C1 ADVANCED KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION MADE EASY by AIEL

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. C1 ADVANCED KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION MADE EASY

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No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without the written permission of the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews

INTRODUCTION The Key word transformation tests a wide range of different grammatical structures and vocabulary. You must show your ability to paraphrase using the key word and, most importantly, keeping the meaning the same. The difficulty lies on the great variety of grammatical structures that you need to learn in order to do this part of the Use of English exam successfully. You will be required to use structures such as passive tenses, conditional clauses, reported speech, causative verbs, inverted sentences, comparatives and superlatives, phrasal verbs, idioms, set phrases, etc. The book that you have in front of you will help you with that. This book will help you get a better understanding of the different and most common grammatical structures , that you will have to face when completing the Key word transformation part of the Use of English exam. As they say, practice makes perfect. The more Key word transformation exercises you do, the better you will become at doing them. Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more, over time you will get a feel for what kind of grammatical structure or lexical item is needed for the exercise that you are doing.

To your success.

D.MĂŠndez

CONTENTS. 5. 7. 8. 9.

HOW TO DO KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES SPECULATING ABOUT THE PRESENT SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST AGO to FOR / FOR to AGO / LAST AGO to SINCE/ SINCE to AGO - SINCE to FOR / FOR to SINCE TOO to ENOUGH / ENOUGH to TOO 10. REPORTED SPEECH 11. ACTIVE VERB FORM to PASSIVE VERB FORM 12. INVERTED SENTENCES 13. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 14. INVERTED CONDITIONALS 15. ADJECTIVES ED to ING / ING to ED 16. COMPARATIVE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SUPERLATIVE 17. COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES - ADVERBS 18. PHRASE TO VERB - VERB TO PHRASE 19. PHRASE TO PHRASE 20. COLLOCATIONS 21. CAUSE AND EFFECT 22. EXPRESSION - DEFINITION / DEFINITION - EXPRESSION 23. CAUSATIVE VERBS 24. PHRASAL VERBS 25. PHRASAL VERBS - C1 LEVEL (LIST) 27. PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 29. SET PHRASES 30. COMMON C1 LEVEL PHRASES 31. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A TO-INFINITIVE 32. VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND (ING) 33. NEGATIVE WORDS 34. MODAL VERBS 35. IDIOMS 36. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 37. UNREAL PAST TENSES 38. VERB PATTERNS 40. FORMAL STRUCTURES 41. SENTENCES REQUIRING TWO CHANGES 42. ADJECTIVE TO NOUN / NOUN TO ADJECTIVE 43. VERB TO NOUN / NOUN TO VERB 44. LINKING WORDS 46. PHRASES / PARAPHRASING 51. 45 MOST COMMON IDIOMS 54. 45 MOST COMMON SET PHRASES 57. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ( LIST) 62. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION - PRACTICE EXERCISES 65. ANSWERS 4

HOW TO DO KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES STEP 1 : READ BOTH SENTENCES AND UNDERLINE DUPLICATE INFORMATION. EXAMPLE : Most people these days feel lost without their mobile phones. IDEA Most people these days have no idea how to manage without their mobile phones. STEP 2 :

LOOK AT THE KEY WORD GIVEN. WHAT IS IT? IS IT A NOUN , PREPOSITION , ADVERB , CONJUNCTION, VERB CONJUGATED,? IS IT USED IN ANY COMMON SET PHRASES, PHRASAL VERBS, COLLOCATIONS?

