Green Strategies for Building Design (ARC61804)
PASSIVE GREEN BUILDING CASE STUDIES
L A I
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S H E R N ,
P A U L
A N G E L I N E
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C H I A
M I C H E L L E
H A N
S H U
A N G
L O K
C H E E
C H O W T U T O R
K H A I A R .
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S E N G Z A H A R I
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Z U B I R
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT APPLE PARK ( THE RING )
02 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS Tropical Rainforest Climate Temperate Climate
03 SITE PLANNING Site Context Site Planning
04 DAYLIGHT Sun Analysis Solar Analysis Design Strategies Comparative Analysis
05 FACADE DESIGN Sustainable Facade Features Facade Orientation Aesthetic Quality Comparative Analysis
06 NATURAL VENTILATION Wind Path Analysis Design Strategies Spatial Quality Comparative Analysis
07
STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING Green Spaces Plantscaping & Plant Species Comparative Analysis
08 CONCLUSION 09 REFERENCES
TNETNOC
01 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
Site Location: Changi , Singapore No. of Storeys: 5 + 5 Basement Levels (Total 10) Function of Building: A transit hub Area: 135700m2 Fulfilling its mission as a connector between the existing terminals, Jewel combines two environments—an intense marketplace and a paradise garden—to create a new community-centric typology as the heart, and soul, of Changi Airport. Jewel weaves together an experience of being in nature with culture and leisure facilities, dramatically asserting the idea of the airport as an uplifting and vibrant urban center, and echoing Singapore's reputation as “the City in the Garden.”
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
Site Location: Cupertino, California No. of Storeys: 4 + 2 Basement Levels (Total 6) Function of Building: Company Building Area: 176 acres/0.71 sqkm (Site Area) 42 acres/0.17 sqkm (The Ring) In 2006, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had acquired 176 acres of land. The buildings are intended to "promote shared creativity and collaboration, and spur invention of the next several generations of Apple products." The project plans to replace the existing asphalt and landscape. They want trees to hide nearly all the roads and parking so that they appear secluded. The increase in permeable surfaces will promote natural drainage and improve water quality in Calabazas Creek. Apple Campus 2 (now Apple Park) will become a model for the 21st century workspace - a fantastic place to work, to create, to collaborate and to shape future technology.
CLIMATIC
ANALYSIS
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
ETAMILC FO EPYT
Rainforest
Monsoon
Sunshine Duration
Temperature
Average monthly sunshine hours
Mean monthly temperature variation
Savanna
average temperature 21 °C to 30 °C
27.05 °C
20 °C to 30 °C
Singapore's climate is classified as tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), with no true distinct seasons. Owing to its geographical location and maritime exposure, its climate is characterized by uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity and abundant rainfall.
Rainfall
Singapore
Annual average rainfall distribution
Rainforest
Monsoon
Savanna
ETAMILC TSEROFNIAR LACIPORT
Tropical climate is a type of climate typical in the tropics. It is a damp climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures above 18°C (64.4 °F) . There are normally only two seasons in tropical climates, a wet season and a dry season.
CLIMATIC
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
ANALYSIS
Seasons
Spring (March to June)
California
Average Temperature and Precipitation
Summer (June to September)
Cloudy, Sunny and Precipitation Days
ETAMILC ETAREPMET FO SEPYT
Autumn (September to December )
Maritime
Continental
Average Temperature 46°C
Strongly influenced by the sea, maintain steady temperature (Cupertino's climate)
Increases inland Warmer summers and colder winters (land on heat receipt and loss increases)
Winter (December to March)
27.8°C 14.6°C 12.3°C 3.7°C -9°C
Extreme temp. Ave. in January Ave. in July
Rainfall
ETAMILC ETAREPMET
Temperate climates are generally defined as environments with moderate rainfall spread across the year or portion of the year with sporadic drought, mild to warm summers and cool to cold winters.
