with the floor and roof slabs with a detail showing how the new extension connects to the existing pub.
A Bi Bii Biii C D
Project D: Personal Reflection A two thousand word illustrated reflective article about the first semester work.
Introduction The work that we were required to submit during the first semester was based completely on group work. The Urban Studio module was in a group of four, the Context module was in a group of two and the Technology module in a group of four. In my reflection I intend to look into how important working in groups is to the Architecture course and what, if anything, the student will gain from the experience. The analysis will look into whether an architecture student needs to gain experience in group work, what the roles of an architect might be within groups while practising and if the way the RIBA set out these criteria help the student for when they have left the MArch course. The reflection will focus on the work that had been asked of the Urban Design Studio in the first semester. The Studio was broken up into three projects, project A: Urban Design Theory, Project B: The Urban Streetscape, which was centred on a street called Waterloo Road in Hunslet, Leeds. This project was then split into Bi: Data Trawl, Bii: Data Mapping and Biii: Urban Streetscape Design. These segments were devised to help the students keep to a set schedule of required work. Finally, Project C: Garden Gate Public House Live Project. Using the knowledge gained from the work in the first semester and looking, into what is required, I will come to a conclusion that determines if group work has any benefit, to students, for going into architecture practices. The Royal institute of British Architects (RIBA), Architects Registration Board (ARB) and the EU Directive for architecture identify the key areas that the Masters in Architecture (MArch) course should follow to be accredited. A part of these Key areas is for the students to work in groups, but is this necessary and what experience does the student gain? Firstly the explanation of what group work is needs to be explored. Donelson Forsyth’s definition of a group is ‘two or more interdependent individuals who influence one another through social interaction’1. If we take this definition and use it in context with the architecture profession then there are many different groups that are formed; the client, builder, structural engineer, planner and architect being a small example. This then makes the idea of using group work within the architecture course seem to be justified. The difference with working in practice over being an architecture student is that there have been centuries of this group in practice being formed and working in an effective manner with roles set and understood by each party. The student is doing a course where each group member has the same training, at the same level of the course and no understanding of the roles each has to take up within the group to make it work to its full potential. For a group to work to its potential it needs to have group cohesion, which Kurt Lewin and Leon Festinger defined as ‘the total field of forces which act on members to remain in the group’2. The term cohesion was used by Kurt and Leon because a group works in the same way as particles being attracted together in science. So when a group is working to its potential it is using the force of the individuals to create a stronger bond and work more efficiently.
Personal Reflection
So a good question to ask is: “Do groups attract because their interests match each other or is it a force that can have the most unlikely people
working together at their full potential?” If it is their interests that link them together, then the group work with students on the same course should work well. One example of a large group with the same interests is in the case of Disney Studios. It was a group of animators, musicians and writers that became cohesive and created their first full length animated film. Walt Disney had the idea to make the fairytale of Snow White and he had to get together some of the world’s best animators to create 250,000 drawings in a 4 year period. Similarly to the MArch students, these people where all competing at the same level and he had to come up with a way of making the group cohesive. At the beginning the group had many conflicts but in the end they became incredibly cohesive. This type of cohesion within groups like this doesn’t often happen. The cohesion in the Disney Studios came from having a strongly driven leader that had high expectations of his employees kept them motivated. The group understood what was expected of them, and so overcame the obstacles to meet the target set for them at the end. As we know the film was a huge success and has become an iconic story to young girls to this day. The Disney Group made Warren Bennis and Patricia Biedmann’s list of ‘Great Groups’3 in the article Organising Genius (1997). Only 7 groups made it into the list of having full potential and each of them had a driven leader. This means that because cohesion is the main factor in a group’s performance. If the group doesn’t reach the stage of cohesion then they haven’t met their full potential. If the group needs a leader to achieve this, how does a group of equals create a good cohesion and meet their full potential? Major architect firms like the Foster Partners have a leader that strives to be the best. Once a project is underway there are many people involved in the process and once the team has met its cohesion then it will perform at its best. Once a leader has shown their passion it will be passed on down the pyramid.