STEP 3 :

USING THE KEY WORD , THINK OF A WAY TO PARAPHRASE THE PART THAT YOU HAVE NOT UNDERLINED    

KEY WORD ALONE ALWAYS – APART CHANCE – DESERVE – DO – DOWN – EXCEPTION – FOR – GOOD – HABIT – HEARDHOW IS LESS – LET – LITTLE – LOOKEDMOOD – SAYING – SETTLE – STRIKE SUCH – SWIMMER – TIDY – TOO – TURNED – UP – WIDELY –

Is the key word part of a phrasal verb , a set phrase, a passive sentence? You need to decide what part of speech the key word is, and what can go with it. Think about what the question tests and all the changes you need to make. Check you haven’t left out or added any information. TYPE ADJ ADV ADV NOUN VERB (infinitive) VERB (infinitive) ADV NOUN PREP ADJ NOUN VERB (P.PERFECT /PAST) ADV VERB (PRESENT) PRONOUN, ADVERB , PREP VERB (PRESENT /PAST) ADJ VERB (P.PERFECT /PAST) NOUN NOUN / Verb (gerund) VERB (infinitive) VERB (infinitive) DETERMINER /PRONOUN /NOUN NOUN VERB (infinitive) ADV VERB (P.PERFECT /PAST) ADV ADV

POSSIBLE ANSWER LET ALONE ALWAYS ASKING ME FROM HAVE EVERY CHANCE TO DESERVE TO BE DO STH UP TAKE STH DOWN WITH THE EXCEPTION OF HAVEN’T SEEN HIM FOR BE GOOD AT DOING STH BE IN THE HABIT OF HEARD FROM SB KNOW HOW TO DO IT IS MORE IS LESS THAN LET SB DOWN A LITTLE SLOWER LOOKED UP TO BE IN THE MOOD TO IT GOES WITHOUT SAYING SETTLE DOWN IN STRIKE YOU AS SUCH WAS THE FORCE OF A BETTER SWIMMER THAN TIDY STH UP TOO EXPENSIVE TURNED DOWN PICK STH /SB UP KNOWN 5

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Zero 1st 2nd 3rd

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Always true : Simple present + Simple present A possibility and the possible result : Simple present + Simple future A hypothetical possibility and its possible result : Simple past/ Present conditional OR Present continuous conditional An hypothetical past condition its possible result in the past : Past perfect + Perfect conditional

Conditional Conjunctions : As long as / so long as / provided (that) / on (the) condition that / unless / only if / If / in the event of / in case of, etc / WOULD, WERE, IF , BECAUSE, SHOULD. You are not allowed to stay in the country unless you get a visa. ONLY You can...only stay in the .....country if you get a visa. Zero I won't wash the dishes unless you help me. LONG I'll wash the dishes ...as long as you ....help me.

1st

I’ll lend you money on condition that you pay me back next week. IF Only...if you pay me back... next week will I lend you money. 1st I'll do the ironing , if you tidy up the room. PROVIDED I'll do the ironing ...provided that you ... tidy up the room. I think you should ask the boss for a pay rise. WERE If ...I were you I would....ask the boss for a pay rise.

1st

2nd

I would like to buy a bran-new car , but I need to win the lottery. WOULD If I ....won the lottery I would...buy a brand-new car. 2nd You're angry because you seem to care what she thinks about you. YOU If ..you didn’t care ...what she thinks about you, you wouldn't be angry.

2nd neg

I did it because I thought it would be interesting. DONE I ...wouldn’t have done it .. if I had thought it wasn’t interesting. 3rd Once I read his letter , I understood why he had left the company. ONLY It .... was only after I had read ... his letter that I understood why he had left the company.

Key words :