SITE
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
PLANNING
TXETNOC ETIS
12 00 18 00 09 00 Wind mostly came from South & North direction
TERMINAL 3 TERMINAL 1 TERMINAL 2
GNINNALP
Jewel is a new retail complex which acts as the central hub connecting airport terminals 1,2 and 3. It has a gross floor area of about 134,000 m2, that comprises a mix of retail, leisure and commercial partners and also a striking five story waterfall.
ro M ac
sit
l ep
an
Given the rectangular shape of the site, its flow at one end to Terminal 1 and its less direct connection to Terminals 2 and 3. it then began to develop an elliptical loop of shopping arcades surrounding the site and connecting at three points to other terminals. The dome covering most of the site, hovering over a loop of shopping arcades, containing the great garden.
SITE
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
PLANNING
TXETNOC ETIS
12 00 18 00 09 00
Wind mostly came from South & NW direction
The spaceship-like main building will "accommodate up to 12000 employees and comprises of approximately 2.8 million square feet in four-stories." The site will also include a restaurant, a Corporate Fitness Center, a Corporate Auditorium and two research and development labs.
FITNESS CENTRE
MAIN CARPARK
GNINNALP
after
MAIN BUILDING
it
an
There will be approximately 10980 parking spaces. Of these Apple has set aside room for power stations for 300 electric vehicles.
before STEVE JOB'S THEATRE
M
s acro
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Apple encourages employees to use public transit or or bicycling by compensating them. They have provided shuttles for employees from various areas and will have marked bike lanes , as well as bicycle racks, lockers and showers available at the campus. The 176 acres of land that Apple bought over was where Hewlett-Packard (HP) had previously had its facilities.
SISYLANA NUS
09 00
Irradiation recorded in Singapore is between 1580 to 1620 kWh/ m2. Sun Hours
Sun Hours
200 Hrs 150 Hrs
The sun position on top of the building, lights penetrates from central water feature and provides sufficient lighting to the space.
18 00
The sun moves towards the Northwest position and casts a similar lengthed shadow during 09 00 .
DAY LIGHTING CONCEPT
100 Hrs 50 Hrs 0 Hrs
The sun rises in a Northeast position, casting a mediumlengthed shadow, provides a sufficient glow to the space.
12 00
SISYLANA RALOS
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
DAYLIGHTING
JAN
FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Average Monthly Sun hours In Singapore DESIGN STRATEGIES
Retail areas have the experience of the ‘outside’ areas, extending the garden feeling, by using tunable white lighting for all the retail areas.
Jewel facade alludes to a depiction of clear daytime sky. The glow around the facade fades from floor to ceiling, allows the interior gaining prominence and dematerializing the facade. The Jewel toroidal inverse dome creates spatial experience of a daylit vast landscaped garden, combined with seven levels of shopping and airport facilities.
Jewel’s iconic architecture will see the balance of the daylighting and the use of light fixtures throughout the entire complex.
SISYLANA NUS
Direct normal irradiance in California has a yearly sum of an average of 1824 kWh/ m2.
Chicago
cupertino
09 00
Albuquerque
Sun Hours
400 Hrs
12 00
The morning sun in a The sun's position northeast position, the during this hour building itself will hang above the receive most amount of building, glass fins the daylight and will help to shade allowing visual comfort. the interior.
18 00
SISYLANA RALOS
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
DAYLIGHTING
The evening sun in a northwest position cast a long shadows toward the east, the space of building receive minimum of daylights.
Sun Hours
300 Hrs 200 Hrs
DESIGN STRATEGIES
100 Hrs 0 Hrs
ini still left what???? JAN
FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Average Monthly Sun hours In Cupertino
DAY LIGHTING CONCEPT Apple Park reveals the future of glass façade construction and large-scale window design for the 21st century and beyond. It looks ominous from the outside, full of natural light on the inside and spirit-liltingly open to its surroundings.