Another factor to be considered is that a group goes through many stages to reach cohesion. And the time scale for this can be different depending on the forces of cohesion within the group. Bennis and Beidmann’s research found that attraction to a person isn’t a key element in performance. The ‘cohesion – performance effect exists to a highly significant degree’4 and all groups need this to succeed. Most never reach full cohesion and it is certainly very difficult without a leader helping the group get over the hurdles. These hurdles are a set model according to Brian W. Tuckman and Jensen (1977). They claim that a group goes through 5 phases in its life time, orientation (forming), conflict (storming), structure (norming), work (performing) and dissolution (adjourning). Forming is when members of the group are starting to get to know one another and usually means tentative exchanges, concern over the group, and agreeable members. During the storming phase tension and disagreement will occur as the group members find their role within the group. This is where the group’s cohesiveness can be completely broken. During this phase a team at the Disney Studios became unhappy with the process and created an X-rated scene between Mickey and Minnie Mouse. Worried about the cohesion within the studio Walt had no choice but to fire them and restore the cohesion. Norming is where the group become more about the ‘we’ and not the ‘I’. They start to work together and get on with the task in hand. Performing creates a sense of co-operation, and disagreements are sorted out quickly with the group able to problem solve under pressure. Finally comes the 5th phase. Adjourning is where the group have finished the project. This is usually met with regret over what was done. Once again these stages need a leader to achieve the group’s full potential. As a group of equals it is very difficult to gain this in such a small space of time. This is why groups will break down in communication, have members not coming in or avoid conflicts and follow with no input. All these are issues I never experienced in practice, but encounter regularly on the architecture course. During the semester I was part of three different groups. Only one of them followed the rules of group work mentioned above. The Tea Shed was the only time a group I was a member of a cohesive group and went through the stages of a group successfully, with the 5th stage being completed. I believe this was because there were so many people involved the group who knew it wouldn’t work without a leader and handed the role to the one that wanted it. The aim of this reflection was to ask if the criteria set for architecture should involve group work to set the student up for practice. As I mentioned in the introduction the architect knows where they are in the group, as does the client, planner and builder. This is why it works, mostly, in a cohesive manner. It follows both these fundamental rules that create cohesion within a group and forces them together to perform to their potential. As a student it is difficult to recreate the pressures and drive that is experienced in practice when a building is on site and a group of people need to have motivation and willingness to ‘stick together’ and are forced into the cohesion that is required. References Group Dynamics
Even though there is a willingness to succeed within the MArch course, as everyone involved wants to achieve the grade they deserve. It is very difficult to create the environment that duplicates the cohesion developed during a project in practice. Knowing this is the case, it must be taken into account that, if the groups in a University cannot create this, then what is being taught, especially to students that have never worked in practice, is that group cohesion is difficult to attain, when in fact it works well in practice. In my experience, as soon as one of the group members takes control and becomes ‘team leader’ then the group will fail, unless the rest of the group are happy to accept him in that position. If we are to look at the 5 stages of group work then once that barrier has been created the group will be at the stage storming for far too long to be able to create cohesion and create their best work. If there is going to be an ethic to work in groups then I feel the best way forward would be similar to the tea shed event. This project created a great cohesive environment. The group worked together from the outset and
created an event that was relatively successful. In future, if there has to be a group tick box on the RIBA criteria, then I suggest that this is the way Architecture integrates the group mentality into the course: givingpeople the role of ‘team leader’ so they can see how they handle it. Once in practice there will be many hurdles to jump over when joining groups throughout the profession. Being an architect automatically gives the student a team leader role, so this would be good experience for them understand their place in the industry. In Australia there is a scheme where the student is sent out on a work placement from University once a week. My favourite suggestion for students to learn about group cohesion is for this to be implemented into the criteria of the RIBA. Some students now don’t have the opportunity to go and work on their year out like I did. The experience of working in a practice and learning to interact with all types of people in all kinds of situations is the only way to learn cohesion.
Dusseldorf Trip The Dusseldorf trip, 15th March - 18th March 2013. It was a chance for the Urban studio to take in some architecture that they would not normally get to see. This short break gave a chance to recharge and bond with our fellow peers and tutors. With buildings in the locality by Ando, Chipperfield, Zumthor and Busmann + Haberer it was going to be a trip with a lot of inspiration. This sheet has a collection of the photos taken by Andrew Clapham and Neil Graham.
Concrete detail of Ando’s signature formwork
Sketch of the steps leading towards the exhibition rooms.
Langen Foundation, Tadao Ando The Langen Foundation is located at the Raketenstation Hombroich, a former NATO base, it is part of the Hombroich cultural environment. This breathtaking building is both functional and beautiful. From afar, Ando’s buildings look unnapealing, but the beauty is in the detailing. When Ando first went to the site he said he wanted to create a ‘place of peace’; with the crisp lines, open spaces and the fluid movement throughout the building it is clear he succeeded in his plan. The exhibition that was on at the time was called In Love with Tomorrow by Pae White. These exhibitions where perfect for a building as good as this, as it too was as breathtaking.
Plan of the ground floor, including the exhibition spaces