WOULD, WERE, IF , BECAUSE, SHOULD, LONG, AS, ONLY, PROVIDED, CONDITION, UNLESS, EVENT, CASE. 7

INVERTED CONDITIONALS SHOULD - 1st CONDITIONAL If you + verb = should you + verb If you need more information, please do not hesitate to contact me. Should you need more information, please do not hesitate to contact me. WERE - 2nd CONDITIONAL If I were = Were I If I were you, I think I would study more for your exam tomorrow. Were I you, I think I would study more for your exam tomorrow. HAD - 3rd CONDITIONAL If I had done = Had I done If I had known it would be so easy, I would have done it ages ago. Had I known it would be so easy, I would have done it ages ago. In negative clauses with inversion, we don't use contracted forms: Had the people not been informed, the situation would have been much worse. ADVANCED CONDITIONALS BUT FOR (phrase) = if it were not for/if it had not been for Used for saying that something would have happened if something else or someone had not prevented it.  He would have played but for a knee injury. IF + WERE TO In formal situations, we can use if + were to when we talk about things that might happen but which we think are unlikely.  If he were to fail his driving test tomorrow, he would have to take it again. If you applied now, there's a good chance you would get the job. APPLY Were ......you to apply now........ , there's a good chance you would get the job. I didn't know about your problem so I didn't offer to help. KNOWN Had ...I known about your problem.... , I would have offered to help. I didn’t crash the car thanks to your warning. BUT I would ............have crashed the car but for ............your warning. The snow prevented us from arriving on time. BEEN We would have arrived on time.... had it not been for/ if it had not been for .... the snow. There is a phone in each room, in case you want to leave earlier. SHOULD There is a phone in each room should you want to leave/ if you should want to leave earlier. 8

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CAUSE AND EFFECT

Result from, result in, cause someone to do something, be caused by sth, lead to sth, bring something about, have the effect of, as a result of, as a consequence of, owing to, on the grounds of, because, be to blamed for sth, etc. My neck feels much better since I bought that new pillow. REFUND Buying that new pillow... has resulted in my neck feeling ... much better.

Production was very low, so they decided to close down the factory. RESULTED The closure of the factory ...resulted from production being ...very low. He lost his job because he wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t efficient. GROUNDS He lost his job ... on the grounds of ... his inefficiency. I couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t finish the race, because I injured my ankle. PREVENTED I .... was prevented from finishing ... the race by an injury to my ankle. Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, ginger helps to keep mouth tissue healthy. EFFECT Ginger has ... the effect of helping ... to keep mouth tissue healthy because of its antiinflammatory properties The accident was caused by severe weather conditions. BLAME Severe weather conditions ... were to blame for ... the accident. Heart disease can be caused by prolonged stress. LEAD Prolonged stress can ... lead to illness such ... as heart disease. Key words : Nouns (effect, consequence, grounds, etc.) Verbs ( caused, lead, bring , owing to, resulted, etc,) Conjunctions /adverbs( because, due to, since, as, so, therefore, etc. ) 10

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VERBS FOLLOWED BY A TO-INFINITIVE

ADVISE, AFFORD,AGREE,APPEAR,ARRANGE,ASK,ATTEMPT,BEG,CAN/CAN’T,CAN/CAN’T,WAIT,CARE,CHANCE, CHOOSE,CLAIM,COME,CONSENT,DARE,DECIDE,DEMAND,DESERVE,DETERMINE,ELECT,ENDEAVOR,EXPECT, FAIL,FORGET,GET,GROW (UP),GUARANTEE,HATE,HELP,HESITATE,HOPE,HURRY,INCLINE,INTEND,LEARN,LIKE LOVE,MANAGE,MEAN (= INTEND),NEED,NEGLECT,OFFER,OUT,PAY,PLAN,PREFER,PREPARE,PRETEND, PROFESS,PROMISE,PROVE,REFUSE,REMAIN,REMEMBER,REQUEST,RESOLVE,SAY,SEEK,SEEM,SHUDDER STRIVE,STRUGGLE,SWEAR,TEND,THREATEN,TRY,TURN,VENTURE,VOLUNTEER,WAIT,WANT,WISH,WOULD LIKE/LOVE,YEARN

His GP advised him against drinking alcohol. NOT His GP advised him... not to drink ...alcohol. He acted as if he had not seen me. PRETENDED He ...pretended not to have seen... me. We are thinking about going to London next month. TO We are... planning to go to ...London next month. He said that he would help with the project. PROMISED He ...promised to help ...with the project. He said he would lend me some money. AGREED He has... agreed to lend ...me some money. People need to acquire new skills. IMPORTANT It’s... important for people to acquire... new skills. I’m looking forward to visiting you next month. WAIT I ...can’t wait to visit ...you next month. telling him that the meeting has ben cancelled. TELL I ...forgot to tell him that ....the meeting has been cancelled. After six years of training, he became really good at playing tennis. LEARNT He...learnt to play tennis really well... , after six years of training. 12