SHADING DEVICES
Curved glass envelope the interior, a white strips wrapped around the building can be expositions to deflect excess heat from the sun or reflect more light into deeper spaces The glass fins that protrude from the Ring at every floor are sloped at a slight downward angle to regulate light and glare. Light welled atrium spaces are placed at regular intervals around the circle creating dynamic entrances
COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS
:
DAYLIGHTING
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
Jewel Changi Airport glass glazing facade and the insulated opaque panles are needed to provides sufficient daylight into the building while controlling the heat gain within the building.
In recent years, Apple had been keen in their ideology of sustainability be it in their products and their building. This can be seen in the coverage of vegetation in the site and the composition of the building's materials, as well as the application in the facade design.
SOLAR HEAT GAIN
SHADING DEVICES
The high-performance architectural glass glazing is to provides ample daylight into the building , brighten up the spaces in the building while controlling the heat gain within the building.
BUILDING INSULATION The insulated opaque panels act as a insulation for the building, used to achieve differing U values and balance the transparent glazing on the roof.
Apple park use fabric and fibreglass fins as their facade to provide shade for the building, the window and louvers will open and close automatically to letting in right amount of daylighting.
ENERGY GENERATION Using 700,000 square feet of solar panel to generate 8 megawatts of power for the building's consumption, achieve a "net-zero energy"
YRAMMUS
Both buildings, located in different climate regions will also have different daylighting strategies in relation to their respective daylighting condition. Jewel Changi Airport, located in the tropical climates receives the most amount of sunlight throughout the year, therefore to utilize on it is to have a high visual light transmittance and low solar gains well panels to reduce the solar radiation absorption which will lead to an overheated indoor environment. Apple Park is located in the maritime - temperate climate and the sunlight received will be different throughout the seasons of the year, hence The Ring's design can overcome different seasonal conditions with its neutral design in all directions. The rooftop solar panel helps in artificial energy consumption and complies with Apple's motive towards sustainability, with respect to United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy.
FACADE
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
DESIGN
SERUTAEF EDACAF
The dome-shaped roof facade is a contiguous grid shell supported by a ring of 14 tree-like columns and a ring beam at the edge of the roof.
A massive canopy rose over it, formed with insulated opaque panels and more than 9,000 slabs of fritted glass, no two of them alike. Each glass panel also has a 16 mm air gap to insulate against noise emitted from aircraft and ensure that noise levels within the building are kept to a minimum. The special high-performance architectural glass material used in the facade has the dual ability of transmitting light and reducing heat gain, thus enabling plant growth in the indoor gardens while providing sustainable cooling.
JEWEL'S ROOF FACADE
The aim is to make it look seamless.
The pipes flow down to a chamber known as a manifold, which runs around the entire oculus. Then the water falls as a continuous parabolic arch rather than a straight line, As the roof bends inward , the glass canopy seamlessly transitions into water as it continues its journey down into the heart of Jewel.
The water goes into massive tanks in the basement, another series of pump rooms sends the water up the surface of the glass dome through a network of pipes on the facade.
FACADE
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
DESIGN
Curved Double Slanted Roof
The curved surface of facade and curved double slanted roof increase the wind resistant and improvement of aerodynamic, as wind can flow around the circular structure, instead of getting hung up around the angles, these buildings are particularly resistant to hurricanes and tornados.
CIRCULAR DESIGN
NOITCELFER
The walkway and ceiling of the Apple Park is painted in white, the white color has more reflective characteristics compared to the other colors therefore allowing more sunlight to be deflected into the building. The skylight roof also allows light to enter the building and increasing the intensity of natural light inside the building.
Double laminated insulating glass is used for acoustic purpose by reducing the transmission of unwanted sound into building's environment and able to filter more than 99 percent of UV rays, controlling visible light radiation & reducing heat build-up & thermal stress.
SSALG
ERUTAVRUC
Curved Surface of Facade
The circular design of The Ring have their space efficiently used and improve the acoustic quality inside for the occupants. Aside from that, the circle design has a strong relationship with nature and also able to blend in with surrounding more easily.
COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS
:
FACADE
DESIGN
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
Jewel Changi has an organic shape facade design with the main building referred as a toroidal-dome. The futuristic design uses a lot of highperformance architectural glass that have the dual ability of transmitting light and reducing heat gain.