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND (ING)

ABHOR, ACKNOWLEDGE, ADMIT, ADVISE ,ALLOW ,ANTICIPATE, APPRECIATE, AVOID, BE WORTH, CAN’T HELP, CELEBRATE, CONFESS, CONSIDER, DEFEND, DELAY, DENY, DETEST, DISCONTINUE, DISCUSS, DISLIKE, DISPUTE, DREAD, ENDURE, ENJOY, EVADE, EXPLAIN, FANCY, FEAR, FEEL, LIKE, FEIGN, FINISH, FORGIVE, GIVE UP (STOP), HELP, KEEP (CONTINUE), MENTION, MIND (OBJECT TO), MISS, NECESSITATE, OMIT, PERMIT, PICTURE, POSTPONE, PRACTICE, PREVENT, RECALL, RECOLLECT, RECOMMEND, REGRET, REPORT,RESENT, RESIST, RESUME,RISK, SHIRK , SHUN, STOP, SUGGEST, SUPPORT, TOLERATE, UNDERSTAND, URGE, WARRANT.

He said he didn’t steal the car. DENIED He ..denied stealing /having stolen ...the car She said she was the one who had made the mistake. ADMITTED She ...admitted making /having made.. the mistake If only I had not waited for so long. REGRET I ...regret having waited / waiting for so long. I try no to eat too late at night. AVOID I try... to avoid eating ...too late at night. When the wall is finished, I’ll let you know. FINISH When ...I finish painting the wall... , I’ll let you know. He barely managed not to be run over by a bus. ESCAPED He... barely escaped (from) being run ...over by a bus. Is it OK if I smoke here? MIND Do ...you mind me/my smoking... here? I like to play football at the weekend. ENJOY I ...enjoy playing ...football at the weekend. I find it difficult not to laugh every time I remember what happened. HELP I... can’t help laughing ...every time I remember what happened. KEYWORDS : Deny, admit, regret, stop, prevent, cannot help, enjoy, mind, escape, finish, avoid, etc. 13

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NEGATIVE WORDS

No , not, neither, never, hardly, no one, nobody, none, nor, nothing, nowhere:  They’ve never tried apple pie before.  Nobody helped me to do the dishes.  None of my friends came to the party.  There was no food left in the fridge. Susan is much more interesting than Jane. NOTHING Jane is...... nothing like as interesting .....as Susan. There are many other girls that are just as beautiful as she is. ANY She isn’t ....any more beautiful than ......most other girls. I only just managed to pass the exam. HARDLY I ...hardly managed to ...pass the exam. You can’t expect to pass your exam if you don’t study. HARDLY You ...can hardly expect ...to pass your exam ,if you don’t study. It so dark in the room that I almost couldn't see anything. BARELY It was so dark in the room that I ..could barely see anything. Julie and he husband don't like playing chess. NOR Neither ...Julie nor her husband ...like playing chess.. Learning Judo and BJJ is similar in terms of difficulty. MORE Learning Judo is... no more difficult than ...learning BJJ. Your computer isn’t nearly as good as mine. NEAR Your Computer... is nowhere near as ...good as mine. I don’t want anybody to overhear what I’m saying.. NOBODY I ...want nobody to overhear... what I’m saying. KEYWORDS : as ..as , much more, almost, nearly , anybody, ever, similar, can’t expect, only just , isn’t nearly as, anyone , anything / Not anything : nothing/ Any : no Anybody , anyone : no one , nobody / Not ever : never / Not any : none 15

MODAL VERBS Can , could , may , might , shall , should , will , would MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS : have to , ought to , need , used to , dare It is (not) a good idea : You should/ shouldn’t /ought to / ought not to It was careless of (you) : You shouldn’t / you ought not to It was not necessary : You needn’t have + past participle You can’t : You mustn’t / you are not allowed She couldn’t : She was not able to... They were expected to : They should have... If I were you I would/ wouldn’t : You should- shouldn’t / you ought (not) to