Apple Park has a curved and circular facade design with the main building referred as The Ring. The futuristic design uses a lot of double laminated insulating glasses for improving the internal acoustic quality and also controlling the solar radiation directed at the building.
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
MATERIALITY
MATERIALITY
The fitted glass is sandwiched by an outer layer and a double-laminated inner layer. Able to insulate against noise emitted from aircraft and conduct to ensure the emitted glare.
There are 24 pipes concealed on the 'fins' of the facade. The pipes flow down to a chamber known as a manifold, which runs around the entire oculus. Act as a cooling system on the facade.
The main material of the apple park consist of aluminum not only for structure but also ceiling and floor, allowing the light to reflect in process.
The facade have multiple white canopies installed to improve the control of natural light and direct solar radiation (UV rays), increasing occupants' focus on work.
YRAMMUS
The facade design of Jewel Changi Airport proves effective. Passive design strategies through the design of facade itself. The materiality used for the facade is also sustainable, reducing the carbon footprint from manufacturing till the project completion. Apple Park's facade design has shown to be effective in passive strategies that applied on the facade itself. The main material used by the Apple Park not only sustainable but also able to use as a strategy for reflection of light.
NATURAL
VENTILATION
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
Wind Rose Plot Wind Rose of 1 month (1st October to 31th October 2020)
Wind Rose of 1 year (1st January to 31th December 2020)
Analysis
The building’s efficient displacement ventilation system regulates the thermal comfort for occupants.
The mechanical system relies on displacement ventilation, supplying fresh air at a low velocity from floorlevel vents.
Average Wind Speed: 6.9 mph Light Breeze (Beaufort Wind Force Scale) Major Wind Direction: S/N Average Calm (<2mph): 3.05% on given wind rose data The dome is entirely made up of glass and steel, specifically install 100 Lumera ventilation windows. The Lumera ventilation windows operate as an integral element of a wider Smoke and Heat Exhaust Vent (SHEV) system.
With their slim profile, hidden controls, and versatile shape options, they are ideal for projects looking to achieve high architectural impact. They have been specifically designed for structural glass roofs with a slight incline.
Lumera ventilation windows The Lumera is an aesthetic casement window used for natural ventilation and also smoke and heat exhaust ventilation (SHEV). It works to ensure the maximum levels of safety, the windows will open automatically upon detecting smoke to push it out of the building as quickly and safely as possible.
NATURAL
VENTILATION
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
Wind Rose Plot for Cupertino, California Wind Rose of 1 month (1st October to 31th October 2020)
Wind Rose of 1 year (1st January to 31th December 2020)
Average Wind Speed: 6.6 mph Light Breeze (Beaufort Wind Force Scale) Major Wind Direction: NW/E-SE-S Average Calm (<2mph): 17% on given wind rose data
LENNUF RIA
Between each floor of the building is a white canopy that juts out, mainly to protect employees from the intense California sun. Tucked within each canopy is a ventilation system that funnels air in and out of the building.
NOITALUCRIC DNIW ORCIM
Analysis
The building allows the natural ventilation system to run smoothly to efficiently regulates the temperature of occupants and users.
COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS
:
NATURAL
VENTILATION
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
The building’s efficient displacement ventilation system regulates the thermal comfort for occupants as well as the vast array of interior planting.
The Ring have funnel in-built above the glass panels of facade to allow natural ventilation occurs and improve the spatial experience by allowing the occupants to feel the nature while decreasing the usage of energy.
The central green space's climate-control strategy, which could be mitigated by coatings and the density of frit patterns on the glazing and the impact of the rain vortex, so that it would create a pleasant cooling effect. Average Wind
Speed: 6.9 mph Light Breeze (Beaufort Wind Force Scale) Major Wind Direction: S/N Average Calm (<2mph): 3.05% on given wind rose data
The coatings of the glass panels can help in mitigating direct solar radiation which increase the heat of the interior while the air funnels allow the air to flow through, as a result creating passive cooling effect.
Average Wind Speed: 6.6 mph Light Breeze (Beaufort Wind Force Scale) Major Wind Direction: NW/E-SE-S Average Calm (<2mph): 17% on given wind rose data
YRAMMUS
Both buildings uses different strategies in their window design to encourage better ventilation. Jewel used the facade strategies to let the wind flow into the overall building spaces and with the aids of the rain vortex and the vegetation as passive design strategies to cool the interior building through ventilation in this tropical rainforest climate. Apple park applies air funnels in their full glass facade and natural breeze that was cooled down by the outer vegetations were used to ventilate the office spaces. The ring-shaped design allows cross ventilation to work efficiently as wind enters from the outer facade and exits through the center ground.
STRATEGIC
LANDSCAPING
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
SECAPS NEPO NEERG
The green open spaces are placed strategically to fulfill the "mythical garden" concept. A fitting gateway to the famously lush city-state, resulting green space takes the form of an 80-foot-tall stepped elliptical void that is topped with a canopy park with follies.
Topiary walk
Canyon
Plantscaping help purifies air
Trap heat and reduce noise level
Maintain comfortable conditions for both people and plants under the enormous glass bubble
Ventilate the spaces with water body
Forest Valley Terraced Planting
Rain Vortex
Split Leaves Philodendron
Chinensis
Codiaeum
Miss Iceton
Pandanus
Alokaziya
Fern leaves
These plants helps to improve the biodiversity and placed for optimum response.
XETROV NIAR
STNALP
Analysis
Livistona
2
Total area of landscaping : 21,100m >2000 trees & palms >100,000 shrubs
Water collected in tanks that houses the pumps and filtration system. Rainwater is funnelled into the waterfall and harvested for landscape irrigation systems.
STRATEGIC
LANDSCAPING
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
Instead of creating green spaces in the compound, Apple Park has a majority of its area covered in greens while the main building (The Ring) is designed in a circumference of 1.46 km in a 176 acres site. The hollow internal compound of The Ring is also an rea of vegetation, which forms a foliage, to allow the employees have the creative freedom to think while specifically walking through nature. OPEN GREEN SPACES
A rendering view of trees in Apple Park, with the walkway in between the fascinating view which brings a calm and relaxing spatial experience to the employees travelling from spaces to spaces.
Green Scape Permeable Area: 101.7 acres
Trees Coverage Total Trees: 7034
EDAHSNUS LARUTAN
+ GNINEERCS YCAVIRP
The trees are planted surrounding the ring of Apple Park to increase the privacy of the main building by acting as blinds to block the sight from outsider while also block sunlight directed at the building.
TYPES OF VEGETATIONS
Apple
Olive
Plum
Persimmons
Apricot
Cherry
COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS
:
STRATEGIC
LANDSCAPING
JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | SAFDIE ARCHITECTS
APPLE PARK (THE RING) | FOSTER + PARTNERS
The Shiseido Forest Valley is a terraced garden attraction that offers many spatial and interactive experiences for visitors, including walking trails, cascading waterfalls, and quiet seating areas.
The designated vegetation are located out of the operating facilities, with a coverage of approximately 101 acres within the site. The figures used in the Northridge study suggest that Apple’s 7,000 trees will remove some 700,000 pounds of carbon from the atmosphere each year.
Vegetations help in reducing the surrounding temperature and Urban Heat Island Effect
The landscaping in Jewel Changi helps to improve the biodiversity
Providing visual connections between the green open spaces and commerce spaces.
Vegetations outside The Ring helps in filtering views from both sides (in and out) and promote ventilation into the office space.
YRAMMUS
Both buildings have different motives of their respective landscape strategies. Jewel Changi Airport is a garden like experienced building with places of commerce and nature. The interior landscape is not just for aesthetic purpose but used it as a passive design strategy to improve the building's biodiversity. Apple Park is a corporative institute and the large green scape and trees helps in reducing the carbon emission in the area. The exterior landscape also contributes to the aesthetic value to the company that focuses on value of design which also produces a chill and relaxing vibe to the employees strolling around the site. Jewel Changi focusses more on its interior landscaping but its otherwise for Apple Park.