You are not allowed to smoke indoors at any time. MUST You ...mustn’t smoke ..indoors at any time. I did the dishes by hand , which wasn’t necessary since there was a dishwasher. HAVE I ..needn’t have washed the dishes by hand since there was a dishwasher. There is a good chance of him winning a gold medal very soon. WIN He... could win a ...gold medal very soon. The teacher will expect you to arrive on time for class. HAVE You ..will have to arrive on time for class. You should stop smoking . TO You... ought to stop ...smoking. She wasn’t able to speak German until she took an intensive course. NOT She... could not speak ...German until she took an intensive course I passed my Italian exam without studying. NEED I…didn’t need to study …to pass my Italian exam. I suggest that you finish your test within the time allowed. SHOULD You …should finish your test... within the time allowed. When I was little, I would play football every weekend. USED I..used to play footbal every ...weekend when I was little. KEYWORDS: must, may, should, ought, to, have, can , can’t, could, not, past participle 16

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UNREAL PAST TENSES

When we want to talk about an unreal situation , we can use the past tense to do so. When using an unreal past tense , we use the verb in the past, but we are actually talking about something that never happen. The same happens in conditional sentences when stating hypothetical situations.

if only , I wish , supposing , rather , sooner , prefer, had better, It’s about time, It’s high time, it’s time for you. I’d like to know what time the party starts. WISH I ...wish I knew ...what time the party starts. If you want to go home , you should wait until the rain stops. HAD You...had better wait ...until the rain stops , if you want to go home. ONLY If...only I had helped him to ...move home. I’d prefer you not to smoke in my house. RATHER I...would rather you didn’t ...smoke in my house. It was a shame you didn’t pass the exam. WISH I...wish you had passed ...the exam.

It’s a pity I can’t stay two days more. ONLY If...only I could stay ...two days more.

It will be better if you get up at 7 a.m. tomorrow. SOONER I... would sooner you got up ...at 7 a.m. tomorrow. We ought to go home now.It’s getting late. TIME It is ... about time we went ...home. It’s getting late. If you heard him speak, you’d think he is an expert. IF He spoke ...as if he were... an expert. Kevin doesn't feel like going out tonight. RATHER Kevin... would rather not go... out tonight.

He is just a clerk but acts like he is the boss. THOUGH He...acts as though ...he is the boss

Edgar doesn't like watching television as much as he likes playing chess. RATHER Edgar prefers... playing chess rather than watching ...television. Key words : If, only , wish , supposing , rather , sooner , prefer, had, better, about, high, time, though, were. 18

VERB PATTERNS Different verbs have different patterns, so the structure of the clause depends on the verb. These are some of the most common patterns : Verb + to infinitive I want to go to the beach.

Verb + to infinitive or that clause He demanded to know what was happening. The panel demanded that the report be made public.

Verb + object + to infinitive I need you to help me.

Verb + ing I don’t mind staying at home tonight I recommend writing your feelings down on paper.

Verb + preposition + ing Michael is thinking about going...

Would + rather + bare infinitive (without to) I’d rather stay at home tonight.

Verb + object+ preposition + ing Stop someone from doing something Talk someone into doing something

Would + rather + object + past simple I’d rather you didn’t go out tonight.

Verb + object + past participle I had my hair cut yesterday.

Verb + object + to infinitive Cause someone to do something

Verb + object + bare infinitive (without to) I had a mechanic repair my car.

Phrasal verb + object + to infinitive Count on someone to do something

Verb + to + ing He is used to getting up early.