CONCLUSION
Both of the architectures are capable of utilizing the green strategies such as strategic landscaping, utilization of natural ventilation, facade design and etc. Both buildings can achieve great energy efficiency and conservation with appropriate green strategies. As a result, the architecture and the environment may be kept clean and green by creating less trash and decreasing the discharge of hazardous gases.
With clean and fresh air on the surrounding, natural light streaming in and energy resources being efficiently utilized as a result, in both commercial (Jewel Changi Airport) and office (Apple Park) architectures, a nice environment is created, allowing employees to focus on their job and become more productive.
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Buildings that employ green strategies can also enhance the quality of both interior and exterior air. Users in the building will be able to readily breathe fresh air both indoors and outside as a result of this.
TROPRIA IGNAHC LEWEJ
The Jewel Changi Airport and Apple Park have applied a numerous innovative and creative sustainable design in the current era, 21st century in both tropical and temperate climate.
REFERENCES Jewel Changi Airport 1. THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | Jewel Changi Airport | Copyright © 2021 Zonda Media, a Delaware corporation. | [online] Available at : <https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/jewel-changi-airport_o> 2. Kingspan | Natural Ventilation Systems | Jewel Changi Airport Singapore© Kingspan Group | [online] Available at : <https://www.kingspan.com/gb/engb/products/natural-ventilation-systems/case-studies/jewel-changi-airport-singapore> 3. Architectural Record | Jewel Changi Airport by Safdie Architects | Joann Gonchar,FAIA | [online] Available at : <https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14153-jewel-changi-airport-by-safdie-architects> 4. Jewel Changi Airport Earns 2020 Lighting Control Innovation Award of Excellence | ©2021 Lighting Controls Association, a Council of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) | [online] Available at : <https://lightingcontrolsassociation.org/category/lca-members/wattstopper/> 5. issuu | Jewel Changi Airport | ACC Art Books@Sep30,2020 | [online] Available at : <https://issuu.com/accpublishinggroup/docs/jewel_changi_airport_look_inside> 6. DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE | The Architecture And Design Of Jewel Changi Airport | Low Shi Ping | [online] Available at : <https://www.designandarchitecture.com/article/the-architecture-and-design-of-jewel-changi-airport.html> 7. PWP LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE | JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT | Copyright © 2021 PWP Landscape Architecture | [online] Available at : <http://www.pwpla.com/projects/jewel-changi-airport/&details>
Apple Park 1. ArchDaily | More about Foster + Partner's new Apple Campus in Cupertino | Written by David Basulto@August 16, 2011 | [online] Available at : <https://www.archdaily.com/160044/more-about-foster-partners-new-apple-campus-in-cupertino> 2. Apple Park : 7 Auspicious Features We Love About Apple's Brand New Spaceship Campus By WOFS | © Copyright 2020 - WOFS.com Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved. | [online] Available at : <https://www.wofs.com/apple-park-7-auspicious-features-we-love-about-apples-brand-new-spaceship-campus/> 3. appleinsider | Apple Park | Copyright © 2021, Quiller Media, Inc. | [online] Available at : <https://appleinsider.com/inside/apple-park> 4. Foster+Partners | 2018-Cupertino, USA Apple Park | © Copyright 2021 Foster + Partners. All Rights Reserved. | [online] Available at : <https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/apple-park/> 5. Weather Spark | Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Cupertino | [online] Available at : <https://weatherspark.com/y/504/Average-Weather-inCupertino-California-United-States-Year-Round> 6. Climate Cupertino | meteoblue weather close to you© 2006 - 2021 | [online] Available at : <https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/cupertino_united-states-of-america_5341145> 7. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | Wind Roses | Copyright © 2001-2021 Iowa State University of Science and Technology All rights reserved. | [online] Available at : <https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/windrose.phtml?station=L13&network=CA_DCP>