Phrasal verb + object + ing She insisted on us leaving the train

Auxiliary verb + verb + it + if + object + simple past I would prefer it if you didn’t smoke in here. Had+ better+ bare infinitive (without to) I'd better not leave my bag there. Someone might steal it Verb + object + bare infinitive (without to) She let me look at the photos. Modal verb + bare infinitive (without to) We can take the train to Birmingham. You should study for your exam. Verb + that clause + object + bare infinitive (without to) I recommend (that) you go on a diet. I suggest (that) we wait a while before we decide... Subject + simple past It’s about/high time you learned how to use... I’d rather you paid me now. If only I were more powerful. I wish I were younger. 19

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VERB TO NOUN NOUN TO VERB EXPLANATION- EXPLAIN His essay doesn't have a clear enough explanation of the main point to be awarded top marks. CLEARLY His essay doesn't ..... explain the main point clearly enough.... to be awarded top marks. REVISED - REVISION The guidelines for the appointment of new staff need to be thoroughly revised. THOROUGH There needs.... to be a thorough revision of ...the guidelines for the appointment of new staff. EXPLAIN- EXPLANATION There must be a simple way to explain what happened. BOUND There is .... bound to be a simple explanation.... for what happened. ROSE- RISE The employment rate rose gradually as the economy began to recover. GRADUAL There ....was a gradual rise in .....the employment rate as the economy began to recover OBJECT - OBJECTIONS Local residents didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t object to the proposed development. TO There were... no objections from local residents to ... the proposed development. DECIDE - DECISION Liam really should decide where to invest his money. MADE It's high time.... Liam made a decision about ....where to invest his money. INTENDED - INTENTION I originally intended to drive but the bad weather caused me to change my mind. WAS My ..original intention was to ... drive but the bad weather caused me to change me mind. 21

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LINKING WORDS Linking words help us to connect ideas and sentences. We can use linking words to give examples, add information, summarise, sequence information, give a reason or result, or to contrast ideas. Adding information Also And Apart from As well as Besides Furthermore In addition In addition to Moreover Too What’s more

Comparison As with By the same token Comparable Comparatively In the same way Just as… so too Likewise Similarly

Emphasis Absolutely Admittedly Clearly Definitely Especially Generally Importantly In fact In particular Indeed Never Obviously Particularly Undoubtedly Without doubt

Giving a result As a result As a consequence Consequently So Therefore This means that

Condition After As a consequence of As a result of As long as As soon as Assuming Because Before But for Even if If If only In the event that Once Only if On the condition that Provided (that) Providing Unless Until When Whenever Wherever Whether Giving reasons As Because Because of Due to / due to the fact that On account of On the grounds of On the grounds that Owing to / owing to the fact that Since Seeing that In the light of In view of

Contrasting ideas Although / even though But Despite / despite the fact that Even so However In contrast In spite of / in spite of the fact that In theory… in practice… Regardless Nevertheless Nonetheless Then again Unlike Whereas While Yet Purpose For For fear of For fear that In order that In order to So as to So that To

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PHRASES / PARAPHRASING There is no point in doing... / It is not worth doing.../ It’s no use doing... / ... is a waste of time...

There is no point in waiting any longer.He is not going to come. WORTH It ...is not worth waiting ... any longer.He is not going to come. There is no point in waiting any longer.He is not going to come. USE It ...is no use waiting ... any longer.He is not going to come.

Be about to do../ be on the verge of doing.../ be on the point of doing... I was about to leave when you call me on the phone. VERGE I was ...on the verge of leaving ...when you call me on the phone. I was about to leave when you call me on the phone. POINT I was ...on the point of leaving ...when you call me on the phone. There is no way sb will do sth / Sb has no intention of doing sth. Sb has no thought of doing sth. There is no way I’m helping you after what you did to me. INTENTION I ...have no intention of helping ...you after what you did to me. There is no way I’m helping you after what you did to me THOUGHT I ...have no thought of helping ...you after what you did to me. Sb has a good reputation.../ Sb is highly regarded... Sb is highly thought of .../ Sb is highly spoken of ... John has a good reputation among his fellow workers. REGARDED John...is highly regarded ...among his fellow workers. John has a good reputation among his fellow workers. THOUGHT John... is highly thought of ...among his fellow workers. John has a good reputation among his fellow workers. SPOKEN John... is highly spoken of ...among his fellow workers.

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45 MOST COMMON SET PHRASES 1. AS FAR AS I AM CONCERNED – in my opinion / to the degree that it affects me. As far as I’m concerned , you can start tomorrow.

2. AS FAR AS I KNOW – according to the information that I have. He is French , as far as I know.

3. BE ABOUT TO DO STH – be ready to start doing something very soon. I was just about to leave when you phoned me.

4. BEAR/KEEP SOMETHING IN MIND – consider sth before doing sth else.

Keep in mind your budget when making arrangements for your holidays.

5. BE ON THE POINT OF DOING STH – be ready to start doing something very soon. I was on the point of starting my speech when someone’s phone rang.

6. BE ON THE VERGE OF DOING STH – be ready to start doing something very soon. They were on the verge of getting a divorce after 15 years of marriage.

7. BE OUT OF THE QUESTION – Something cannot happen / it is not possible It’s raining , so going for a walk with the kids is out of the question.

8. BE UNDER THE(MISTAKEN) IMPRESSION /BELIEF THAT –

to think that sth is true usually when that’s no the case I was under the impression that I was already hired. She asked him out because she was under the mistaken belief that he was single.

9. BE UP /DOWN TO SB - Be someone’s responsibility to do sth

It’s up to the president to decide the next course of action. It’s down to John to make all the arrangements for the meeting.

10.BE WORTH IT – be sth that will give you good results despite difficulties.

It took me eight years to get my black belt in Judo, but it’s been worth it.

11.BE WORTH ONE’S WHILE – be worth the time or effort sb spends doing sth.

It’s not worth my while talking to her. She may be beautiful but she is very boring.

12.BEYOND/WITHOUT A SHADOW OF A DOUBT - There is no doubt that sth is true. He is , without a shadow of a doubt , the best player I’ve ever seen

13.CHANGE ONE’S MIND - change your opinion about something.

I eventually changed my mind and agreed to go to the party with them.

14.DO /TRY ONE’S BEST - – Do sth as best you can.

If you do your best and fail, you can’t have any regrets.

15.FEE LIKE ( DOING) SOMETHING – to want to do sth . He didn’t feel like going clubbing last weekend.

PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ABOUT

1. argue about 2. be about to do sth 3. boast about 4. care about 5. complain about 6. be concerned about 7. dream about/of 8. feel about 9. forget about 10. grumble about 11. hear about

ABOVE 1. 2. 3. 4.

ask after sb clean after sb go after sb /sth hanker after sth hunger after ath inquire after sth

AGAINST 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

ACROSS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

punch above oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s weight rear above sth/sb rise above sth tower above sth/sb

AFTER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

12. joke about 13. know about 14. laugh about 15. quarrel about 16. talk about/of 17. think about/of 18. tell sb about sth 19. remind sb about sth 20. write to sb about sth 21. warn sb about sth 22. worry about 23. wonder about

come up against sth decide against fight against gang up against have sth against sb hold out against hold sth against sb insure against

come across sth/sb cut across sth drape sth across sth get sth across put sth across put yourself across run across sth/sb stumble across

7. look after sb/sth 8. lust after sb /sth 9. name sb after sb/sth 10. pant after sth/sb 11. run after sb/sth 12. take after sb

9. pit sth/sb against sth/sb 10. react against 11. run against 12. run up against 13. square off against 14. warn against 15. compete against

KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES 1. You really should start looking for a job. HIGH It ………………………………………………. for a job.

2. He can barely bench press 40 kg , so he certainly wouldn’t be able to bench press 100 kg. ALONE He would struggle to ………………………………………………………100 kg.

3. I didn’t get the impression that they were very friendly. STRIKE They ………………………………………………………………………..very friendly.

4. He didn’t seem to be very worried about the problem. STRUCK He never ……………………………….. at all worried about the problem.

5. Of course I wanted to win, but it is not always possible. SAYING It ……………………………………….I wanted to win, but it is not always possible.